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Maslow and the Motivation Hierarchy:
Measuring Satisfaction of the Needs

ROBERT J. TAORMINA
University of Macau
JENNIFER H. GAO
Macao Polytechnic Institute
For each of the 5 needs in Maslows motivational hierarchy (physiological, safetysecurity,

belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization), operational definitions were developed from
Maslows theory of motivation. New measures were created based on the operational defini-
tions (1) to assess the satisfaction of each need, (2) to assess their expected correlations (a) with
each of the other needs and (b) with four social and personality measures (i.e., family support,
traditional values, anxiety/worry, and life satisfaction), and (3) to test the ability of the satisfac-
tion level of each need to statistically predict the satisfaction level of the next higher-level need.
Psychometric tests of the scales conducted on questionnaire results from 386 adult respondents
from the general population lent strong support for the validity and reliability of all 5 needs
measures. Significant positive correlations among the scales were also found; that is, the more
each lower-level need was satisfied, the more the next higher-level need was satisfied. Addition-
ally, as predicted, family support, traditional values, and life satisfaction had significant positive
correlations with the satisfaction of all 5 needs, and the anxiety/worry facet of neuroticism had
significant negative correlations with the satisfaction of all the needs. Multiple regression analy-
ses revealed that the satisfaction of each higher-level need was statistically predicted by the sat-
isfaction of the need immediately below it in the hierarchy, as expected from Maslows theory.
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American Journal of Psychology

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relationships to each other and to a set of theorized vious researchers, most were undertaken in therapeu-
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the hierarchy, some critics have argued that it might OE
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of valuing what is important but, rather, whether tually higher than the previous level, the terms used
one is physiologically deprived of something, as threats to safety refer to both concrete and abstract
which, when sufficiently lacking, gives rise to the things, such as wild animals, criminal assault, disease,
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of the hierarchy, and the theory does not identify feeling of need that should be correlated; rather, it
any lower-level needs, no hypothesis is made about is the satisfaction of the needs that should be corre-
other needs that could predict the physiological MBUFE"MUIPVHIOPUFWFSZPOFXJMMTBUJTGZIJHIFSMFWFM
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MASLOW AND THE MOTIVATION HIERARCHY t

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in groups as well as in intimate dyads, that yield per-
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the next higher-level need, which should result in DPODFSO5IVT DMPTFSFMBUJPOTIJQTNBZUBLFNBOZ
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satisfied, the more the safetysecurity needs
With regard to the place the belongingness needs
will be satisfied.
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theory and research on this concept, the need of hu-
H(2): The more the safetysecurity needs are
man beings to have interpersonal attachments and to
satisfied, the more the belongingness needs
feel a sense of belonging with other people is consid-
will be satisfied.
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strong support for several factors that were theorized LEVEL 4: ESTEEM NEEDS.
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clude an evolutionary basis for satisfying them, that is, two components: esteem for oneself and the respect
forming attachments with other individuals or groups POFSFDFJWFTGSPNPUIFSQFPQMF5PBDIJFWFBDMFBSFS
can increase survival for those who develop belong- understanding of the two facets, they are explained
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separately, although they could be assessed either as
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interpersonal bonds are very easy to develop for most define this concept because they assumed its mean-
people, and that the deprivation of satisfying these ing was implicitly understood, and therefore she
needs can have negative consequences for the indi- PFSFEBOFXEFOJUJPOGPSJU6OGPSUVOBUFMZ IFS
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satisfied, the more the esteem needs will be
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veloped earlier to characterize esteem for self, esteem
from others is defined here in terms of what a person LEVEL 5: SELF-ACTUALIZ ATION NEEDS.
receives, that is, the attitudinal evaluation and respect Self-actualization has been one of the most difficult
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nature or character and their related feelings about that theoretical hierarchy and thus is a more abstract con-
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evaluated separately, no scale was created (and no inherent characteristics but of their values, that is,
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type of divergent validity of the scale because gam- EFOJUJPOPGTFMGBDUVBMJ[BUJPO
bling is regarded by many people to be an immoral The idea of including other-orientedness to
behavior; that is, the respondents received less es- define self-actualization is inappropriate because it
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others with whom to interact to feel good about himself-actualization should include the idea of a so-
self or herself within a network of social relationships, cial self (which describes the individual in relation
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ity, which states that one should care about other peo- PGTFMGBDUVBMJ[BUJPO*OBOPUIFSFYBNQMF -FTUFS

QMFSBUIFSUIBOCFTFMGDPODFSOFE5IJTUIFSBQFVUJD created a scale for self-actualization for college students
approach disposed some psychologists to overlook (N NFBOBHFZFBST
CVUWJFXFEGSPNUIF
the main concept of self-actualization, that is, the self, stricter definition of self-actualization, the items do
and instead to emphasize an idealized view of what OPUTFFNUPEFTDSJCFUIFDPODFQU FH i*BNTFFL-
people shouldCFMJLF JF UPCFDPODFSOFEBCPVUUIF ing maturity would be irrelevant to older people, and
XFMGBSFPGPUIFSQFPQMF
6OGPSUVOBUFMZ UIBUDPOUSB- the results from such a small sample of young college
dicts what self-actualization is, at least regarding its TUVEFOUTNJHIUOPUCFHFOFSBMJ[BCMF

MFYJDBMNFBOJOH *O B EJGGFSFOU BQQSPBDI -FDMFSD -FGSBOPJT
*OPSEFSUPEFSJWFBOPQFSBUJPOBMEFOJUJPOUIBU %VC )CFSU BOE(BVMJO
VTFEUIF%FMQIJ
will better allow the concept to be measured, a more technique, which asked several authors who had pub-
fundamental approach to establishing a working lished at least one paper on self-actualization to list
EFOJUJPOTIPVMECFUBLFO5IJTJTBDDPNQMJTIFECZ UIFUSBJUTPGBTFMGBDUVBMJ[FEQFSTPO5IFZPCUBJOFE
examining the linguistic elements of the term self- JUFNT XIJDIUIFZQMBDFEJOUPUXPDBUFHPSJFT
actualization5IFSTUFMFNFOU self, consists of a iPQFOOFTTUPFYQFSJFODFuBOEiSFGFSFODFUPTFMGu
QFSTPOTDPOTDJPVTBOEVODPOTDJPVT JODMVEJOHUIF 6OGPSUVOBUFMZ iPQFOOFTTUPFYQFSJFODFuJTPOFPG
cognitions, thoughts, and feelings that combine to UIF#JH'JWFQFSTPOBMJUZDPOTUSVDUT $PTUB.D$SBF
GPSNUIFQFSTPOTDPSFJEFOUJUZ"MTP BDDPSEJOHUP
BOECFDBVTFUIJTJTBQFSTPOBMJUZDIBSBDUFSJT-
the Oxford English Dictionary OE
UIFTFMGJTiUIBU tic, it should have a normal curve for all members
XIJDIBQFSTPOSFBMMZBOEJOUSJOTJDBMMZJT uPS iPOFT of the population, but this contradicts the idea that
USVFDIBSBDUFSu self-actualization is achieved by a relative minority of
To complete the definition, the second part of UIFQPQVMBUJPO .BTMPX Q

the term can also be broken down to reveal its na- "MTPJOUIF-FDMFSDFUBM
TUVEZ TPNFJUFNT
UVSFActualSFGFSTUPXIBUJTHFOVJOF SFBM PSUSVF FH iBXBSFPGUIFJSGFFMJOHTu
BSFDIBSBDUFSJTUJDPGBMM
The -ize suffix refers to converting something, and IVNBOCFJOHT XIFSFBTTPNFJUFNT FH iDBQBCMFPG
-ation refers to a process; thus, the term actualization JOUJNBUFDPOUBDUu
BSFUZQJDBMPGNPTUNBNNBMT FH
refers to the process of converting something into EPHTBSFWFSZBFDUJPOBUF
BOETPNFJUFNTBSFPUIFS
XIBUJUSFBMMZBOEFTTFOUJBMMZJT5IFSFGPSF XIFOBMM GPDVTFE FH iDBQBCMFPGFNQBUIZu
'PSUIFiSFGFS-
parts of the word are used in combination, the term ence to self items, although fittingly labeled, some
self-actualization can be more precisely defined: the were not appropriate, with one of the most trouble-
process of a person becoming what he or she really TPNFJUFNTCFJOHiIBWFBQPTJUJWFTFMGFTUFFNu#F-
and uniquely, that is, idiosyncratically, is (where id- cause self-esteem is a component of the (subordinate-
iosyncratic refers to individual disposition; A pe- MFWFM
FTUFFNOFFET JUCSJOHTJOUPEPVCUXIFUIFSUIBU
culiarity of constitution or temperament particular study had a clear definition of self-actualization as a
to a person, Oxford English Dictionary,OE
5IJT TFQBSBUFDPOTUSVDU"MTP UIBUTUVEZEJEOPUFNQJSJ-
definition delineates the true self from what society cally test the items and did not report reliabilities for
UFMMTVTXFPVHIUUPCF UIFTDBMFT
Regarding the components of self-actualization, "EEJUJPOBMMZ 'SFODIBOE+PTFQI
USJFE
previous attempts were limited by the lack of a clear to relate religiosity to self-actualization and used 15
definition, which made earlier measures ambiguous, or JUFNTPGBTFMGBDUVBMJ[BUJPOTDBMFCZ+POFTBOE$SBO-
were inappropriate because they stressed being other- EBMM
XIJDIJODMVEFEJUFNTTVDIBTi*GFFMGSFF
t TAORMINA & GAO

