link="#d9d9b8" vlink="#d9d9b8" alink="#d9d9b8"> <p><strong><font color="#ff8040" size="3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ZEN MESTEREK </font><font size="3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ZEN MASTERS </font><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br> </font></strong><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font color="ccccff"><b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b><a href="../index-2.html" target="_parent"> Zen foldal </a><br> </b></font><font color="#BFA493" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><a href="https://terebess.hu/index.html" target="_top"> vissza a Terebess Online nyitlapjra</a></b></font></b></font></font></p> <p align="center"> <font size="5" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> </font><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="https://terebess.hu/zen/mesterek/carl-bielefeldt.jpg" width="347" height="400" border="0"> </font></p> <p align="center"><font size="5" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Carl Bielefeldt</font></p> <p align="center"> </p> <p align="left"> <font size="2"><strong><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="5"><a name="b" id="b"></a></font><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="https://terebess.hu/zen/angol.gif" width="36" height="25" border="0"></font></strong></font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="3">Curriculum Vitae </font></strong><br> <a href="http://religiousstudies.stanford.edu/people/carl-w-bielefeldt/curriculum-vit ae/" target="_blank">http://religiousstudies.stanford.edu/people/carl-w-bielefeldt/curr iculum-vitae/</a></font></p> <blockquote> <p><font size="2"><strong><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Publications </font></strong></font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Treasury of the True Dharma Eye: An Annotated Translation of the 75-Fascicle Redaction of the </em>Shbgenz <em>by Dgen </em>. In preparation. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Finding Dgen in Pgina 1 CarlBielefeldt.txt Gary Snyder's <em>Mountains and Rivers Without End </em>. In Richard Payne, ed., <em>Festschrift for Lewis Lancaster </em>(working title). Forthcoming. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz uji </em>: Being Time. <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em>) 30 (Autumn, 2012). In press. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz kannon </em>: Avalokitevara. <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em> ) 29 (Spring, 2012). </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Disarming the Superpowers: The <em>abhij </em>in Eisai and Dgen. In S. Heine, ed., <em>Dgen: Textual and Historical Studies </em>, pp. 192-206. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Reprint of <em>Dgen zenji kenky ronsh </em> (2002) article. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz shin fukatoku </em>: The Mind Cannot Be Got. <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em>) 28 (Autumn, 2011). </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz muj sepp </em>: The Insentient Preach the Dharma. <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em>) 27 (Spring, 2011). </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Le Shbgenz alors et maintenant (The <em>Shbgenz </em>Then and Now). <em>Revue Zen </em>93 (2010). </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz bussh </em>: Buddha Nature (Part 2). <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em>) 26 (Autumn, 2010). </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz bussh </em>: Buddha Nature (Part 1). <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em>) 25 (Spring, 2010). </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Expedient Devices, the One Vehicle, and the Lifespan of the Buddha. In J. Stone and S. Teiser, ed. <em> Readings of the Lotus Sutra </em>. NY: Columbia University Press, 2009. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">On Translation. <em>Buddhadharma </em>(Fall, 2009). </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz henzan </em>: Extensive Study. <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em> ) 24 (Autumn, 2009). </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz jipp </em>: The Ten Directions. <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em> ) 24 (Spring, 2009). </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz rygin </em>: Song of the Dragon. <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em>) 22 (November, 2008). </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz soshi seirai i </em>: The Intention of the Ancestral Master's Coming from the West. <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em>) 22 (November, 2008). </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz hotsu bodai shin </em>: Giving Rise to the Mind of Bodhi. Pgina 2 CarlBielefeldt.txt <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em>) 21 (March 2008). </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz hakujushi </em>: The Cypress Tree. <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em>) 20 (Autumn, 2007). </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz butsud </em>: The Way of the Buddha. <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em>) 19 (March, 2007), pp. 17-27. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz katt </em>: Twining Vines. <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em>) 17 (Spring 2006). </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz zanmai zanmai </em>: King of Samdhis Samdhi. <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em>) 18 (Autumn, 2006). </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Review of Bowring, <em>The Religious Traditions of Japan 500-1600 </em>; and Swanson and Chilson, ed., <em>Nanzan Guide to Japanese Religions </em>. SSJR Bulletin Supplement 2006. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Practice. In D. Lopez, ed., <em>Critical Terms for the Study of Buddhism </em>, pp. 229-244 <em>. </em>Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz sesshin sessh </em>: Talking of the Mind, Talking of the Nature. <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em>) 16 (Autumn, 2005). </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz kaiin zanmai </em> <em>: </em> The Ocean Seal Samadhi. <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em>) 14 (Summer, 2004). </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Entries on Buddhism in Japan and Dgen. <em>Encyclopedia of Buddhism. </em> NY: Macmillan, 2003. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz kobutsu shin </em>: The Old Buddha Mind. <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em>) 13 (Autumn, 2003), pp. 15-18. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz tashin ts </em>: Penetration of Other Minds. <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em>) 12 (Spring, 2003) pp. 21-27. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Disarming the Superpowers: The <em>abhij </em>in Eisai and Dgen. In <em>Dgen zenji kenky ronsh </em> [Dgen Studies], ed. by Daihonzan Eiheiji Daionki Kyoku , pp. 1018-1046. Fukui-ken: Eiheiji, 2002. