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A SEMINAR REPORT ON


NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER FROM A CYLINDER CONFINED IN

IRREGULAR CHANNEL

A DISSERTATION

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the

Requirements for the award of the degree

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

In

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (IDD)

(With specialization in Hydrocarbon Engineering)

By

ASHOK PALIWAL

12210008

Under the guidance of

Dr. RAM PRAKASH BHARTI

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYROORKEE

ROORKEE 247667 (INDIA)

NOVEMBER 2, 2016

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE


ROORKEE

CANDIDATES DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in this dissertation report entitled
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER FROM A CYLINDER CONFINED IN
IRREGULAR CHANNEL in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of Master of Technology in Chemical Engineering (IDD) with specialization in Hydrocarbon
Engineering, and submitted in the Department of Chemical Engineering of Indian Institute of
Technology Roorkee, India, is an authentic record of my own work carried out during the
period from May 2016 to November 2016, under the supervision of Dr. Ram Prakash Bharti,
Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, India.
The matter embodied in this dissertation has not been submitted by me for the award of
any other degree of this or any other Institute/University.

Date: November 2, 2016

Place: Roorkee (ASHOK PALIWAL)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of
my knowledge and belief.

DR. RAM PRAKASH BHARTI


Associate Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Roorkee-247667, India

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I express my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to my revered guide Dr. RAM
PRAKASH BHARTI, Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, India, who provided whole hearted co-operation, never
ending inspirations and guidance, all blended with the personal touch throughout the
duration of this work. His invaluable suggestions and through discussions have immensely
contributed towards the completion of this work.


I take this opportunity to put on record my respects Dr. C.B.Majumdar, Head of Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, for providing various
facilities during course of the present investigation.

I would like to thank my colleagues/scholars, who also work in the same laboratory for their
valuable suggestions and help as when required and all others for their enthusiastic support,
encouragement and help, made me come up with this report.

The last but not least I am grateful to my family members for their love, suggestions and
moral support without which I would not have achieved this goal.

ASHOK PALIWAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS


S.No. Topic Page No.

1 Introduction 8

2 Literature review 9

3 Problem Description and Formulation 13

4 Domain Dependency Test 16

5 Grid Dependency Test 19

6 Future Plan 21

7 Reference 22

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES


TABLES:

Table No. Description Page No.

1 Ld Test for Lu = 05, n = 1.0, G1 Mesh 16

2 Ld Test for Lu = 05, n = 0.2, G1 Mesh 17

3 Ld Test for Lu = 05, n = 1.8, G1 Mesh 17

4 Lu Test for Ld = 100, n = 1.0, G1 Mesh 17

5 Lu Test for Ld = 100, n = 0.2, G1 Mesh 18

6 Lu Test for Ld = 100, n = 1.8, G1 Mesh 18

7 Mesh Testing for different values 19

8 Types of Meshes 19

9 Different Mesh Comparison 20

FIGURES:

Figures Description Page No.


1 Schematic of the flow and heat transfer in a irregular 13
channel with a built in circular cylinder

NOMENCLATURE

BR or b blockage ratio (=D/H)


CDF friction drag coefficient
CDP pressure drag coefficient
CD total drag coefficient (=FD /(0.5 U2D))
CP specific heat, J/(kgK)
CV control volume
D diameter of a circular cylinder, m
FD drag force per unit length of the cylinder, N/m
FL lift force per unit length of the cylinder, N/m
G acceleration due to gravity, m/s2
h average heat transfer coefficient/(m2K)
H height of computational domain, m
k thermal conductivity/(mK)
L length of computational domain (=Lu+Ld), m
n power-law index
Nu average Nusselt number (=hD/k)
Pr Prandtl number (= Cp/k)
Re Reynolds number (= DU/)
Ri Richardson number (= Gr/Re2)
St Strouhal number (= fDcy/U)
t time
T temperature, K
T free stream temperature, K
Tw cylinder surface temperature, K
U average velocity at inlet, m/s
Ux stream velocity in x direction, m/s
Uy stream velocity in y direction, m/s
Ld downstream distance, m

