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Author'sfullnome LINGTINGYI
Dote of birth 23RD I988

SEPTEMBER
Title ANALYSISUTITIZING
VOTTAGESECURITY VOLTAGECOLTAPSE
INDICATOR
PROXIMITY IN POWER SYSTEM
Acodemic Session 20r0/2011
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(NEWrC NO./PASSPORT
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Signature
Supervisor ASSOC.PROF.DR AZHAR KHAIRUDIN
Date \2M AY 2011

VOLTAGE SECURITY ANALYSIS UTILIZING VOLTAGE COLLAPSE
PROXIMITY INDICATOR IN POWER SYSTEM
LING TING YI
This thesis is submitted in fulfillment for the

requirement for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
MAY 2011
DECLARATION
"It is hereby declared that all the materials in this thesis are the effort of my own work
and idea except for works that have been cited clearly in the references. The thesis has
not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently subrnitted in candidature ofany
degree."
Name of Author : LING TING YI

Date , lf, MAY2oll
iii
To my parents, Ling Yoke Hook and Chew Chui Har;

younger sister, Ling Zhi Han;
younger brothers, Ling Ting Yan and Ling Ting Rui;
all my friends and those great people who appear in my life
that makes me who I am today
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, I would like to express my heartiest gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr

Azhar Khairudin for his comments, guidance and advice in the preparation of this
research from scratch to successfully accomplish. Besides, I would like to thank Assoc.
Prof. Dr. Mohd. Wazir Mustafa for his lectures and guidance on Power System Analysis
course which enhance my knowledge to complete the research. My deepest appreciation
goes to my family, friends and colleagues as well for their patience and cooperation
during the entire research process. Finally, I was also greatly indebted to who helped our
research very much directly and indirectly.
v
ABSTRACT
Voltage instability leading to voltage collapse phenomenon is mostly due to the

inability of power system to meet the demand for reactive power at certain critical load
buses. The primary purpose of identifying weak load buses is to maintain control of
voltage at those buses, in particular to prevent voltage collapse. This research was
carried out for voltage security analysis utilizing voltage collapse proximity indicator for
contingency screening and ranking process, as part of the voltage stability assessment.
Two benchmark results were adopted which were relative voltage change index (VC)
and continuation power flow (CPF) to be compared to the proposed voltage collapse
proximity indicator (VCPI). MATPOWER and MATLAB were used as the primary
software to carry out load flow analysis required to generate the data for the indices.
IEEE 14-bus and 30-bus test system were the power system network used to implement
the indices. The overall findings indicated that proposed VCPI was satisfactory in terms
of accuracy, but has longer computation time compared to VC. While for comparison
with CPF, their results deviated much due to the assumption of critical loading condition
on VCPI index calculation, and VCPI was superior to CPF from the perspective of
computation time. In conclusion, some suggestions have been made to enhance the
efficiency of the VCPI and recommendations for future research have also been included
in the final part of the report.
vi
ABSTRAK
Fenomena ketidakstabilan voltan yang menyebabkan voltan runtuh sebahagian

besar adalah disebabkan oleh ketidakmampuan sistem tenaga untuk memenuhi
keperluan kuasa reaktif pada bus beban kritikal tertentu. Tujuan utama untuk
mengenalpasti bas beban lemah adalah untuk mempertahankan kawalan voltan terhadap
bus tersebut, khususnya untuk mencegah runtuh voltan. Penyelidikan ini dilakukan
untuk analisis keselamatan voltan dengan menggunakan penunjuk jarak runtuh voltan
(VCPI) untuk penapisan kontingensi dan proses peringkat, sebagai sebahagian daripada
penilaian kestabilan voltan. Dua keputusan benchmark, indeks relatif penukaran voltan
(VC) dan kelanjutan aliran kuasa (CPF) akan dibandingkan dengan VCPI yang
dicadangkan. MATPOWER dan MATLAB digunakan sebagai perisian utama untuk
melakukan analisis aliran beban yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan data untuk
indeks. IEEE 14-bus dan 30-bus adalah sistem tenaga rangkaian yang digunakan untuk
pelaksanaan indeks. Penemuan keseluruhan menunjukkan bahawa VCPI dicadangkan
adalah memuaskan dari aspek kejituan, namun ia mempunyai masa pengiraan yang lebih
lama dibandingkan dengan VC. Sedangkan untuk perbandingan dengan CPF, keputusan
CPF menyimpang jauh disebabkan andaian keadaan pembebanan kritikal pada
perhitungan indeks VCPI. Walau bagaimanapun VCPI lebih unggul daripada CPF dari
perspektif masa pengiraan. Sebagai kesimpulan, beberapa cadangan telah dibentang
untuk meningkatkan kecekapan VCPI dan cadangan untuk kajian akan datang juga
telah disertakan di bahagian akhir laporan.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
THESIS STATUS CONFIRMATION FORM

SUPERVISOR CONFIRMATION
TITLE COVER i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES xiv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background of the Study 1
1.3 Problem Statement 2
1.4 Objectives of the Study 3
1.5 Scope of the Study 3
1.6 Significance of the Study 4
1.7 Thesis Organization 4
viii
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Power System Security 6
2.3 Voltage Security Assessment 8
2.4 Relative Voltage-Change Method (VC) 10
2.4 Continuation Power Flow (CPF) 11
2.4 Voltage Collapse Proximity Indicator (VCPI) 12
2.4 Summary 14
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 15
3.1 Introduction 15
3.2 Research Procedure 15
3.2.1 Critical Loading Condition 16
3.2.2 Relative Voltage-Change Method 17
3.2.3 Continuation Power Flow 18
3.2.4 Voltage Collapse Proximity Indicator 19
3.3 Research Instruments 20
3.3.1 MATPOWER Software 21
3.4 Data Analysis 27
3.4.1 PV Curve 27
3.4.2 Microsoft Office Excel 2007 SP2 27
3.5 Summary 28
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29

4.1 Introduction 29
4.2 Results and Discussion 29
ix
4.2.1 IEEE 14-Bus Test System 30

4.2.1.1 Benchmark Results 31
4.2.1.1.1 VC 31
4.2.1.1.2 CPF 33
4.2.1.2 Critical Bus Ranking by VCPI 34
4.2.1.3 Discussion 36
4.2.2 IEEE 30-Bus Test System 36
4.2.1.1 Benchmark Results 38
4.2.1.1.1 VC 38
4.2.1.1.2 CPF 40
4.2.1.2 Critical Bus Ranking by VCPI 42
4.2.1.3 Discussion 45
4.3 Summary 48
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 49

5.1 Introduction 49
5.2 Conclusions 49
5.3 Recommendations 50
5.4 Future Research Work 51
REFERENCES 52
APPENDICES A E 55-70
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO TITLE PAGE
4.1 Determination of critical loading condition for IEEE 31

14-bus system
4.2 Calculation of VCi on heavy load state (IEEE 14-bus 32
system)
4.3 Critical load bus ranking of IEEE 14-bus system using 33
VCi
VCi
voltage collapse point from PV curve
4.6 Calculation of VCPI on heavy load state (IEEE 14-bus 35
system)
VCPI
4.8 Comparison of 3 proximity measures for contingency 36
ranking of IEEE 14-bus system
4.9 Determination of critical loading condition for IEEE 38
30-bus system
4.10 Calculation of VCi on heavy load state (IEEE 30-bus 39
system)
VCi
4.12 Real power and voltage magnitude of P-Q bus at 41
xi
voltage collapse point from PV curve (IEEE 30-bus

system)
voltage collapse point from PV curve
4.14 Calculation of VCPI on heavy load state (IEEE 30-bus 43
system)
VCPI
4.16 Comparison of 3 proximity measures for contingency 45
ranking of IEEE 30-bus system
4.17 Comparison of 3 proximity measures in terms of 47
computation time per load flow for both test systems
4.18 Comparison of 3 proximity measures in terms of 47
overall computation time for both test systems
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE

NO.
2.1 Voltage Stability Assessment Flowchart 9

2.2 PV curve of a load bus 12
3.1 Flowchart for methodology of critical loading condition 17
3.2 Flowchart for methodology of critical bus ranking utilizing 18
VC
CPF
VCPI
3.5 System summary of runpf command 22
3.6 Bus data of runpf command 23
3.7 Branch data of runpf command 23
3.8 PV curve of IEEE 14-bus system, bus 4 26
4.1 IEEE 14-bus system 30
4.2 IEEE 30-bus system 37
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CPF - Continuation Power Flow

GUI - Graphic User Interface
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
PD - Real Power Demand
QD - Reactive Power Demand
SCADA - Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SNB - Saddle Node Bifurcation
TNB - Tenaga Nasional Berhad
VC - Relative Voltage-Change Index
VCPI - Voltage Collapse Proximity Indicator
VSA - Voltage Stability Assessment
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A1 IEEE 14-bus system MATLAB M-file 55

A2 IEEE 30-bus system MATLAB M-file 58
B test_cpf MATLAB M-file 62
C PV curves for each load bus in IEEE 14-bus system 64
D PV curves for each load bus in IEEE 30-bus system 66
E MATLAB command for constant power factor load 69
increment
F MATLAB M-file for command computation time 70
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
This project proposes Voltage Security Analysis utilizing Voltage Collapse

Proximity Indicator in power system. This analysis is very important in contingency
screening and ranking as part of the voltage security assessment.
In this chapter, background of the study, problem statement, objectives of the

study, scope of the study, significance of the study, and thesis organization are to be
presented.
1.2 Background of the Study
Up to year 2009, industrial sector is the second largest consumer of energy in