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shbgenz sansui ky </em>: The Mountains and Waters Sutra. <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em>) 9 (2001), pp. 10-17. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Circumabulating the Mountains and Waters. <em>Dharma Eye </em>( <em>Hgen </em>) 9 (2001), pp. 5-7. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Sanka suru bukky ni mukete [Toward a Participatory Buddhism]. In Nara and Azuma , ed., <em>Dgen no nijisseiki </em>[Dgen's Twenty-first Century], pp. 211-232. Tokyo: Tokyo Shoseki, 2001. English version published as Pgina 3 CarlBielefeldt.txt Toward a Participatory Buddhism, <em>Mountain Record </em>21:1 (Fall 2002), pp. 28-39. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Descriptive & Prescriptive Approaches to the Three Disciplines: A Response to Prof. Ishigami. In <em>Proceedings of the Conference on Zen and Nenbutsu </em>, Los Angeles: Bukky Daigaku, 2000. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Living With Dgen: Thoughts on the Relevance of His Thought. <em>Proceedings of the Symposium Dogen Zen and Its Relevance for Our Time </em>, pp. 123-133. Tokyo: Stsh Shmuch, 2000. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Zongze: Principles of Seated Meditation ( <em>Zuochanyi </em>). In W.T. de Bary and I. Bloom, eds., <em>Sources of Chinese Tradition </em>, 2nd. ed., vol. 1, pp. 522-524. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. (Originally appeared as appendix to my <em>Dgen's Manuals of Zen Meditation </em>.) </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Dgen's <em>Lancet of Seated Meditation </em>. In G. Tanabe, ed., <em>Religions of Japan in Practice </em>, pp. 220-234. <em> Princeton Readings in Religions </em>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999. (Earlier version appeared in <em>Mountain Record </em>8:2 [summer-fall 1989], pp. 40-50.) </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Shb genz zazen gi </em> <em>: </em>Principles of Seated Meditation. <em>Zen Quarterly </em>11:2-3 (1999), pp. 5-8. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Kokan Shiren and the Sectarian Uses of History. In J. Mass, ed., <em>The Origins of Japan's Medieval World: Courtiers, Clerics, Warriors, and Peasants in the Fourteenth Century </em>, pp. 295-317. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Soto Zen at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century. <em>Wind Bell </em>32:2 (1998), pp. 17-24. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The Mountain Spirit: Reflections on Reading the <em>Shb genz </em>. In <em>Proceedings of the International Conference on Korean Sn Buddhism </em>. Seoul: Bibaek Institute, 1998. (Reprinted as The Mountain Spirit: Dgen, Gary Snyder, and Critical Buddhism, <em>Zen Quarterly </em>11:1 [1999], pp. 18-24.) </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Commentary on A. Andrews, Hnen's Journey from the <em>jysh </em> to the <em>Senchakush </em>.' In <em>Hnen jdoky no sgteki kenky </em> [A Comprehensive Review of the Pure Land Buddhism of Hnen], pp. 89-92. Kyoto: Bukky Daigaku, 1998. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Reading Others' Minds. In D. Lopez, ed., <em>Buddhism in Practice </em>, pp. 69-79. <em>Princeton Readings in Religions </em>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. (Earlier version appeared in <em>The Ten Directions </em>13:1 [spring-summer 1992], pp. 26-34.) </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">A Discussion of Seated Zen, in D. Lopez, ed., <em>Buddhism in Practice </em>, pp. 197-206. <em>Princeton Readings in Religions </em>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. (Earlier version appeared as Enni's <em>Treatise on Seated Zen </em>. Pgina 4 CarlBielefeldt.txt <em>The Ten Directions </em>9:1 [spring-summer 1988], pp. 7-11.) </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Filling the Zen Sh: Notes on the <em>Jissh yd ki </em>. <em>Cahiers d'Extrme Asie </em>7 (1993-94), pp. 221-248. (Reprinted in B. Faure, ed., <em>Chan Buddhism in Ritual Context </em>, 2003.) </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Review of Gregory, <em>Tsung-mi and the Sinification of Buddhism. Cahiers d'Extrme Asie </em>7 (1993-94), pp. 446-449. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Shb genz eiyaku o kangaeru: kaishaku to hhron ni tsuite [On meaning and method in translation of the <em>Shb genz </em>]. <em>St shh </em> 686 (11/92), pp. 72-75; 687 (12/92), pp. 82-87. (English translation appeared in <em>Zen Quarterly </em>.) </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Dgen Studies in America: Thoughts on the State of the Field. <em>Zen kenkyjo nenp </em> [Annual of the Zen Research Institute, Komazawa University] 3 (1992), endmatter pp. 1-17. (Reprinted in <em>Zen Quarterly </em>4:3 [Autumn 1992], pp. 7-12; and <em>The Ten Directions </em>[fall-winter 1992], pp. 20-24.) </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">No-Mind and Sudden Awakening: Thoughts on the Soteriology of a Kamakura Zen Text. In R. Buswell and R. Gimello, ed., <em>Paths to Liberation: The Mrga and Its Transformations in Buddhist Thought </em>, pp. 475-505. Studies in East Asian Buddhism 7. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1992. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ten Thousand Ways to Make a Buddha: Universal and Particular in Dgen's Zen. In <em>The Future of the Earth and Zen Buddhism </em>, pp. 17-23. Tokyo: Stsh Shmuch, 1991. (Reprinted in <em>Zen Quarterly </em>4:2 [Summer 1992], pp. 5-7.) </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Review of Buswell, <em>The Formation of Ch'an Ideology in China and Korea. History of Religions </em>31:2 (11/91), p. 210. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Review of Dobbins, <em>Jdo Shinsh: Shin Buddhism in Medieval Japan. Journal of Japanese Studies </em>17:2 (Summer 1991), pp. 381-386. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Review of Kamens, <em>The Three Jewels. Journal of Religion </em>71:1 (1/91), pp. 128-129.The Story of Hui-Neng. <em>Wind Bell </em>25:2 (fall 1991), pp. 28-34. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The One Vehicle and the Three Jewels: On Japanese Sectarianism and Some Ecumenical Alternatives. <em>Buddhist-Christian Studies </em>10 (1990), pp. 5-16. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Review of Tanabe and Tanabe, ed., <em>The Lotus Sutra in Japanese Culture. Journal of Asian Studies </em>, 49:1 (2/90), pp. 173-175. (Revised version appeared in <em>Wind Bell </em>24 [fall 1990], pp. 21-23.) </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Putting the Cart Before the Horse: Reflections on Enni's <em>Treatise on Seated Zen </em>. <em>The Ten Directions </em>10:1 (spring-summer 1989), pp. 7-21. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>Dgen's Manuals of Zen Meditation </em>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988. </font></p> Pgina 5 CarlBielefeldt.txt <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The Four Levels of <em>prat tya-samutpda </em>According to the <em>Fa-hua hsan-i </em>. <em>Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies </em>11:1 (1988), pp. 7-29. