The Arabic Guide To The Textual Criticism Of The New Testament

lll athenagoras lll :

 Introduction







Autograph





Variations

3
Ibid. P. 18 "Writing bows the back,
thrusts the ribs into ones stomach, and
fosters a general debility of the body"
4 1
Alfred E. Housman, The Application Paul D. Wegner, A Student's Guide To
Of Thought To Textual Criticism P. 67 The Textual Criticism Of The Bible P.
5
P. Kyle McCarter, Textual Criticism: 37
2
Recovering The Text Of The Hebrew Bruce M. Metzger, The Text Of The
Bible P.18 " textual criticism is the New Testament P.18












Biblia BHS
Hebraica Stuttgartensia








UBS
United Bible Socity
science and art that seeks to determine
the most reliable wording of a text "
6
Metzger, Text of the New
8
Ibid. p.24 " It can, in fact, actually lead Testament, pp. 211212 "is like teaching
to increased confidence in the reliability another how to become a poet".
7
of the biblical texts" Paul D. Wegner, A Student's Guide
9
Bruce K. Waltke, Old Testament To The Textual Criticism Of The Bible
Textual Criticism P. 157 P. 38







Multivalence
Variant
Readings











11
Wegner, A Student's Guide To The
Textual Criticism Of The Bible P. 254
"It is crucial to remind people that most
variants are insignificant and that no
doctrine hinges on a variant text"
12
Eldon Jay Epp, Issues In New
10
Testament Textual Crititcism Sir Frederic Kenyon, The Story Of
13
Bart Ehrman, The Orthodox The Bible P.113 "is to strengthen the proof
Corruption Of Scripture of the authenticity of the Scriptures, and
14
Helmut Koester, The Text Of The our conviction that we have in our
Synoptic Gospels In The Second hands, in substantial integrity, the
Century P. 37 veritable Word of God"






19 Moving
Stream


Living
Text

the original autographs or very close to
it"
19
Ibid. P.39 " While the writers of New
Testament Scriptures were still alive it
is unlikely that people could have
changed their writings without their
authors pointing out such discrepancies "
20
Metzger, Text Of The New
Testament P. 246
15
Birdsall, The New Testament Text
16
Parker, Living Text Of The Gospels
17
Paul D. Wegner, A Student's Guide
To The Textual Criticism Of The Bible
P. 39
18
Ibid. P.39 "While questions as to the
original text surface in some places, a
substantial amount of the New
Testament text remains unquestioned
and most likely represents the text of

















21
Ibid. P.246 "Although in very many
cases the textual critic is able to
ascertain without residual doubt which
reading must have stood in the original,

there are not a few other cases where he
can come only to a tentative decision
based on an equivocal balancing of
probabilities"
22
Wegner, A Student's Guide To The
Textual Criticism Of The Bible P. 40
23
Ibid. p. 40 "The plethora of New
Testament manuscripts is a great
benefit when trying to determine the
original reading of the New Testament,
24
Eldon Epp & Gordon Fee, Studies in for it is easier to sift through and
the Theory and Method of the New evaluate the various extant readings
Testament Textual Criticism than to emend texts with no evidence"



Paleography





Ostraca


Stone



Pictograph


Code Of
Hamurabi

Egyptian hieroglyphs


25
Black & Dockery, Interpreting the
26
Arthur G. Patzia, The Making Of New Testament: Essays on Methods
The New Testament P. 112 and Issues P. 63


Clay

Leather
Dead Sea Scrolls

parchment
Nuzi




Ebla






Qumran

27
Wiseman, Books in The Ancient
Essenes Near East and The Old Testament 1: 37






Pliny



Biblos














Papyrus
Iliad
Reed

28
Pliny, Natural History (13.21-27)




Manuscripts
UBS manu
Siglum scriptum



Nag
Hammadi Library



Chester Beaty

P45, P46,
P47

Martin Bodmer James
McConkey Robinson
P66,
P72, P74, P75


P52
John
30 29
Kurt Aland, The Text Of The New J. M. Robinsons The Nag Hammadi
Testament P. 96-102 Library

 Ryland




P52



Parchment



Paper
Papyrus

P






31
Arthur G. Patzia, The Making Of
The New Testament "Its discovery in
Egypt shows that the Gospel of John had
Palimpsest circulated in this area by the first half of
the second century A.D. This is quite
amazing when one considers that the

Gospel was written in Ephesus near the
end of the first century A.D."





Chalk


Vellum





Pergamum

Eumenes





Parchment

Pergamum
32
Metzger, Manuscripts Of The Greek
Bible P.18-19
33
Jacob Harold Greenlee, Scribes, Scrolls
and Scripture P. 9-10
34
Jack Finegan, Encoutering New
35
Pliny, Natural History 13.21 Testament Manuscripts P.25


Reed





Quill





Ink



soot
gum

Pens

Stylus



36
Kurt & Barbara Aland, Text Of The
New Testament P. 27
38 37
Metzger, Manuscripts Of The Greek William Barclay, The Making Of
Bible P. 17-18 The Bible P.50


Recto




Verso Form




Rolls
Opisthograph




Biblos









Jar


Biblos



Biblia




Codex
Codex
Caudex









Quires

40
Kurt & Barbara Alands, Text Of Quaternio
The New Testament P.7 " yet
apparently from the very beginning
Christians did not use the Scroll format
for their writings but rather the Codex "
41 39
Harry Gamble, Pauline Corpus and F. F. Bruce, The Canon Of Scripture
Early Christian Book P. 271-280 P. 214














Gentiles








skenopoios 42
Kurt & Barbara Aland, The Text of
the New Testament P.76 " the Codex
form may possibly be explained by
economic factors "
44 43
Peter Katz, The Early Christians: Metzger, Text Of The New
Use Of Codices Instead Of Rolls P. 63- Testament P. 14 " According to Skeat, the
65 saving in the cost of papyrus when one
45
Donfried, Pual as "skenopoios" P. 254- used the format of codex instead of roll
256 was about 44%. "












Uncial
GODISNOWHERE
God is Capital Letters
nowhere
Majuscule Uncial
God is
now here

Uncial



46
Black, New Testament Textual
Criticism P. 21 "You may recall the
story of the atheist who wrote on the
chalkboard, GODISNOWHERE, Scriptio
intending to mean, God is nowhere. He Continua
was quickly corrected by a little girl.

You mean, she said, God is now
here!"