Malaysia, followed closely by transport sector [1]. Electrical energy is the major energy
supply for the industries, and the result of the energy audit in 2008 shows that the
highest energy consuming equipment is electric motor followed by liquid pumps and air
compressors which are used most in industry sectors [1].
2
Thus the power system is expected to be more heavily loaded from day to day.
However, many environmental and economic constraints preventing the constructions of
new or upgrading power system. The power producing utilities such as Tenaga Nasional
Berhad (TNB) shows reluctance to expand their generation and transmission capabilities
due to social pressure, such as the public concerns about the effect of electric and
magnetic field around the housing area near to transmission lines.
All the constraints lead the current power system to operate closely to stability
limits, causing loss of control of the voltage levels in a power system. Usually the
voltage decay is gradual that makes system operators unaware that it is the symptom of
voltage collapse which will lead to complete blackout. Therefore, constant attention is
required to ensure the systems are operated above desired level of voltage stability
margin.
Voltage Stability Assessment (VSA) is the process to ensure the voltage security
in power system. There are two main scope of the assessment, which is static security
and dynamic security of system. One of the various steps of carrying out the assessment
is contingency screening and ranking of weak load buses. Numerous ways were
developed by researchers and industries to indicate the weakest bus in the power system.
This step is vital to make preventive maintenance before the voltage collapse happen.
1.3 Problem statement
The problem statements of this project are:
i. Most of authors realized voltage collapse in power system as a static

phenomenon;
3
ii. Static study is appropriate for bulk power system study, which involves
enormous number of buses and generators;
iii. Static voltage instability is most affected by reactive power imbalance.
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this project are:
i. To develop an indicator to perform contingency screening and ranking as part of

the voltage security assessment on standard IEEE test system using MATLAB
language;
ii. To compare the results obtained from the proposed VCPI to two benchmark
results.
1.5 Scope of the study
The scope of this project is:
i. Contingency screening and ranking of Voltage Security Assessment;

ii. Static power system analysis;
iii. Analysis applied to offline system;
iv. Weak load buses and critical lines identification in power system.
The assumptions made in the project are:

4
i. The PQ-buses with zero loads are assumed to be of zero loads throughout the
analysis;
ii. The parameters of the PV-buses, i.e. bus voltage magnitude and injected power,
P are assumed to be constant throughout the analysis;
iii. The slack bus is capable to absorb the losses in the system.
There is limitation in the project. Only load with sufficient reactive power will be
considered as the proposed VCPI is considering reactive power solely.
1.6 Significance of the study
Although there are various ways of contingency screening and ranking in the
research field, the findings of this study are important as part of Voltage Security
Assessment. Critical load bus identification is vital to ensure the priority of preventive
and correction action is given to the most critical load bus in the power system.
Through this research, a simplified implementation of VCPI that was proposed

by Chen is presented [2], thus ease the researchers from similar field as well as the
power utility industries who implement it.
1.7 Thesis Organization
This thesis consists of 5 chapters.
Chapter 2 presents literature review on the project, namely the background of

Power System Security, Voltage Security Assessment, and the available voltage collapse
proximity indicators and indexes to perform the analysis.
5
Chapter 3 discusses the methodology used in the project, including methodology

to perform continuation power flow analysis, critical loading condition, voltage change
index analysis and VCPI analysis.
Chapter 4 presents the findings and results obtained from the project. The data
are analyzed and the three critical bus rankings are compared and discussed.
Chapter 5 discusses the conclusion of the project, and suggestions for further
extension on the current work.
6
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
In this chapter, literature review starts with screening the concept of power
system security, which is the big picture of the research. The research is part of the effort
to ensure power system to operate without interruption of supply to the consumers in the
same time it can withstand credible contingencies. Next the voltage stability analysis
procedure is examined and the scope steep down to static security assessment. Finally
two benchmark methods and the proposed method are reviewed from the original
authors, and the reviews of some other methods are presented as well.
2.2 Power System Security
Voltage stability problems normally occur in heavily stressed systems. A system

enters a state of voltage instability when a disturbance, increase in load demand, or
change in system condition causes a progressive and uncontrollable drop in voltage. The
main factor causing instability is the inability of the power system to meet the reactive
power demand. The heart of the problem is usually the voltage drop that occurs when
active power and reactive power flow through inductive reactance associated with the
transmission network. Moreover, a criterion for voltage stability is at a given operation
7
condition for every bus in the system, the bus voltage magnitude increases as the
reactive power injection at the same bus is increased. A system is voltage unstable if, for
at least one bus in the system, the bus voltage magnitude (V) decreases as the reactive
power injection (Q) at the same bus is increased. [3]
The phenomenon of voltage collapse on a transmission system, due to operation

near the maximum transmissible power, is characterized by a fall in voltage, which is at
first gradual and then rapid. The theoretical relationship between power transferred
across a system and the receiving-end voltage follows an approximately parabolic shape.
The gradient of the curve becomes steeper as the apogee of the parabola is approached,
and a small increase in power demand at the receiving end can cause its voltage to
collapse to an unacceptably low level, rather than to continue declining in a controlled
and predictable manner. [4] The curve is also known as PV curve.
Since it is impossible to eliminate completely random faults and failures,

measures must be taken to reduce the likelihood that disturbances degenerate into major
incidents involving the disconnection of consumers. We will therefore define power
system security as the ability of the system to withstand unexpected failures and
continue operating without interruption of supply to the consumers. [5]
A power system can never be totally secure. It is always possible to devise a

sequence of events that will lead to a total or partial collapse of the system. The
probability of such a sequence of events may be very small but it will never be zero. At
the other extreme, a power system operating on its stability limit has zero security
because any deterioration in its condition (such as the outage of a component or a small
increase in load) will result in the disconnection of at least some consumers. [5]
There are some other important terms to understand for this research, which is
defined in [6]:
8
i. Voltage stability - the ability of a system to maintain voltage magnitude at all the
buses in the system after disturbance;
ii. Voltage collapse - a process by which voltage instability leads to a very low
voltage;
iii. Voltage security - the ability of a system not only to operate stably but also to
remain stable following credible contingencies or adverse system changes.
2.3 Voltage Stability Assessment
Voltage stability security assessment should indicate with:
a. Where the voltage collapse occurs for any equipment outage or operating
change,
b. All contingencies and operating changes that cause voltage collapse in that
location (a specific sub region in the transmission, sub transmission, or
distribution network),
c. The cause of the voltage collapse in terms of
i. lack of reactive supply on specific reactive sources or

ii. an inability to deliver reactive to the specific region experiencing voltage
collapse,
d. What operating changes could be made in anticipation to prevent the voltage

instability from occurring when a specific contingency and operating change
combination predicted to cause voltage instability occurs. [7]
9
Figure 2.1 is the modified flowchart from [8] which represents the voltage
stability assessment. The VSA environment receives its input from a real time database.
Voltage stability assessment of the current operating point is necessary to enable the
system engineer know the voltage stability status of the system. The outcome of this
assessment determines the next line of action. If the result of the assessment is positive,
i.e. the system is secured at the present operating point, the next step would be to initiate
some credible contingencies, such as line outages and critical loading conditions, which
would be analyzed further. The large list of contingencies is screened and ranked with
respect to their margins to voltage collapse, using any fast and accurate ranking
algorithm available. Finally, the contingencies flagged as potentially harmful to the
systems stability are investigated further using tools like continuation power flow (CPF)
and consequently develop some control schemes to be executed in either a pre-
contingency or post-contingency mode. [9]
Figure 2.1: Voltage Stability Assessment Flowchart

10
In this research, the focus is on the dotted box in the flowchart, which is
contingency selection, screening and ranking of potential harmful load bus in power
system.
System dynamics influencing voltage stability are usually slow. Therefore many
aspects of the problem can be effectively analyzed by static methods, which examine the
viability of the equilibrium point represented by a specified operating condition of the
power system. The static analysis techniques allow examination of a wide range of
system conditions and, if appropriately used, can provide much insight into the nature of
the problem and identify the key contributing factors. Dynamic analysis, on the other
hand, is useful for detailed study of specific voltage collapse situations, coordination of
protection and controls, and testing of remedial measures. Dynamic simulations also
examine whether and how the steady state equilibrium point will be reached. [3]
2.4 Relative Voltage-Change Method (VC)
Introduced by [10] and adopted by [2], the first benchmark method is based on
the relative change in the bus voltages going from the initial operating point to the
voltage stability limit.
Let and be the voltage magnitudes at bus i at the initial operating

state and the voltage stability limit, respectively. A voltage change index is defined for
each load bus as,
(2.1)
As mentioned previously, the weak or critical bus in the network is the most
(electrically) remote bus from the point of constant or controllable voltage. It is expected
that the critical bus would be the worst affected (voltage wise) because of a shortage of
11
local VARs or VARs transferred from a remote source. [10] It is anticipated that for a
specified operating regime, going from an initial operating point to the voltage stability
limit, the weakest bus would experience the largest voltage change (or drop), i.e., the
largest index VC, defined by eqn. 14. Therefore if bus k is the weakest bus,
VCk max{VCi }
iJ L
(2.2)
Based on the index VCi, the system buses may be arranged in order of weakness,
the weakest bus corresponding to that with the largest index.
2.5 Continuation Power Flow (CPF)
First introduced by [11], CPF employs predictor-corrector scheme to find

solution path that have been reformulated to include load parameter. It belongs to a
general class of methods for solving nonlinear algebraic equations known as path-
following methods. [3]
In the research, a MATLAB M-file which was programmed in MATPOWER by