Lu upstream distance, m
Lir Length of Irregularity, m
density of fluid, kg/m3
dynamic viscosity, Ns/m2

Subscripts
w Surface of the cylinder
Inlet condition
X Stream wise coordinate, m
y Transverse coordinate, m


1. INTRODUCTION

Flow over a cylinder and alike structures is the area of interest for many decades for many
researchers due to a variety of its applications. Consequently, over the years, significant studies
are now available in the literature on the flow around a circular cylinder, but are mostly limited
to Newtonian fluids.

Flow over a circular cylinder is encountered in tubular and pin type heat exchange systems,
processing of fibrous suspensions, screens to dewater coal-water slurries, filtration of sewage
sludge and polymer melts, removal of oversized particles from coating suspensions, polymer
and food processing applications, flow metering devices, electronic cooling, probe and sensors,
and others.

Along the same line, Non-Newtonian fluid flow past circular cylinder in both the regular and
irregular channels has received very less attention compared to Newtonian fluids. In the
present study, an attempt has been made to fill this gap for the Non-Newtonian fluid flow
around a heated circular cylinder in irregular channels.

Since, due to increase in the demand for better efficiency we try to increase the surface area of
heat transfer, this gives rise to the need to study about the flow in irregular channels.
Generally, both of these phenomena occur simultaneously, as we can see in heat exchangers
where a cooling fluid flows past circular tubes or in a computers motherboard where different
circuits are placed and are cooled by the flowing fluid.

Here we will study both the phenomena at various Reynolds number and power index (<1-for
shear thinning; =1for Newtonian; >1 for shear thickening flow) and the effects of irregular
boundary of the channel on the heat transfer and the flow. We use irregular surface because
the wavy geometries are known to enhance the heat transfer by breaking and destabilizing the
thermal boundary layer. So, irregular surfaces serve as turbulence promoters to increase the
local heat and mass transfer.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Generally, the research that has been done is on Newtonian fluid around the bluff body at
different Reynolds number. Types of channels have also been changed to study the effect of
channels on flow and heat transfer for flow past circular cylinders. Consequently, adequate
information is available on the flow past a circular cylinder of Non-Newtonian fluid in smooth
channels. In contrast, much less information is available on the Non-Newtonian fluid past
circular body confined in an irregular channel. The present work is concerned with heat transfer
and fluid flow past a circular cylinder in the irregular channel.

Ram Prakash Bharti, R. P. Chhabra and V. Eswaran[4] studied the Steady Flow of Power Law
Fluids across a Circular Cylinder in unconfined smooth channel

This paper studies the momentum equations describing the steady cross-flow of power law
fluids past an unconfined circular cylinder and solves them numerically using a semi-implicit
finite volume method. The numerical results were investigated using FVM and QUICK schemes
in conjunction with a non-uniform grid. Results highlighted the role of Reynolds number and
power law index on the global and detailed flow characteristics. Analysis has been done over
wide range of conditions as 5 Re 40 and 0.6 n 2. The enhancement in the drag
coefficients for shear-thinning fluids occurs over the range 5 Re 25, however, complex
behavior was observed for the range 30 Re 40. The drag coefficient was always seen to
decrease with an increase in power law index for n 1.5.

The results produced from study showed the shear-thinning behavior (n < 1) of the fluid
decreases the size of recirculation zone and also delays the separation; on the other hand, the
shear-thickening fluids (n > 1) show the opposite behavior. Furthermore, while the wake size
shows non-monotonous variation with the power law index, but it does not seem to influence



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the values of drag coefficient. The stagnation pressure coefficient and drag coefficient also
show a complex dependence on the power law index and Reynolds number.


P. Sivakumar, Ram Prakash Bharti, R.P. Chhabra[5] investigated the Effect of power-law index
on critical parameters for power-law flow across an unconfined circular cylinder .