Sight



Cursive






Nomina
Sacra








Minuscule



minusculus
47
Kurt & Barbara Alands, Text Of
The New Testament P. 128



ichthyc


Punctuation

marks, period,
comma

kephalaia
markings

INRI

Breahing & Accent

48
Metzger, Manuscripts Of The Aristophanes
Greek Bible P. 12
49
Ibid, P. 41 " The chapters in the
several Pauline Epistles are numbered
continuously as though the Epistles


Verses
Robert
Stephanus Estienne

William Whittingham




Numes
Chapter Divisions
Stephen
Langton

were regarded as comprising one book

"
50
Bruce M. Metzger, The Text Of The
New Testament, p. 22
51
D. Ewert, From Ancient Tablets to
Modern Translations P. 138
53 52
Ibid., P. 41-42 Metzger, Manuscripts Of The Greek
54
Ibid., P. 43-46 Bible P. 41

 Maranatha Homeric, Attic, Koine,

Byzantine, and Modern
Eli, Eli, lama
sabachthani
Koine






centurion

tribute
legion




Verses
Chapter Cephas
Matthew
Abba

Ornamentation 55
Geisler & Nix, A general
introduction to the Bible. P.326
56
F. F. Bruce, The Books and The
58
Geisler & Nix, A general introduction Parchments P. 65
57
to the Bible. P.326 Geisler & Nix, From God to Us: How
59
Ibid., P. 340 We Got Our Bible P.129

Autogaphs








autographs



60
Metzger, The Text Of The New
Testament P. 14 " the speed of
autographs
production sometimes outran accuracy
of execution"
61
Ibid., P.266 " Their early loss is not
surprising, for during persecutions the
toll taken by imperial edicts aiming to

destroy all copies of the sacred books of
Christians must have been heavy "
62
Westcott, A general Survey Of The
History Of The New Testament P.408
"The Original Edict which enjoined that
'the Churches should be razed and the

Scriptures consumed by fire' is
unhappily lost"




Scriptorium


Stichoi



Stichoi










64

65
Ibid., P.
Finegan, Encountering The New
Testament Manuscripts P. 39 "a

manuscript was measured by the
number of stichoi it contained and
scribes were probably paid "
66 63
Metzger, The Text Of The New Metzger, The Text Of The New
Testament P. 26 "in A.D. 301 by Testament, P. 29 " As travelers rejoice
Emperor Diocletian set the wages of to see their home country, so also is the
scribes at the rale of 25 denarii for 100 end of a book to those who toil [in
lines in writing of the first quality and writing]"



Sources



Greek
Manuscripts
Ancient
Translations
Patristic
Citations

Greek
Manuscripts

Papyri
Uncials

Minuscules
Lectionaries

20 denarii for the same number of lines

in writing of the second quality"
67
Ibid., P.26 " According to the
computation of Rendel Harris, the cost
of producing one complete Bible, such as

Codex Sinaiticus, would have come to
about 30,000 denarii "

Papyri

P52
John

Ryland


Chester

Beatty

69
Metzger, The Text Of The New
Testament P. 55 "this papyus fragment is
the oldest copy of any portion of the
New Testament known to be in
existence today"
70
Ibid., P.56 "so p52 prove s the
existence and use of the fourth Gospel
68
during the first half of the secon d Metzger, Manuscripts Of The Greek
century" Bible P. 54-56





P45

P47





P45
Bodmer


P46

P66



72
Metzger, The Text Of The New

Testament P. 54 " The Pastoral Epistles
wer e probably never included in the
codex, for there does not appear to be
room for them on the leaves missing at
the end (Since it is a single-quire codex,
71
the number of leaves lacking at both Ibid., P. 54 "The manuscript is dated
ends can be computed more or less by the editor in the first half of the third
accurately.)" century"






P74 P72



lacunae






P75




73
Ibid., P.57 " The manuscript contains
about 440 alterations, introduced
between lines, over erasures, and in the
margins"
74
Metzger, The Text Of The New
Testament P. 58 "Because of the
75
Ibid., P.58 " Apparendy, four scribes relatively small size of the codex (6 by
took part in producing the manuscript." 53/4 inches), the editor conclude d that it
76
Ibid., P. 58 " It is thus the earliest was made for private usage and not for
known copy of the Gospel according to reading in church services"

 Codex
Sinaiticus

&




Tischendorf Autographs


Uncials

Septuagint




Leipzig

Luke and one of the earliest of the

Gospel according to John"
77
Geisler & Nix, A general
introduction to the Bible. P.391 "The
papyri witness to the text is invaluable,
ranging chronologically from the very
threshold of the second century within a
generation of the autographs and

including the content of most of the New

Testament"

King James












Codex
Alexandrinus










Curil Lucar

78
Kenyon, Our Bible and Ancient
Manuscripts P.129

 Codex
Vaticanus








Tregelles





Facsimile



Codex
Ephraemi Rescriptus



Lascaris

Cathrine De Medici 79
G. L. Robinson, Where We Got Our
Bible? P. 111











Codex
Cantabrigiensis


Bilingual Palimpsest
Rescriptus




Beza Ephraem






80
Robert W. Lyon, Re-Examination Of
Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus P. 266-272



Codex Claromontanus





















Bilingual


81
Metzger, The Text Of The New
Testament P. 26




f13
Minuscules










Lectionaries








f1

83 82
Morton Scott Enslin, Christian Metzger, Manuscripts Of The Greek
Beginnings P.496 Bible P.54













Coptic
Version


UBS3

Ancient
Versions

Aigyptos


87 84
Bruce M. Metzger, The early Casper R. Gregory, Canon and Text
versions of the New Testament P. 106 " of the New Testament P. 384-393
85
the arabic ( ) which in turn is a Metzger, The Text of the New
shortend form of the Greek Testament P.33
86
'Egyptian' as the Arab conquerors called Metzger, Manuscripts of the Greek
the Christian inhabitants of the land " Bible P.54



Sahidic
Latin Dialect
Version






Vitus Bohairic
Latina Dialect








Bodmer III

Fayumic
Dialect


88
Elinor Mullett Husselman, The
Gospel Of John in Fayumic Coptic





Vercellensis=ita

Vercelli
Bodiensis=itk




Bodiensis


Veronensis=itb

Verona

89
Sir Frederic George Kenyon, Our
Bible and Ancient Manuscripts P.171 "
Hence it is that three different families
or groups can be traced the African, the
European, and the Italian "
Latin 90
Metzger, The Text Of The New
Vulgate Testament P.102" Its form of text agrees
very closely with the quotations mad e
by St. Cyprian of Carthage "
91
Ibid., P.102 "According to E. A. Lowe, k
92
Ibid., P.102 "represents the type of show s paleographical marks of having
text that Jerome used as the basis of the bee n copied from a second-century
Vulgate" papyrus. "


Sixtus








Sixtus
Sixto-Clement









Syriac
Version




93
Henry Barclay, An Introduction to
94
Josephus, Antiquities Of The Jews the Old Testament P.85








Sero-
Hexaplaic Peshitta





Mediolanensis





Diatessron



95
F. F. Bruce, The Books and Parchments
P.193
96
Paul E. Kahle, The Cairo Geniza
P.273
97
Metzger, The Early Versions Of The
98
Ibid., P.194-195 New Testament P.48-51








Cyrrhus




Philoxenus Aeons


Old Syriac



Sinaitic




Curetonian

101 99
Metzger, The Early Versions Of J. Harold Greenlee, An Introduction
The New Testament P.36-39 to the New Testament Textual
102
Kenyon, The Text Of The Greek Criticism P.48-49
100
Bible P.165-166 Eusebius, Ecclesiatical History 4.29




Patristic Harklean
Cititions








Paul
Of Tella



Palestinian



103
Black & Dockery, Interpreting the

New Testament: Essays on Methods
and Issues (48). "Early Christian writers
frequently quoted the New Testament
in their writings and sermons, often at
length, and many wrote commentaries
on it."
104
Westcott, The Bible in the Church
P.83-84




