UPCFBOHSZBUUIPTF*MPWF uBOEi*GFBSGBJMVSFu)PX- Along these lines, as described in attachment
FWFS UIFTDBMFZJFMEFEBOBMQIBSFMJBCJMJUZPGPOMZ UIFPSZ "JOTXPSUI #PXMCZ
DIJMESFO
TPJUXBTESPQQFEGSPNUIFJSBOBMZTFT who are raised by caring, supportive parents tend
As a consequence of the problems with previ- UPIBWFIJHIFSTFMGFTUFFN "SNTEFO(SFFOCFSH
PVTTDBMFT BOFXTDBMFXBTEFWFMPQFEGPSUIJTTUVEZ
BOEUPCFNPSFPVUHPJOHBOEDPNQFUFOUJOUIFJS
All the items created were based on the definition of TPDJBMBDUJWJUJFT 8BUFST 8JQQNBO 4SPVGF

self-actualization developed in this article and, with which could earn them more respect from others,
EJTDFSOJOHTFMFDUJWJUZ PO.BTMPXT
UIFPSFUJ- thus increasing their esteem needs (from both the self
DBMFYQMBOBUJPOT5IFSFGPSF UIFJUFNTGPSUIFQSFTFOU BOEPUIFST
8IFOUIFTFOFFETBSFBEFRVBUFMZNFU
study were intentionally focused on the self-oriented the person will be more able to pursue his or her self-
BTQFDUTPGTFMGBDUVBMJ[BUJPO FH i*BNOPXCFJOHUIF BDUVBMJ[BUJPO5PUFTUUIFTFJEFBT GBNJMZFNPUJPOBM
QFSTPO*BMXBZTXBOUFEUPCFu
support was selected to assess its relationship to the
Regarding the theoretical location of the self-actu- TBUJTGBDUJPOPGBMMWFOFFET
alization construct in the needs hierarchy for empiri-
H(5): The more family emotional support
cal testing, once the esteem needs have been largely
people receive, the more satisfaction there
satisfied, a person should be sufficiently secure in
will be of their (a) physiological, (b) safety
his or her social standing among other people that
security, (c) belongingness, (d) esteem, and
he or she can turn to the endeavor of self-actualizing,
(e) self-actualization needs.
namely, trying to become what he or she really (and
VOJRVFMZ
XBOUTUPCF TR ADITIONAL VALUES.
Traditional values, which are characteristic of a so-
H(4): The more the esteem needs are satis- ciety and usually learned and adopted by individual
fied, the more the self-actualization needs members of the society, represent ideas, concepts,
will be satisfied. BOERVBMJUJFTUIBUQFPQMFDPOTJEFSJNQPSUBOU"D-
DPSEJOHUP)PNFSBOE,BIMF
VTJOHTPDJBMBE-
Exploratory Variables and the Five Needs
aptation theory, values guide individuals on what to
*OBEEJUJPOUPDSFBUJOHUIFOFFETNFBTVSFTBOEUFTUJOH do when faced with choices in life and have a causal
their interrelationships, a set of additional measures JOGMVFODFPOUIFJSCFIBWJPST6OHFSFUBM

was identified to determine whether certain theo- tested this idea among several ethnic groups and
retical and practical variables would be associated found that higher levels of traditional cultural values,
with the needs, as might be expected from inductive TQFDJDBMMZMJBMQJFUZBOEGBNJMJTN JF BTFOTFPG
SFBTPOJOH5ISFFWBSJBCMFTPGJOUFSFTUTFMFDUFEXFSF GBNJMZPCMJHBUJPO
XFSFBTTPDJBUFEXJUIMPXFSMFWFMT
emotional support received from the family, personal PGIFBMUISJTLCFIBWJPST
USBEJUJPOBM
WBMVFT BOEBOYJFUZXPSSZ JF BGBDFUPG Traditional values in most societies usually re-
OFVSPUJDJTN
BTBQFSTPOBMJUZNFBTVSF0OFGVSUIFS fers to close family ties, personal integrity, respect for
WBSJBCMFTFMFDUFEGPSUFTUJOHXBTMJGFTBUJTGBDUJPO others, and living according to the cultural mores of
FAMILY EMOTIONAL SUPPORT. POFTTPDJFUZ&BDIPGUIFTFGBDUPSTDPVMEBFDUUIF
*OIVNBOT DIJMESFOBSFSBJTFEBOEDBSFEGPSCZUIFJS FYUFOUUPXIJDIBQFSTPOTOFFETBSFTBUJTFE'PS
parents and family, who provide the child with ba- example, family ties, as reflected in intergenerational
TJDOFDFTTJUJFT FH OPVSJTINFOU
BOEQSPUFDUJPO support, could help a person satisfy physiological
FH TIFMUFS
GPSTVSWJWBM HSPXUI BOEEFWFMPQNFOU OFFET FH GPSGPPE
BOETBGFUZmTFDVSJUZOFFET GPS
These behaviors should relate directly to satisfying home and shelter provided by parents to their chil-
UIFQIZTJPMPHJDBMBOETBGFUZmTFDVSJUZOFFET'BN- ESFOBOECZPTQSJOHUPUIFJSFMEFST
$MPTFGBNJMZ
JMZNFNCFSTBMTP UPWBSZJOHEFHSFFT
QSPWJEFMPWF ties also refer to feeling love, acceptance, warmth, and
and emotional support to the child, which partially JODMVTJPO XIJDIIFMQTBUJTGZUIFCFMPOHJOHOFTTOFFET
TBUJTFTUIFCFMPOHJOHOFTTOFFET5IFGBNJMZDPVME Additionally, personal integrity can help a per-
MJLFXJTF UPWBSZJOHEFHSFFT
BMTPQSPWJEFBQPTJUJWF son develop self-esteem, and the respect one has for
SFHBSEUIBUGPTUFSTTFMGFTUFFN PUIFSTJTMJLFMZ JONPTUTPDJFUJFT
UPCFSFDJQSPDBUFE

such that someone with personal integrity will prob- LIFE SATISFACTION.
ably be more accepted and liked by others, increas- "T.JMZBWTLBZBBOE,PFTUOFS

FYQMBJOFE TFMG
ing satisfaction of the belongingness needs, and be EFUFSNJOBUJPOUIFPSZ %FDJ3ZBO
QPTJUTUIBU
more respected by others, increasing satisfaction of the satisfaction of certain basic psychological needs
UIFOFFEGPSFTUFFNGSPNPUIFST5IVT JGBMMUIFBGPSF- should result in a variety of positive outcomes, includ-
mentioned needs are more likely to be satisfied in a JOHBOPWFSBMMGFFMJOHPGXFMMCFJOH6TJOHTFMGEFUFS-
QFSTPOXIPBCJEFTCZIJTPSIFSTPDJFUZTUSBEJUJPOBM mination theory, Milyavskaya and Koestner found
values, this would make it more likely for that person that, for people who were satisfied with their own
UPBMTPBDIJFWFTFMGBDUVBMJ[BUJPO autonomy and with their relatedness to others, there
were significant positive correlations with the feeling
H(6): The more that people abide by tra- PGPWFSBMMXFMMCFJOH5IJTTVHHFTUTUIBUTBUJTGBDUJPO
ditional values, the more satisfied will be PGBMMWFPGUIFOFFETJO.BTMPXTIJFSBSDIZDPVME
their (a) physiological, (b) safetysecurity, CFQPTJUJWFMZSFMBUFEUPMJGFTBUJTGBDUJPO
(c) belongingness, (d) esteem, and (e) self- 5IBUJT CBTFEPO.JMZBWTLBZBBOE,PFTUOFST
actualization needs.
SFTVMUT SFMBUFEOFTTUPPUIFSTNBZSFFDUCF-
ANXIET Y AND WORRY AS A FACET OF NEUROTICISM. longingness, and autonomy may reflect self-actu-
/FVSPUJDJTNJTDIBSBDUFSJ[FECZBOYJFUZ XPSSZ GFBS BMJ[BUJPO MJWJOHJEJPTZODSBUJDBMMZ
CFDBVTF.BTMPX
BOEEPVCU $PTUB.D$SBF
BOE.BTMPX
OPUFEUIBUiTFMGBDUVBMJ[JOHQFPQMFNBJOUBJOB

FYQMBJOFEUIBUUIJTBTQFDUPGQFSTPOBMJUZJTBO- degree of individuality, detachment, and autonomy
tithetical to the satisfaction of certain needs: Some Q
UIBUJT BVUPOPNZBMMPXTBQFSTPOGSFFEPN
neurotic adults in our society are, in many ways, to manifest his or her individual temperament (as
MJLFVOTBGFDIJMESFOJOUIFJSEFTJSFGPSTBGFUZu Q compared with a person who remains dependent on

"OYJFUZ BOEJUTBTTPDJBUFETZNQUPN XPSSZ others and thus would be less likely to live out his or
as the most characteristic features of neuroticism, IFSVOJRVFQFSTPOBMQFDVMJBSJUJFT
"MTP %FDJBOE
can manifest in any aspect of life, such as whether 3ZBO 3ZBO%FDJ
FYQMBJOFEUIBUTBU-
UIFSFJTFOPVHIGPPEUPFBU QIZTJPMPHJDBMOFFE
BOE isfaction of basic physiological, psychological, and
XIFUIFSJUJTTBGFUPFBU TBGFUZmTFDVSJUZOFFE
PS NPUJWBUJPOBMOFFETXJMMQPTJUJWFMZJOVFODFPOFT
whether a spouse truly loves the person (belonging- BFDUBOEXFMMCFJOH
OFTTOFFE
"MTP SFTFBSDIPOOFVSPUJDJTNIBTGPVOE )FODF UPUIFFYUFOUUIBUMJGFTBUJTGBDUJPOJTBO
JUUPPDDVSXJUIMPXMFWFMTPGTFMGFTUFFN +VEHF JOEJDBUPSPGPWFSBMMXFMMCFJOH 1BWPU %JFOFS $PM-
&SF[ #POP 5IPSFTFO
5IFSFGPSF QFPQMF WJO 4BOEWJL
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XJUIIJHIMFWFMTPGUIFBOYJFUZXPSSZDPNQPOFOUPG
SFTVMUTNBZQSFTBHFTJNJMBSDPSSFMBUJPOTXJUI
neuroticism would suffer such disquietude in their MJGFTBUJTGBDUJPO)FSF BNPSFEJSFDUUFTUJTDPOEVDUFE
MJWFTUIBUUIFZXPVMECFMFTTMJLFMZUPTFMGBDUVBMJ[F POTBUJTGBDUJPOPGBMMWFOFFETJO.BTMPXTIJFSBSDIZ
*OEFFE -FTUFS )WF[EB 4VMMJWBO BOE 1MPVSEF JOSFMBUJPOUPMJGFTBUJTGBDUJPO

