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Quantum DotSensitized Solar Cells Featuring CuS/CoS
Electrodes Provide 4.1% Efficiency
Zusing Yang, Chia-Ying Chen, Chi-Wei Liu, Chi-Lin Li, and Huan-Tsung Chang,*
CuS, CoS, and CuS/CoS onto fluorine-doped tin oxide glass substrates were
deposited to function as counter electrodes for polysulfide redox reactions
in CdS/CdSe quantum dotsensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). Relative to a Pt
electrode, the CuS, CoS, and CuS/CoS electrodes provide greater electro-
catalytic activity, higher reflectivity, and lower charge-transfer resistance.
Measurements of fill factor and short-current density reveal that the electro-
catalytic activities, reflectivity, and internal resistance of counter electrodes
play strong roles in determining the energy-conversion efficiency () of the
QDSSCs. Because the CuS/CoS electrode has a smaller internal resistance
and higher reflectivity relative to those of the CuS and CoS electrodes, it
exhibits a higher fill factor and short-circuit current density. As a result, the
QDSSC featuring a CuS/CoS electrode provides a higher value of . Under
illumination of one sun (100 mW cm2), the QDSSCs incorporating Pt, CuS,
CoS, and CuS/CoS counter electrodes provide values of of 3.0 0.1, 3.3
0.3, 3.8 0.2, and 4.1 0.2%, respectively.
1. Introduction
Because semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have unique
optical and electrical properties, they have been used as light
harvesters in QD-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs).[1] The size-
dependence of the optical properties of QDs allows tuning of
the light response and variation of the band offsets to modulate
interparticle charge transfer across differently sized particles.[2]
The impact-ionization effect makes it possible to employ the
hot electrons of QDs to generate multiple electron/hole pairs
per photon.[3] Impact ionization in PbSe nanocrystals allows
the generation of two or more excitons from a single photon
having energy greater than twice its bandgap.[3,4] Assemblies
of QDs allow the efficient harvesting of visible light energy in
QDSSCs.[5,6] Co-sensitizer CdS/CdSe QDSSCs having an energy
conversion efficiency () of 4.22% under illumination of one sun
(AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm2) have been demonstrated.[5] Despite
these advantages, however, the photovoltaic performance of
most QDSSCs remains much lower than those (up to 11%)
obtained from dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).[711] This low
Dr. Z. Yang, C.-Y. Chen, Dr. C.-W. Liu, C.-L. Li, Prof. H.-T. Chang
Department of Chemistry
National Taiwan University
1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
E-mail: changht@ntu.edu.tw
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201000029
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photovoltaic performance may be ascribed
to electron loss occurring through charge
recombination at TiO2electrolyte[612] and
QDelectrolyte[11,12] interfaces, and inner
energy loss at electrolytecounter electrode
interfaces.[13]
Relative to many common electrodes
(e.g., carbonaceous materials), platinum
counter electrodes have low resistance
and a high electrocatalytic activity for the
iodide/triiodide redox couple in DSSCs.[14]
Nevertheless, Pt electrodes are expensive
and the lifetimes of QDSSCs are short
when iodide/triiodide is used as the elec-
trolyte. When using cadmium chalco-
genides (S, Se, or Te) as sensitizers in
QDSSCs, the iodide/triiodide redox elec-
trolyte causes rapid photocorrosion of the
QDs, leading to poor efficiency and short
lifetimes.[8]
To minimize photocorrosion,[8,15] the
polysulfide redox couple has been tested as an active electro-
lyte in CdS, CdSe, and CdS/CdSe QDSSCs.[5,6] The short-circuit
current density (JSC) amplitude of CdS QDSSCs when using a
polysulfide electrolyte is approximately 10 times greater than
that obtained when using a iodide/triiodide electrolyte.[13] Plat-
inum counter electrodes are, however, unsuitable electrocata-
lysts when polysulfide electrolytes are used in QDSSCs, mainly
because sulfur-containing (S2 or thiol) compounds adsorb pref-
erably and strongly to Pt surfaces, thereby decreasing the sur-
face activity and conductivity of the electrodes.[5,16] Inexpensive
metal sulfides, such as CuS and CoS, which have low resist-
ance and high electrocatalytic activity for the redox reaction of
polysulfide, have also been used in the fabrication of counter
electrodes for photoelectrochemical cells and QDSSCs.[16,17]
However, photo-corrosion and high charge-transfer resistance
(Rct) often occur at the interface of counter electrode/electrolyte
in QDSSCs, leading to low fill factors (FF, <50%) and limited
values (<4%).[17]
Relative to CoS electrodes, CuS electrodes provide higher
conductivity and electrocatalytic activity and lower Rct, but
shorter lifetimes because of sulfur corrosion. In this study,
we employed CuS/CoS counter electrodes to fabricate CdS/
CdSe QDSSCs. We also used, for the first time, CoS nano-
particles (NPs) to prepare the CuS/CoS electrodes, in an
attempt to enhance the catalytic activity and to decrease the
inner energy loss. Our CuS/CoS counter electrodes allowed
the fabrication of CdS/CdSe QDSSCs having values of of
4.1 0.2%.