[12] to plot PV curve was adopted. The PV curves are the most used method of
predicting voltage security. They are used to determine the loading margin of a power
system. The power system load is gradually increased and, at each increment, is
necessary recomputed power flows until the nose of the PV curve is reached. The
margin between the voltage collapse point and the current operating point is used as
voltage stability criterion. [13]
Fig. 2.1 presents the PV curves of the power flow solution when generator limits
are neglected. Any attempt to increase PR (QR) beyond point A in the figure would result
in a system voltage collapse. The maximum loading points are depicted in the figure
12
with A and C. Different PV and QV curves can be computed based on the system
parameters chosen to do so. Each curve shows the maximum power that can be
transferred at a particular power factor. [9]
Figure 2.1: PV curve of a load bus
2.6 Voltage Collapse Proximity Indicator (VCPI)
A variety of analysis like the PV curve, QV curve, minimum eigenvaule/singular

value, right eigenvector, family of test functions, tangent vector, reduced Jacobian,
sensitivity analysis and energy based methods have been proposed [11, 14, 15, 16].
These methods usually use simple generator and load models (e.g. constant power loads
at high voltage buses).
Greene [17] proposed sensitivity analysis of the pre-contingency conditions to

avoid voltage collapse on the system. Also, Yorino et al [18] used a fast computation
method to evaluate the load power margin with respect to saddle node bifurcation. Also,
the use of the reactive power reserves was proposed as an index for evaluation of the
voltage stability of post-contingency system [19]. In [20], the improved voltage stability
13
index L1 was adopted as a fast and accurate tool to trace the SNB point, regardless of
the type of load model. This takes care of the limitations of the index-L proposed by
Kessel [21] that is only suitable for constant power type of load. Fast curve fitting
method was proposed by Ejebe et al [8] to calculate the limit of the nose curve.
This project adopted voltage collapse proximity indicator (VCPI) method

proposed by Chen et al [2], to carry out the screening and ranking of the test system
buses. The critical lines are determined by linearly increasing the loads. VCPI proposed
by Chen [2] is used to identify weak load buses and areas in the power network. The
rationale behind this definition in is that voltage is the most affected by reactive power.
For a voltage stability system, all VCPIQ will have a value greater than but close to unity,
whereas a system close to voltage collapse would have at least one VCPIQ which is large,
approaching infinity at the point of collapse. In other words, the weakest bus in the
network would have the maximum value of VCPI.
VCPI for i load bus is defined as:
(2.3)
Therefore if bus k is the weakest bus,
VCPI Qk max{VCPI i }
i L
(2.4)
14
Based on the index VCi, the system buses may be arranged in order of weakness,
the weakest bus corresponding to that with the largest index.
2.8 Summary
This chapter has presented the related knowledge of the research and numerous
of past works which were developed by other researchers. It starts from power system
security concept, and go deep to voltage stability assessment overview, until the
benchmark methods and proposed method as well as other methods of developing VCPI.
15
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This section discusses the methodology used to archive the objective of the
research. Three procedures of implementing the indices were explained, namely VC,
CPF and VCPI. Before that another additional procedure is the pre-requisite of acquiring
VC and VCPI ranking, which is obtaining the critical loading condition. The main
research software, MATPOWER and Microsoft Office Excel 2007 SP2 were discussed.
Finally data analysis was done utilizing PV curve.
3.2 Research Procedure
Two benchmark results produced from different method is adopted to be

compared to a proposed VCPI, which is simplified from the original version. All
procedures of the indices are presented, plus an additional procedure which is a pre-
requisite for two of the three critical load bus ranking methods.
16
3.2.1 Critical Loading Condition
Before the indices VC and VCPI could be calculated, critical loading condition
must be obtained to ensure the weakest load bus was exposed for identification. When
the power system is stressed to heavy load state, the voltage magnitude will drop and
reactive power shortage will appear. In this research, 10% margin is adopted as one of
the test systems exceeds 5% tolerance at basecase. Undervoltage will cause voltage
instability and malfunction of electrical equipments, inducing economic losses
especially for heavy industries.
To obtain the critical loading condition for a power system, firstly a load flow
analysis is ran at basecase, and the voltage magnitude on each load bus is recorded. Next,
the load of the power system is increased linearly at constant power factor, on a step of
10%. Constant power factor load increment is done by increasing both real and reactive
power at the same time with same step size. To obtain more precise of critical loading
condition, a smaller step size such as 5% or 1% can be adopted. The increment is
continued with the record of load bus voltage magnitudes until the magnitudes exceeded
the specified range of voltage margin, which is 0.9 p.u. to 1.1 p.u. in this research.
Therefore the last increment of the load before the voltage magnitude exceeded the limit
will be the critical loading condition of the power system. Figure 3.1 shows the
procedure of obtaining critical loading condition for this research in flowchart.
17
Run a load flow at Increase load of IEEE 14-

basecase, record the bus test system linearly
START load bus voltage at constant power factor
magnitude on a step of 10%
Stop the iteration when

Repeat the procedure Record the maximum load bus voltage
for IEEE 30-bus test increment as critical magnitude is dropped
system loading condition out of specified range
(0.9<p.u.<1.1)
END
Figure 3.1: Flowchart for methodology of critical loading condition
3.2.2 Relative Voltage-Change Index (VC)
VC is calculated based on the relative voltage change during initial and critical
loading condition of the power system. The weakest bus will be experiencing largest
voltage drop; hence will produce the largest index. Firstly the critical loading condition
is obtained for the power system. Next, from the load flow results of basecase and
critical loading condition, the voltage magnitude for each load bus is tabulated. After
that, VC index is calculated according to the formula in Chapter 2. When all the indices
are obtained for each load bus, they are ranked from highest to lowest value, indicating
the weakest to strongest bus in the system. Figure 3.2 shows the procedure of obtaining
critical bus ranking utilizing VC for this research in flowchart.
18
Obtain critical Tabulate data of the

loading condition for voltage magnitude at
START IEEE 14-bus test initial state and
system critical state
Rank the load buses

Repeat the procedure Calculate the VC
from the highest to
for IEEE 30-bus test index for each load
lowest value of VC
system bus
index
END
Figure 3.2: Flowchart for methodology of critical bus ranking utilizing VC
3.2.3 Continuation Power Flow (CPF)
CPF method is a graphical method, plotting the PV curve and acquires the data
from the voltage collapse point. Firstly, PV curve is plotted for each load bus using
MATPOWER, the primary research software which will be discussed in the latter
section. Next, values for the voltage and real power magnitude at the voltage collapse
point are tabulated. The ranking is done by examine the real power value from lowest to
highest, indicating the lowest power handling bus as the weakest bus. Higher the value
of real power at voltage collapse point, stronger the load bus. Figure 3.3 shows the
procedure of obtaining critical bus ranking utilizing CPF for this research in flowchart.
19
Tabulate data of the

Plot PV curve for each
voltage magnitude and
START load bus of IEEE 14-bus
test system
real power magnitude
at voltage collapse point
Rank the load buses

Repeat the procedure
from the lowest to
END for IEEE 30-bus test
system
highest value of real
power
Figure 3.3: Flowchart for methodology of critical bus ranking utilizing CPF
3.2.4 Voltage Collapse Proximity Indicator (VCPI)
VCPI is based on the reactive power compensation of the power system. When a
load bus is having small increment of reactive power, other generation buses will
compensate the load increment by generating more reactive power. The load bus that
needs more reactive power compensation from the generation will be indicated as the
weakest bus as it will cause reactive power shortage in the system more likely than other
buses with the same increment of reactive power loading. Therefore the weakest bus will
be taking largest reactive power compensation; hence will produce the largest index.
Critical loading condition is implemented to ensure the system was critically stressed
and this will amplify the effect of reactive power shortage, giving larger value of VCPI
index.
Firstly the critical loading condition is obtained for the power system, same as
the methodology for VC. Next, the reactive power for specific load bus is increased by a
20
small increment, in this research it is simplified by value one (1). The load flow is rerun
after the increment to monitor the additional reactive power generated by the generation
buses. The increment of reactive power of each generation bus is summed up as one of
the parameter for the calculation of VCPI. Then VCPI index is calculated according to
the formula mentioned in Chapter 2. When all the indices are obtained for each load bus,
they are ranked from highest to lowest value, indicating the weakest to strongest bus in
the system. Figure 3.4 shows the procedure of obtaining critical bus ranking utilizing
VCPI for this research in flowchart.
Obtain critical Increase reactive

loading condition for power of specific
START IEEE 14-bus test load bus by Qi and
system rerun the load flow
Obtain the sum of

Repeat the procedure
Calculate VCPI for the increment of reactive
for remaining load
specific load bus power of each
buses
generation bus, QGj
Rank the load buses Repeat the procedure

from the highest to
lowest value of VCPI
for IEEE 30-bus test
system
END
Figure 3.4: Flowchart for methodology of critical bus ranking utilizing VCPI
3.3 Research Instruments
The main research software used in the research was MATPOWER. It is a third
party freeware MATLAB power system simulation package, including several M-files
for solving power flow and optimal power flow problems. The latest version for
MATPOWER is Version 4.0b4, 21-May-2010. Data analysis was done using
21
conventional spreadsheet software, Microsoft Office Excel 2007 spreadsheet. The

research was implemented on IEEE 14-bus test system and IEEE 30-bus test system.
After the data was extracted from MATPOWER load flow solution, it was analyzed
using Microsoft Office Excel 2007 SP2.
3.3.1 MATPOWER
MATPOWER is a package of MATLAB M-files for solving power flow and

optimal power flow problems. It is intended as a simulation tool for researchers and
educators that are easy to use and modify. MATPOWER is designed to give the best
performance possible while keeping the code simple to understand and modify. [12]
The primary functionality of MATPOWER is to solve power flow and optimal

power flow (OPF) problems. This involves (1) preparing the input data defining the all
of the relevant power system parameters, (2) invoking the function to run the simulation
and (3) viewing and accessing the results that are printed to the screen and/or saved in
output data structures or files. [12]
The input data for the case to be simulated are specified in a set of data matrices
packaged as the fields of a MATLAB struct, referred to as a MATPOWER case struct
and conventionally denoted by the variable mpc. This struct is typically defined in a case
file, either a function M-file whose return value is the mpc struct or a MAT-file that
defines a variable named mpc when loaded. The main simulation routines, whose names
begin with run (e.g. runpf, runopf), accept either a file name or a MATPOWER case
struct as an input. Use loadcase to load the data from a case file into a struct if
modifications need to be made to the data before passing it to the simulation. [12]
22
loadcase is used to load the data from a case file into a struct if modifications
need to be made to the data before passing it to the simulation. To load the IEEE 14-bus
test system, defined in case14.m M-file into the mpc variable, the following function can
be entered:
>> mpc=loadcase (case14);
The solver is invoked by calling one of the main simulation functions, such as
runpf, passing in a case file name or a case struct as the first argument [12]. To run a
Newton power flow with default options on the 14-bus system, the following function
can be entered at the MATLAB prompt:
>> runpf (case14);
Figure 3.5 to 3.7 shows the results of AC power flow results when command
runpf(case14) was entered in MATPOWER:
Figure 3.5: System summary of runpf command