105
Kenyon, Handbook to the Textual
Criticism of the New Testament P.199











106

apocrypha

pseudepigrapha



Hexapla

106
Geisler & Nix, A general
introduction to the Bible. P.421 " As a
case in point, a patristic writer may
have quoted a variant reading from one

of the manuscripts that existed at the
time. Another factor is that the writing
of the particular Father may have been
altered or modified during the history of
its transmission in a manner similar to
the Greek text of the New Testament"
107
Metzger, The Text Of The New
Testament P.87



Apostolic Fathers





Clement
Of Rome





Barnaba

108
Geisler & Nix, A general
introduction to the Bible. P.422-424
109
Ignatius Epp & Fee, Studies in the theory and
method of New Testament textual
criticism (4). " Most often the Fathers
cited the NT from memory, so one can
not always be sure that their memory

reflects the actual wording of their
Greek text"



Ephesians

Philippians






Smyrnaeans Magnesians






Trallians

Polycarb




Romans


Polycarb

 Vision



Mandate



Didache











Shepherd
Of Hermas


Diognetus Similitude


Dialogue
With Trypho




Ante-Nicene
Fathers





Tatian

Oratio
Marcion


Diatessron Montanus



Justin Martyr


Irenaeus 110
Philip Schaff, History Of he
Christian Church 2.418



Against
Heresies
Gaul

Pedagogus
Stromata




Codex
Bezae


Tertullian



Clement Of
Alexandria




112
Alexander Souter, The Text and
111
Canon Of The New Testament P. 74- Alexander Souter, The Text and
75 Canon Of The New Testament P.73-74




itb
De Hexapla
Principiis
Against
Celsus


Hippolytus










114

Metzger, The Text Of The New
Testament Its Transmission,

Corruption, and Restoration P. 200 " Origen
Origen of Alexandria and Caesarea,
began a text-critical study of the entire
Old Testament in Hebrew and in
several Greek translations. His
resulting Hexapla, which must have
113
required many years of the most Alexander Souter, The Text and
painstaking labor, was a monumental Canon Of The New Testament P. 75









itk







Cyprian

tool that many patristic scholars

consulted in the famed library of
Pamphilus at Caesarea, until its
destrucdon in the seventh century
during the Islamic conquest of the Near
East"
115
Epp & Fee, Studies in the theory and
method of New Testament textual
criticism (4). " Yet when the painstaking
work of reconstructing the NT text

cited by one of the Fathers is done, it is of
great value"

 Nicene
& Post-Nicene Fathers




Eusebius Of Casarea




Ecclesiastical
History

Cyril Of
Jerusalem








Athanasius Of
Alexandria

116
Alexander Souter, The Text and
Canon Of The New Testament P.77


John Chrysostom






Cappadocian Fathers




Ecclesiastical Text



Ambrose Of Milan



Ecclesiastical
Text



117
Kenyon, Handbook Of The Textual
Criticism Of The New Testament P. 366
118
Alexander Souter, The Text and
Canon Of The New Testament P.77


Augustine Of Hippo itgitd

Boenerianus

City Of
God
Confessions



ite


Jerome



itrith


ita
Primary witness

Vulgate

119

120
Charles Leach, Our Bible: How We
Got It? P. 35-36 " Look at those books.
Sir David
You remember the question about the Dalrymple
New Testament and the Fathers? That
question roused my curiosity, and as I
possessed all the existing works of the
Fathers of the second and third centuries,
I commenced to search, and up to this

time I have found the entire New
Testament, except eleven verses "cf.
Geisler & Nix (40)
121

Bruce Metzger, The Text Of The
New Testament Its Transmission,
Corruption, and Restoration P. 126
"Indeed, so extensive are these citations
that if all other sources for our
119
knowledge of the text of the New Black, New Testament textual
Testament were destroyed, they would criticism : A concise guide (17). "Their
be sufficient alone for the reconstruction citations can establish how the text
of practically the entire New appeared in particular places and during
Testament" particular periods in church history."



Transmission

122
Black, New Testament textual
criticism : A concise guide P.17 " In fact,

it has been said that if all the New

P32, P46, P52, Testament manuscripts were destroyed,
P52P64, P66 the text of the New Testament could
still be restored from the quotations
made by the church fathers"
123
Black & Dockery, Interpreting the
New Testament: Essays on Methods
and Issues (48). " The sheer volume of
the information available to the New
Testament textual critic makes it
practically certain that the original text

has been preserved somewhere among

the surviving witnesses"







autographs










autographs


125
Bruce Metzger, Manuscripts Of The
Greek Bible: An Introduction To The
Greek Paleography P.21 " In the early
years of the Christian Church,

marked by rapid expansion and
consequent in-creased demand by
individuals and by congregations for
copies of the Scriptures, the speedy
multiplication of copies, even by
124
nonprofessional scribes, sometimes took Paul D. Wegner, A Student Guide
precedence over strict accuracy of To The Textual Criticism Of The Bible
detail" P. 79




















126
Philip Comfort, Encountering The

Manuscripts P.255 "Any one among the
Twelve could have testified against any
falsification. And there was also a group
of 72 other disciples (Luke 10:1) who
could do the same. Furthermore,
according to 1 Corinthians 15:6, Jesus had
at least five hundred followers by the
time he had finished his ministry, and
the next few decadesuntil the turn of these people witnessed Jesus in
the century and even beyond" resurrection. Most of these people were
127
Irenaeus Against Heresies Chap. still alive (Paul said) in AD 57/58 (the
XXII. "And he remained among them up date of composition for 1 Corinthians); it
to the times of Trajan". stands to reason that several lived for















autographs

129
Ibid., P.445 " Although there were
many early copies of the autographs,
they are not all of the same quality, for
128
as soon as a manuscript was copied Norman Geisler, A general
misprints began to creep into the text " Introduction To The Bible P.445 " Those
130
Gordon Fee, Studies in the theory and manuscripts were written under the
method of the New Testament Textual direction of the Holy Spirit and were
Criticism P.9 inerrant "





Hexapla

131
Westcott, A General Survey Of The
Septuagint History Of The New Testament P.411-
425
132
Geisler & Nix, A general
Introduction To The Bible P.446 " Many
of these copies were made hastily, as the
scribes were in danger of persecution if
apprehended, and quite often they were
copied unprofessionally, or in an
amateur fashion, by members of a given
church"
133
Ibid., P.446 " During this period of
persecution of the church on the local
level, the church in Alexandria began to
do pioneer work in the comparison and
publication of the texts"

134
Geisler & Nix, From God to Us:
How We Got Our Bible P.162
"Alexandria was also a center of
Christianity during the early centuries
of the church, a position it retained until
the rise of Islam in the seventh century"
136 135
Comfort, Encountering the Ibid., P.447 " It also witnessed a
manuscripts : An introduction to New conscious, though often elementary,
Testament paleography & textual selection and editorial revision of the
criticism P.260 " I must state that I have text materials"
personally examined every word of all
the New Testament manuscripts dated
before AD 300. In some of these
manuscripts, I have seen the
uncontrolled wildness described by
others. In other manuscripts, I have
observed control. And most of the other
manuscripts fall in between these two
extremes"
137
Ibid., P.263 " What we do know, from
the manuscript evidence, is that several