GPVOEUIBUOFVSPUJDJTNIBEOFHBUJWFDPSSF-
H(8): The more satisfied are peoples (a)
MBUJPOTXJUIBMMWFPGUIF.BTMPXOFFET8IFSFBT
physiological, (b) safetysecurity, (c) belong-
neuroticism has several facets containing numer-
ingness, (d) esteem, and (e) self-actualization
PVTJUFNT $PTUB.D$SBF
XIJDIDPVMEOPU
needs, the more life satisfaction they will have.
all be assessed here, this personality construct was
NFBTVSFECZJUTQSJODJQBMGFBUVSF OBNFMZBOYJFUZ
XPSSZ EXPERIMENT
H(7): The more anxiety/worry (neuroticism) METHOD

people have, the less satisfied will be their (a)
physiological, (b) safetysecurity, (c) belong- Respondents
ingness, (d) esteem, and (e) self-actualization Although the need satisfaction measures were created
needs. JO&OHMJTI BOPQQPSUVOJUZBSPTFUPHBUIFSEBUBGSPN
t TAORMINA & GAO

BMBSHFTBNQMFJO$IJOB5IVT UIFSFXFSF UIFQIZTJPMPHJDBM TBGFUZmTFDVSJUZ CFMPOHJOHOFTT
NBMF GFNBMF
SFTQPOEFOUTXIPXFSFBMMFUIOJD and esteem needs referred to satisfaction of the need
$IJOFTF BHFEUPZFBST M SD
JF i)PXTBUJTFEBSFZPVXJUI uGPMMPXFECZUIF
5IFBWFSBHFOVNCFSPGCSPUIFSTXBT SD
JUFNT
BOESFTQPOTFTXFSFNFBTVSFEPOBQPJOU
BOEBWFSBHFOVNCFSPGTJTUFSTXBT SD
Likert scale ranging from 1 (completely unsatisfied

'PSFEVDBUJPO SFTQPOEFOUTIBEOPOF OJTIFE to 5 (completely satisfied
'PSTFMGBDUVBMJ[BUJPO UIF
primary school, 241 secondary school, 79 had a RVFTUJPOBTLFE i)PXNVDIEPZPVBHSFFPSEJT-
CBDIFMPSTEFHSFF BOEIBEBNBTUFSTEFHSFFPS agree that the following statements describe you
IJHIFS'PSNBSJUBMTUBUVT XFSFTJOHMF NBS- GPMMPXFECZUIFJUFNT
BOESFTQPOTFTXFSFNFB-
SJFE BOEJOEJDBUFEiPUIFSu EJWPSDFE TFQBSBUFE PS TVSFEPOBQPJOUBHSFFmEJTBHSFF-JLFSUTDBMFSBOH-
XJEPXFE
5IFBWFSBHFOVNCFSPGDIJMESFOXBT ing from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree
(SD
XJUINPTUSFTQPOEFOUT
IBWJOH The items for all five of the needs measures are listed
OPOFBOEUIFSFTU
IBWJOHPOFUPTJYDIJMESFO JOUIF"QQFOEJY
'PSFNQMPZNFOU SFTQPOEFOUTXFSFVOFNQMPZFE
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS SATISFACTION.
IBEQBSUUJNFKPCT BOEIBEGVMMUJNFKPCT
Although there are many physiological needs, some
'PSNPOUIMZJODPNF JO64EPMMBST
FBSOFEMFTT
are classic in terms of their underlying prepotency
UIBO FBSOFECFUXFFOBOE
FH IVOHFS
5IVT TBUJTGBDUJPOXJUIUIFQIZTJPMPHJ-
CFUXFFO BOE CFUXFFO BOE
DBMOFFETXBTNFBTVSFECZJUFNT TUBUFNFOUT
UIBU
$2,499, 10 between $2,500 and $3,124, and 14 earned
included items specifically mentioned by Maslow
PSNPSF'PSPWFSBMMIFBMUI UIFNFBOTDPSFXBT
Q
UIBUJT UIFOFFEGPSTMFFQ GPPE XBUFS
SD

sex, physical health, and suitable ambient tempera-
UVSF JF IFBUJOHDPPMJOH
5IFJUFNTBTLFEBCPVUUIF
Measures BNPVOUPSRVBMJUZPGUIFTF"TBNQMFJUFNXBTi5IF
The questionnaires assessed six elements: satisfac- RVBMJUZPGUIFXBUFS*ESJOLFWFSZEBZu
UJPOPGUIFWFIJFSBSDIJDBMOFFET BOYJFUZXPSSZ B
SAFET YSECURIT Y NEEDS SATISFACTION.
GBDFUPGOFVSPUJDJTN
GBNJMZFNPUJPOBMTVQQPSU MJGF
TBUJTGBDUJPO USBEJUJPOBMWBMVFT BOEEFNPHSBQIJDT .BTMPX
EJTDVTTFEUIFOFFEUPIBWFBTBGFBOE
secure place to live and to be protected from dangers
DEMOGR APHICS. in the environment, as well as the need for financial
Data for age, number of brothers and sisters, and TFDVSJUZBOEBTUBCMFMJGF.BTMPX QQm

number of children were continuous and recorded TQFDJDBMMZNFOUJPOFECFJOHTFDVSFJOPOFTIPNF
BT HJWFO CZ UIF SFTQPOEFOUT 'PS UIF SFNBJOJOH and neighborhood, protection from being attacked,
DBUFHPSJDBM
EFNPHSBQIJDT UIFSFTQPOTFTXFSF safety from war, disease, natural catastrophes, crimi-
EVNNZDPEFE'PSHFOEFS female, 1 = male; for OBMBTTBVMU BOEFWFOOBODJBMTFDVSJUZ FH PGIBWJOH
education, 0 = none, 1 = primary school, 2 = second- BTBWJOHTBDDPVOU
5IFTFXFSFBMMJODMVEFEJOUIF
ary school, 3 = bachelors degree, 4 = masters degree JUFNTDSFBUFEUPBTTFTTTBUJTGBDUJPOPGUIFTBGFUZm
or more; for marital status, 1 = single, 2 = married, TFDVSJUZOFFET"TBNQMFJUFNXBTi5IFTBGFUZPGNZ
3 = other'PSFNQMPZNFOUTUBUVT unemployed, OFJHICPSIPPEu
1 = part-time, 2 = full-time; for monthly income, in
BELONGINGNESS NEEDS SATISFACTION.
64EPMMBST <$625, 2 = $625-$1,249, 3 = $1,250-
This measure focused on receiving love, support,
$1,874, 4 = $1,875-$2,499, 5 = $2,500-$3,124,
XBSNUI BOEBFDUJPO.BTMPX QQm

$3,125 or more; and for perceived overall health,
described it as having affectionate relations with
1 = bad, 2 = moderate, 3 = good, 4 = very good, 5 = ex-
people in general and cited people who could sat-
cellent
isfy these needs as family and friends and mentioned
SATISFACTION ON MASLOW S FIVE NEEDS. a sweetheart, or a wife (to be less gender specific,
All the items for each need level were developed UIJTXBTOBNFEiTQPVTFQBSUOFSu
5IVT UIFJUFNT
GSPN.BTMPXT
UIFPSZPGOFFE created included a spouse or partner, family, friends,
satisfaction, which was examined for conceptual BTTPDJBUFT BOEDPMMFBHVFT4BUJTGBDUJPOPGUIFCFMPOH-
explanations and examples, yielding 15 statements JOHOFTTOFFETXBTBMTPNFBTVSFEXJUIBJUFNTDBMF
JUFNT
GPSFBDIPGUIFSTUGPVSOFFETBOEGPS A sample item was The affection shown to me by
TFMGBDUVBMJ[BUJPO5IFRVFTUJPOUIBUXBTBTLFEGPS NZGSJFOETu