In this paper, the formation of a wake and for the onset of wake instability for the flow of
power-law fluids over an unconfined circular cylinder were investigated numerically using
FLUENT (version 6.2). The effect of power- law index on the critical Reynolds numbers, Strouhal
number and drag coefficient has been presented over a wide range of power-law index (0.3<= n
<=1.8). The influence of the power-law index on the appearance of a wake has been presented.
The wake formation was seen to be delayed as the fluid behavior changes from shear-
thickening to Newtonian and finally to shear-thinning. Therefore, while the creeping flow
analysis was applicable up to Re = 11.5 for a highly shear-thinning fluid with n = 0.3, on the
other hand, a clear wake was formed at Re 1 in a highly shear- thickening fluid. The transition
from the 2-D steady to unsteady flow of power-law fluids has also been presented for power-
law index range as 0.3 <= n <= 1.8. With reference to Newtonian fluids, the steady 2-D flow
seemed to exist up to higher values of the Reynolds number in shear-thinning fluids. For n < 1,
the critical Reynolds number was seen to increase with the power-law index up to about n 0.6
and it decreases thereafter. On the other hand, for n > 1, the critical value of the Reynolds
number decreased monotonically with the increasing degree of shear- thickening behavior.
Therefore, the shear-thinning behavior seemed to have a stabilizing influence and the shear-
thickening behavior tends to induce asymmetry at lower and lower values of the Reynolds
number.



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Ram Prakash Bharti, R. P. Chhabra and V. Eswaran[6] discussed the A numerical study of the
steady forced convection heat transfer from an unconfined circular cylinder

Paper investigated the, Forced convection heat transfer from an unconfined circular cylinder in
the steady cross-flow regime using finite volume method (FVM) on a Cartesian grid system in
the range as 10 < Re < 45 and 0.7 < Pr < 400. The numerical results showed the effects of
average Nusselt number, Re, Pr and thermal boundary conditions on the temperature field near
the cylinder and on the local Nusselt number distributions. The rate of heat transfer increased
with an increase in the Reynolds and/or Prandtl numbers. Also, the uniform heat flux condition
always showed higher value of heat transfer coefficient than the constant wall temperature at
the surface of the cylinder for the same Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. The maximum
difference between the two values was around 1520%.

At a fixed point on the surface of the cylinder, the local Nusselt number increased with an
increase in the value of the Reynolds number and/or of the Prandtl number. On the other hand,
for a fixed values of Re and Pr, the local Nusselt number on the surface of cylinder decreased
from the front stagnation point to the point of separation. However, it was seen to increase
again from the point of separation to the rear stagnation point. The maximum value of the
Nusselt number corresponding to the front stagnation point also increased with Reynolds
number and/or Prandtl number. The Nusselt number at the front stagnation point is always
higher for Uniform Heat Flux than that for Constant Wall Temperature condition.

Ram Prakash Bhartia, R.P. Chhabraa and V. Eswaran[7] investigated Effect of blockage on heat
transfer from a cylinder to power law liquids.

In this paper, the influence of planar confining walls on the steady forced convection heat
transfer from a cylinder to power-law fluids has been. Results highlighted the effects of the
Reynolds number (1 < Re < 40), power-law index (0.2 < n < 1.8), Prandtl number (1 < Pr < 100)
and the blockage ratio ( beta = 4 and 1.6) on the average Nusselt number has been presented.



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For a fixed value of the blockage ratio, the heat transfer was enhanced with the increasing
degree of shear-thinning behaviour of the fluid, while an opposite trend was observed in shear-
thickening fluids. Due to the modifications of the flow and temperature fields close to the
cylinder, the closely placed walls (i.e., decreasing value of the blockage ratio) further enhanced
the rate of heat transfer as the fluid behaviour changed from Newtonian to shear-thickening
fluids (n > 1), the opposite influence was seen with the decreasing value of the flow behaviour
index (n) in shear-thinning (n < 1) fluids.