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ch'ang-lu Tsung-tse's <em>Tso-ch'an i </em>and the Secret' of Zen Meditation. In P. Gregory, ed., <em>Traditions of Meditation in Chinese Buddhism </em>, pp. 129-161. Studies in East Asian Buddhism 4. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1986. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Recarving the Dragon: History and Dogma in the Study of Dgen. In W. LaFleur, ed., <em>Dgen Studies </em>, pp. 21-53. Studies in East Asian Buddhism 2. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Annotated translation of Yanagida Seizan, The <em>Li-tai fa-pao chi </em>and the Ch'an Doctrine of Sudden Awakening. In W. Lai and L. Lancaster, ed., <em>Early Ch'an in China and Tibet </em>, pp. 13-49. Berkeley Buddhist Studies Series 5. Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press, 1983. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Review of Collcutt, <em>Five Mountains: The Rinzai Zen Monastic Institution in Medieval Japan. Journal of Asian Studies </em>41:4 (8/82), pp. 841-843. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Review of Kodera, <em>Dgen's Formative Years in China. Journal of Asian Studies </em>40:2 (2/81), pp. 387-89. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Abstracts of Japanese articles on Buddhist studies. <em>Revue Bibliographique de Sinologie </em>12-13 (1980), entries 936, 941. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Dgen's <em>Shb genz sansuiky </em>. In M. Tobias and H. Drasdo, ed., <em>The Mountain Spirit </em>, pp. 37-49. New York: Overlook Press, 1979. (Reprinted in <em>Mountain Record </em>[winter 1986, spring 1987].) </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Translation of Kajiyama Yichi, Mahyna Buddhism and the Philosophy of Praj. In A.K. Narain, ed., <em>Studies in Pali and Buddhism </em>, pp. 197-206. Delhi: B.R. Publishing, 1979. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Review of Nishimura and Stevens, <em>Shbgenz </em>, vol. 1; Yokoi, <em>Zen Master Dgen </em>; Kennett, <em>Zen Is Eternal Life </em>; Kim, <em>Kigen Dgen: Mystical Realist </em>. <em>Shambala Review </em>5:1-2 (Winter 1976), pp. 53-55. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Review of Shibayama, <em>Zen Comments on the Mumonkan </em>. <em>Shambala Review </em>4:6 (5-6/76), pp. 10-11. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>T'an ching </em>(Platform Sutra). <em>Philosophy East and West </em>25:2 (4/75), pp. 197-212. (With L. Lancaster) </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Review of Luk, <em>Transmission of the Mind. Codex Shambala </em>4:2 (1975), pp. 12-13. </font></p> Pgina 6 CarlBielefeldt.txt <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Translation of Yokoi Kakud, Fundamental Understanding of St Zen Buddhism. <em>Komazawa daigaku bukky gakubu kenky kiy </em> [Bulletin of the Faculty of Buddhist Studies, Komazawa University] 31 (3/73), pp. 1-6. (With F. Bielefeldt) </font></p> <p> </p> </blockquote> <p align="left"><font size="2"><a href="https://terebess.hu/zen/mesterek/Bielefeldt.doc" target="_blank"><strong><font size="3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ch'ang-lu Tsung-tse's Tso-ch'an I and the "Secret" of Zen Meditation</font></strong></a></font><font size="2"><font size="3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> (DOC) <a href="https://terebess.hu/zen/mesterek/Bielefeldt.doc" target="_blank"><strong><br> </strong></a></font><font size="3"><strong><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">by Carl Bielefeldt</font></strong></font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br> In: <em>Traditions of Meditation in Chinese Buddhism </em><br> Edited by Peter N. Gregory <br> Includes content by: Peter N. Gregory, Alan Sponberg, Daniel B. Stevenson, Bernard Faure, Carl Bielefeldt <br> Kuroda Institute <em>Studies in East Asian Buddhism 4.</em>, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1986, 129-161. </font></font></p> <p align="left"> <font size="3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PDF:<strong> <a href="../dogen/BielefeldtDogen.pdf" target="_blank">Dgen's manuals of Zen meditation</a><br> </strong><font size="2">University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1988</font></font></p> <p align="left"> </p> <p align="left"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="3">DGEN STUDIES IN AMERICA: THOUGHTS ON THE STATE OF THE FIELD</font></strong><br> by Carl Bielefeldt, Stanford University<br> From <em>Zen kenky jo nenp</em> 3 (1992), endmatter pp. 1-17.<br> <a href="http://www.china2551.org/Article/EnglishBudhis/Research/200803/5213.html" target="_blank">http://www.china2551.org/Article/EnglishBudhis/Research/200803/521 3.html</a></font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> I have been asked to take as my subject here the state of the field of Dgen studies in America. This I shall try to do.[1] However, in taking up this subject, I should warn you in advance on two points. First, although I have myself done some study of Dgen, my own academic interests stand somewhat outside most American work in this field, and I am not particularly expert in, or even in many cases familiar with, this work. I shall not, therefore, try to give you here either a comprehensive bibliography of the literature or a detailed appraisal of individual examples; rather, I shall restrict my remarks to a brief historical survey of English-language publications and a more general overview of the ways that Dgen has been and is being treated in America.[2] Second, although we may of course in Pgina 7 CarlBielefeldt.txt a loose sense speak of a field of American Dgen studies, from what I know of the work on Dgen, my own feeling is that it may be misleading both historically and analytically to speak as if what we have in America represents anything so imposing as a field of Dgen studies at least if we mean by this much more than a collection of books and articles on certain aspects of Dgen. I shall try in what follows to explain why I say this.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">There is no doubt that American interest in Dgen has increased remarkably in recent years. A frequenter of the book shops of Jinbch, I note that the Dgen boom in Japanese publication that began some years ago has not yet run its course. American book stores may not have anything quite like the daunting Dgen sections we find in Tokyo, but I venture to say that there are now more books in print in America on Dgen than on any other single figure in the history of Zen or even, I suspect, in the history of East Asian Buddhism as a whole.[3] As a result of these books, Dgen (at least the name Dgen) is now familiar not only to specialists in Zen or East Asian Buddhism but to many scholars in other fields and even to many among the general public with interest in Asian culture.