ESTEEM NEEDS SATISFACTION. NFBTVSF i*VTVBMMZFYQFDUUIFXPSTU ui*VTVBMMZ
#FDBVTF.BTMPX QQm
OPUFEUIBUFT- MPPLPOUIFCSJHIUTJEFu SFWFSTFE
BOEi*BNOPU
teem needs can be classified into two subsidiary DPOEFOUUIBUUIJOHTXJMMXPSLPVUGPSUIFCFTUu3F-
TFUTu JF TFMGFTUFFNBOEFTUFFNGSPNPUIFSQFP- TQPOTFTXFSFNFBTVSFEPOBQPJOUBHSFFEJTBHSFF
QMF
UIFJUFNFTUFFNOFFETTBUJTGBDUJPONFBTVSF -JLFSUTDBMF
DPOUBJOFEUXPQBSUT4BUJTGBDUJPOXJUIFTUFFNGPS
FAMILY EMOTIONAL SUPPORT.
self had seven items that specifically asked about
'PSUIJTTDBMF JUFNTXFSFTFMFDUFEGSPN1SPDJEBOP
TBUJTGBDUJPOXJUIPOFTGFFMJOHTPGTFMGFTUFFN TFMG
BOE)FMMFST
JUFN1FSDFJWFE'BNJMZ4PDJBM
XPSUI TFMGSFTQFDU BOEQPTJUJWFTFMGSFHBSE"TBN-
4VQQPSUTDBMF#FDBVTFUIFQSFTFOUTUVEZXBTEF-
ple item for this facet of esteem was The amount of
signed to assess the extent of received family emo-
FTUFFN*IBWFGPSNZTFMGu4BUJTGBDUJPOXJUIFTUFFN
tional support, some items were deleted because they
from others had eight items on satisfaction with the
referred to giving rather than receiving support, and
prestige, respect, esteem, recognition, and positive
others were deleted because of excessive item length
SFHBSEPSBQQSFDJBUJPOSFDFJWFEGSPNPUIFSQFPQMF
PSBNCJHVJUZ"TBNQMFJUFNXBTi.ZGBNJMZHJWFT
A sample item for this facet of esteem was The
NFUIFNPSBMTVQQPSU*OFFEu5PNFBTVSFUIJT UIF
QSFTUJHF*IBWFJOUIFFZFTPGPUIFSQFPQMFu5PPC-
QPJOUBHSFFEJTBHSFF-JLFSUTDBMFXBTVTFE
tain an overall estimate of the esteem needs con-
struct, the two facets were combined into a single LIFE SATISFACTION.
NFBTVSFJOUIJTTUVEZ Life satisfaction was measured with a 10-item scale
GSPN4JSHZFUBM PSJHJOBUFECZ.FBEPX .FO-
SELF-ACTUALIZ ATION NEED SATISFACTION.
U[FS 3BIU[ 4JSHZ
XIPVTFEUIFNFBTVSFGPS
"MUIPVHI.BTMPX
XSPUFPOUIJTUPQJD
a five-nation study (Australia, Canada, China, Turkey,
extensively, many of those ideas were factors that
BOEUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT
3FTQPOEFOUTXFSFBTLFEUP
.BTMPX
DPOKFDUVSFEUPCFassociated with this
rate how satisfied they felt with their lives as com-
OFFEBOEUIVTDPVMEOPUCFVTFE3BUIFS UIFJUFNT
QBSFEXJUIDFSUBJOTJUVBUJPOT FH i)PXTBUJTFE
DSFBUFEGPSUIJTTUVEZXFSFCBTFEPO.BTMPXT
are you compared to the accomplishments of most
QQm
DFOUSBMDPODFQUT FH TFMGFYQSFTTJPO
QFPQMFJOZPVSQPTJUJPO u
3FTQPOTFTXFSFNFB-
BOECFJOHVOJOIJCJUFE
4QFDJDBMMZ .BTMPX

TVSFEPOUIFQPJOUVOTBUJTFETBUJTFE-JLFSUTDBMF
NFOUJPOFETFMGGVMMMNFOU Q
TFMGBDDFQUBODF
FOKPZJOHMJGF EPJOHXIBUPOFXBOUT MJWJOHMJGFGVMMZ TR ADITIONAL VALUES.
BOEHSBUJGZJOHPOFTPXOXJTIFT .BTMPX Q The most relevant values measure for the Chinese

5IFTFDPODFQUT BOEUIPTFDSFBUFEGSPNUIFPQ- sample in this study was the 12-item Chinese Val-
FSBUJPOBMEFOJUJPO EFWFMPQFEJOUIJTBSUJDMF
XFSF VFT4DBMF 5BPSNJOB
XIJDINFBTVSFTWBMVFT
JODMVEFEBTJUFNTGPSUIJTDPOTUSVDU4FMGBDUVBMJ[BUJPO UIBUBSFDPOTJEFSFEDFOUSBMUPUIFDVMUVSF4BNQMF
was measured with 12 items that assessed the extent items were personal steadiness, prudence, and
UPXIJDIJUXBTBDIJFWFE"TBNQMFJUFNXBTi*BN iSFTQFDUGPSUSBEJUJPOu3FTQPOEFOUTXFSFBTLFEUP
OPXCFJOHUIFQFSTPO*BMXBZTXBOUFEUPCFu what extent they personally live their lives by these
values, using a response scale that ranged from 1
Measures for the Exploratory Variables (never
UP always

ANXIET Y/ WORRY AS NEUROTICISM.
LANGUAGE OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE
To avoid a lengthy questionnaire, a brief 5-item scale
that assessed the most characteristic aspects of neu- All items for all the measurement scales were origi-
SPUJDJTN JF BOYJFUZBOEXPSSZ
XBTVTFEGPSUIJT OBMMZ DPOTUSVDUFE JO&OHMJTI CZ B OBUJWF&OHMJTI
NFBTVSF5IFJUFNTXFSFTFMFDUFEGSPNUXPTPVSDFT speaker with extensive experience constructing and
UPFOTVSFUIBUUIFZGPDVTFEPOMZPOUIFBOYJFUZXPSSZ publishing scales that measure psychological con-
GBDFUPGUIFMBSHFSOFVSPUJDJTNDPOTUSVDU5XPJUFNT TUSVDUT8IFOBOPQQPSUVOJUZBSPTFUPHBUIFSBMBSHF
were extracted from the neuroticism domain of the sample of data in China, translation of the scales was
/&01FSTPOBMJUZ*OWFOUPSZ /&01*3$PTUB UIFOVOEFSUBLFOCZCJMJOHVBMFYQFSUMJOHVJTUT0OF
.D$SBF
i*PGUFOXPSSZBCPVUUIJOHTuBOEi* UFBNPGMJOHVJTUTUSBOTMBUFEUIFPSJHJOBM&OHMJTIJUFNT
am filled with doubts about things, and three items into Chinese, after which a second team translated
GSPN1FUFSTPOBOE4FMJHNBOT
OFVSPUJDJTN UIF$IJOFTFWFSTJPOCBDLJOUP&OHMJTI5IFCBDL
t TAORMINA & GAO

translation was then examined by another bilingual FEUIFSFDPNNFOEFE
WBMVFGPSBHPPEUPGUIF
FYQFSUBOECZUIFOBUJWF&OHMJTITQFBLFSXIPDSFBUFE EBUBUPUIFNPEFM 4DISFJCFS 4UBHF ,JOH /PSB
the items, and the back-translation was deemed virtu- #BSMPX

BMMZJEFOUJDBMUPUIFPSJHJOBM&OHMJTIWFSTJPO
TESTS OF SCALE VALIDIT Y.
Procedure *OBEEJUJPOUPUIFDPOSNBUPSZGBDUPSBOBMZTJT XIJDI

To obtain a wide range of respondents, data were helped affirm the construct validity of the five scales, a
collected in popular shopping locations (frequented LOPXOHSPVQTWBMJEJUZUFTUXBTBMTPDPOEVDUFE5IJT
CZQFPQMFGSPNBMMXBMLTPGMJGF
CVTJOFTTEJTUSJDUT assesses the degree to which the measures can dem-
BOEVOJWFSTJUJFT'PSTJEFXBMLJOUFSWFOUJPOT BSBO- onstrate significantly different scores for groups al-
EPNPSEFSFENFUIPEXBTVTFE5PDPNQMFNFOUUIJT ready known to differ, and in which direction, on the
approach, randomly selected apartment buildings EJNFOTJPOTNFBTVSFE5IFHSPVQTXFSFEPDUPST
were also targeted, with one apartment on each floor lawyers, full professors, and wealthy business profes-
visited at times that were convenient to the residents
sionals who were expected to be high on satisfaction
JF EVSJOHUIFBGUFSOPPOTPSFBSMZFWFOJOHT

*OBMMDBTFT UIFHVJEFMJOFTPGUIF"NFSJDBO1TZ-
of the needs because they had achieved successful
chological Association for the ethical treatment of lives and 30 indigent, long-term unemployed, and
human participants were followed, with potential underemployed migrant workers living away from
respondents informed of the nature of the study and their families who were expected to be low on satis-
assured of their anonymity and of the confidentiality GBDUJPOPGUIFOFFETCFDBVTFPGWBSJPVT FH OBODJBM
PGUIFJSBOTXFST5IPTFXIPBHSFFEUPQBSUJDJQBUF QFSTPOBM BOETPDJBM
MJNJUBUJPOTPOUIFJSMJWFT
XFSFIBOEFEUIFRVFTUJPOOBJSF'SPNUIFQFPQMF *Ot tests used to compare the two groups on
BTLFE DPNQMFUFRVFTUJPOOBJSFTXFSFDPMMFDUFE need satisfaction, all the needs differed signifi-
POTJUF
ZJFMEJOHBSFTQPOTFSBUFPG cantly (p
JOUIFFYQFDUFEEJSFDUJPO XJUI
the underemployed (M SD
MPXFS
RESULTS than professionals (M SD
POQIZTJ-
ological need satisfaction, t
UIFVOEFS-
Psychometrics of the Needs Scales and Other Measures employed (M SD
MPXFSUIBOQSPGFT-
sionals (M SD
PO TBGFUZmTFDVSJUZ
FACTOR ANALYSES.
need satisfaction, t
UIFVOEFSFNQMPZFE
#FDBVTF FBDI OFFE IBE OVNFSPVT JUFNT XIJDI
(M SD
MPXFS UIBO QSPGFTTJPOBMT
could group into multiple components, an explor-
(M SD
POCFMPOHJOHOFTTOFFETBUJT-
BUPSZGBDUPSBOBMZTJTXBTSVO5IJTHBWFWFDPNQP-
faction, t
UIFVOEFSFNQMPZFE M
OFOUTGPSUIFQIZTJPMPHJDBMOFFE GPPEmXBUFS TFY
SD
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SD
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GPVSGPSUIFTBGFUZmTFDVSJUZOFFE IPNF FOWJSPO-
and the underemployed (M SD
MPXFS
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than professionals (M SD
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tualization, t
5IFTFSFTVMUTSFFDUTUSPOH
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support for the construct validity of the needs mea-
for the self-actualization need (self-realization, self-
TVSFT
EFUFSNJOBUJPO