23
Figure 3.6: Bus data of runpf command
Figure 3.7: Branch data of runpf command

24
System summary, bus data, and branch data are displayed. The bus data includes
the voltage, angle and total generation and load at each bus. The branch data shows the
flows and losses in each branch. From the minimum and maximum voltage magnitude
printed in Figure 3.1, it is used in the research for determination of critical loading
condition while bus voltage magnitude in Figure 3.2 is used for VC computation.
On the other hand, real and reactive power demand can be modified to suit the
research need. To load the IEEE 30-bus test system data denoted from case30.m,
increase its real power demand at bus 2 to 30 MW, then run a Newton power flow with
default options, this could be accomplished as follows:
>> define_constants;
>> mpc = loadcase('case30');
>> mpc.bus(2, PD) = 30;
>> runpf(mpc);
The define constants in the first line is simply a convenience script that defines a
number of variables to serve as named column indices for the data matrices. In this
example, it allows us to access the real power demand column of the bus matrix using
the name PD without having to remember that it is the 3rd column [12]. Another
variable used in the research is reactive power demand, which is denoted as QD.
For realization of CPF, continuation power flow code contributed by Rui Bo and
implemented in MATPOWER is used. Implementation of continuous power flow solver
allows the plot of PV curve as well as the prediction-correction trajectory [12]. A
MATLAB M-file test_cpf as the test program for CPF is a PV curve plotter for IEEE 30-
bus test system with respect to load at bus 7. The program can be simply run by typing
test_cpf in the command window. The full code can be obtained in Appendix B.
25
To suit the research need, the program is modified in order to change the case
file to be analyzed. To analyze 14-bus system, line 34 is modified:
>>casename=(case14);
30-bus test system can be implemented by changing case14 into case30 that
represented 30-Bus data. Currently, continuous power flow with respect to demand
being provided to one bus only. So, only one graph for one bus can be drawn at a time.
The number of bus to be analyzed can be simply done by changing the next line:
>>loadvarloc=4
In order to change to other bus, it can be done by changing number 4 to number

10 in order to analyze Bus 10.
Figure 3.8 shows the PV curve for 14-bus system, with respect to bus 4. It is
significant to ensure which buses are critical in this project. PV curves were used to
determine system load handling capability. System performance can be shown for
various types of contingencies. In addition, the curves reflects how much load can be
served at minimum operating voltage level and the contingencies combination that lead
to system voltage collapse. The voltage and power limit for the specific bus can be
determined. For this research, CPF serves as a graphical method to obtain critical bus
ranking for the test power system.
26
Figure 3.8: PV curve of IEEE 14-bus system, bus 4
To record the pure CPU calculation time of a MATLAB programme for

computation time performance analysis, tic and toc function is used. They are the
internal stopwatch timer in MATLAB, where tic starts the timer while toc prints the
elapsed time since tic was used. For example, to measure the computation time of a
power flow of IEEE 14-bus test system, the following MATLAB code can be entered:
>>tic
>>runpf('case14');
>>toc
After the code is entered, the following result will be shown:
Elapsed time is 0.038411seconds.

27
3.4 Data Analysis
To analyze the data, various ways are adopted including graphical method and
tables.
The data from the power flow results are transcribed and analyzed and tabulated
in tables using spreadsheet software. The results present through tables. Table is the best
way to show the ranking of a series of data. In this research, the main purpose is to
produce weak bus ranking in power system network, thus table is the most effective way.
Ranking is done by arranging the indices ascending. Comparison table is tabulated for
clearer judgement in terms of accuracy and deviation of results.
3.4.1 PV Curve
PV curve is adopted as a graphical method to obtain the critical bus ranking in

power system. From the PV curve shown in Figure 3.4, data cursor is placed at the
voltage collapse point (also known as nose point or knee point) to acquire the real power
and voltage magnitude at critical point. After that all the data is tabulated and ranking is
made from the data as mentioned in section 3.2.3.
3.4.2 Microsoft Office Excel 2007 SP2
Good spreadsheet computer software is crucial to analyze numerous data, and it

is vital especially for power system analysis research. Microsoft Office Excel 2007
SP2 is used in the research to simplify the load increment for the power test system used,
computation of VC, critical loading condition computation and computation time and
many more. The ability of Excel to key in formulae in tables and solve numerous data in
28
short time is very helpful in the research. The implementation can be referred from the
attached CD to the thesis.
3.5 Summary
This research proposes two benchmarks, which are VC and CPF, and one
simplified VCPI to examine the ranking of critical bus in power system. As mention
earlier in the introduction, the purpose of this study is to develop an indicator to perform
contingency screening and ranking as part of the voltage security assessment on standard
IEEE test system using MATLAB language, as well as compare the results obtained
from the proposed VCPI to two benchmark results. The research instruments that the
researchers are going to use are MATPOWER and Microsoft Office Excel 2007 SP2.
Then, researcher performs a data analysis base on the results in the form of table and PV
curve.
29
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
This section presents the results of critical bus ranking tested on IEEE 14-bus test
system and IEEE 30-bus test system. Two benchmark results has been adopted, which
are relative voltage-change method (VC) and continuation power flow (CPF). For CPF,
the results are tabulated using data obtained from PV curves plotted on each load bus in
test systems while for VC, the relative change of bus voltage magnitude between initial
state and critical state are recorded. The actual results are computed by proposed VCPI
utilizing the reactive power compensation for small increase on each load bus. Both
results are compared in terms of accuracy and computation time.
4.2 Results and Discussion
Results for the benchmark results, VC and CPF as well as the proposed method,
VCPI are presented, and analysis is done in terms of accuracy and computation time.
30
4.2.1 IEEE 14-bus test system
This project adopts IEEE 14-bus system which is part of American Electric
Power System at February 1962 as shown in Figure 4.1. This power system network
consists of 14 buses with five machines and 11 loads. There is no line limit for 14-bus
system, but it has low base voltages and an overabundance of voltage control capability.
Full data of the test system can be referred at Appendix A section.
Figure 4.1: IEEE 14-bus system
Before the computation of VC and VCPI, critical loading condition is obtained

for the test system. As shown in Table 4.1, heavy load state happens when the load is
increased 180% from basecase, at the same time maintaining 0.9 p.u. to 1.1 p.u. of
voltage magnitude on the load bus, which is 10% tolerance of the normal value. It
appears when the minimum voltage magnitude is stressed to 0.909 p.u. for bus 14 and
maximum voltage magnitude is 1.090 p.u. for bus 8.
31
Table 4.1: Determination of critical loading condition for IEEE 14-bus system
% of increment 0% 10% 20% 170% 180% 190%
Minimum 1.010 1.010 1.010 0.918 0.909 0.899
voltage p.u. @ p.u. @ p.u. @ p.u. @ p.u. @ p.u. @
magnitude bus 3 bus 3 bus 3 bus 14 bus 14 bus 14
Maximum 1.090 1.090 1.090 1.090 1.090 1.090
4.2.1.1 Benchmark results
Benchmark results consist of VC and CPF. The calculation of the indices and the
critical bus ranking are shown.
4.2.1.1.1 Relative Voltage-Change Method
Table 4.2 shows the calculation of VC on IEEE 14-bus system during critical
loading condition. For load bus 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, the VC index appears as nil due to their
generation bus or P-V bus characteristics, which will maintain their voltage magnitude
in spite of load change. Bus 7 is not considered for the ranking as it is not a load bus,
containing no load data for active and reactive power.
32
Table 4.2: Calculation of VCi on heavy load state (IEEE 14-bus system)
Load bus
1 1.060 1.060 0
2 1.045 1.045 0
3 1.010 1.010 0
4 1.018 0.933 0.091104
5 1.020 0.934 0.092077
6 1.070 1.070 0
7* 1.062 0.984 0.079268
8 1.090 1.090 0
9 1.056 0.944 0.118644
10 1.051 0.943 0.114528
11 1.057 0.995 0.062312
12 1.055 1.019 0.035329
13 1.050 0.998 0.052104
14 1.036 0.909 0.139714
* Bus 7 was neglected from ranking as it is not a P-Q bus
Table 4.3 shows the critical bus ranking using VC index. Eight rankings are
produced as there are 8 load buses out of 14 buses available for the use this research.
Load buses are ranked ascending from weak to strong from the calculated VC index
above. Bus 14 appears as the weakest bus according to the index; follow by bus 9, 10, 5,
4, 11, 13 and finally bus 12 as the strongest bus.
33
Table 4.3: Critical load bus ranking of IEEE 14-bus system using VCi
Critical bus Load bus
ranking (weak to
strong)
1 14
2 9
3 10
4 5
5 4
6 11
7 13
8 12
4.2.1.1.2 Continuation Power Flow (CPF) Based Method
Table 4.4 shows the tabulated real power and voltage magnitude from CPF on
IEEE 14-bus system. Only pure load bus is considered for the plotting of CPF, therefore
there is no data for bus 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8.
Table 4.4: Real power and voltage magnitude of P-Q bus at voltage collapse point from
PV curve (IEEE 14-bus system)
Load bus P (p.u.) V (p.u.)
4 7.266 0.6824
5 6.055 0.6249
9 2.536 0.5905
10 1.695 0.5870
11 1.871 0.5781
12 1.826 0.5705
13 2.690 0.5878
14 1.354 0.6008
Table 4.5 shows the critical bus ranking using CPF. Eight rankings are produced
from the tabulated data above and load buses are ranked ascending from weak to strong.
Bus 14 appears as the weakest bus according to the index; follow by bus 10, 12, 11, 9,
13, 5 and finally bus 4 as the strongest bus.
34
Table 4.5: Critical load bus ranking of IEEE 14-bus system using voltage collapse point
from PV curve
ranking (weak to
strong)
1 14
2 10
3 12
4 11
5 9
6 13
7 5
8 4
4.2.1.2 Critical bus ranking by VCPI
Table 4.6 shows the calculation of VCPI on IEEE 14-bus system during critical
loading condition. For load bus 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8, there were no VCPI index appears
due to their generation bus or P-V bus characteristics. As shown in column 3, proposed
VCPI is simplified by stating small change in load reactive power to one (1), compared
to the original VCPI introduced by Chen [2].
35
Table 4.6: Calculation of VCPI on heavy load state (IEEE 14-bus system)
Load bus
1 - - -
2 - - -
3 - - -
4 1.31 1 1.31
5 1.41 1 1.41
6 - - -
7 - - -
8 - - -
9 1.56 1 1.56
10 1.54 1 1.54
11 1.29 1 1.29
12 1.13 1 1.13
13 1.21 1 1.21
14 1.59 1 1.59
Table 4.7 shows the critical bus ranking using VCPI index. Eight rankings are
produced from the tabulated data above and load buses are ranked ascending from weak
to strong. Load buses are ranked ascending from weak to strong from the calculated
VCPI index above. Bus 14 appears as the weakest bus according to the index; follow by
bus 9, 10, 5, 4, 11, 13 and finally bus 12 as the strongest bus.
Table 4.7: Critical load bus ranking of IEEE 14-bus system using VCPI
ranking
(weak to strong)
1 14
2 9
3 10
4 5
5 4
6 11
7 13
8 12
36
4.2.1.3 Discussion
Table 4.8: Comparison of 3 proximity measures for contingency ranking of IEEE 14-
bus system
Rank (weakest to Proximity measures
strongest) CPF VC VCPI
1 14 14 14
2 10 9 9
3 12 10 10
4 11 5 5
5 9 4 4
6 13 11 11
7 5 13 13
8 4 12 12
Table 4.8 shows the load buses of IEEE 14-bus test system ordered from the
weakest to strongest using continuous power flow (CPF) and relative voltage change
index (VC), compared to voltage collapse proximity indicator (VCPI). All three
indicator noted bus 14 as the weakest bus. For VC and VCPI, both of them produce the
same rank of weak load buses, it is evidenced by their same choice of strongest bus in
system, which is bus 12, followed by bus 13, bus 11, bus 4, bus 5, bus 10, bus 9 and
finally bus 14. Besides the weakest bus, CPF screens different results compared to
another two indices. Except ranking of bus 10 and bus 13 are similar to those shown by
others, the remaining rank of buses deviate much, as it can be seen that CPF ranked bus
4 as the strongest bus while others ranked it as the fifth of weakest.
4.2.2 IEEE 30-bus test system
While for IEEE 30-bus system, it consists of 30 buses, 6 generators and 20 loads.
The test system data can be viewed in Appendix A.
37
Figure 4.2: IEEE 30-bus system
Before the computation of VC and VCPI, critical loading condition is obtained