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Nevertheless, if Dgen has grown quickly to become Americas favorite Zen master, he has done so with surprisingly little help from American scholarship. Most of the Dgen titles are trade books, intended for a popular audience; most of them are translations, few of which reflect significant research in primary sources. Many of them are not by scholars and not by Americans. If we look beyond the covers of these books for examples of original American scholarship on Dgen, the list is much less impressive. In fact, the academic study of this Zen master remains in its infancy remains, that is, not only young but small, weak and immature. Thus, historically speaking, it may simply be premature to imagine an academic field of Dgen studies in America. It may even be premature to predict that the considerable American interest in Dgen is leading toward such a field. My own sense, at least for the immediate future, is that it is not.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">I shall come back to the future at the end. Meanwhile, I want to emphasize that it is not only the age and size but also (and more importantly) the shape of American work that makes me reluctant to speak of something as broad as Dgen studies in America. Insofar as there has been American scholarly work on Dgen, it has been for the most part concerned with only one kind of Dgen.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">When we look at Japanese scholarship in this century, we can find at least three major kinds of Dgen: first and most conspicuously, of course, there is Dgen the Zen master, the patriarch of the St Zen school and teacher of shikan taza; second, Dgen the philosopher, the metaphysician of being-time (uji) and the Buddha nature; and finally, Dgen the Japanese, the Kamakura-period Buddhist author and religious leader. Each of these Dgens has his own origins: the Zen master Dgen was largely inherited by modern scholarship from the sectarian studies (shgaku) of the Edo period; the philosopher Dgen was born from the pre-war Japanese encounter with Western thought; the Japanese Dgen has been created largely by post-war historiography. Similarly, each of these images of Dgen appears against and becomes defined by the background of his own setting: the Zen master belongs to the religious history of Zen tradition; the philosopher seems to move in the Pgina 8 CarlBielefeldt.txt abstract atmosphere of timeless, universal truths; the Japanese is bound to the specific circumstances of medieval society and culture.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Of course, this kind of simple tripartite typology is too crude to do real justice to the varied, complex, and shifting styles of Dgen studies in Japan (and I welcome your corrections to it). The categories are by no means clearly bounded but overlap to such a degree that perhaps most scholarship cannot be fairly embraced by any single one alone. The line, for example, between the Zen master as thinker and the philosopher as Buddhist is obviously not easy to draw. Indeed the study of what I am calling Dgen the Zen master is a field of such proportions that it reaches from what in another context we would call constructive theology to highly revisionist (and sometimes quite positivistic) historiography. In the end, perhaps what such extremes have in common is only that they treat Dgen in terms of the history and thought of Zen tradition.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">In any case, I trouble you with this crude typology here only as a heuristic device to help me emphasize the particular character of American academic interest in Dgen. If you can grant me for the moment at least something like my three ideal types of Dgen in Japanese scholarship, I want to suggest that it is only my second type, the philosopher (or perhaps the philosophical theologian), that has so far shown signs of flourishing in the American environment. Of the Zen master, and especially of Dgen the Japanese, we have yet to see very much. First, let me give you a brief historical sketch of English-language publications on Dgen; then I shall step back to reflect a bit on the academic sociology, as it were, within which my various Dgens are (and are not) being studied in America.</font></p> <p> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">* * * * *</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">If the various Dgens of Japanese scholarship were born at very different times Edo, pre-war and post-war the Dgens in America (insofar as we can find a plurality) are very young. When I first began to read about and practice Zen as a philosophy student in San Francisco in the 1960s, Dgen existed in America almost only as a Zen master and this perhaps less on paper than in the imaginations of a few zazen students at the San Francisco Zen Center and other such St-related Zen communities. Our books on Zen Buddhism at the time were mostly by, or influenced by, D. T. Suzuki; and, as you know, the Rinzai professor Suzuki did not much appreciate the St patriarch Dgen.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">I confess that, except for occasional flashbacks, my picture of the 1960s has long faded, but I recall from this decade only three significant English sources on Dgen.[4] The first was The St Approach to Zen, an obscure little collection of essay and translation by the late professor of this university Masunaga Reih.[5] Early in the decade, A History of Zen Buddhism, by the Sophia University professor Heinrich Dumoulin was translated into English from the German.[6] This book, which contained a lengthy chapter on Dgens life and thought, was for many years the most extended and substantial treatment of Zen history in English and served to introduce Dgen to a wide American audience; it has been superseded only by Prof. Dumoulins own recent revised and enlarged two-volume version, Zen Buddhism: A Pgina 9 CarlBielefeldt.txt History.[7] In 1967, Jiyu Kennet, the English St nun trained at Sjiji, published a collection of St Zen materials, including some of Dgens writings.[8] These three early treatments of Dgen, though very different, had at least three things in common: first, none was written by an American; second, all (albeit in different senses and degrees) were products of and sympathetic toward St tradition; and therefore, finally, all took as their object some version of what I am calling Dgen the Zen master.[9]</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Thus, in the early 1970s, when I started graduate Buddhist studies at Berkeley, the American Dgen was still only a Zen master, and Zen masters were still only on the margins of academic Buddhist studies, which tended to look down from its scholarly heights on the popular American literature on Zen and the unlettered enthusiasms of American Zen students. By the early 1980s, however, when I finished my dissertation, Zen studies was becoming recognized as a legitimate, even vital new area of academic Buddhist studies, and Dgen was beginning to develop an established academic identity. Interestingly enough, this new identity has developed for the most part outside of Buddhist studies.