P4, P64, P75






Local Texts

of the earliest Christian scribes were

well-trained scribes who applied their

training to making reliable texts, both of

the Old Testament and the New
Testament"
conscientious to make a reliable text in
140
Kenyon, The Chester Beatty Biblical
Papyri P.15 "No striking or fundamental
variation is shown either in the Old or
the New Testament. There are no
important omissions or additions of
passages, and no variations which affect
vital facts or doctrines."
138
Ibid., P.263 " We know that they were
the process of transcription (as can been
seen in manuscripts like P4+64+67 and
P75), and we know that others worked to
rid the manuscript of textual
corruption."
139
Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual
Commentary On The Greek New
Testament XVIII









Transposition

P46
B
D



A

141
Comfort, Encountering the
manuscripts : An introduction to New

Testament paleography & textual

criticism P.323 "In this case, the preferred
word order is found in the first reading,
supported by superior documentation
and normative Pauline usage Paul
typically refers to Christ Jesus when
speaking of his exalted state in glory,
and to Jesus Christ when speaking of
his earthly ministry or when speaking of
our Lord Jesus Christ."
142
A scribal error in which two letters

or two or more words are accidentally

reversed


Jerome
Alcuin
Vulgate
146
Paul D. Wegner, A student's guide to
textual criticism of the Bible : Its
history, methods & results P.209
"Jeromes comparison of manuscripts to
determine the best reading of the text
was textual criticism"
147
Manuscripts P.218
150
Philip Comfort, Encountering The
Manuscripts P. 94
151
Norman Geisler, From God To Us:
How We Got Our Bible P.198
152
Wegner, A student's guide to textual
criticism of the Bible : Its history,
methods & results P.286
143
Norman Geisler, From God To Us:
How We Got Our Bible P.164
144
Eldon Epp, Textual Criticism P.427
145
Paul D. Wegner, A student's guide to
textual criticism of the Bible : Its
history, methods & results P.208
Philip Comfort, Encountering The
148
Harold Greenlee, An Introduction to
New Testament Textual Criticism P.62
149
Gordon Fee, Studies In The Theory
and ethod of the New Testament
Textual Criticism P.9 "The major causes
for this were the demise of the
patriarchate in Alexandria and the
subsequent rise and spread of Islam"








Byzantine
Text
















Majority
154
Metzger, A Textual Criticism On Text
The Greek New Testament XXI
155 153
Norman Geisler, From God To Us: Philip Comfort, Encountering The
How We Got Our Bible P.165 Manuscripts P.279









Guidi


codex Vatican
Coptic 9

156
Philip Comfort, Encountering The
Alexandrian Vulgate Manuscripts P. 94 "by the eleventh
centuryonly Bohairic, the language of
the Delta, and Sahidic, the language of
Upper Egypt, remained. They too,
however, had become strictly religious
languages used only in Coptic churches
by the seventeenth century because of
the long dominance of Arabic that began
with the Islamic conquest of Egypt in
641."
158 157
Bruce Manning Metzger, The early Cross & Livingstone, The Oxford
versions of the New Testament: their dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd
origin, transmission, and limitations ed. rev.) P.96"In the 13th cent. two
P.264-265 " Hibat Allah ibn al-Assal revisions of the Arabic NT were
prepared a revised text of the Gospels sponsored by the Patriarchate of
with variant readings from the Greek, Alexandria; the latter of these, the so-
the Syriac, and the Coptic" called Alexandrian Vulgate, is that
159
Ibid., P.265 followed in modern printed editions"






Textus Receptus






Francisco
Ximenez

Complutensian
160
Polyglot Leirvik, Human conscience and
Muslim-Christian relations: modern
Egyptian thinkers on al-amr P.74 "It
became generally used by the thirteenth
century, not only in Egypt, but also in

Syria (Thompson 1955, 10)."
161
Eberhard Nestle, Introduction to the
textual criticism of the Greek New
Testament " Most of the Coptic
manuscripts are accompanied by an
Arabic version"
162
Wegner, A student's guide to
textual criticism of the Bible : Its
history, methods & results P.83 "Thus the
163
Jack Finegan, Encountering New transmission process has been shaped by
Testament Manuscripts: A Working external circumstances, such as wars,
Introduction To The Textual Criticism persecution, the rise of Islam and the
P.56 politics of the Byzantine Empire"


Desiderius Erasmus

Textus Receptus


Basil


Tyndale



Received Text Complutensian
Critical Text Polyglot

164
Alexander Souter, The Text and
167
Bruce Metzger, The Text Of The Canon Of The New Testament P.87
165
New Testament P.99-100 Jack Finegan, Encountering New
168
David Alan Black, New Testament Testament Manuscripts: A Working
Textual Criticism: A Concise Guide Introduction To The Textual Criticism
P.24 P.57
169 166
Ibid., P.24 Ibid., P.57


Robert
Estienne
Geneva
King James




Critical
Apparatus

Theodore
Beza

Complutensian
Polyglot



Verse Divisions

172
Geisler & Nix, A General
Introduction To The Bible P.451
173
Bruce Metzger, The Text Of The
New Testament P.103-104
174
Norman Geisler, From God To Us:
How We ot Our Bible P.167
170
Geisler & Nix, A General
Introduction To The Bible P.451
171
Samuel Tregelles, An Account Of
The Printed Text Of The Greek New
Testament P.30-33

 Abraham Contabrigiensis=D
Elzevir Claromonatus






D
Lyons





Clermont




176
Samuel Tregelles, An Account Of
The Printed Text Of The Greek New
Testament P.34
177
Jack Finegan, Encountering New

Testament Manuscripts: A Working
Introduction To The Textual Criticism
P.64 " Therefore thou hast the text now
received by all, in which we give nothing
175
altered or corrupted Jack Finegan, Encountering New
(Textum ergo habes nunc ab omnibus Testament Manuscripts: A Working
receptum, in quo nihil immutatum aut Introduction To The Textual Criticism
corruptum damus)" P.58



Critical
Apparatus

D

Claromonatus
Montfortianus=61 Brian
Walton





London Polyglot






180
Bauckham, Scripture Tradition and
Alexandrinus=A
Reason: A study in the Criteria of
Christian Doctrine P.62 "the existence of
178
variants does not prove the corruption Alford, Greek Text: An Exegetical
of the originals: the only security and Critical Commentary 1:I XXIII
179
against the uncertainty which the Jack Finegan, Encountering New
variants allegedly occasioned would be, Testament Manuscripts: A Working
he said, to make one Copy a standard Introduction To The Textual Criticism
for all" P.59

 John Fell







Vaticanus=B

A, B, Coptic
D, D2, E, E2, E3, K Gothic
28,
33, 59, 69, 71 John Mill











181
Dungan, A History Of The Synoptic
Problem: The Canon, The Text, The
183
Robertson, An Introduction to the Composition and The Interpretation Of
Textual Criticism of the New The Gospels P.192
182
Testament P.24 Ibid., P.192

 Richard
Bently










Cottonian Library


Johann
Albrecht Bengel

A, B, C, D, E, .