The exploratory factor analysis results thus en- TEST FOR COMMON-METHOD BIAS.
abled the use of a confirmatory factor analysis to as- 'PSDPNNPONFUIPECJBT )BSNBOT
GBDUPS
sess the fit of the 72 items into an overall five-part BOBMZUJDBQQSPBDIXBTVTFE5IJTJTBNBYJNVNMJLF-
needs model using a structural equation model, lihood analysis of all the variables that uses a forced,
which yielded the following results: 2
one-factor solution, and the resultant Chi-square val-
p 3.4&" BOEWFSZHPPEUJOEFYFTGPS ue is then divided by the degrees of freedom to assess
UIFNPEFM UIBUJT $'* *'* 5-* whether the items fit into a single factor, such that a
/'* ('* BMMPGXIJDISFBDIFEPSFYDFFE- SBUJPPGMFTTUIBOXPVMEJOEJDBUFBTJOHMFGBDUPS

SFFDUJOHDPNNPONFUIPECJBT'PSUIJTTUVEZ UIF CFUXFFOQIZTJPMPHJDBMBOEFTUFFN5IFDPSSFMBUJPO
SBUJPXBT TVHHFTUJOHUIBUDPNNPONFUIPE CFUXFFOTBGFUZmTFDVSJUZBOECFMPOHJOHOFTT
XBT
CJBTXBTOPUBDPODFSO IJHIFSUIBOUIFDPSSFMBUJPOCFUXFFOTBGFUZmTFDVSJUZ
SCALE RELIABILITIES. BOE FTUFFN PS CFUXFFO TBGFUZmTFDVSJUZ BOE TFMG
Another measure of scale integrity for the need levels BDUVBMJ[BUJPO5IFDPSSFMBUJPOCFUXFFOCFMPOHJOH-
JTSFMJBCJMJUZ$SPOCBDITBMQIBSFMJBCJMJUZTDPSFTXFSF OFTTBOEFTUFFN
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QIZTJPMPHJDBMOFFET GPSTBGFUZmTFDVSJUZ GPSCF- the correlation between esteem and self-actualization
MPOHJOHOFTT GPSFTUFFN GPSUIFJUFNFTUFFN
XBTIJHIFSUIBOUIFDPSSFMBUJPOCFUXFFOTFMG
GSPNPUIFSTTVCTDBMFBOEGPSUIFJUFNFTUFFNGPS actualization and belongingness or between self-
self subscale, but only the combined 15-item measure BDUVBMJ[BUJPOBOETBGFUZmTFDVSJUZ
XBTVTFEJOUIFBOBMZTFT
BOEGPSTFMGBDUVBMJ[BUJPO To test the next four hypotheses, the correla-
Whereas all the reliability values exceeded the recom- tions were between the exploratory variables and
NFOEFE /VOOBMMZ
BMMTDBMFTEFNPOTUSBUFE TBUJTGBDUJPOPGUIFOFFET'PSGBNJMZTVQQPSU UIF
WFSZHPPESFMJBCJMJUJFT"MTP TDBMFSFMJBCJMJUJFTGPSUIF correlations with need satisfaction were all positive,
GPVSFYQMPSBUPSZWBSJBCMFTXFSFGPSGBNJMZFNPUJPOBM GSPNUP BMMpT
TVQQPSUJOH) B
UP
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UP BMMpT
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Correlations BOYJFUZXPSSZ OFVSPUJDJTN
UIFDPSSFMBUJPOTXJUI
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XBTBNPOHUIFWFOFFET5IFTFDPOEXBTCFUXFFOUIF m p
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needs and the four exploratory test variables, that is, ) F
'PSMJGFTBUJTGBDUJPO UIFDPSSFMBUJPOTXJUIUIF
GBNJMZTVQQPSU USBEJUJPOBMWBMVFT BOYJFUZXPSSZ OFV- need satisfaction were all positive and ranged from
SPUJDJTN
BOEMJGFTBUJTGBDUJPO BTBOPVUDPNF
5IF UP BMMpT
TVQQPSUJOH) B
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third set of correlations was between the demographics #FDBVTFOPIZQPUIFTFTXFSFGPSNVMBUFEGPSUIF
BOEUIFOFFET/PUFUIBUUIFDBUFHPSJDBMEFNPHSBQIJD demographics, the correlations assessed whether
variables were dummy coded in regular increasing any personal or social factors might be related to
functions (see Measures
BOEGPSNBSJUBMTUBUVT POMZ satisfaction of the needs (here, only significant cor-
UIFTJOHMF DPEFE
BOENBSSJFE DPEFE
SFTQPOEFOUT SFMBUJPOTBSFSFQPSUFE
4BUJTGBDUJPOPGQIZTJPMPHJDBM
were included such that all the demographics could be needs was positively correlated with the number
FOUFSFEJOUIFDPSSFMBUJPOTBOESFHSFTTJPOT5PCFUUFS of brothers and sisters (both pT
OVNCFSPG
understand the results, it should be remembered that children, income (both pT
BHF p
BOE
the measures assessed the extent to which the respon- overall health (p
4BUJTGBDUJPOPGUIFTBGFUZm
dents felt their needs were satisfied security needs had positive correlations with income
The correlations among the satisfactions of (p
BOEPWFSBMMIFBMUI p
4BUJTGBDUJPOPG
the five needs were all positive and significant (all the belongingness needs had negative correlations
pT
TVQQPSUJOHIZQPUIFTFT)
UISPVHI)
with age and income (both pT
BOEBQPTJUJWF
BOEDPJODJEJOHXJUI.BTMPXTUIFPSFUJDBMQSPQPTJ- correlation with overall health (p
4BUJTGBD-
tion that any given need should be somewhat satisfied tion of the esteem needs had a negative correlation
for the next higher-order need to emerge (Maslow, with employment (p
BOEBQPTJUJWFDPSSFMBUJPO
QQm
*OMJOFXJUIUIJT UIFSFTVMUT FYDFQU with overall health (p
4BUJTGBDUJPOPGUIFTFMG
POMZUIPTFGPSQIZTJPMPHJDBMBOETFMGBDUVBMJ[BUJPO
actualization needs had positive correlations with
TIPXFEUIBUTBUJTGBDUJPOPGUIFOFFETUIBUBSFBEKB- overall health (p
OVNCFSPGCSPUIFST TJTUFST
DFOUIBEIJHIFSDPSSFMBUJPOTUIBOUIPTFUIBUBSFOPU and children (all pT
BHF BOENBSJUBMTUBUVT
Specifically, the correlation between physiological (both pT
"MMUIFTFDPSSFMBUJPOTBOEUIFWBSJ-
BOETBGFUZmTFDVSJUZ
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relation between physiological and belongingness or BMQIBSFMJBCJMJUJFTBSFTIPXOJO5BCMF
t TAORMINA & GAO

TABLE 1. Means, SDs, Cronbachs Alpha Reliabilities, and Correlations for Satisfaction of the 5 Maslow Needs With
the Exploratory and Demographic Variables (N = 386)
Variable Mean SD 1 2 3 4 5 Alpha
1. Physiological 3.23 0.46 .81

2. Safetysecurity 3.44 0.51 .50**** .87
3. Belongingness 3.82 0.45 .37**** .38**** .90
4. Esteem 3.57 0.47 .40**** .31**** .50**** .91
5. Self-actualization 3.21 0.55 .53**** .35**** .34**** .50**** .86
6. Family support 3.46 0.55 .26**** .26**** .57**** .36**** .29**** .83
7. Traditional values 3.75 0.47 .21**** .20**** .35**** .32**** .19**** .83
8. Anxiety/worry 3.03 0.58 .15*** .16*** .15*** .24**** .16*** .69
9. Life satisfaction 3.31 0.52 .36**** .30**** .33**** .52**** .58**** .86
10. Gender 0.36 0.48 .09 .03 .09 .00 .09
11. Age 31.44 12.78 .17*** .02 .11* .04 .19****
12. Brothers 1.10 1.27 .13* .03 .05 .04 .16***
13. Sisters 1.24 1.31 .11* .01 .06 .02 .16***
14. Marital status 1.35 0.48 .19*** .06 .03 .01 .21****
15. Number of children 0.65 1.11 .14** .03 .07 .06 .17***
16. Education 2.12 0.72 .06 .02 .05 .06 .07
17. Employment 1.29 0.77 .10 .06 .10 .10* .06
18. Income (monthly) 2.05 1.32 .14** .12* .11* .02 .08
19. Overall health 2.63 0.74 .37**** .14*** .19**** .18**** .12*
Note. Numerical codings of the demographics are in the Method section: For marital status, only single and married (N = 378) were included.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .005. ****p < .001.
Self-Actualization Achievement SBOHFEGSPNmUP XJUIOPOFTJHOJDBOU BMM

.BTMPX
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5IVT OPHFOEFSEJFSFODFT CJBTFT
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achieved by very few people, so the data were exam- GPVOEPOTBUJTGBDUJPOPGBOZPGUIFOFFET
JOFEGPSFWJEFODFPGUIJT#VUTFMGBDUVBMJ[BUJPOJTOPU
an all-or-none proposition, and the scores were mea- Regressions
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UISPVHI)
SFHSFTTJPOT
achieved could connote that there would be fewer were also run on satisfaction of the needs, that is,
people at 2 SDs above the mean vis--vis a normal for any given need, its lower-level needs (but not its
DVSWF XIFSFPGUIFSFTQPOEFOUT JF IJHIFSMFWFMOFFET
XFSFJODMVEFEBTQPUFOUJBMQSFEJD-
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XPVMECFFYQFDUFEUPTDPSF#FDBVTFPOMZ tors, along with the demographics and the explor-
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TDPSFEUIBUIJHI UIFEBUB atory variables (whereas physiological needs had no
TFFNUPTVQQPSU.BTMPXTJEFB lower-level needs, its regression was run on only the
EFNPHSBQIJDBOEFYQMPSBUPSZWBSJBCMFT