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The 1970s saw a large leap in the English resources on Dgen, with a good number of his writings being re-translated or newly rendered. In 1971, for example, Prof. Masunagas translation of the Shbgenz zuimon ki appeared from the University of Hawaii Press, a publisher that has been particularly active in Dgen studies and Zen studies in general.[10] Yokoi Yh translated the Eihei shingi,[11] as well as the Fukan zazen gi, Gakud yjin sh, and the twelve-fascicle (jni kan bon) Shbgenz.[12] The first volume of Nishiyama Ksens complete translation of the Shbgenz appeared in 1975.[13] Particularly welcome during this period, though never to my knowledge brought together in a single volume, were the careful, annotated translations of the Shbgenz and other texts, published throughout the decade in the journal The Eastern Buddhist, by Norman Waddell, often in collaboration with Abe Masao.[14] In addition to these works of translation, the 1970s also saw the publication of Hee-jin Kims important Kigen Dgen: Mystical Realist. This book, produced in 1975, was the first (and even today, over fifteen years later, remains the only) general academic study in English of Dgens life and thought; it has continued to serve over the years as Americas best single introduction to Dgen.[15] .</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Prof. Kims work combines a close familiarity with St shgaku with the authors own interpretation of Dgens thought as religious philosophy. This interest in philosophy has been central to the work of Abe Masao, a man who has done much to spread an appreciation of Dgen in America. Prof. Abes scholarship differs markedly, of course, from that of D. T. Suzuki, but it is probably fair to say that he more than anyone else has inherited Suzukis mantle in America both in the sense that he has taken on Prof. Suzukis mission as interpreter of Zen to the West, and in the sense that his interpretation, like Suzukis, is closely linked to the Kyoto school of Japanese philosophy. Unlike Suzuki, Abe has made Dgen central to his interpretation of Zen.[16] Especially during the decade of the 1980s, through his publications in English, his many lectures and seminars throughout America, his ongoing dialogue with Christian theologians, he has carried Dgens thought beyond the Zen centers and the academic Zen studies Pgina 10 CarlBielefeldt.txt programs to a broad audience of American intellectuals.[17]</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">In any case, it has largely been Prof. Abes image of Dgen the religious philosopher that has dominated American interest over the 1980s. The decade has seen a steady stream of new translations of the Shbgenz, and occasionally of other texts, by Thomas Cleary,[18] Francis Cook,[19] Hee-jin Kim,[20] Kazuaki Tanahashi,[21] Thomas Wright,[22] Yokoi Yh,[23]and others. More significantly, this period has also witnessed, for the first time, the production of original scholarly studies of Dgen by a number of young American scholars trained in Western and often Japanese philosophy, who seek to interpret Dgens thought through the techniques of phenomenology, analytic and comparative philosophy, and so on. Examples of these new interpretations can be found in books such as Tom Kasuliss extremely popular Zen Action-Zen Person,[24] Steven Heines Existential and Ontological Dimensions of Time in Heidegger and Dgen,[25] David Shaners The Body-Mind Experience in Japanese Buddhism: A Phenomenological Perspective of Kkai and Dgen[26] or Joan Stambaughs recent Impermanence and Buddha Nature: Dgens Understanding of Temporality.[27] Clearly, in such books we are in the presence of a Dgen who has transcended St Zen, not to mention Kamakura Japan, to take his place among the World Philosophers.</font></p> <p> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">* * * * *</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Culturally speaking, that it should be the transcendental philosopher who has been most successfully exported to the West should not surprise us: he was, after all, from the beginning created with the foreign market in mind a model first developed in pre-war Japan from imported Western ideas as a part of the project to modernize and internationalize the countrys intellectual history, in order to establish the place of the insular culture among the nations of the world. Predictably, the nations of the world now find their own ideas reflected in the model, and many Americans now find themselves more attracted to it than to the old Zen master. What seems more surprising is the relative neglect of a figure as famous as Dgen by American students of Zen history, who are supposed, after all, to be attracted to old Zen masters. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Within the specific culture of the American academy, it may well be that Dgens very fame, both in America and Japan, is partly to blame for his neglect: he is, as it were, too big to offer an immediately promising subject of study at once too familiar to the American public to be academically fashionable and too imposing in the Japanese secondary literature to be easily manageable. Hence, the student of Zen studies (who in America after all still has almost the entire field from which to lay professional claim to a specialty) is likely tempted to look around for more exotic, less overworked areas where there is greater room for original scholarship. Nothing is so appreciated in the American academy as original scholarship.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">It may also be not only the fact but the particular type of Dgens fame that is to blame: his dual status as philosophical giant and as sacred ancestor of St tradition has probably made him less, rather than more, attractive to Zen studies as it is Pgina 11 CarlBielefeldt.txt typically done in America. Academic Zen studies arose in America during the 1970s largely within the environment of a scientific Buddhology centered in Indology and dedicated to rigorous historical and philological inquiry into ancient Buddhist texts. As a living East Asian religion that celebrated its freedom from the texts and norms of ancient Indian Buddhism, and as a religion that was tainted by its association with popular, anti-intellectual American fads of the 1960s, Zen was an alien (not to say heretical) subject that needed to be domesticated. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Zen students, seeking academic styles that would distance them from Zens alien ways and make them respectable Buddhologists, have tended to be shy of the big ideas of Zen philosophy and embarrassed by the popular pieties of Zen religiosity.[28] Dgen, as object of both philosophical speculation and religious cult, has been in this sense doubly problematic for academic Zen studies. No doubt a number of the scholars of my generation who have begun to establish the field of American Zen studies originally came to these studies, as I did, with interest in Dgen. I have, for some reason, been slower than most to outgrow this interest, but most of my generation has succeeded in finding more appropriate subjects. Apart from my own little study of the Fukan zazen gi,[29] James Koderas work on the Hky ki may be the only American book to deal with Dgen in the context of Zen history.