for the test system, same as done for IEEE 14-bus test system. As shown in Table 4.9,
heavy load state happens when the load is increased 80% from basecase, at the same
time maintaining 0.9 p.u. to 1.1 p.u. of voltage magnitude on the load bus, which is 10%
tolerance of the normal value. It appears when the minimum voltage magnitude is
stressed to 0.907 p.u. for bus 8 is and maximum voltage magnitude is 1.000 p.u. for bus
1.
38
Table 4.9: Determination of critical loading condition for IEEE 30-bus system
% of
increment 0% 10% 20% 70% 80% 90%
Minimum 0.961 0.955 0.949 0.915 0.907 0.899
Maximum 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
4.2.2.1 Benchmark results
Benchmark results consist of VC and CPF. The calculation of the indices and the
critical bus ranking are shown.
4.2.2.1.1 Relative Voltage-Change Method
Table 4.10 shows the calculation of VC on IEEE 30-bus system during critical
loading condition. For load bus 1, 2, 13, 22, 23 and 27, the VC index appears as nil due
to their generation bus or P-V bus characteristics, which will maintain their voltage
magnitude in spite of load change. Bus 5, 6, 9, 11, 25 and 28 are not considered for the
ranking as it is not a load bus, containing no load data for active and reactive power.
39
Table 4.10: Calculation of VCi on heavy load state (IEEE 30-bus system)
Load bus
1 1 1 0
2 1 1 0
3 0.983 0.952 0.032563
4 0.98 0.946 0.035941
5* 0.982 0.956 0.027197
6* 0.973 0.932 0.043991
7 0.967 0.923 0.047671
8 0.961 0.907 0.059537
9* 0.981 0.957 0.025078
10 0.984 0.972 0.012346
11* 0.981 0.957 0.025078
12 0.985 0.97 0.015464
13 1 1 0
14 0.977 0.955 0.023037
15 0.98 0.961 0.019771
16 0.977 0.957 0.020899
17 0.977 0.957 0.020899
18 0.968 0.94 0.029787
19 0.965 0.935 0.032086
20 0.969 0.942 0.028662
21 0.993 0.988 0.005061
22 1 1 0
23 1 1 0
24 0.989 0.978 0.011247
25* 0.99 0.981 0.009174
26 0.972 0.948 0.025316
27 1 1 0
28* 0.975 0.932 0.046137
29 0.98 0.961 0.019771
30 0.968 0.939 0.030884
* Bus 5, 6, 9, 11, 25 and 28 were neglected from ranking as it is not a P-Q bus
Table 4.11 shows the critical bus ranking using VC index. Eighteen rankings are
to strong. The top three weakest buses appear as bus 8, 7 and 4, while the top three
strongest buses are bus 21, 24 and 10.
40
Table 4.11: Critical load bus ranking of IEEE 30-bus system using VCi
ranking (weak to
strong)
1 8
2 7
3 4
4 3
5 19
6 30
7 18
8 20
9 26
10 14
11 16
12 17
13 15
14 29
15 12
16 10
17 24
18 21
4.2.2.1.2 Continuation Power Flow (CPF) Based Method
Table 4.12 shows the tabulated real power and voltage magnitude from CPF on
IEEE 30-bus system. Only pure load bus is considered for the plotting of CPF, therefore
there is no data for bus 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 22, 23, 25, 27 and 28.
41
Table 4.12: Real power and voltage magnitude of P-Q bus at voltage collapse point
from PV curve (IEEE 30-bus system)
Load bus P (p.u.) V (p.u.)
3 3.702 0.5237
4 5.676 0.5995
7 2.586 0.5166
8 2.254 0.4937
10 3.307 0.7693
12 2.850 0.6237
14 1.337 0.5350
15 2.544 0.5963
16 1.523 0.5495
17 2.048 0.5601
18 1.297 0.5229
19 1.277 0.5208
20 1.400 0.5366
21* 2.600 0.9388
24 1.930 0.5212
26 0.352 0.4964
29 0.754 0.5364
30 0.748 0.5463
Table 4.13 shows the critical bus ranking using CPF. Eighteen rankings are
to strong. The top three weakest buses appear as bus 26, 30 and 29, while the top three
strongest buses are bus 4, 3 and 10. PV curve for bus 21 is not plotted accurately as it
does not showed a full swing curve as others, thus the lowest point of the curve is
adopted for the research.
42
Table 4.13: Critical load bus ranking of IEEE 30-bus system using voltage collapse
point from PV curve
ranking (weak to
strong)
1 26
2 30
3 29
4 19
5 18
6 14
7 20
8 16
9 24
10 17
11 8
12 15
13 7
14 21*
15 12
16 10
17 3
18 4
*PV curve for bus 21 was not plotted accurately
4.2.2.2 Critical bus ranking by VCPI
Table 4.14 shows the calculation of VCPI on IEEE 30-bus system during critical
loading condition. For load bus 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 22, 23, 25, 27 and 28, there are no
VCPI index appeared due to their generation bus or P-V bus characteristics. As shown in
column 3, proposed VCPI is simplified by stating small change in load reactive power to
one (1), compared to the original VCPI introduced by Chen [2].
43
Table 4.14: Calculation of VCPI on heavy load state (IEEE 30-bus system)
Load bus
1 - - -
2 1.00 1 1.00
3 1.10 1 1.10
4 1.11 1 1.11
5 - - -
6 - - -
7 1.15 1 1.15
8 1.19 1 1.19
9 - - -
10 1.07 1 1.07
11 - - -
12 1.09 1 1.09
13 - - -
14 1.10 1 1.10
15 1.08 1 1.08
16 1.10 1 1.10
17 1.10 1 1.10
18 1.11 1 1.11
19 1.12 1 1.12
20 1.11 1 1.11
21 1.02 1 1.02
22 - 1 -
23 1.00 1 1.00
24 1.04 1 1.04
25 - 1 -
26 1.09 1 1.09
27 - 1 -
28 - 1 -
29 1.04 1 1.04
30 1.06 1 1.06
Table 4.15 shows the critical bus ranking using VCPI index. Twenty rankings are
to strong. Load buses are ranked ascending from weak to strong from the calculated
VCPI index above. The top three weakest buses appear as bus 8, 7 and 19, while the top
three strongest buses are bus 23, 2 and 21.
44
Table 4.15: Critical load bus ranking of IEEE 30-bus system using VCPI
ranking (weak to
strong)
1 8
2 7
3 19
4 4
4 18
4 20
7 3
7 14
7 16
7 17
11 12
11 26
13 15
14 10
15 30
16 24
16 29
18 21
19 2
19 23
45
4.2.2.3 Discussion
Table 4.16: Comparison of 3 proximity measures for contingency ranking of IEEE 30-
bus system
Rank (weakest to Proximity measures
strongest) CPF VC VCPI
1 26 8 8
2 30 7 7
3 29 4 19
4 19 3 4
5 18 19 18
6 14 30 20
7 20 18 3
8 16 20 14
9 24 26 16
10 17 14 17
11 8 16 12
12 15 17 26
13 7 15 15
14 21* 29 10
15 12 12 30
16 10 10 24
17 3 24 29
18 4 21 21
19 - - 2
20 - - 23
Table 4.16 shows the load buses of IEEE 30-bus test system ordered from the
weakest to strongest using continuous power flow (CPF) and relative voltage change
index (VC), compared to voltage collapse proximity indicator (VCPI). In overall, VC
and VCPI produce similar ranking of weak load buses while CPF shows an irrelevant
ranking compared to others. VC and VCPI indicate bus 8 as the weakest bus while CPF
votes for bus 26. For the strongest bus, both of them choose bus 12 but CPF goes for bus
4. When zooming into the difference of results by both VC and VCPI indices, their
ranking of load buses deviate not more than three (3) position of rank. For CPF, the
ranking is better at the middle rank. It is proofed that rank 5 and 10 for CPF is exactly
same as VCPI and ranking for bus 19, 14, 20, 16, 15, 12 and 10 are similar to what VC
and VCPI have ranked.
46
The deviation of results produced by CPF is explained by the critical loading

condition set for VC and VCPI. Results of VC and VCPI are influenced by the
assumption of heavy load state, where their voltage magnitude of all load buses has to
lie between 0.9 p.u. to 1.1 p.u.. The increment of load with constant power factor stops
at 80% from basecase. For CPF, the results are obtained from PV curve plotted using
Continuation Power Flow program included in MATPOWER software package. It can
be seen from the PV curves that the system is stressed to the condition where the bus
voltage magnitudes are suppressed down to 0.57 p.u. in 14-bus system, even 0.49 p.u. in
30-bus system.
In terms of computation time, CPF and VCPI require one complete load flow
solution per load bus. CPF method need to plot the PV curve per load bus and obtain the
voltage collapse point, while it is vital for VCPI to obtain small increase in generation
and load reactive power. For VC, it requires two complete power flow solutions to
obtain the load bus voltage magnitude for initial and critical state. Table 4.17 shows the
computation time per power flow and table shows the overall computation time of all
indices. Stopwatch time function in MATLAB utilizing tic and toc code is used in the
analysis.
47
Table 4.17: Comparison of 3 proximity measures in terms of computation time per load
flow for both test systems
Test system Run Computation time per load flow (second)
attempt CPF (on bus 4) VC VCPI
IEEE 14-bus 1 0.381236 0.018805 0.018805
2 0.384566 0.018985 0.018985
3 0.385031 0.018978 0.018978
4 0.391615 0.017533 0.017533
5 0.385207 0.018658 0.018658
Average 0.385531 0.018592 0.018592
IEEE 30-bus 1 0.412958 0.029133 0.029133