184
Finegan, Encountering New
Testament Manuscripts: A Working
Introduction To The Textual Criticism
P.60 " The distances of the places and
the numbers of the books show that
186
Robertson, An Introduction to the they could not have been fabricated
Textual Criticism of the New by collusion"
185
Testament P.25 Ibid., P.60 " That there are
187
Comfort, The Complete Guide to the differences in different copies lies in the
Bible Versions nature of things "














Asiatic
African


A





188
Elliot, Manuscripts and the Text of
190
Black, Interpreting the New he New Testament: An Introduction for
Testament Essays on methods and issues English Reader P.80
189
P.53 Finegan, Encountering New
191
Wegner, A Student's Guide to Testament Manuscripts: A Working
Textual Criticism of the Bible P.212 Introduction To The Textual Criticism
192
Epp & Fee, Studies in the theory an P.61 " the difficult is to be preferred to
method of the New Testament P.148 the easy reading "

 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
..
Johann Jakob
Wettstein















Apparatus

A, B, C, D, E,
195
Norman Geisler, From God To Us:

How We ot Our Bible P.168
196
Robertson, An Introduction to the
Textual Criticism of the New
Testament P.26
197 193
Ehrman, The Text Of The New Feedman, The Anchor Yale Bible
Testament In Contemporary Research Dictionary 6:428
194
P.26 Philip Comfort, Encountering The
198
Ibid., P.26 Manuscripts P.293


Johann Jakob
Griesbach

Johann Salomo Semler



recension



200
recesions

Critical Canons

199
Finegan, Encountering New
200
Ibid., P.61 Testament Manuscripts: A Working
201
Elliot, Manuscripts and the Text of Introduction To The Textual Criticism
the New Testament P.81 P.61

203

Johann
Leonhard Hug

203
Epp & Fee, Studies in the Theory and
Method of the New Testament Textual
Criticism P.155
202
Black, Interpreting the New
Testament Essays on Methods P.79







Karl
Lachmann Critical Editons





Textus Receptus










204
Samuel Tregelles, An Account Of
206
Finegan, Encountering New The Printed Text Of The Greek New
Testament Manuscripts: A Working Testament P.90
205
Introduction To The Textual Criticism Finegan, Encountering New
P.63 Testament Manuscripts: A Working
207
Philip Comfort, Encountering The Introduction To The Textual Criticism
Manuscripts P.293 P.127








Henry
Samuel Alford
Prideaux Tregelles







Prolegomena







208
Epp, Textual Criticism 6:428
209
Philip Comfort, Encountering The
Manuscripts P.99
211 210
Philip Comfort, Encountering The Bruce, Transmission and
Manuscripts P.99 Translation Of The Bible P.53





Konstantin Von
Tischendorf
Sinaiticus=







AZ

, , ,
......

212
McDowell, Josh McDowell's
handbook on apologetics " We possess so
many mss, and we are aided by so many
versions, that we are never left to the
need to conjecture as the means of
Ephraemi removing errata"
Rescriptus=C 213
Finegan, Encountering New
Testament Manuscripts: A Working
214
Philip Comfort, Encountering The Introduction To The Textual Criticism
Manuscripts P.99 P.50

 Palimpsest







Natural
Text

Alexandrian Text
Western
Text

Byzantine Text







B. Westcott & F. Hort


216
Finegan, Encountering New
Testament Manuscripts: A Working
215
Introduction To The Textual Criticism Elliot, Manuscripts and the Text of
P.64 the New Testament P.83


John W.
Burgon
Nestle
UBS
220
Westcott, Introduction to the New
Testament in the Original Greek " so
that the amount of what can in any
sense be called substantial variation is
but a small fraction of the whole
residuary variation, and can hardly
form more than a thousandth part of the
entire text "
221
Geisler, Answering Islam: The
crescent in light of the Cross P.239
222
Josh McDowell, Answers to the
tough Questions.
Aland
217
Philip Comfort, Encountering The
Manuscripts P. 100
218
Westcott, Introduction to the New
Testament in the Original Greek " This
Edition is an attempt to present exactly
the Original Words of the New
Testament, so far as they can now be
determined from surviving Documents"
219
Philip Comfort, Encountering The
Manuscripts P.291


Augensis=F2







Plain Introduction Migne
To The Textual Criticism
Of The New Testament
Frederick H. A.
Scrivener

Richard Francis
Weymouth D

Facsimile


The 223
B. Warfield, An Introduction to the
Resultant Text Textual Criticism Of The New
Testament P.77
224
Robertson, An Introduction of the
textual criticism P.191
225
Epp & Fee, Studies in the theory and
227
Geisler & Nix, A General Method of the New Testament Textual
Introduction To The Bible P.397 Crticism P.202
228 226
Finegan, Encountering New Philip Comfort, Encountering The
Testament Manuscripts P.66 Manuscripts P.81



Lachmann
Tregelles


Tischendorf
UBS2 Alford
Stockmeyer

Westcott

RV
Lightfoot
Gregory- Ellicot
Aland Weiss

Bernhard
Weiss


Casper
Rene Gregory

229

Norman Geisler, From God To Us:
How We ot Our Bible P.170
230
Elliot, Manuscripts and the New
Testament P.19
231
Finegan, Encountering New
Testament Manuscripts P.66




Alexander
Souter Vaticanus=B


Ederhard
Nestle







Erwin Nestle







234
Epp & Fee, Studies in the Theory and
Method P.26
235 232
Geisler & Nix, A General Robertson, An Introduction of the
Introduction to the Bible P.428 textual criticism P.221
236 233
Freedman, The Anchor Yale Bible Black, Interpreting the New
Dictionary 6:430 Testament Essays P.54


UBS3

NA26

Kurt Aland
UBS4

NA27 New
Testament Textual
Research Institute
Munster

237
Elwell, Encountering the New
Testament: A Historical and Theological
Survey P.29


Scribal
Errors



Accidental

Intentional






Accidental
Errors

Unintentional Scriptio
Changes Continua




240
Black, New Testament Textual
Criticism P.16
241
Geisler & Nix, A general
238
introduction to the Bible P.467 " what at Wegner, Student's Guide To Textual
first seems to be a grave hindrance to Criticism Of The Bible P.44
239
the reconstruction of the biblical text Emanuel Tov, Textual Vriticism Of
actually becomes extremely beneficial" The Hebrew Bible P.208-209









Mood











they were copying from one manuscript
to another"
243

Ibid., P.137 " The fact that they were
copying the New Testament did not

exempt them from the frailties of their
humanity, primitive writing materials,
242
difficult script and uncomfortable Patzia, The Making Of The New
settings for their work " Testament P.137 "Unintentional errors
244
Metzger, The Text Of The New account for about 95 percent of the
Testament P.194 variants that are found in the New
245
Black & Bockery, Interpreting the Testament. This simply means that the
New Testament P.47 copyists made natural mistakes when













Mistaken Letters

P65
Homophony
Itacism







Dittography









Haplography




Metathesis

246
Black, New Testament Textual
Criticism P.59



P75P66


Homoioarkton &
Homoioteleuton

Fusion


Parablepsis









Fission


Transposition





P46





Intentional Changes
Purposeful
Alterations

impression that a linguistic or
theological error had crept into the text"
250
F. F. Bruce, The New Testament
Documents: Are They Reliable? " The
intentional changes that we have seen
and the others that are part of the Greek
textshould not lead us to despair of
247
Comfort, Encountering the
Manuscripts: An Introduction to the
New Testament Paleography P.321
248
Wegner, A Student's Guide to
Textual Criticism of the Bible P.44
249
Ibid., P.16 "These changes were no
doubt made in good faith under the