[30]</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The early direction of academic Zen studies in America was particularly influenced by two books published in 1967: Yanagida Seizans Shoki zensh shisho no kenky,[31] which became a kind of bible of the field during its inception in the 1970s; and Philip Yampolskys The Platform Stra of the Sixth Patriarch,[32] which, as the first scholarly study of a Zen text by an American academic became a standard against which the field could measure itself. Both these books, of course, dealt with the origins of Zen in the Tang dynasty, and both sought to reevaluate Zen tradition through the techniques of modern textual and historical scholarship. Subsequent American Zen studies has tended to favor this same subject and these same techniques.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Although we are now beginning to get some excellent original American studies of Tang-dynasty Zen, the field remains weaker for later periods and for Japan (not to mention Korea and Viet Nam). Profs. Yanagida and Yampolsky have themselves moved on from their earlier studies to consider topics in Japanese Zen, and recent American Zen studies shows some signs of following suite; but the fact remains that most areas of Japanese Zen have yet to be explored. This is unfortunately true not only within Zen studies but also in other fields of Japanese studies from which we might have hoped for scholarship on Dgen as medieval Japanese figure. In fact, this last of my three Dgens is the least known in America. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">While the study of Japanese Zen (and, apart from some notable exceptions, of Japanese Buddhism more broadly) has lagged behind work on China, American scholarship has made significant advances in Japanese history, literature, and religion. Yet this scholarship has not, for the most part, been attracted by the technicalities of Buddhist thought and has, therefore, largely stayed clear of the great thinkers of Kamakura Buddhism the Dgens, Shinrans and Nichirens preferring to leave Pgina 12 CarlBielefeldt.txt such towering figures to the specialists in Buddhist studies. Since American Buddhist studies has not yet been ready to accept the challenge, we still have nothing approaching an adequate history of Kamakura Buddhism within which to place Dgen and, therefore, little sense of him as a participant in and creator of medieval Japanese religious culture.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">In short, then, it seems that the conditions of the American academic community have so far not been very conducive to the development of the study of Dgen as an historical figure, either within Zen tradition or the Japanese past. If we can take as representative of American scholarship the collection of papers, entitled Dgen Studies, published in 1985 as a result of the first Kuroda Institute conference on Dgen, it is still almost entirely Dgens ideas that preoccupy us.[33] Yet conditions are rapidly changing, and I would like to close with a few thoughts on the future of Dgen studies in America.</font></p> <p> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">* * * * *</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Among the most general changes that may effect this field is the increasing incorporation of Asian humanities into American university education. One sign of this change is the recent graduation of Buddhist studies from the relative isolation of Asian language programs into religious studies departments. If this move may be tending to increase the distance of Buddhologists from their colleagues in Asian philology and classical languages, it is also bringing them into much closer contact with the interests and methods of new colleagues and thereby breaking down the old barriers, almost as daunting in America as in Japan, between the disciplines of Buddhist studies and religious studies. How might such contact affect the future careers of my three Dgens?</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">At first glance, religious studies would seem the ideal environment for further development of scholarship on Dgen as religious philosopher, providing an intellectual setting in which he can be viewed alongside, and in conversation with, the great thinkers of the worlds religions. Some American academic institutions may in fact provide such a setting. But it must also be realized that the discipline of religious studies in America has itself been undergoing considerable change in recent years, moving from earlier emphases on theology, intellectual and church histories, history and phenomenology of religions, and so on, toward increasing concerns for recent developments in hermeneutics and critical theory, culture studies and social history. In this new environment, the old ways of doing the humanities, with their focus on the cultural products of the social elite, are being called into question; and in religious studies departments deeply influenced by this environment, the study of the great religious traditions and of the great religious thinkers of the past is giving way to new interests in popular religious mentalities that are best discovered in the ordinary beliefs and everyday practices of the community.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">There is an obvious sense in which such developments do not bode well for Dgen studies, which has been after all, both in Japan and America, a prime example of the old ways of the humanities. Certainly the new religious studies environment will not be Pgina 13 CarlBielefeldt.txt conducive to the study of Dgen as philosopher; for the time being, it may be difficult for such study to find a comfortable home in at least the more up-to-date institutions. But the study of Dgen as Zen master, at least as this study has traditionally been approached, is also not likely to flourish: if American Zen students were unattracted to such study in the earlier Buddhist studies environment (where they were at least expected to read the great books of the tradition), it is difficult to see what in the new environment will encourage them to the years of textual work involved in fitting Dgen into Zen tradition. We should probably not expect soon to see many American specialists in such subjects as the Chinese sources of Dgens doctrine or the textual history of the Shbgenz. On the other hand, since Japanese scholarship is so good at such subjects, perhaps we do not need many of these American specialists.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">If there is a bright spot in this rather gloomy forecast, I suspect it may lie in the study of the last of my three Dgens, the medieval Japanese. To be sure, in a narrow sense and over the short term, a redirection of our attention from the great figures of the past to their historical contexts will make the great figure of Dgen as Kamakura cultural hero less immediately attractive as an object of study; similarly, a preference for social history and culture studies over the history of ideas will not encourage an appreciation for such obvious subjects as the place of Dgens doctrine in the history of Japanese Buddhist thought. Topics like Dgen and Shinran or Dgen and hongaku thought are not likely to be central to the concerns of the next generation of American scholarship. In a broader sense, however, and over the longer run, the new directions of religious studies should help to liberate Dgen from such topics and make him more attractive to a wider range of American scholarship.