2 0.417074 0.028265 0.028265
3 0.421429 0.026094 0.026094
4 0.411697 0.025931 0.025931
5 0.409544 0.027766 0.027766
Average 0.41454 0.027438 0.027438
From Table 4.18, it can be seen that CPF has the longest computation time
compared to another two indices, and VC appears to be the fastest indices to compute.
For IEEE 14-bus test system, VCPI is seven (7) times slower than VC while twenty (20)
times faster than CPF. For IEEE 30-bus test system, VCPI is seven (7) times slower than
VC while fifteen (15) times faster than CPF. The assumption made for the analysis is the
power flow is attempted on bus 4 solely for CPF, and the power flow process for VC
and VCPI is the same. All the computation time tabulated is based on pure CPU
calculation time, neglecting time delay by user interaction. In comparison, VC has the
shortest computation time compared to another two indices.
Table 4.18: Comparison of 3 proximity measures in terms of overall computation time

for both test systems
Test system Overall computation time
CPF (on bus 4) VC VCPI
IEEE 14-bus 5.38743 0.037184 0.260288
IEEE 30-bus 5.80356 0.054876 0.384132
48
For the overall performance of proposed VCPI, it can be rated as satisfactory as

the result produced in both 14-bus and 30-bus test system are similar. The drawback is it
has longer computation time than VC. With the advancement of computer technology
nowadays, solution for a power flow by computer is less than one second and the
problem is minimized.
4.3 Summary
This chapter has discussed the comparison of three indices to indicate weak load
buses in the power system, tested on IEEE 14-bus test system and 30-bus test system.
Two benchmark methods are adopted which were VC and CPF. The proposed VCPI is
rated as satisfactory in terms of accuracy, but has longer computation time compared to
performance of VC. While for comparison with CPF, their ranking results deviate much
due to the assumption of critical loading condition on VCPI index calculation, and VCPI
is superior to CPF from the perspective of computation time.
49
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
In this chapter, conclusions are presented to address the stated objectives,

implication of the findings, and limitations related to the proposed approach.
Recommendations and future research work related to the current method are also
highlighted.
5.2 Conclusions
This research has presented a comparative study and analysis of the performance
of some static voltage collapse indices. The objectives for the research are archived: to
develop an indicator to perform contingency screening and ranking part of Voltage
Security Assessment on standard IEEE test system using MATLAB language and to
compare the results obtained from the VCPI to two benchmark results, which are VC
and CPF. The software used to analysis primary data included Matpower and Matlab.
Data collected is then analyzed by spreadsheet software Microsoft Office Excel.
For the results, all the indices VC, CPF and VCPI point bus 14 as the weakest
bus in the system for IEEE 14-bus test system, and VC and VCPI produce the exact
50
ranking from each other. While for IEEE 30-bus test system, VC and VCPI produce
similar ranking as well, rate bus 8 as the weakest bus but ranking of CPF deviates much,
it rates bus 26 which is ranked 12 by VCPI. The researcher believes that the deviation is
due to the critical loading condition assumption for calculation of VC and VCPI. In
terms of computation time, VC is the best among three indices, followed by VCPI and
CPF.
The results of this study indicate that the proposed VCPI is rated as satisfactory
in terms of accuracy, but has longer computation time compared to performance of VC.
While for comparison with CPF, their ranking results deviate much due to the
assumption of critical loading condition, and VCPI is superior to CPF from the
perspective of computation time. Compared to the original VCPI by Chen [2], proposed
VCPI is simplified by stating the small increase of load reactive power, Qi to one (1).
However, these findings are only applicable to contingency screening and

ranking process as the part of Voltage Stability Assessment (VSA) discussed in Chapter
2. The research utilized static voltage collapse indices, and only applicable to offline
power system.
5.3 Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusion of the study, here are several
recommendations to be considered:
1. User Interface development of VCPI to Matlab program or incorporating

Graphic User Interface (GUI). This will ease the user on the analysis. By calling
certain function in Matlab, critical loading condition could be obtained and CPF,
VC and VCPI could be tabulated nicely on the screen.
51
2. Complex power VCPI proposed VCPI is applicable for load with sufficient
reactive power, obviously it would produce inaccurate index for unity power
factor loads. Therefore a complex power index will be a better indicator. Further
development of the index could refer to [22].
3. Precision on critical loading condition to obtain more precise of critical loading
condition, a smaller step size such as 5% or 1% can be adopted instead of 10%
that was used in this research.
5.4 Future Research Work
This study should be conducted with large buses test system such as 57-bus or
118-bus to increase the validity of the research. Researchers should do more reading on
the topic of voltage security assessment and previous methods of voltage collapse
proximity indicators and indices to identify weak load buses in power system.
Source of the information should not depend solely on internet articles. Journals
and newspaper archive should also be taken into consideration. Methods of analyzing
data collected should not be restricted on reactive power and voltage magnitude, but
from more complex method such as right singular vector by Chen [2].
More advanced method should be implemented in order to increase the validity

of the research, such as utilizing software like PowerWorld, Power System Analysis
Toolbox (PSAT), Voltage Stability Toolbox (VST) and many more.
52
REFERENCES
1. R, Saidura and H.H, Masjukia and S, Mekhilef and H.W, Ping and Rahim,
N.A and Jahirul, M.I (2008) Energy Audit And Consumption Study Of Malaysian
Industrial Sector. In: The 2nd Industrial Applications Of Energy Systems
Conference, April 1-2, 2008, Oman.
2. Y. L. Chen, C. W. Chang, and C. C. Liu, "Efficient methods for identifying weak
nodes in electrical powernetworks," IEE Proceedings-Generation, Transmission
and Distribution, vol. 142, pp. 317-322, 1995.
3. P. Kundur. (1994). Power System Stability and Control: McGraw Hill, Inc.
4. A. M. Chebbo , M. R. Irving and M. J. H. Sterling Voltage collapse proximity
indicator: Behavior and implications, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., C, vol. 139, pp.
241 1992.
5. D S Kirschen, Power System Security, IEE Power Engineering Journal, Vol.
16, No. 5, pp.241-248, October 2002.
6. Hadi Saadat (1999), Power System Analysis, Boston: McGraw-Hill.
7. R. A. Schlueter, "A voltage stability security assessment method", IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1423 - 1438, 1998.
8. G. C. Ejebe, G. D. Irisarri, S. Mokhtari, O. Obadina, P. Ristanovic, and J. Tong,
"Methods for contingency screening and ranking for voltage stability analysis of
power systems," 1995.
9. Akorede, M.F.; Hizam, H.; Aris, I.; Kadir, M.Z.A.; , "Contingency evaluation for
voltage security assessment of power systems," Research and Development
(SCOReD), 2009 IEEE Student Conference on , vol., no., pp.345-348, 16-18 Nov.
2009
53
10. Obadina, O.O.; Berg, G.J.; , "Identifying electrically weak and strong segments
of a power system from a voltage stability viewpoint," Generation, Transmission
and Distribution, IEE Proceedings C , vol.137, no.3, pp.205-212, May 1990
11. H. Song, S. Kim, B. Lee, S.H. Kwon, V. Ajjarapu, Determination of interface
flow margin using the modified continuation power flow in voltage stability
analysis, IEE Proc. Gen. Transm. Distrib. 148 (2) (2001) 128132.
12. R. D. Zimmerman, C. E. Murillo-Sanchez, and R. J. Thomas, Matpower's
Extensible Optimal Power Flow Architecture, Power and Energy Society
General Meeting, 2009 IEEE, pp. 1-7, July 26-30 2009.
13. Reis, C.; Andrade, A.; Maciel, F.P.; , "Voltage stability analysis of electrical
power system," Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives, 2009.
POWERENG '09. International Conference on , vol., no., pp.244-248, 18-20
March 2009
14. A.C. Zambroni, Identifying a vanishing eigenvalue in voltage collapse analysis
with consideration of limits. IEE Proc. Gen. Transm. Distrib. 148 2 (2001), pp.
263267.
15. A.A. El-Keib, X. Ma, Application of artificial neural networks in voltage
stability assessment, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 10 (4) (1995) 18901896.
16. A.C.Z. de Souza, C.A. Canizares and V.H. Quintana, New techniques to speed
up voltage collapse computations using tangent vectors. IEEE Trans. Power
Syst. 12 3 (1997), pp. 13801387
17. S. Greene, I. Dobson, and F. L. Alvarado, "Contingency ranking for voltage
collapse via sensitivities from a single nose curve," IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, vol. 14, pp. 232-240, 1999.
18. N. Yorino, H. Q. Li, S. Harada, A. Ohta, and H. Sasaki, "A method of voltage
stability evaluation for branch and generator outage contingencies," IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 19, pp. 252-259, 2004.
19. T. Van Cutsem, C. Moisse, and R. Mailhot, "Determination of secure operating
limits with respect to voltage collapse," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
vol. 14, pp. 327-335, 1999.
54
20. J. Hongjie, Y. Xiaodan, and Y. Yixin, "An improved voltage stability index and
its application," International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems,
vol. 27, pp. 567-574, 2005.
21. P. Kessel and H. Glavitsch, "Estimating the voltage stability of a power system,"
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 1, pp. 346-354, 1986.
55
Appendix A1
IEEE 14-bus system MATLAB M-file
function mpc = case14