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2. Results and Discussion
Figure 1 displays scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images
of the transparent fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate and
the CuS, CoS, and CuS/CoS electrodes. The bare FTO substrate
had a granular and rough surface structure (Figure 1A). The
CuS electrode (Figure 1B) featured both needle-like structures
(412 m long; 741000 nm wide) and irregular structures
(dimensions: ca. 400 nm; as indicated by arrows). The CoS elec-
trode (Figure 1C) featured a quite different morphology from
that of the bare FTO substrate, mainly due to the deposition of
small CoS NPs on the surface. We used high-resolution trans-
mission electron microscopy (HRTEM) to characterize the CoS
NPs. The HRTEM image (not shown) reveals that the CoS NPs
prepared in aqueous solution had an average diameter of 3.3
0.3 nm. Aggregates of the CoS NPs became more apparent on
the surface of the CuS film in the CuS/CoS electrode (Figure 1D).
The coverage of the CoS aggregates on the surface, esti-
mated from the SEM image, was ca. 70%. We expected that
QDSSCs featuring the as-prepared CuS/CoS electrodes might
provide a greater JSC than those incorporating CuS or CoS elec-
trodes, based on the fact that increased roughness of Pt counter
electrodes can result in increased values of JSC in DSSCs.[18]
To further characterize the electrodes, we conducted absorp-
tion measurements. The absorption spectra (Figure 2) of the
CuS, CoS, and CuS/CoS electrodes reveal that they absorbed
light from 400 to 800 nm. The CuS (Ksp = 5 1036) electrode
provided a broad absorption band in the region between 400 and
650 nm, supporting the formation of CuS microstructures.[19]
The CuS electrode also had a characteristically broad absorp-
tion band, resulting from an electron-acceptor state lying
with the bandgap (Eg).[20] Through extrapolation of the plot of
(OD h)2 with respect to h, where OD is the optical den-
sity, we estimated the value of Eg for the CuS electrode to be
2.46 eV,[21] which is considerably larger than that of bulk CuS
(2 eV).[22] The CoS electrode had a wide absorption over the
Figure 1. SEM micrographs of A) the FTO glass substrate and BD) the
B) CuS, C) CoS, and D) CuS/CoS counter electrodes.
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Figure 2. Absorption spectra of the as-prepared (A) CuS, (B) CoS and (C)
CuS/CoS electrodes. A bare FTO substrate was used as a reference.
wavelength region 400800 nm with shoulders at 475 and
638 nm, supporting the formation of CoS NPs on the FTO glass
substrates and allowing us to determine the value of Eg of the
CoS NPs to be 1.55 eV. For comparison, CoS NPs in aqueous
solution also provided a wide absorption over the wavelength
region 400800 nm (not shown). Relative to the CoS NPs, the
CoS electrode featured broader absorption bands that had been
red-shifted, supporting the formation of CoS aggregates on
the FTO surface. The CuS/CoS electrode exhibited the charac-
teristic absorption bands of CoS and CuS, consistent with the
presence of the CoS NPs and CuS needles that we observed in
the SEM image in Figure 1D. The role of a counter electrode in
a QDSSC is twofold: i) To collect electrons from external circuit;
and ii) to reduce Sx2 (x = 25) ions to S2 and Sx12 ions in the
polysulfide electrolyte, according to the reaction Sx2 + 2e
Sx12 + S2.[8] This reaction is limited on the counter electrode,
which in turn leads to the depletion of S2 ions at the photo-
electrode side. Two reactions occur at the photoelectrode:
S2 + h+ S (1)
S + S2 Sx 2 (2)
Figure 3 displays potentiostatic current density-voltage
(JV) plots of the four counter electrodes used in this study.
The greater the current density, the higher the electrocata-
lytic activity of the electrode.[16,17] The electrocatalytic activi-
ties of the CuS, CoS, and CuS/CoS electrodes were close
(1.9 2.2 mA cm2 at 0.9 V), with all of them greater (by an
order of magnitude) than that of the Pt electrode (0.9 mA cm2
at 0.9 V). Although the CuS/CoS and CoS electrodes both had
the CoS NPs that were directly contacted with the electrolyte,
their morphologies were different, mainly due to the CoS NPs
were deposited on CuS film and FTO substrate, respectively. As
a result, their electrocatalytic activities were slightly different.