Vijaya K. Patnana, Ram P. Bharti and Raj P. Chhabra [8] studied the Two-dimensional
unsteady flow of power-law fluids over a cylinder

This paper presented the unsteady flow of incompressible power-law fluids over an unconfined
circular cylinder in cross-flow arrangement. The two-dimensional (2-D) field equations were
solved using a finite volume method based solver (FLUENT 6.3). Particularlly, the effects of the
power-law index (0.4 < n < 1.8) and Reynolds number (40 < Re < 140) on the detailed kinematics
of the flow (streamline, surface pressure and vorticity patterns) and on the macroscopic
parameters (drag and lift coefficients, Strouhal number) are presented in detail. The periodic
vortex shedding and the evolution of detailed kinematics with time were also presented to
provide insights into the nature of flow. The two-dimensional flow transits from steady to
unsteady behaviour at a critical value of the Reynolds number Re (4050) and the von-Karman
vortex street was observed beyond the critical Reynolds number (Re). Obviously, both the lift
coefficient and Strouhal number values are zero for the steady flow, but their values increased
with the increasing Reynolds number (Re) in the unsteady flow regime. For highly shear-
thickening fluids (n = 1.8), the flow becomes unsteady at Re = 40 and unsteadiness in the flow
appears at Re = 50 for all values of power-law index (n). As expected, the evolution of the
kinematics and vortex shedding show a complex dependence on the flow parameters near the
transition in the flow. For a fixed value of the Reynolds number (Re), the drag coefficient
increased and lift coefficient decreased with increasing value of the power-law index (n). For a
fixed value of the power-law index (n), the drag coefficient gradually increased with the
Reynolds number (Re). Similar to the drag coefficient, lift coefficient also showed a complex
dependence on the power-law index (n) near the transition zone. The value of the Strouhal
number (St) decreased with the increasing value of the power-law index (n) at a fixed value of
the Reynolds number (Re).



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3. Problem Description and Formulation

Effects of irregular channel on flow and heat transfer characteristics of a long circular cylinder
(long in neutral direction) in a confined irregular channel have been investigated in the laminar
regime for the range of conditions as Reynolds number (Re) = 140, Prandtl number (Pr) = 40 -
100 and blockage ratio () = 10%.

H/ 2

]
D

y
x
Lu Ld

Fig.1 Schematic of flow and heat transfer in a channel with a built in circular cylinder in irregular channel



The two-dimensional (2-D) numerical computations were carried out for a circular cylinder
fitted in a confined irregular channel at an upstream distance of Lu/D from inlet and at a
downstream distance of Ld/D from outlet (Fig.1).





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The flow and heat transfer phenomena are governed by the following continuity, Navier
Stokes, and thermal energy equations:



Where Ux , Uy , p, and T are the x- and y-components of velocity, pressure, and temperature,
respectively; is the kinematic viscosity (/) and is the thermal diffusivity (k/(Cp)). In the
present study, the flow and heat transfer phenomena depend upon three nondimensional
control parameters such as Reynold numbers and Prandtl numbers.
Reynolds Number



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Prandtl Number:


Nusselt Number:



Drag Coefficient:




The circular body is exposed to a laminar fully developed flow of incompressible fluid having
uniform temperature (T) of 300 K with an average velocity Uavg. The obstacle is located on the
centerline of the channel and it is maintained at a temperature (Tw) of 305 K. The channel wall
confinement or blockage ratio () is defined here as D/H. The continuity, x- and y-components
of NavierStokes and thermal energy equations for the 2-D, laminar, incompressible flow and
heat transfer with constant thermo-physical properties are used. The following boundary
conditions may be written for the present system: At the channel inlet (x = 0): Ux = U(y), Uy = 0
and T = T. On upper and lower walls of the channel: Ux = 0, Uy = 0 (no-slip) and T/y = 0
(adiabatic). At the surface of a circular cylinder: Ux = 0, Uy = 0 (no-slip) and T = Tw (uniform wall
temperature condition). At the channel exit (x = L): It is located sufficiently far downstream
from the circular body, Ux/x = 0, Uy/x = 0 and T/x = 0.