%CASE14 Power flow data for IEEE 14 bus test case.
% Please see CASEFORMAT for details on the case file format.
% This data was converted from IEEE Common Data Format
% (ieee14cdf.txt) on 20-Sep-2004 by cdf2matp, rev. 1.11
% See end of file for warnings generated during conversion.
%
% Converted from IEEE CDF file from:
% http://www.ee.washington.edu/research/pstca/
%
% 08/19/93 UW ARCHIVE 100.0 1962 W IEEE 14 Bus Test Case
% MATPOWER
% $Id: case14.m,v 1.11 2010/03/10 18:08:15 ray Exp $
%% MATPOWER Case Format : Version 2

mpc.version = '2';
%%----- Power Flow Data -----%%

%% system MVA base
mpc.baseMVA = 100;
%% bus data
% bus_i type Pd Qd Gs Bs area Vm Va baseKV zone Vmax Vmin
mpc.bus = [
1 3 0 0 0 0 1 1.06 0 0 1 1.06 0.94;
2 2 21.7 12.7 0 0 1 1.045 -4.98 0 1 1.06 0.94;
3 2 94.2 19 0 0 1 1.01 -12.72 0 1 1.06 0.94;
4 1 47.8 -3.9 0 0 1 1.019 -10.33 0 1 1.06 0.94;
5 1 7.6 1.6 0 0 1 1.02 -8.78 0 1 1.06 0.94;
6 2 11.2 7.5 0 0 1 1.07 -14.22 0 1 1.06 0.94;
7 1 0 0 0 0 1 1.062 -13.37 0 1 1.06 0.94;
8 2 0 0 0 0 1 1.09 -13.36 0 1 1.06 0.94;
9 1 29.5 16.6 0 19 1 1.056 -14.94 0 1 1.06 0.94;
10 1 9 5.8 0 0 1 1.051 -15.1 0 1 1.06 0.94;
11 1 3.5 1.8 0 0 1 1.057 -14.79 0 1 1.06 0.94;
12 1 6.1 1.6 0 0 1 1.055 -15.07 0 1 1.06 0.94;
13 1 13.5 5.8 0 0 1 1.05 -15.16 0 1 1.06 0.94;
14 1 14.9 5 0 0 1 1.036 -16.04 0 1 1.06 0.94;
];
%% generator data
% bus Pg Qg Qmax Qmin Vg mBase status Pmax Pmin Pc1 Pc2 Qc1min
Qc1max Qc2min Qc2max ramp_agc ramp_10 ramp_30 ramp_q apf
56
mpc.gen = [
1 232.4 -16.9 10 0 1.06 100 1 332.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
2 40 42.4 50 -40 1.045 100 1 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
3 0 23.4 40 0 1.01 100 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
6 0 12.2 24 -6 1.07 100 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
8 0 17.4 24 -6 1.09 100 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
];
%% branch data
% fbus tbus r x b rateA rateB rateC ratio angle status angmin angmax
mpc.branch = [
1 2 0.01938 0.05917 0.0528 9900 0 0 0 0 1 -360 360;
1 5 0.05403 0.22304 0.0492 9900 0 0 0 0 1 -360 360;
2 3 0.04699 0.19797 0.0438 9900 0 0 0 0 1 -360 360;
2 4 0.05811 0.17632 0.034 9900 0 0 0 0 1 -360 360;
2 5 0.05695 0.17388 0.0346 9900 0 0 0 0 1 -360 360;
3 4 0.06701 0.17103 0.0128 9900 0 0 0 0 1 -360 360;
4 5 0.01335 0.04211 0 9900 0 0 0 0 1 -360 360;
4 7 0 0.20912 0 9900 0 0 0.978 0 1 -360 360;
4 9 0 0.55618 0 9900 0 0 0.969 0 1 -360 360;
5 6 0 0.25202 0 9900 0 0 0.932 0 1 -360 360;
6 11 0.09498 0.1989 0 9900 0 0 0 0 1 -360 360;
6 12 0.12291 0.25581 0 9900 0 0 0 0 1 -360 360;
6 13 0.06615 0.13027 0 9900 0 0 0 0 1 -360 360;
7 8 0 0.17615 0 9900 0 0 0 0 1 -360 360;
7 9 0 0.11001 0 9900 0 0 0 0 1 -360 360;
9 10 0.03181 0.0845 0 9900 0 0 0 0 1 -360 360;
9 14 0.12711 0.27038 0 9900 0 0 0 0 1 -360 360;
10 11 0.08205 0.19207 0 9900 0 0 0 0 1 -360 360;
12 13 0.22092 0.19988 0 9900 0 0 0 0 1 -360 360;
13 14 0.17093 0.34802 0 9900 0 0 0 0 1 -360 360;
];
%%----- OPF Data -----%%

%% generator cost data
% 1 startup shutdown n x1 y1 ... xn yn
% 2 startup shutdown n c(n-1) ... c0
mpc.gencost = [
2 0 0 3 0.0430293 20 0;
2 0 0 3 0.25 20 0;
2 0 0 3 0.01 40 0;
2 0 0 3 0.01 40 0;
2 0 0 3 0.01 40 0;
];
% Warnings from cdf2matp conversion:

%
57
% ***** Qmax = Qmin at generator at bus 1 (Qmax set to Qmin + 10)

% ***** area data conversion not yet implemented (creating dummy area data)
% ***** MVA limit of branch 1 - 2 not given, set to 9900
58
Appendix A2
IEEE 30-bus system MATLAB M-file
function mpc = case30

%CASE30 Power flow data for 30 bus, 6 generator case.
% Please see CASEFORMAT for details on the case file format.
%
% Based on data from ...
% Alsac, O. & Stott, B., "Optimal Load Flow with Steady State Security",
% IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS 93, No. 3,
% 1974, pp. 745-751.
% ... with branch parameters rounded to nearest 0.01, shunt values divided
% by 100 and shunt on bus 10 moved to bus 5, load at bus 5 zeroed out.
% Generator locations, costs and limits and bus areas were taken from ...
% Ferrero, R.W., Shahidehpour, S.M., Ramesh, V.C., "Transaction analysis
% in deregulated power systems using game theory", IEEE Transactions on
% Power Systems, Vol. 12, No. 3, Aug 1997, pp. 1340-1347.
% Generator Q limits were derived from Alsac & Stott, using their Pmax
% capacities. V limits and line |S| limits taken from Alsac & Stott.
% MATPOWER
% $Id: case30.m,v 1.12 2010/03/10 18:08:13 ray Exp $
%% MATPOWER Case Format : Version 2

mpc.version = '2';
%%----- Power Flow Data -----%%

%% system MVA base
mpc.baseMVA = 100;
%% bus data
% bus_i type Pd Qd Gs Bs area Vm Va baseKV zone Vmax Vmin
mpc.bus = [
1 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
2 2 21.7 12.7 0 0 1 1 0 135 1 1.1 0.95;
3 1 2.4 1.2 0 0 1 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
4 1 7.6 1.6 0 0 1 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
5 1 0 0 0 0.19 1 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
6 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
7 1 22.8 10.9 0 0 1 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
8 1 30 30 0 0 1 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
9 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
10 1 5.8 2 0 0 3 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
11 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
12 1 11.2 7.5 0 0 2 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
13 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 135 1 1.1 0.95;
14 1 6.2 1.6 0 0 2 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
59
15 1 8.2 2.5 0 0 2 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;

16 1 3.5 1.8 0 0 2 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
17 1 9 5.8 0 0 2 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
18 1 3.2 0.9 0 0 2 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
19 1 9.5 3.4 0 0 2 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
20 1 2.2 0.7 0 0 2 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
21 1 17.5 11.2 0 0 3 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
22 2 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 135 1 1.1 0.95;
23 2 3.2 1.6 0 0 2 1 0 135 1 1.1 0.95;
24 1 8.7 6.7 0 0.04 3 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
25 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
26 1 3.5 2.3 0 0 3 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
27 2 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 135 1 1.1 0.95;
28 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
29 1 2.4 0.9 0 0 3 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
30 1 10.6 1.9 0 0 3 1 0 135 1 1.05 0.95;
];
%% generator data
% bus Pg Qg Qmax Qmin Vg mBase status Pmax Pmin Pc1 Pc2 Qc1min
Qc1max Qc2min Qc2max ramp_agc ramp_10 ramp_30 ramp_q apf
mpc.gen = [
1 23.54 0 150 -20 1 100 1 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
2 60.97 0 60 -20 1 100 1 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
22 21.59 0 62.5 -15 1 100 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
27 26.91 0 48.7 -15 1 100 1 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
23 19.2 0 40 -10 1 100 1 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
13 37 0 44.7 -15 1 100 1 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
];
%% branch data
% fbus tbus r x b rateA rateB rateC ratio angle status angmin angmax
mpc.branch = [
1 2 0.02 0.06 0.03 130 130 130 0 0 1 -360 360;
1 3 0.05 0.19 0.02 130 130 130 0 0 1 -360 360;
2 4 0.06 0.17 0.02 65 65 65 0 0 1 -360 360;
3 4 0.01 0.04 0 130 130 130 0 0 1 -360 360;
2 5 0.05 0.2 0.02 130 130 130 0 0 1 -360 360;
2 6 0.06 0.18 0.02 65 65 65 0 0 1 -360 360;
4 6 0.01 0.04 0 90 90 90 0 0 1 -360 360;
5 7 0.05 0.12 0.01 70 70 70 0 0 1 -360 360;
6 7 0.03 0.08 0.01 130 130 130 0 0 1 -360 360;
6 8 0.01 0.04 0 32 32 32 0 0 1 -360 360;
6 9 0 0.21 0 65 65 65 0 0 1 -360 360;
6 10 0 0.56 0 32 32 32 0 0 1 -360 360;
9 11 0 0.21 0 65 65 65 0 0 1 -360 360;
9 10 0 0.11 0 65 65 65 0 0 1 -360 360;
60
4 12 0 0.26 0 65 65 65 0 0 1 -360 360;