Revising Spelling
Or Grammar








Clearing Up
Difficlties







the reliability of the New Testament
text "
251
Patzia, The Making of the New
Testament Criticism P.68 " Thus scribes
from a different era, or even
geographical area, often corrected
something that was unfamiliar to them,
252
Kurt & Barbara Aland, The Text Of that was no longer in use or that lacked
The New Testament P.285 clarity "








Harmonization















253
Metzger, Text of the New Theological
Testament P.201 "The Comma probably Changes
originated as a piece of allegorical
exegesis of the witness and may have
been written as a marginal gloss in a
Latin manuscript of I Jn, whence it was

taken into the text of the Old Latin
Bible during the fifth century"


homoioteleuton
distracting conditions might have begun
to write down these words of verse 7,
there are three that bear witness, but
have been forced to look up before his
pen had completed this task. When he
resumed his work, his eye fell by mistake
on the identical expression in verse 8.
This error would cause him to omit all
of the Johannine comma except the
words in earth, and these might easily
have been dropped later"
256
Cyprian, On the Unity of the
Church ANF volume 5 "Dicit dominus,
Ego et pater unum sumus, et iterum de
Patre, et Filio, et Spiritu Sancto scriptum
est, Et tres unum sunt"
257
Daniel B. Wallace, The Comma
Johanneum and Cyprian published on
bible.org in 2004 "Thus, that Cyprian
interpreted 1 John 5.7-8 to refer to the
Trinity is likely; but that he saw the
254
Edward F. Hills, The King James
Version Defended P.211-212 "the
omission of the Johannine comma
involves a grammatical difficulty. The
words spirit, water, and blood are neuter
in gender, but in 1 John 5:8 they are
treated as masculine. If the Johannine
comma is rejected, it is hard to explain
this irregularity "
255
Ibid., P.211-212 "The comma could
easily have been omitted accidentally
through a common type of error which is
called homoioteleuton (similar ending). A
scribe copying 1 John 5:7-8 under

260
Augustine, Contra Maximinum
Arianum, 22 "By the word spirit we
consider God the Father to be signified,
concerning the worship of whom the
Lord spoke, when He said, God is a spirit.
By the word blood the Son is signified,
because the Word was made flesh. And
by the word water we understand the
Holy Spirit. For when Jesus spoke
concerning the water which He was
about to give the thirsty, the evangelist
says, This He spake concerning the
Spirit whom those that believed in Him
would receive"
Trinitarian formula in the text is
rather unlikely "
258
Scrivener, Plain Introduction, P. 40 "
it is surely safer and more candid to
admit that Cyprian read the Johannine
comma in his New Testament
manuscript "than to resort to the
explanation of Facundus "
259
Bruce M. Metzger and Bart D.
Ehrman, The Text of the New
Testament, 4th edition P.146 " It should,
however, be noted that Henk Jan de
Jongc, a specialist in Erasmian studies,
could find no explicit evidence that
supports this frequently made assertion
concerning a specific promise made by
Erasmus"


Conflation







P75





f13






Insertion Of Oral
Traditions

P75P66

261
Comfort, Encountering the

Manuscripts: An Introduction to the
New Testament Paleography P.321

 filling

f13


Lectoral
Expansions

Doxology
Insertion Of
Ecclesiastical
Practices






L

P74P45

Narrative gap
filling E




scribal gap-

 P74P33

Chistologoical
Changes








f13


Reliability Of The New
Testament


Euphemistic
Changes

milder term for a more unpleasant or

offensive one, but sometimes changes
were made simply to smooth out the
grammar or help the text to sound
better "
263 262
Patzia, The Making of the New Wegner, A student's guide to
Testament: Origin, Collection, text and textual criticism of the Bible : Its
Canon P.137 " most copyists were careful history, methods & results " A
and accurate " euphemism is the substitution of a












1/1000


264
Ibid., " There was, for example, no
systematic conspiracy to remove
references to the blood of Jesus from the
text or to insert the doctrine of the
Trinity wherever it may have been
266
F. Hort, The New Testament in the possible "
265
Original Greek, Introduction, p. 2 "the Ibid., " Again, it bears repeating that
proportion of words virtually accepted no significant doctrine of the New
on all hands as raised above doubt is Testament hinges on a variant. . One
very great, not less, on a rough can safelybut cautiouslyaffirm that
computation, than seven eighths of the we have a text which at all significant
whole. The remaining eighth therefore, points gives us what the authors wrote "
formed in great part by changes of order
and other comparative trivialities,
constitutes the whole area of criticism"
267
Ibid., Introduction P.2 " the amount
of what can in any sense be called
substantial variation can hardly form
more than a thousandth part of the
entire text "


19/20
271
Ezra Abbott, The authorship of the
Fourth Gospel, and other critical essays
p. 208 "Of the one hundred and fifty
thousand various readings, more or less,
of the text of the Greek New
Testament, we may, as Mr. Norton has
remarked, dismiss nineteen-twentieths
from consideration at once, as being
obviously of such a character, or
supported by so little authority, that no
critic would regard them as having any
claim to reception.
This leaves, we will say, seven thousand
five hundred. But of these, again, it will
appear, on examination, that nineteen
out of twenty are of no sort of
consequence as affecting the sense; they
relate to questions of orthography, or
grammatical construction, or the order
of words, or such other matters as have
been mentioned above, in speaking of
unimportant variations"
19/20
268
Kurt and Barbara Aland, The Text
Of The New Testament, trans. Erroll F.
Rhodes, p. 291 " every reading ever
occurring in the New Testament
textual tradition is stubbornly
preserved "
269
Ibid., P. 289 " in every instance of
textual variation it is possible to
determine the form of the original text "
270
Jack Finegan, Encountering New
Testament Manuscripts, p.55 " It has
been determined that copyists of the
biblical material exercised great care in
transcribing manuscript texts "


#
#
#
273
A.T. Robertson, An Introduction to
the Textual Criticism of the New
Testament, p13 "It is not meant that
there are nearly two hundred thousand
places in the New Testament where
various readings occur ; but only that
there are nearly two hundred thousand
various readings all told ; and in many
cases the documents so differ among
themselves that many are counted on a
single word"
272
Schaff, Philip, Companion to the
Greek Testament and English Version,
Rev. ed. P. 177 "Only about 400 of the
100,000 or 150,000 variations
materially affect the sense. Of these,
again, not more than about fifty are
really important for some reason or
other; and even of these fifty not one
affects an article of faith or a precept of
duty which is not abundantly sustained
by other and undoubted passages, or by
the whole tenor of Scripture teaching"