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4. Domain Dependence Study


In the domain dependence study, domains were generated and tested for the extremes values
of n = 0.2 to n = 1.8. Extreme values of Re (40), Pr (100) and (10%) are used to find out the
optimum computational domain for further studies by assuming that the effects of physical
parameters within this range will be minimum.

Table 1: Ld Test for Lu = 05, n = 1.0, G1 Mesh

Ld Test (Lu = 05, n= 1.0, G1)


Midway Velocity % Change with Inlet
Inlet 1.4998 ~
Ld =10 1.1157 25.60
Ld = 20 1.2193 18.69
Ld = 40 1.3292 11.37
Ld = 80 1.4256 4.94
Ld = 100 1.4496 3.34
Ld = 150 1.4498 3.33



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Table 2: Ld Test for Lu = 05, n = 0.2, G1 Mesh

Ld Test (Lu = 05, n = 0.2, G1 Mesh)


Midway Velocity Percentage Change with Inlet
Inlet 1.1666 ~
Ld = 80 1.1726 0.51
Ld = 100 1.1724 0.49
Ld = 150 1.1721 0.46

Table 3: Ld Test for Lu = 05, n = 1.8, G1 Mesh

Ld Test (Lu = 05, n = 1.8, G1 Mesh)


Midway Velocity Percentage Change with Inlet
Inlet 1.6415 ~
Ld = 80 1.2987 20.88
Ld = 100 1.3488 17.83
Ld = 150 1.4452 11.95

Table 4: Lu Test for Ld = 100, n = 1.0, G1 Mesh

Lu Test (Ld =100, n = 1.0, G1 Mesh)


Lu Drag Coefficient At Cylinder Percentage Change with Lu = 05
Lu =5 1.3933 ~
Lu =10 1.3962 0.21
Lu = 15 1.3964 0.22



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Table 5: Lu Test for Ld = 100, n = 0.2, G1 Mesh

Lu Test (Ld =100, n = 0.2, G1 Mesh)


Lu Drag Coefficient At Cylinder Percentage Change with Lu = 05
Lu =5 0.7775 ~
Lu =10 0.7794 0.23
Lu = 15 0.7797 0.28

Table 6: Lu Test for Ld = 100, n = 1.8, G1 Mesh

Lu Test (Ld =100, n = 1.8, G1 Mesh)


Lu Drag Coefficient At Cylinder Percentage Change with Lu = 05
Lu =5 2.1079 ~
Lu =10 2.1118 0.18
Lu = 15 2.1120 0.19

For Ld Test, at n = 1.0, 0.2, 1.8 value of outflow velocity is compared to inlet velocity at Re = 40,
Pr = 100, Uavg = 1.0 m/s, Lu = 05 and G1 Mesh. As seen in the tables 1, 2, 3 the values change
sharply at values of Ld = 10, 20 but as Ld reaches 80, 100, 150 changes in velocity is negligible.
So, we select Ld = 100 for our further calculations.

Similarly for Lu Test, at n = 1.0, 0.2, 1.8 value of drag coefficient is compared at Re = 40, Pr =
100 and Uavg = 1.0 m/s, Ld = 100 and G1 Mesh. Tables 4, 5, 6 show change in drag value from
Lu = 05, 10 to 15. The change in Drag Coefficient of cylinder from Lu =10 to Lu= 15 is negligible.
So we choose Lu = 10 for our final geometry.



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5. Grid Dependence Study

Generally, the accuracy of the result will increase with increase in the number of control
volumes (CVs), but it will result in increased numerical instabilities, computational time and
power, so there should be a compromise between the number of CVs and computational time.
This can be done by the usage of a good and economical grid for simulation. For the grid
resolution study, a detailed examination of physical parameters for the flow of Newtonian
fluids in a channel with a built-in circular cylinder is undertaken for Re = 40, Pr = 100, and b =
10% for upstream and downstream distances of 10 and 100, respectively.