Mean Differences Tested Across Gender 'PSQIZTJPMPHJDBMOFFETBUJTGBDUJPO WFWBSJBCMFT
on Need Satisfaction FOUFSFEUIFSFHSFTTJPO BMMQPTJUJWFMZ
UPFYQMBJO
To ascertain whether there was evidence for the criti- of the variance, F
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SVOPOBMMWFOFFET5IFt values, all using t
QPSU BOEOVNCFSPGCSPUIFST

'PSTBGFUZmTFDVSJUZOFFETBUJTGBDUJPO UXPWBSJ-
DISCUSSION
BCMFTFOUFSFEUIFSFHSFTTJPO CPUIQPTJUJWFMZ
UPFY-
QMBJOPGUIFWBSJBODF F
p The results are discussed first in regard to the correla-
1IZTJPMPHJDBMOFFETTBUJTGBDUJPOFYQMBJOFEPGUIF tions used to test the hypotheses, next in terms of the
FYQMBJOFEWBSJBODF GVSUIFSTVQQPSUJOH)
BOEGBN- ability of the satisfaction of lower-level needs to statis-
JMZTVQQPSUFYQMBJOFE tically predict the satisfaction of higher-level needs in
'PSCFMPOHJOHOFTTOFFETBUJTGBDUJPO TJYWBSJ- the regressions, and then in regard to the ability of the
BCMFTFOUFSFEUIFSFHSFTTJPOUPFYQMBJOPGUIF demographics and the exploratory variables to pre-
variance, F
p&OUFSJOHUIF dict satisfaction of the five needs and life satisfaction;
regression positively were family support, which ac- and, finally, some observations on the intercultural
DPVOUFEGPSTBGFUZmTFDVSJUZOFFETBUJTGBDUJPO SFMFWBODFPG.BTMPXTUIFPSZBSFNBEF XJUINFO-
BEEJOHTVQQPSUUP)
QIZTJPMPHJDBMOFFE UJPOPGUIFTBNQMFTDVMUVSFJODMVEFE XIFSFSFMFWBOU
TBUJTGBDUJPOUSBEJUJPOBMWBMVFTBOEFEVDB- JOEJTDVTTJOHGBDUPSTUIBUSFMBUFUPQBSUJDVMBSOFFET

UJPO&OUFSJOHUIFSFHSFTTJPOOFHBUJWFMZ JODPNF
BDDPVOUFEGPSUIFSFNBJOJOHPGUIFFYQMBJOFE Correlations Among the Needs Variables
WBSJBODF The hypotheses for satisfaction of the needs were
'PSFTUFFNOFFETBUJTGBDUJPO WFWBSJBCMFTFO- CBTFEPO.BTMPXTUIFPSFUJDBMUFOFUUIBUJUJTOFD-
UFSFEUIFSFHSFTTJPOUPFYQMBJOPGUIFWBSJBODF essary for lower-level needs to be mostly (though
F
p&OUFSJOHQPTJUJWFMZXFSF OPUOFDFTTBSJMZ
TBUJTFECFGPSFBQFSTPOCF-
belongingness need satisfaction, which accounted comes concerned with satisfying higher-level needs
GPS GVSUIFSTVQQPSUJOH)
QIZTJPMPHJDBMOFFE .BTMPX QQm
5IJTJNQMJFTUIBUUIFSF
TBUJTGBDUJPOBOEUSBEJUJPOBMWBMVFT"MTP UXP should be significant positive correlations between
variables entered the regression negatively to account the degrees of satisfaction of any two needs that are
GPSUIFSFNBJOJOHFYQMBJOFEWBSJBODFUIFBOYJFUZ BEKBDFOUJOUIFIJFSBSDIZ"TDBOCFTFFOGSPNUIFDPS-
XPSSZGBDFUPGOFVSPUJDJTN XIJDIBDDPVOUFEGPS SFMBUJPOSFTVMUT 5BCMF
UIFTBUJTGBDUJPOPGBOZHJWFO
BOEFNQMPZNFOUGPS need was positively and significantly correlated with
'PSTFMGBDUVBMJ[BUJPOOFFETBUJTGBDUJPO UISFFWBSJ- the need immediately below it in the hierarchy, thus
BCMFTFOUFSFEUIFSFHSFTTJPO BMMQPTJUJWFMZ
UPFYQMBJO TVQQPSUJOH.BTMPXTUIFPSJ[FEIJFSBSDIZPGOFFET
PGUIFWBSJBODF F
p1IZTJ-
PMPHJDBMOFFETBUJTGBDUJPOFYQMBJOFE FTUFFNOFFE Lower-Level Needs as Predictors of Higher-Level Needs
TBUJTGBDUJPOFYQMBJOFE BEEJOHTVQQPSUUP)
The theoretical hierarchy of needs also suggests
and number of children accounted for the remaining that, in regressions, satisfaction of a lower-level need
PGUIFFYQMBJOFEWBSJBODF should be able to statistically predict the extent to
The final regression was for life satisfaction, which a higher-level need is satisfied, and ideally sat-
which was regressed onto all the other variables to isfaction of any need should predict the need imme-
determine whether satisfaction of any needs could EJBUFMZBCPWFJUJOUIFIJFSBSDIZ 8IFSFBTUIFQIZTJ-
FYQMBJO MJGF TBUJTGBDUJPO 5ISFF WBSJBCMFT FOUFSFE ological needs are at the lowest level, no other needs
UIFSFHSFTTJPO BMMQPTJUJWFMZ
UPFYQMBJOPGUIF JOUIFIJFSBSDIZXFSFUFTUFEBTQPUFOUJBMQSFEJDUPST
variance, F
p4BUJTGBDUJPOPG 'PSTBUJTGBDUJPOPGUIFTBGFUZmTFDVSJUZOFFET UIF
TFMGBDUVBMJ[BUJPOBDDPVOUFEGPSPGUIFFYQMBJOFE only other need that could be used in the regression
WBSJBODF FTUFFNOFFETBUJTGBDUJPO BOEUSBEJUJPOBM was satisfaction of the physiological needs, which did
WBMVFT FOUFSUIFSFHSFTTJPOUPBDDPVOUGPSUIFNBKPSJUZPGUIF
The regressions for satisfaction of the physiologi- FYQMBJOFEWBSJBODF'PSTBUJTGBDUJPOPGUIFCFMPOHJOH-
DBMBOETBGFUZmTFDVSJUZOFFETBSFTIPXOJO5BCMF GPS OFTTOFFET CPUITBUJTGBDUJPOPGUIFTBGFUZmTFDVSJUZ
satisfaction of the belongingness and esteem needs BOEQIZTJPMPHJDBMOFFETFOUFSFEUIFFRVBUJPO'PS
are shown in Table 3, and for self-actualization and satisfaction of the esteem needs, satisfaction of the
MJGFTBUJTGBDUJPOBSFTIPXOJO5BCMF belongingness and of the physiological needs entered
t TAORMINA & GAO

TABLE 2. Stepwise Regressions for Satisfaction of Physiological and SafetySecurity Needs
Physiological Safetysecurity
Predictors Beta R 2
Beta R 2
Self-actualization n/a n/a

Esteem need satisfaction n/a n/a
Belongingness need satisfaction n/a n/a
Safetysecurity need satisfaction n/a n/a
Physiological need satisfaction n/a .44**** .23
Family emotional support .16*** .03 .15*** .02
Traditional values .14*** .01 .08
Anxiety/worry (neuroticism) .09 .07
Gender .07 .01
Age .12 .05
Number of brothers .10* .01 .08
Number of sisters .06 .07
Marital status .15*** .05 .04
Number of children .02 .02
Education .04 .04
Employment .05 .03
Income (monthly) .08 .06
Overall health .37**** .14 .06
Total R 2 .24 .25

Final F 24.87**** 62.73****
df 5,370 2,373
Note. Need satisfaction was regressed only on lower-level needs. Degrees of freedom do not add to 385 (N 1) because cases with missing
values were deleted. n/a = not applicable.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .005. ****p < .001.
UIFSFHSFTTJPO-JLFXJTF GPSTFMGBDUVBMJ[BUJPO TBUJT- POFTBCJMJUZUPTBUJTGZBOZPGUIFIJHIFSMFWFMOFFET

faction of the esteem needs and of the physiological JGUIFZBSFOPUTBUJTFE
OFFETFOUFSFEUIFSFHSFTTJPOBTQSFEJDUPST
Summarizing these results, satisfaction of the Additional Predictors of Need Satisfaction
lower-level need immediately below any given need and Life Satisfaction
in the hierarchy predicted satisfaction of the next PHYSIOLOGICAL NEED SATISFACTION.
higher-level need, yielding strong evidence for the 'PSTBUJTGBDUJPOPGUIJTOFFEMFWFM UXPFYQMPSBUPSZBOE
IJFSBSDIJDBMOBUVSFPG.BTMPXTUIFPSZPGOFFETBUJT- UISFFEFNPHSBQIJDWBSJBCMFTFOUFSFEUIFSFHSFTTJPO
GBDUJPO"MTP TBUJTGBDUJPOPGUIFQIZTJPMPHJDBMOFFET 'BNJMZFNPUJPOBMTVQQPSUNBZIBWFCFFOBQSFEJDUPS
was a significant predictor of the satisfaction of every because the family is the strongest and most impor-
one of the four higher-level needs, suggesting that tant unit in most societies worldwide, including (and
the physiological needs are profound and, as Maslow FTQFDJBMMZ
JO$IJOFTFTPDJFUZ :BOH
5IVT

BSHVFE UIBUUIFZDPVMEWFSZXFMMQSFFNQU even though the measure assessed emotional sup-

TABLE 3. Stepwise Regressions for Satisfaction of Belongingness and Esteem Needs
Belongingness Esteem
Predictors Beta R 2
Beta R 2
Self-actualization n/a n/a