Majority
Text
Textus Receptus
critical
text
274
www.normangeisler.net/percent-
accuracy-nt.html
following message:
DOLLARS. Notice that even with the
error in the text, 100% of the message
Consider also this message with two
lines and two errors.
Y#U HAVE WON TEN MILLION
YO# HAVE WON TEN MILLION
275
Daniel B. Wallace,
http://bible.org/article/majority-text-
and-original-text-are-they-identical
"The Majority Text differs from the
Textus Receptus in almost 2,000
places. So the agreement is better than
99 percent. But the Majority Text
differs from the modern critical text in
only about 6,500 places. In other words
the two texts agree almost 98 percent of
the time"
278
Kenyon, Our Bible and the Ancient
Manuscripts, p. 23 " it is practically
certain that the true reading of every
doubtful passage is preserved in some
one or other of these ancient authorities "
Naorman Geisler,
"Consider the
Y#U HAVE WON TEN MILLION.
comes through.
DOLLARS
DOLLARS
Here we are even more sure of the
message with two errors in it. In fact,
the more errors like this, the more sure
one is of the message since every new
line brings a confirmation of every
letter except one. The NT has about
5700 manuscripts. which provides
hundreds, in some cases even thousands
of confirmations, of every line in the
NT".
276
Bart D. Ehrman, Misquoting Jesus,
p.55 "In fact, most of the changes found in
early Christian manuscripts have
nothing to do with theology or ideology.
Far and away the most changes are the
result of mistakes pure and simple-slips
of the pen, accidental omissions,
inadvertent additions, misspelled words,
blunders of one sort of another"
277
Sir Frederick Kenyon, Our Bible And
The Ancient Manuscripts, 4th ed.,
revised, 288 "The interval between the
dates of original composition and the
earliest extant evidence becomes so
small as to be in fact negligible, and the
last foundation for any doubt that the
Scriptures have come down
substantially as they were written has
now been removed. Both the
authenticity and the general integrity of
the books of the New Testament may be
regarded as finally established"


Local
Texts




















Greco-
Roman


279
Patzia, The making of the New

Testament : Origin, collection, text &
canon P.131




text-type




Alexandrian
Byzantine
Western
Caesarean







Local Texts







280
Eldon J. Epp, Gordon D. Fee, Studies

in the Theory and Method of New

Testament Textual Criticism P. 287



















Byzantium

Constantinople



koine
Byzantine

282
Ibid., P. 64 " was polished
281
stylistically, edited ecclesiastically, and Aland and Aland, Text of the New
expanded devotionally ". Testament, p. 66



mixed text





Decius
Valerian

Diocletian








283
Eusebius, ecclesiastical history VIII.2
"All these things were fulfilled in us,
when we saw with our own eyes the
houses of prayer thrown down to the

very foundations, and the Divine and
Sacred Scriptures committed to the
flames in the midst of the market-
places".
284
Ibid., " royal edicts were published
everywhere, commanding that the
churches be leveled to the ground and
the Scriptures be destroyed by fire ".

received text

King
James Version



Classification
and Genealogical
Relationships


standardized
text

Text-
Types
Alexandrian
Western
Byzantine
Textus
Receptus
Caesarean

285
Metzger, Text of the New
Testament, p. 170 " the prevailing
ecclesiastical form of the New
Testament throughout the Greek-
286
Black & Dockery, Interpreting the speaking world, and eventually
New Testament: Essays on Methods constituted the basis of the Textus
and Issues P.50 Receptus".




Primary

Neutral
Alexandrian Text-Type
Pro-
Alexandrian

P66P46
P75
B



Secondary
P75P46
Alexandrian

Later
Alexandrian

LC
33W
1739892
287
Ibid., " Thus it appears to represent
the result of a carefully controlled and

supervised process of copying and
transmission".

 Western
Text-Type


paraphrasing
Gaul
substitution of
synonyms


Gaul

Byzantine
Text-Type

Koine
Syrian
Majority




harmonistic tendencies

288
Ibid., " Discoveries since then,
however, have made clear that this
early textual tradition was widely
disseminated throughout the Roman

Empire and may have originated in the

East, perhaps in Egypt "


smoothing out
grammar

harmonization

conflation











Origin Of
Families



289
Ibid., "Thus it is the largest and latest
of the three major text-types and, in
view of the obvious secondary character
of many of its distinctive readings,29 also
the least valuable for recovering the
291
Thomas, How to choose a Bible original text".
290
version : An introductory guide to Ibid., " MSS must be weighed rather
English translations P.58 than counted ".






Alexandrian









Western Text-Type

Caesarean


Gaul






Western


Byzantine Text-Type














Sturz

distinctly
Byzantine
Peshitta





292
Ibid., " It is a longer text, and its
length, at least in part, results from an

effort to include as many readings as
possible from the other families ".


SLKH
39842
Witnesses
Peshitta
Gothic Byzantine Text-Type
Chrysostom
EA
PMKHGF
9382046Q VUS
920808469429 W
2048


Alexandrian Text-Type
Peshitta
P75P66 Gothic
Chrysostom

CB
TL SPLH
W
ZX
Peshitta
8133200162059 Gothic
579376215164 Chrysostom
1241892850718
1739 293
Black, New Testament textual
Sahidic criticism : A concise guide P.63

 1048981336 Bohairic
229817391175323

Didymus
P47
A
6102070169PC P74P50P46
100625424194
184116111175 BA
234420401852 076048C
2351 10481336096
1175326


Western Text-Type P64
A
P37P25 MIHCB
088081048P
WD 104813360220
0177 190817391175326

Old Latin BohairicSahidic
Vulgate
Sinaitic
Curetonian P72P23P20

Ambrosiaster BA
048PC
016701560142056


Caesarean P48P41P38P29
P45P37 066ED
W 338257255361
0188 913614440383
118221f1 151812451108
1278872209131 187417391611
21931582 22982138
1741246913f13
788543346230
281689983828
1071700565157 FED
16041275 91791518188G
Georgian 191218981836
Armenian
Palestinian

Cyril-
Jerusalem
ED





F


B Recognition of Text
Types


Hermann Freiherr von
Soden
Jerusalem
I=Iota

D Koine
K=kappa

Burnett
Hillman Streeter



Local Texts Hesychian
H=Eta

recension

Hesychius

294
Finegan, Encountering New
Alexandria
Testament Manuscripts: A Working
Introduction to Textual Criticism. P.70

Antioch
A

Uncials

Manuscules
Antioch
Textus
Recetus Caesarea

f13f1

Codex
Vaticanus Italy &
Codex Sinaiticus Gaul
D

Hans
Lietzmann Carthage


Pauline
Letters



Byzantium
295
Ibid., " Of them all, the Alexandrian

text, found in Codex Vaticanus and
Codex Sinaiticus, is the best ". Lucian of

 P46

koine









Theories of the
History of New
Testament
Manuscripts

assured
results

Neutral Text




H

296
McKnight, The face of New

Testament studies: A survey of recent
research P.65

 P75
Wilhelm
B Bousset





P75
a B
revised text A






P75
B pre-recensional
proto-
Alexandrian
common ancestor
P75
P75



297
Ibid., " The discovery of P75 showed

that the text of Codex B existed already
in the second century ". Carlo M. Martini

B


P75
B
P66
33L
1739 P46



dynamic view of textual
transmission
Eldon J. Epp
D


P48
0171P69P38

298
Ibid., " Hort was basically correct
when he surmised that the Egyptian
text type is a carefully preserved
tradition and not a recension at all ".
C 299
Ibid., " These MSS seem to represent
a relatively pure form of preservation
of a relatively pure line of descent
DB from the original text ".
300
Eldon J. Epp, Gordon D. Fee, Studies
in the Theory and Method of New
WP45
Testament Textual Criticism P. 274-
297


A
A
antecedents




Method in Grouping
New Testament P42P68P84
Manuscripts



family



standardization
procedures were in existence already in

the late first or early second century for
the transmission of Christian texts, such
as the codex form, the nomina sacra codex
techniques, and the possible presence of
scriptoria".