Table 7: Mesh Testing for Different Values

Mesh Testing
Drag Cylinder Drag Top Drag Bottom
G1 1.3962 2.1289 2.1289
G2 1.3956 2.1286 2.1287
G3 1.3962 2.1290 2.1290
G4 1.3972 2.1304 2.1304
G5 1.3966 2.1302 2.1302

Table 8: Different Meshes

NAME DELTA(Interior) delta (top & bottom) Nc Cells

G1 0.1 0.05 200 170524


G2 0.1 0.05 400 207219
G4 0.1 0.025 200 221324
G5 0.1 0.025 400 258119
G3 0.05 0.05 200 501097



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Table 9: Comparison of Different Meshes

Mesh Comparison Percentage Change in Drag Coefficient


G1-G2 0.043%
G1-G3 0.002%
G3-G4 0.071%
G4-G5 0.044%
G1-G4 0.069%

Comparison of G1-G2 and G4-G5 Meshes shows the effect of doubling the grid points on the
cylinder, which results in 0.043/0.044 % change in the drag coefficient of cylinder. Seeing this
change we accept the grid with double grid points on cylinder.

Comparison of G1-G3 Mesh shows the effect of change of DELTA(interior) form 0.1 to 0.05. This
produces negligible change of 0.002 % in drag coefficient of cylinder but also increases cells in
the grid by 2.93 times increasing a lot of computation time. So we do not change the value of
DELTA(interior) for final mesh.

Comparison of G1-G4 Mesh shows the effect of change of delta(top & bottom) form 0.05 to
0.025. This produces change of 0.069 % in drag coefficient of cylinder and also increases cells in
the grid by only 1.29 times. So we do change the value of delta(top & bottom) for final mesh.



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6. Future Plan:

In the domain dependence study, we have generated various domains and tested for the
extremes values of power law index for Re (40), Pr (100) and (10%) to find out the
appropriate computational domain for further studies.

In the Grid Dependency study, Optimum mesh was found as the accuracy of the result
increased with increase in the number of control volumes (CVs), but it resulted in increased
numerical instabilities, computational time and power, so we made a compromise between the
number of CVs and computational time to finalize the mesh.

Further in dissertation we are going to investigate effects of change of parameters such as
Reynoldss No., Power Law Index and Prandtl No. on the flow and heat transfer from heated
cylinder in irregular channel.



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7. REFERENCES

[1] M.M. Zdravkovich, Flow around circular cylinders: Fundamentals, vol. 1, Oxford University
Press, New York, 1997.
[2] M.M. Zdravkovich, Flow around circular cylinders: Applications, vol. 2, Oxford University
Press, New York, 2003.
[3] V.T. Morgan, The overall convective heat transfer from smooth circular cylinders, Adv. Heat
Transf. 11 (1975) 199264.
[4] R.P. Bharti, R.P. Chhabra and V. Eswaran. Steady flow of power-law fluids across a circular
cylinder. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 84(4) 406-421 (2006).
[5] P. Sivakumar, R.P. Bharti and R.P. Chhabra. Effect of power-law index on critical
parameters for power-law flow across an unconfined circular cylinder. Chemical Engineering
Science 61(18) 6035-6046 (2006).
[6] R.P. Bharti, R.P. Chhabra and V. Eswaran. A numerical study of the steady forced
convection heat transfer from an unconfined circular cylinder. Heat and Mass Transfer 43(7)
639-648 (2007).

[7] R.P. Bharti, R.P. Chhabra and V. Eswaran. Effect of blockage on heat transfer from a
cylinder to power-law liquids. Chemical Engineering Science 62(7) 4729-4741 (2007).

[8] V.K. Patnana, R.P. Bharti and R.P. Chhabra. Two dimensional unsteady flow of power-law
fluids over a cylinder. Chemical Engineering Science 64(12) 2978-2999 (2009).

[9] ANSYS User Manual, Ansys, Inc., Canonsburg, PA, 2009.

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