Esteem need satisfaction n/a n/a
Belongingness need satisfaction n/a .31**** .24
Safetysecurity need satisfaction .18**** .06 .04
Physiological need satisfaction .18**** .02 .25**** .06
Family emotional support .42**** .32 .04
Traditional values .13*** .01 .16*** .02
Anxiety/worry (neuroticism) .05 .18**** .02
Gender .00 .03
Age .06 .04
Number of brothers .03 .05
Marital status .03 .01
Number of children .04 .08
Education .10* .01 .07
Employment .01 .12*** .01
Income (monthly) .18**** .02 .10
Overall health .02 .01
Total R 2 .44 .35

Final F 50.00**** 42.12****
df 6,369 5,370
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .005. ****p < .001.
port, it seems that the family emotional connection TUSPOHCFMJFGJOUIFUSBEJUJPOBMWBMVFTPGPOFTTPDJ-

is sufficiently strong that it extends to satisfaction of FUZTIPVMECFSFFDUFEJOUIFTBUJTGBDUJPOPGPOFT
QIZTJPMPHJDBMOFFET QIZTJPMPHJDBMOFFET
5SBEJUJPOBMWBMVFTBMTPFOUFSFEUIJTSFHSFTTJPO Overall health was also a predictor of physiologi-
*ONBOZTPDJFUJFT USBEJUJPOBMWBMVFTBSFDIBSBDUFS- DBMOFFETBUJTGBDUJPO5IJTTJOHMFJUFNNFBTVSFXBT
J[FECZBTUSPOHGBNJMJTN FH 6OHFSFUBM
included as a rough assessment of how the respon-
in which the family hierarchy is of great importance, EFOUTGFMUBCPVUUIFJSIFBMUI1FPQMFXJUIHPPEIFBMUI
particularly the care and support parents give to are more likely to exercise, eat and sleep well, and to
their children and the respect children show for IBWFHSFBUFSBNPVOUTPG BOENPSFTBUJTGZJOH
TFY#F-
UIFJSQBSFOUT5IFNPSFPOFCFMJFWFTJOUIFTFUSB- cause it is a global measure that was related to many
ditions, the more likely one is to practice them, needs, future research might investigate overall health
UIBUJT UPQSPWJEFGPSPOFTPTQSJOHKVTUBTPOF GVSUIFS QFSIBQTBTBEFQFOEFOUNFBTVSF
was provided for by his or her parents, such that a /VNCFSPGCSPUIFSTXBTBMTPBQSFEJDUPSPGTBU-
t TAORMINA & GAO

TABLE 4. Stepwise Regressions for Satisfaction of Self-Actualization Needs and Life Satisfaction
Self-actualization Life satisfaction

Predictors Beta R 2
Beta R 2
Self-actualization n/a .43**** .34

Esteem need satisfaction .38**** .10 .26**** .06
Belongingness need satisfaction .05 .01
Safetysecurity need satisfaction .05 .08
Physiological need satisfaction .35**** .28 .02
Family emotional support .07 .04
Traditional values .02 .11* .01
Anxiety/worry (neuroticism) .02 .02
Gender .04 .01
Age .07 .05
Number of brothers .04 .04
Marital status .06 .02
Number of children .16**** .03 .00
Education .01 .02
Employment .03 .04
Income (monthly) .01 .04
Overall health .08 .06
Total R 2 .41 .41

Final F 86.73**** 87.20****
df 3,372 3,372
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .005. ****p < .001.
JTGBDUJPOPGQIZTJPMPHJDBMOFFET*ONBOZTPDJFUJFT food or inadequate amounts of sleep, both of which

TVDIBT*UBMJBOBOE$IJOFTFTPDJFUZ TPOT FTQFDJBMMZ would yield unsatisfactory levels of physiological
UIFFMEFTU
XIPBSFCSPUIFSTBSFSFTQPOTJCMFGPS OFFETTBUJTGBDUJPO
IFMQJOHTJCMJOHTXIPBSFJOOFFE"GUFSUIFGBUIFSIBT
passed away, it is customary for the eldest brother SAFET YSECURIT Y NEED SATISFACTION.
to act as the head of the family, with responsibility 'PSUIJTMFWFMPGOFFETBUJTGBDUJPO POMZUXPQSFEJDUPS
UPUFOEUPUIFFOUJSFGBNJMZTOFFET5IFPUIFSEF- WBSJBCMFTDPOUSJCVUFEUPFYQMBJOJOHUIFWBSJBODF5IF
mographic predictor was marital status, which may first was satisfaction with the physiological needs,
have entered the regression because married cou- and the other was the exploratory variable of family
QMFTIBWFNPSFSFHVMBUFEMJWFT FH XJUIGPPEBOE FNPUJPOBMTVQQPSU5IJTJTVOEFSTUBOEBCMFCFDBVTF
TFY
#ZDPOUSBTU TJOHMFQFPQMFNJHIUCFNPSFMJLFMZ the family is the source of well-being and protection
to eat and sleep according to their own personal GPSQFPQMFJOBMMXPSMEDVMUVSFT'PS$IJOFTFDVMUVSF
desires, which could result in irregular intakes of in particular, the family is the first source of help when

BQFSTPOJTJOOFFE $IBOH)PMU
/PEFNP- ESTEEM NEED SATISFACTION.
HSBQIJDTFOUFSFEUIJTSFHSFTTJPO 'PSTBUJTGBDUJPOPGFTUFFNOFFET NPTUPGUIFWBSJBODF
was explained by satisfaction of the belongingness
BELONGINGNESS NEED SATISFACTION. OFFET DPOTJTUFOUXJUIUIFIJFSBSDIJDBMUIFPSZ*O
'PSCFMPOHJOHOFTTOFFETBUJTGBDUJPO JOBEEJUJPOUP addition, traditional values entered the regression,
TBUJTGBDUJPOXJUIUIFQIZTJPMPHJDBMBOETBGFUZmTFDVSJUZ TVHHFTUJOHUIBUBCJEJOHCZUIFDVMUVSFTUSBEJUJPOBM
needs, two exploratory and two demographic vari- WBMVFTDBOFBSOSFTQFDUGPSBQFSTPO*OUFSNTPGUIF
BCMFTBMTPFOUFSFEUIFSFHSFTTJPO'BNJMZFNPUJPOBM values of the sample, Chinese values involve personal
TVQQPSUFYQMBJOFEUIFNBKPSJUZPGUIFWBSJBODF XIJDI and social behaviors that were prescribed to maintain
can be readily understood because human beings are harmony among family and friends and throughout
raised by, and physically and emotionally supported TPDJFUZ :BOH
*OPUIFSXPSET CZBEPQUJOHTP-
CZ UIFJSGBNJMJFT"MTP UIFFNPUJPOBMTVQQPSUUIBU DJFUZTSFDPNNFOEFEQFSTPOBMDIBSBDUFSJTUJDTBOE
families give to each other is a critical component of living according to its prescribed behaviors, one de-
BIBQQZGBNJMZMJGF QMBZJOHBNBKPSSPMFJOBQFSTPOT velops an agreeable character that is appreciated and
GFFMJOHTPGCFMPOHJOHOFTT SFTQFDUFECZPUIFST
5SBEJUJPOBMWBMVFTXBTBMTPBQPTJUJWFQSFEJDUPS 5IFBOYJFUZXPSSZGBDFUPGOFVSPUJDJTNFOUFSFE
Values include ideas, concepts, and qualities that UIFSFHSFTTJPOOFHBUJWFMZ XJUIIJHIMFWFMTPGBOYJFUZ
QFPQMFDPOTJEFSUPCFJNQPSUBOU#FDBVTFDVMUVSFJT XPSSZZJFMEJOHMPXMFWFMTPGFTUFFN"MTP DPSSFMBUJPOT
defined as the attitudes, values, beliefs, and behav- GPSBOYJFUZXPSSZXJUIFTUFFNGPSTFMGBOEXJUIFT-
JPSTTIBSFECZNFNCFSTPGBHSPVQ 5SJBOEJT
teem from others were negative and significant (both
BTPDJFUZTWBMVFTBSFTIBSFECZQFPQMF BOETIBSFE pT
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"T.D.JMMBOBOE$IBWJT
FYQMBJOFE i8IFO cism could engender symptoms of emotional distress,
people who share values come together, they find TVDIBTMPXTFMGFTUFFN"MTP -OORWJTU 7FSLBTBMP
that they have similar needs, priorities, and goals, .LJOFO BOE)FOSJLTTPO
GPVOEUIBUOFVSPUJ-
UIVTGPTUFSJOHUIFCFMJFGUIBUJOKPJOJOHUPHFUIFS DJTNQSFEJDUFEMPXTFMGFTUFFN3FHBSEJOHFTUFFN
they might be better able to satisfy these needs and GSPNPUIFST 4XJDLFSUBOE0XFOT
GPVOEUIBU
PCUBJOUIFSFJOGPSDFNFOUUIFZTFFLu Q
5IVT high levels of neuroticism yielded low levels of so-
sharing important social values engenders a sense DJBMBDDFQUBODFPOTFWFSBMNFBTVSFTPGTPDJBMTVQQPSU
PGCFMPOHJOHOFTT Thus, the present results match previous research on
Of the two demographics that entered the equa- OFVSPUJDJTNBOEFTUFFN
UJPO FEVDBUJPOFOUFSFEQPTJUJWFMZ4FWFSBMTPDJFUJFT 'PSFNQMPZNFOU UIFOFHBUJWFSFMBUJPOTIJQXBT
place a high value on self-improvement through ed- TPNFXIBUTVSQSJTJOH"TFNQMPZNFOUMFWFMXBTBEF-
ucation; thus, in such societies people who receive mographic variable, no hypothesis was formulated
more education may be more accepted by other because all the demographics were exploratory vari-
members of the society, yielding a greater feeling of BCMFT/POFUIFMFTT UPOEJUBTBTJHOJDBOUnegative
CFMPOHJOHOFTT5IFPUIFSEFNPHSBQIJD NPOUIMZJO- predictor of esteem need satisfaction was surprising
come, interestingly, was a negative predictor, that is, NBJOMZCFDBVTFJUTFFNTBOPNBMPVT0OFQPTTJCMF
the less income a person had, the more he or she felt reason for this might be found in certain factors that
BTFOTFPGCFMPOHJOH5IJTNJHIUCFFYQMBJOFECZUIF BSFVOJRVFUPUIFTBNQMF5IBUJT UIFHBNCMJOHJOEVT-
GBDUUIBUJODPMMFDUJWFTPDJFUJFT FH $IJOB
GSJFOET try is the largest employer in the Chinese city where
and colleagues with monetary problems are still ac- the data were gathered, which means that many of
DFQUFEBOEBSFUSFBUFEXJUINPSFDPOTJEFSBUJPO FH the employed respondents were likely to be working
PFSFEIFMQ
JGUIFZBSFOPUEPJOHXFMMNPOFUBSJMZ UIFSF)PXFWFS HBNCMJOHIBTMPOHCFFODPOTJEFSFE
'PSFYBNQMF BUBSFTUBVSBOUPVUJOH NFNCFSTXIP JNNPSBMCFIBWJPSJO$IJOB $IFOH
5IVT
are better off financially would show consideration because those who were employed were likely to be
to others by inviting them to meals and insisting on working in the gambling industry, which is tradition-
QBZJOHGPSUIFFOUJSFNFBM ally viewed as immoral, this could explain why the
t TAORMINA & GAO