302
Ibid., "These standardization nomina sacra
procedures permit us to claim that our
very earliest NT papyri had
antecedents or ancestors as much as a scriptoria
century earlier than their own time".
303 301
Ernest Cadman Colwell, Studies in Ibid., "Several hints, found in the NT
methodology in textual criticism of the (and in other Christian) papyri
New Testament P. 1-25 themselves, suggest that standardization


family


Kenyon genealogically
archetype

Alpha
koine f1

tribe
Beta
family
text-type
Delta

tribe


Gamma


Codex
Koridethi
text-type
tribe
text-type
304
Frederic G. Kenyon, The Text of the
Greek Bible P. 197




Method in
Establishing
Quantitative
Relationships between
Text-Types of New
Testament
Manuscripts








multiple readings







305
Ernest Cadman Colwell, Studies in
methodology in textual criticism of the
New Testament P. 26-62



Principles Of Textual
Criticism


External
Evidence






Criteria


-
Alexandrian Text Michael
Holmes







307 306
Black, New Testament textual Holmes, Textual Criticism, in
criticism : A concise guide P.32 DPL, p. 929




harmonistic tendencies









-
Byzantine Text







-
Western Text
D


Chronological
Evidence
309
Gordon D. Fee, The Textual
Criticism of the New Testament " it is
noteworthy that for most scholars over
90 percent of all the variants of the NT
text are resolved, because in most cases
the variant that best explains the origin
of the others is also supported by the
earliest and best witnesses".
canons
308
Epp & Fee, Studies in the theory and
method of New Testament textual
criticism P.14" knowing the age or
geographical distribution of early
witnesses in no way guarantees finding
the original text ".



Genealogical Evidence

Geographical
Evidenvce







Gaul






310
Metzger, A textual commentary on
the Greek New Testament (4th rev. ed.)
(xxiv) " In general, earlier manuscripts
are more likely to be free from those
errors that arise from repeated copying
".
312 311
Ibid., " Mere numbers of witnesses Ibid., "The concurrence of witnesses,
supporting a given variant reading do for example, from Antioch, Alexandria,
not necessarily prove the superiority of and Gaul in support of a given variant
that reading ". is, other things being equal, more
313
Black, New Testament textual significant than the testimony of
criticism : A concise guide P.32 witnesses representing but one locality".



P46
Internal
Evidence











Transcriptional
Evidence

transcriptional
probability



314

Ibid., " the greater number of text
types in support of a reading, the greater
probability of its originality ".
315
Ibid., " the reading that best explains

the origin of the other readings is
probably original ".

 the -
more difficult
reading







the more verbally
dissonant
the -
shorter reading



parablepsis

317
Geisler & Nix, A general
introduction to the Bible. Includes
indexes. P.476 " The premise is that a
scribe is more likely to add for
clarification than to delete material
from the text".
318 316
Epp & Fee, Studies in the theory and Metzger, A textual commentary on
method of New Testament textual the Greek New Testament (4th rev. ed.)
criticism P.14 "the shorter reading is (xxiv). " Here more difficult means
often the original one, because the scribes more difficult to the scribe, who would
tended to add to the text ". be tempted to make an emendation ".



-

-
-


-







Intrinsic
Evidence




321
Black, New Testament textual
criticism : A concise guide P.33 "Words or
319
phrases that are clearly out of harmony Ibid., " There was a scribal tendency
with an authors writing habits or to harmonize divergent accounts of a
diction are generally suspect if a given event recorded in Scripture ".
320
variant is involved ". Black, New Testament textual
322
Ibid., " Prefer the reading that best fits criticism : A concise guide P.33 "The
the context and/or the authors theology tendency of scribes was to make parallel
". texts conform with each other ".





-








-

-
Gleason Archer
-









323
Greenlee, Introduction, p. 119
324
Metzger, The Text of the New
Testament, p. 211





The Debate
over Method




Eclectic









326

Black, New Testament textual
criticism : A concise guide P.33 " If in the
end you are still undecided, you should
pay special attention to external
evidence, as it is less subjective and

more reliable ".
327
Epp & Fee, Studies in the theory and
method of New Testament textual
criticism P.16
328
Ibid., " the original text of the NT is
to be chosen variant by variant, using
all the principles of critical judgment
325
without regarding one MS or text-type". Archer, pp. 57-60












UBS
relative
degree of certainty RSV= Revised
Standard Version
NEB= New English
Bible



{A} Rigorous
{B} Eclecticism
{C}


{D} 329
Ibid., " Despite a few notable
exceptions, most of the differences that
330
Metzger, A textual commentary on remain among critical texts result from
the Greek New Testament (4th rev. ed.) a varying degree of weight given the
(xxiv). external evidence".


332
Metzger, A Textual Commentary
on the Greek New Testament, P.619
"added by copyists who assimilated the
text to Pauline usage ".
331
Patzia, A. G. The making of the New
Testament : Origin, collection, text &
canon P.147


Methodologies of
Textual Criticism

Contemporary
Methodological
Approaches

cross-
pollination


genealogical
stemmatic
stemma

genealogical links

333
Black & Dockery, Interpreting the
New Testament: Essays on Methods
and Issues P.54

rational
criticism
local-
genealogical method

exemplars









relative
weight




reasoned eclectism

334
Metzger, Manuscripts, 54



Hodges -Farstad UBS4

















Majority Text
Method

335
Elliott, Keeping Up P.43

Radical Eclecticism reasoned
eclecticism
Reasoned Eclecticism

Reasoned
Conservatism
Radical
Conservatism


Eclectic

336
337
Black, New Testament textual
criticism : A concise guide P.36 "The term
eclectic means that the scholar tends
to view each textual variant on its own
merits instead of blindly following one
manuscript or group of manuscripts"
Black & Dockery, Interpreting the
New Testament: Essays on Methods
and Issues P.55 "The history of
transmission has been radically
dislocated; examples include the
destruction of MSS and entire libraries
during times of persecution and the
Muslim conquests ".



Conservative




Radical Eclecticsm

Kilpatrick
Elliott



Reasoned
Eclecticism
B.
K. M. Metzger
Aland
text-
type



338
Black, New Testament textual
criticism : A concise guide P.36 " The
term conservative is used here to
refer to a generally high view of the
Nestle-
traditional Byzantine text type and/or
the Textus Receptus ".

 Aland
Reasoned United Bible Societies
Conservatism

H. A. Sturz


conflation







a
new Textus Receptus

340
Black, New Testament textual
criticism : A concise guide P.37
"However, unlike Reasoned Eclecticism,
which tends to follow the Alexandrian
text, Reasoned Conservatism insists
that no single text type can be preferred
over all others, and instead emphasizes
339
Black, New Testament textual
criticism : A concise guide P.36 "This
approach has occasionally been
criticized for producing a new Textus
Receptusa canonized form of the
New Testament text ".


Radical
Conservatism

Z. Hodges
A. Farstad












New King James
Version

William
Tyndale


341
Black, New Testament textual
criticism : A concise guide P.37 "Scholars
who hold to this view prefer the reading
of the majority of manuscripts, which the geographical distribution of the text
are, of course, mainly Byzantine". types".

 King
James Version

















text-type

342
Black, New Testament textual
criticism : A concise guide P.37 "At the
very least, it must be conceded that (1)
no single text type is infallible or to be
preferred because of its supposed
superior authority; (2) each reading must
be examined on its own merits; and (3)
readings that best explain other
variants merit our preference".