12 13 0 0.14 0 65 65 65 0 0 1 -360 360;
12 14 0.12 0.26 0 32 32 32 0 0 1 -360 360;
12 15 0.07 0.13 0 32 32 32 0 0 1 -360 360;
12 16 0.09 0.2 0 32 32 32 0 0 1 -360 360;
14 15 0.22 0.2 0 16 16 16 0 0 1 -360 360;
16 17 0.08 0.19 0 16 16 16 0 0 1 -360 360;
15 18 0.11 0.22 0 16 16 16 0 0 1 -360 360;
18 19 0.06 0.13 0 16 16 16 0 0 1 -360 360;
19 20 0.03 0.07 0 32 32 32 0 0 1 -360 360;
10 20 0.09 0.21 0 32 32 32 0 0 1 -360 360;
10 17 0.03 0.08 0 32 32 32 0 0 1 -360 360;
10 21 0.03 0.07 0 32 32 32 0 0 1 -360 360;
10 22 0.07 0.15 0 32 32 32 0 0 1 -360 360;
21 22 0.01 0.02 0 32 32 32 0 0 1 -360 360;
15 23 0.1 0.2 0 16 16 16 0 0 1 -360 360;
22 24 0.12 0.18 0 16 16 16 0 0 1 -360 360;
23 24 0.13 0.27 0 16 16 16 0 0 1 -360 360;
24 25 0.19 0.33 0 16 16 16 0 0 1 -360 360;
25 26 0.25 0.38 0 16 16 16 0 0 1 -360 360;
25 27 0.11 0.21 0 16 16 16 0 0 1 -360 360;
28 27 0 0.4 0 65 65 65 0 0 1 -360 360;
27 29 0.22 0.42 0 16 16 16 0 0 1 -360 360;
27 30 0.32 0.6 0 16 16 16 0 0 1 -360 360;
29 30 0.24 0.45 0 16 16 16 0 0 1 -360 360;
8 28 0.06 0.2 0.02 32 32 32 0 0 1 -360 360;
6 28 0.02 0.06 0.01 32 32 32 0 0 1 -360 360;
];
%%----- OPF Data -----%%

%% area data
% area refbus
mpc.areas = [
1 8;
2 23;
3 26;
];
%% generator cost data

% 1 startup shutdown n x1 y1 ... xn yn
% 2 startup shutdown n c(n-1) ... c0
mpc.gencost = [
2 0 0 3 0.02 2 0;
2 0 0 3 0.0175 1.75 0;
2 0 0 3 0.0625 1 0;
2 0 0 3 0.00834 3.25 0;
2 0 0 3 0.025 3 0;
61
2 0 0 3 0.025 3 0;
];
62
Appendix B
test_cpf MATLAB M-file
function test_cpf
%TEST_CPF Test continuation power flow (CPF).
% created by Rui Bo on 2007/11/12
% MATPOWER
% $Id: test_cpf.m,v 1.4 2010/04/26 19:45:26 ray Exp $
% by Rui Bo
% Copyright (c) 2009-2010 by Rui Bo
%
% This file is part of MATPOWER.
% See http://www.pserc.cornell.edu/matpower/ for more info.
%
% MATPOWER is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
% it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published
% by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License,
% or (at your option) any later version.
%
% MATPOWER is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
% but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
% MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
% GNU General Public License for more details.
%
% You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
% along with MATPOWER. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
%
% Additional permission under GNU GPL version 3 section 7
%
% If you modify MATPOWER, or any covered work, to interface with
% other modules (such as MATLAB code and MEX-files) available in a
% MATLAB(R) or comparable environment containing parts covered
% under other licensing terms, the licensors of MATPOWER grant
% you additional permission to convey the resulting work.
casename = 'case30';%'case6bus'; %'case30'
%% test cpf
fprintf('\n------------testing continuation power flow (CPF) solver\n');
loadvarloc = 7;%6;%7 % bus number at which load changes
sigmaForLambda = 0.2;%0.05; % stepsize for Lambda
sigmaForVoltage = 0.05;%0.025; % stepsize for voltage
[max_lambda, predicted_list, corrected_list, combined_list, success, et] = cpf(casename,
loadvarloc, sigmaForLambda, sigmaForVoltage);
fprintf('maximum lambda is %f\n\n', max_lambda);
63
%% draw PV curve
flag_combinedCurve = true;
busesToDraw = [];%[3:6];
drawPVcurves(casename, loadvarloc, corrected_list, combined_list,
flag_combinedCurve, busesToDraw);
64
Appendix C
PV curves for each load bus in IEEE 14-bus system
Figure C(a): PV curve of IEEE 14-bus system, bus 4 Figure C(b): PV curve of IEEE 14-bus system, bus 5
Figure C(c): PV curve of IEEE 14-bus system, bus 9 Figure C(d): PV curve of IEEE 14-bus system, bus 10
Figure C(e): PV curve of IEEE 14-bus system, bus 11 Figure C(f): PV curve of IEEE 14-bus system, bus 12
65
Figure C(g): PV curve of IEEE 14-bus system, bus 13 Figure C(h): PV curve of IEEE 14-bus system, bus 14
66
Appendix D
PV curves for each load bus in IEEE 30-bus system
Figure D(a): PV curve of IEEE 30-bus system, bus 3 Figure D(b): PV curve of IEEE 30-bus system, bus 4
Figure D(c): PV curve of IEEE 30-bus system, bus 7 Figure D(d): PV curve of IEEE 30-bus system, bus 8
Figure D(e): PV curve of IEEE 30-bus system, bus 10 Figure D(f): PV curve of IEEE 30-bus system, bus 12
67
Figure D(g): PV curve of IEEE 30-bus system, bus 14 Figure D(h): PV curve of IEEE 30-bus system, bus 15
Figure D(i): PV curve of IEEE 30-bus system, bus 16 Figure D(j): PV curve of IEEE 30-bus system, bus 17
Figure D(k): PV curve of IEEE 30-bus system, bus 18 Figure D(l): PV curve of IEEE 30-bus system, bus 19
68
Figure D(m): PV curve of IEEE 30-bus system, bus 20 Figure D(n): PV curve of IEEE 30-bus system, bus 21
Figure D(o): PV curve of IEEE 30-bus system, bus 24 Figure D(p): PV curve of IEEE 30-bus system, bus 26
Figure D(q): PV curve of IEEE 30-bus system, bus 29 Figure D(r): PV curve of IEEE 30-bus system, bus 30
69
Appendix E
MATLAB command for constant power factor load increment
(for 14-bus system, 180% increment)
define_constants;
mpc = loadcase('case14');
mpc.bus(2, PD) = 60.76 ;
mpc.bus(3, PD) = 263.76 ;
mpc.bus(4, PD) = 133.84 ;
mpc.bus(5, PD) = 21.28 ;
mpc.bus(6, PD) = 31.36 ;
mpc.bus(9, PD) = 82.6 ;
mpc.bus(10, PD) = 25.2 ;
mpc.bus(11, PD) = 9.8 ;
mpc.bus(12, PD) = 17.08 ;
mpc.bus(13, PD) = 37.8 ;
mpc.bus(14, PD) = 41.72 ;
mpc.bus(2, QD) = 35.56 ;
mpc.bus(3, QD) = 53.2 ;
mpc.bus(4, QD) = -10.92 ;
mpc.bus(5, QD) = 4.48 ;
mpc.bus(6, QD) = 21 ;
mpc.bus(9, QD) = 46.48 ;
mpc.bus(10, QD) = 16.24 ;
mpc.bus(11, QD) = 5.04 ;
mpc.bus(12, QD) = 4.48 ;
mpc.bus(13, QD) = 16.24 ;
mpc.bus(14, QD) = 14 ;
runpf(mpc);
70
Appendix F
MATLAB M-file for command computation time
tic
test_cpf;
runpf('case14');
runpf('case30');
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P S Zl 9 : 1 6 {P i n d .

Dote of birth 23RD I988

Acodemic Session 20r0/2011

I declore thot thisthesisis clossifiedos :

n CONFIDENTIAL (Contoinsconfidentiolinformoiionunder the Officiol Secret

r RESTRICTED (Contoinsrestrictedinformotionos specifiedby the

E OPENACCESS I ogree thot my thesisto be publishedos onlineopen occess

Moloysioreservesthe rightos follows:

l. Thethesisisthe propertyof UniversitiTeknologi

880923-08-5291 ASSOC. PROF. DR AZHAR KIIAIRUDIN

NOTES: * lf ihe thesisisCONFIDENTALor RESTRICTED,pleoseottoch with the letterfrom

Supervisor ASSOC.PROF.DR AZHAR KHAIRUDIN

Date \2M AY 2011

This thesis is submitted in fulfillment for the

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Name of Author : LING TING YI

To my parents, Ling Yoke Hook and Chew Chui Har;

First of all, I would like to express my heartiest gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr

Voltage instability leading to voltage collapse phenomenon is mostly due to the

Fenomena ketidakstabilan voltan yang menyebabkan voltan runtuh sebahagian

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

THESIS STATUS CONFIRMATION FORM

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29

4.2.1 IEEE 14-Bus Test System 30

5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 49

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE

4.1 Determination of critical loading condition for IEEE 31

voltage collapse point from PV curve (IEEE 30-bus

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Voltage Stability Assessment Flowchart 9

CPF - Continuation Power Flow

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A1 IEEE 14-bus system MATLAB M-file 55

This project proposes Voltage Security Analysis utilizing Voltage Collapse

In this chapter, background of the study, problem statement, objectives of the

1.2 Background of the Study

Up to year 2009, industrial sector is the second largest consumer of energy in

1.3 Problem statement

The problem statements of this project are:

i. Most of authors realized voltage collapse in power system as a static

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this project are:

i. To develop an indicator to perform contingency screening and ranking as part of

1.5 Scope of the study

The scope of this project is:

i. Contingency screening and ranking of Voltage Security Assessment;

The assumptions made in the project are:

1.6 Significance of the study

Through this research, a simplified implementation of VCPI that was proposed

1.7 Thesis Organization

This thesis consists of 5 chapters.

Chapter 2 presents literature review on the project, namely the background of

Chapter 3 discusses the methodology used in the project, including methodology

2.2 Power System Security

Voltage stability problems normally occur in heavily stressed systems. A system

The phenomenon of voltage collapse on a transmission system, due to operation

Since it is impossible to eliminate completely random faults and failures,

A power system can never be totally secure. It is always possible to devise a

2.3 Voltage Stability Assessment

Voltage stability security assessment should indicate with:

i. lack of reactive supply on specific reactive sources or

d. What operating changes could be made in anticipation to prevent the voltage

Figure 2.1: Voltage Stability Assessment Flowchart