QFPQMFBUUIFIJHIFTU GVMMUJNF
FNQMPZNFOUMFWFM Regarding the regression for life satisfaction,
(M SD
GFMUless esteem than people who self-actualization and satisfaction with esteem needs
were either part-time employed (M SD
XFSFQPTJUJWFTUBUJTUJDBMQSFEJDUPST4FMGBDUVBMJ[BUJPO
or unemployed (M SD
'VUVSFSF- may have entered because life satisfaction referred
TFBSDINJHIUJOWFTUJHBUFUIJTGVSUIFS UPTBUJTGBDUJPOXJUIPOFTMJGFBDIJFWFNFOUT DPOUFY-
tualized in relation to what the person expected of
SELF-ACTUALIZ ATION SATISFACTION.
IJNTFMGPSIFSTFMG'PSFTUFFN UIJTJTSFMBUFEUPUIF
'PSUIJTMFWFM TBUJTGBDUJPOPGUIFQIZTJPMPHJDBMBOE
concept of face, that is, how positively a person
FTUFFNOFFETXFSFTJHOJDBOUQSFEJDUPST"MUIPVHI
is regarded in society, which is an important aspect
physiological need satisfaction was a predictor for all
PGMJGFJO$IJOFTFDVMUVSF )P
4JODFFTUFFN
GPVSOFFEMFWFMT OPUFEQSFWJPVTMZ
JUJTJOUFSFTUJOH
is of such great value in Chinese society and self-
that it had such a high correlation with self-actual-
actualization is the epitome of personal achieve-
J[BUJPO0OFSFBTPOGPSUIJTDPVMECFUIBUTFMGBDUVBM-
ment, it is understandable that self-actualization
ization was assessed with a self-oriented (rather than
and satisfaction of the esteem needs could predict
PUIFSPSJFOUFE
NFBTVSF TVDIUIBUBTFMGJOEVMHFOU
MJGFTBUJTGBDUJPO5SBEJUJPOBMWBMVFTBMTPFOUFSFEUIJT
FMFNFOUDPVMECFQMBZJOHBSPMF5IBUJT XIFOTPNF-
SFHSFTTJPO#FDBVTFJUXBTBOFYQMPSBUPSZWBSJBCMF
one can live however he or she wants and do whatever
however, no hypothesis was formulated for it, but
he or she wants, the person becomes able to fulfill his
its appearance in the regression confirms the impor-
or her sensual desires, such as eating the best foods
tance traditional values play in fostering harmonious
BOEFOKPZJOHUIFWBSJPVTQIZTJDBMDPNGPSUTJOMJGF BOE
SFMBUJPOTIJQTJO$IJOFTFTPDJFUZ :BOH

QFSIBQT
IBWJOHTFYNPSFGSFRVFOUMZ BOEQPTTJCMZ
XJUINPSFQBSUOFST
5IJTNJHIUFYQMBJOXIZQIZTJ-
Intercultural Relevance of Maslows Theory
ological need satisfaction was so highly correlated
As noted previously, some writers have criticized
with self-actualization, and this could be an interest-
.BTMPXTUIFPSZCFDBVTFUIFZUIPVHIUJUXBTDSFBUFE
JOHBSFBGPSGVUVSFSFTFBSDI
using ideas that are based only in Western culture, but
*OBEEJUJPO POFEFNPHSBQIJD OVNCFSPGDIJMESFO
the data in this study, which were obtained from an
FOUFSFEUIJTSFHSFTTJPOBTBQPTJUJWFQSFEJDUPS5IJT
&BTUFSODVMUVSF MFOUTVCTUBOUJBMTVQQPSUUPUIFHFOFS-
result might stem from traditional attitudes about hav-
BMJUZPGUIFUIFPSZPGIJFSBSDIJDBMOFFET5IFDPODFQUT
JOHDIJMESFO UIBUJT UIFZQFSQFUVBUFPOFTHFOFTUP
BOEUIFJUFNTXFSFCBTFEEJSFDUMZPO.BTMPXT

BOPUIFSHFOFSBUJPO XIJDIIBTCFFOBKPZGPSQBSFOUT
theory, which he surmised to be universal, and the
BOEHSBOEQBSFOUT
JOBMMTPDJFUJFT*O$IJOFTFTPDJFUZ
results of this study appear to confirm what Maslow
continuing the family line is a mandatory responsibil-
surmised about culture and the generalizability of
JUZu -FF$IV Q
5IBUJT IBWJOHNPSF
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children has traditionally been considered desirable,
4QFDJDBMMZ .BTMPX
TVHHFTUFEUIBUUIFSF
BOEUIFNPSFDIJMESFO FTQFDJBMMZTPOT
QFPQMFIBWF
was a unity behind the superficial differences in spe-
the more likely they will be to extend their family line
cific desires from one culture to another and that
BOEOBNF
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it is the common experience of anthropologists that
LIFE SATISFACTION. people, even in different societies, are much more
'PSUIJTWBSJBCMF JUXBTFYQFDUFEUIBUIVNBOCFJOHT BMJLFUIBOXFXPVMEUIJOLu Q
"MTP BT.BTMPX
would be likely to be more satisfied with their lives if GVSUIFSOPUFE XJUITDJFOUJDQSVEFODF
UIFDMBTTJ-
the five important needs Maslow identified are satis- fication of the needs helps in understanding human
FEBOEMFTTTPJGUIPTFOFFETBSFVOTBUJTFE'PS nature: The claim is made only that it is relatively
example, if a person is chronically undernourished more ultimate, more universal, more basic, than the
from lack of food, the person surely could not be sat- superficial conscious desires from culture to culture,
JTFEXJUIIJTPSIFSMJGF4JNJMBSBSHVNFOUTDBOCF and makes a somewhat closer approach to common-
NBEFGPSUIFSFNBJOJOHOFFET*OEFFE TBUJTGBDUJPOPG IVNBODIBSBDUFSJTUJDTu Q
5IFSFTVMUTPGUIJT
all five of the needs was positively and significantly TUVEZBQQFBSUPDPOSN.BTMPXTFYQFDUBUJPOTCF-
correlated with life satisfaction (all pT
cause his theoretical concepts, although developed

in a Western culture, held (with strong statistical sup- NOTE
QPSU
JOBDVMUVSFBTEJWFSTFBTUIBUPG$IJOB "EESFTTDPSSFTQPOEFODFBCPVUUIJTBSUJDMFUP3PCFSU+5BPSNJ-
OB 1TZDIPMPHZ%FQBSUNFOU 'BDVMUZPG4PDJBM4DJFODFTBOE
Of course, more research should be conducted
)VNBOJUJFT 6OJWFSTJUZPG.BDBV "W1BESF5PNBT1FSFJSB 4+
JOPUIFSDPVOUSJFT#VUTVDISFTFBSDITIPVMECFQFS- .BDBP 4"3
$IJOB FNBJM5BPSNJOB!VNBDNP

formed with a better understanding of the concepts
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Maslow and the Motivation Hierarchy:

Measuring Satisfaction of the Needs

For each of the 5 needs in Maslows motivational hierarchy (physiological, safetysecurity,

CVUJUIBTSFDFJWFEFNQJSJDBMTVQQPSUJOBMBSHF low certain rules that allow them to be tested and

American Journal of Psychology

 t TAORMINA & GAO

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MASLOW AND THE MOTIVATION HIERARCHY t 

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MASLOW AND THE MOTIVATION HIERARCHY t 

ably be more accepted and liked by others, increas- "T.JMZBWTLBZBBOE,PFTUOFS

H(7): The more anxiety/worry (neuroticism) METHOD

 t TAORMINA & GAO

MASLOW AND THE MOTIVATION HIERARCHY t 

 t TAORMINA & GAO

Procedure *OBEEJUJPOUPUIFDPOSNBUPSZGBDUPSBOBMZTJT XIJDI

MASLOW AND THE MOTIVATION HIERARCHY t 

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1. Physiological 3.23 0.46 .81

Self-Actualization Achievement SBOHFEGSPNmUP XJUIOPOFTJHOJDBOU BMM

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Self-actualization n/a n/a

Total R 2 .24 .25

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Total R 2 .44 .35

port, it seems that the family emotional connection TUSPOHCFMJFGJOUIFUSBEJUJPOBMWBMVFTPGPOFTTPDJ-

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Self-actualization Life satisfaction

Self-actualization n/a .43**** .34

Total R 2 .41 .41

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