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">As Zen students are led from the sanctuary of traditional Buddhist studies into the fray of Asian religious and cultural life, the flood of historical realities they will encounter should work to erode the old Buddhological prejudices against Zen as alien and Japan as marginal. As American Zen studies becomes more sensitive to the varied cultural contexts of Zen, the specific historical instantiations of the religion will take center stage, and the particular features of Zen in Japan may begin to get the attention they have so far not enjoyed. Given what I have suggested here are his several handicaps as an object of such attention, I doubt that this process will start with Dgen; but eventually American scholarship should rediscover his value, less now perhaps as universal philosopher or enlightened Zen patriarch than as an important expression of and therefore a major resource for understanding the religious life of medieval Japan. </font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">At the moment, I can think of no young scholar at a major American university who plans to specialize in Dgen. I can think, however, of several at my own university and elsewhere who have particular interest in the later history of St Zen, both medieval and modern.[34] Research in this history (especially of Edo and Meiji) could do much to help Americans understand the historical origins and ideological characteristics of our current images of Dgen and thus indirectly spark renewed curiosity about the person and the books that may (or may not) stand behind these images. Perhaps from among these scholars, perhaps from among their students, will come a new generation of Dgen studies in America.</font></p> Pgina 14 CarlBielefeldt.txt <p> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">* * * * *</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">But enough of such daydreaming about the future; let me close here with one brief final point less speculative and more urgent. Whatever direction American Dgen studies is to take, if it is to flourish it will need considerably better access to Dgens own writings than it now has in English. I need hardly point out to this audience the difficulties presented the reader by much of Dgens corpus, with its unusual style, surprising linguistic play, obscure allusion to the literature of Chinese Zen, and so on. Of course, for most serious Dgen scholarship, there can be no real substitute for work in the original texts, but the texts are sufficiently difficult that even the specialist can benefit greatly from scholarly translation.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">With all due respect to their authors, and appreciating the considerable variety (and often high quality) of our current translations, I think it fair to say that few have been done with the scholarly reader in mind. Hence, they have tended to make Dgen, as it were, too easy covering over what is obscure in the original with a good guess, resolving what is ambiguous or multivalent with a single reading, often smoothing the exotic imagery and striking metaphor into a bland abstraction, sometimes masking (or even omitting) what seems irrelevant to the message or might be distasteful to the audience. Such translation surely has its purposes and its value, and no doubt it has made Dgen more accessible to many readers; but it is too far from the original to serve as an adequate resource for many (I would say most) scholarly purposes. Thus perhaps the prime desideratum for American Dgen studies today is a set of authoritative English versions of at least his major writings (including the Eihei kroku, which has so far received far too little attention) versions that are sensitive not only to the texts themselves but to the wealth of commentary and scholarship that has been done on them, versions that provide full annotation to the textual features, historical background and literary sources of the originals.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">If I have been close to right here in my characterization of the American field, then we cannot expect it soon to produce a scholar capable of (or inclined to undertake) such a difficult and technical project. In any case, it should not be left to a single scholar or to the American field: it should be the long-term job of a team of Japanese and American scholars, representing differing expertise and disparate points of view. Similar teams have been at work in Kyoto, producing excellent translations of Shinran. Komazawa University is by any measure the Mecca of Dgen studies, and I appeal to friends of American Dgen studies among you to consider such a project here. To a large extent, of course, you would have to consider it a gift a form, if you will, of intellectual foreign aid; but I suspect that the process of studying the texts together and arriving at a mutually acceptable reading might even have its occasional benefits for Dgen studies here at home.</font></p> <p> </p> <blockquote> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[1]This paper is Pgina 15 CarlBielefeldt.txt a revised, annotated version of a talk to the Zen Kenkyjo, Komazawa University, 7 October, 1991. The work was done under grants from the Fulbright Program and the Social Science Research Council.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[2]With only occasional exceptions, I omit reference in my survey to the treatment of Dgen in journal articles or works on broader subjects and limit myself to representative books that deal specifically with him.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[3]Indeed, within Buddhism as a whole, his only serious recent competitor for the American Buddhist dollar (apart from Gautama) may be Tsong-kha-pa.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[4]My memory in general is not good, and writing this as I am in Tokyo, away from my books, I must beg indulgence for the failures in memory that have caused me to overlook work deserving mention in the following account. I should like to thank David Riggs and Richard Jaffe for reminding me of (and introducing me to) several titles.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[5]Toky Layman Buddhist Society Press, 1958. This book never had much circulation in America and, I believe, has been out of print for many years. Prof. Masunaga also published a number of other translations in Japan that rarely made their way to America.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[6]Boston: Beacon Press, 1963; the German version appeared in 1959.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[7]The Dgen material appears in vol. 2, Japan (New York: MacMillan, 1989). See also Prof. Dumoulins Zen Enlightenment: Origins and Meaning (Tokyo and New York: Weatherhill, 1979).</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[8]Selling Water by the River; reissued as Zen is Eternal Life (Emeryville, California: Dharma Publishing, 1976).</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[9]I include Father Dumoulins work as a product of St tradition in the sense that it reflects the Komazawa shgaku of its time. In addition to these three titles, we might mention in passing here Phillip Kapleaus Three Pillars of Zen (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), which, though it contained only a little on Dgen himself, did through its considerable popularity at the time serve to introduce St religion (of the sort taught by Yasutani Hakuun) to many Americans.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[10]A Primer of St Zen: A Translation of Dgens Shbgenz Zuimonki (Honolulu).</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[11]Regulations for Monastic Life by Eihei Dgen: Eihei-Genzenji-Shingi (Toky Sankib Busshorin, 1973).</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[12]Zen Master Dgen: An Introduction with Selected Writings, with Daizen Victoria (Weatherhill, 1976).</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[13]Shbgenz: The Eye and Treasury of the True Law, with John Stevens (Sendai: Daihokkaikaku). The work was completed in four volumes, the last of which appeared in 1983; it has been reissued by Nakayama Shob in a one-volume version (Tokyo, 1988).</font></p> Pgina 16 CarlBielefeldt.txt <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[14]The Eastern Buddhist, new series (hereafter cited as EB) 4: 1, 2 (1971); 5: 1, 2 (1972); 6: 2 (10/73); 7: 1 (5/74); 8: 2 (10/75); 9: 1, 2 (1976); 10: 2 (10/77); 11: 1 (5/78); 12: 1 (5/79).</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[15]Published as an Association for Asian Studies Monograph (no. 29; Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press); a revised edition was brought out by the same press in 1987.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[16]Prof. Abes interpretations of Dgen have just been collected in A Study of Dgen: His Philosophy and Religion (Albany, N. Y.: SUNY Press, 1992).</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[17]Prof. Abe has played a leading role in the recent development of Buddhist-Christian dialogue, including the on-going buddho-theo-logical consultation informally known as the Cobb-Abe Group. Thus, in certain circles in America, Dgen may have become not only a famous figure in the history of Zen but also one of the chief representatives of Buddhist thought a spokesman, as it were, for the Buddhist world view to whom Americans may turn for the final word on what Buddhists think about things.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[18]Record of Things Heard (Boulder, Colorad Praj Press, 1980) (translation of the Zuimon ki); Shb genz: Zen Essays by Dgen (Hawaii, 1986).</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[19]How to Raise an Ox: Zen Practice as Taught in Zen Master Dgens Shb genz (3d ed.; Los Angeles: Center Publications, 1990); Sounds of the Valley Streams: Enlightenment in Dgens Zen (SUNY Press, 1988) (both rendering selections from the Shbgenz).</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[20]Flowers of Emptiness: Selections from Dgens Shbgenz (Lewiston, N. Y. and Queenston, Ontari E. Mellen Press, 1985).</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[21]Moon in a Dewdrop, with others (San Francisc North Point, 1986) (containing selections from the Shbgenz and other texts).</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[22]Refining Your Life (Weatherhill, 1983) (translation of the Tenzo kykun, with commentary by Uchiyama Ksh Rshi).</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[23]The Shbgenz (Toky Sankib Busshorin, 1986; originally published in separate fascicles, 1985-86); The Eihei-kroku (Sankib, 1987). Recently, the Kyoto Soto-Zen Center has been particularly active in publishing on Dgen in English; see, e. g., Okumura Shohaku, Shobogenzo-zuimonki: Sayings of Eihei Dogen Zenji (Kyoto, 1987); Okumura, Dogen Zen (1988).</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[24]Hawaii, 1985. Prof. Kasulis once offered his own perspective on the English materials on Dgen; see The Zen Philosopher: A Review Article on Dgen Scholarship in English, Philosophy East and West 28:3 (7/78).</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[25]SUNY Press, 1985. See also Prof. Heines A Blade of Grass: Japanese Poetry and Aesthetics in Dgen Zen (P. Lang, 1989). He has published a review of several translations of Pgina 17 CarlBielefeldt.txt and articles on Dgen in Truth and Method in Dgen Scholarship: A Review of Recent Works, EB 20: 2 (Autumn 1987).</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[26]SUNY Press, 1985.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[27]Hawaii, 1990. Though as far as I know it has not yet issued in a book, mention should also be made here of the excellent philosophical work of John Maraldo; see, e. g., his piece in Dgen Studies (for which, see below, note 33) or The Hermeneutics of Practice in Dgen and Francis of Assisi: An Exercise in Buddhist-Christian Dialogue, EB 14: 2 (Autumn 1981).</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[28]As one prominent Zen philosopher has said of my own work, we want to see only the horizontal, not the vertical, dimension of Zen.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[29]Dgens Manuals of Zen Meditation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[30]Dgens Formative Years in China: An Historical Study and Annotated Translation of the Hky-ki (Praj Press, 1980). For a rare Buddhological treatment, see William Grosnick, The Zen Master Dgens Understanding of the Buddha Nature in Light of the Historical Development of the Buddha Nature Concept in India, China and Japan (dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1986).</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[31]Kyot Hzkan.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[32]New York: Columbia University Press.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[33]Edited by William LaFleur and published in the Institutes Studies in East Asian Buddhism series by the University of Hawaii Press. The book includes papers by Profs. Abe, Kim, Cook, Kasulis, Maraldo, and myself, with an introductory essay by LaFleur and a concluding essay by Robert Bellah. A second Kuroda Dgen conference included unpublished papers by the Zen Kenkyjos own Suzuki Kakuzen, as well as Tamaki Kshir, Tamura Yoshiro, and others.</font></p> <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[34]Probably the first published product of this interest will be William Bodifords excellent St Zen in Medieval Japan, a book manuscript based on research done here at Komazawa under Prof. Ishikawa Rikizan and scheduled to appear in the Kuroda Institutes Studies in East Asian Buddhism series. </font></p> <p align="left"> </p> <p align="left"> </p> <p align="left"> </p> <p align="left"> </p> </blockquote>
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