Figure 4 presents the dark JV characteristics of QDSSCs incor-
porating one of the four counter electrodes. At a high forward
bias (>0.2 V), the CuS, CoS, and CuS/CoS electrodes provided
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Figure 3. Potentiostatic JV plots of the A) Pt, B) CuS, C) CoS, and
D) CuS/CoS different electrodes.
Figure 4. Dark JV characteristics of the A) Pt, B) CuS, C) CoS, and
D) CuS/CoS counter electrodes.
higher dark currents than that from the Pt electrode because
of their greater catalytic activities.[23] The higher dark currents
revealed that polysulfide reduction was faster at the three
former electrodes.[23]
We employed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
to compare the Rct between the polysulfide electrolyte and the
counter electrode. EIS is a useful technique for characterizing
electronic and ionic transport processes in DSSCs.[18,23] The
value of Rct at the electrolytecounter electrode interface is the
main factor determining the FF of DSSCs and QDSSCs.[18,23]
We conducted EIS measurements in the dark. Figure 5 presents
the impedance plots of Pt/Pt, CuS/CuS, CoS/CoS, and (CuS/
CoS)/(CuS/CoS) symmetric cells incorporating the polysulfide
redox electrolyte; each cell had an effective area of 0.8 cm2.
We attribute the arcs to the electron transfer occurring at the
electrolytecounter electrode interface.[18,23] The values of Rct of
the as-prepared Pt, CuS, CoS, and CuS/CoS counter electrodes
were 8.1 103, 13.23, 26.08, and 11.32 cm2, respectively, as
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Figure 5. Nyquist (impedance) plots of A) Pt-catalyzed, B) CuS-catalyzed,
C) CoS-catalyzed, and D) CuS/CoS-catalyzed FTO symmetric cells con-
taining polysulfide redox electrolyte. Device area: 0.8 cm2. Z and Z are
the virtual and real impedances, respectively.
estimated from the diameters of the arcs. In addition to their
different morphologies, the CoS and CuS/CoS electrodes had
different compositions and the thickness of the former was
thinner. As a result, their Rct values were different and did not
quite agree with their electrocatalytic activities. A decrease in
the value of Rct usually corresponds to an increase in the electro-
catalytic activity of the counter electrode, reflecting an accelera-
tion of the electron transfer process at the electrolytecounter
electrode interface.[18,23] Note that an efficient QDSSC usually
exhibits a low value of Rct.[18] Thus, CuS/CoS counter elec-
trodes hold great potential for the fabrication of high-efficiency
QDSSCs. We also note that values of Rct can be controlled
effectively by varying the thickness, surface area, loading, and
roughness of the electroactive materials.[24]
Figure 6 highlights JV characteristics of the QDSSCs fea-
turing a Pt, CuS, CoS, or CuS/CoS counter electrode. Under
illumination of one sun, the QDSSC featuring a Pt counter
electrode had open-circuit voltage (VOC), JSC, and FF values
Figure 6. JV curves of the A) Pt, B) CuS, C) CoS, and D) CuS/CoS
different electrodes.
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of 0.465 V, 13.26 mA cm2, and 49.8%, respectively. From the
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measurement of three QDSSCs each featuring a Pt electrode,
we obtained values of 3.0 0.1%. This low value of was due
mainly to the lower electrocatalytic activity of the Pt electrode
for polysulfide redox reaction, consistent with the low values of
JSC and FF. The lower FF values of the QDSSC incorporating
the Pt (49.8%) or CuS (48.3%) electrode, relative to those fea-
turing, CoS (53.6%), and CuS/CoS (55.4%) electrodes, reveals
a greater inner energy loss (a high value of Rct and a low cur-
rent density). The values of JSC obtained for the QDSSCs incor-
porating the CoS, CuS, and CuS/CoS counter electrodes were
16.37, 17.05, and 17.11 mA cm2, respectively. The latter two
values were higher than that for the CoS electrode, mainly due
to the decrease in the value of internal resistance (Rs),[18,23]
which can be expressed as
Rs =RTCO +Rct +Rdiff
where RTCO and Rdiff are the substrate resistance and diffu-
sion impedance, respectively.[18,23] An excessive value of Rs can
suppress the photocurrent (Isc) under short-circuit conditions,
according to the equation:[18,23]
Is c = I ph I0 [( q ISC Rs ) nkT) 1] ISC Rs I RSh (4)
where Iph and I0 are the photocurrent and reverse saturation
current, respectively, n is the ideality factor, and Rsh is theshunt
resistance.[23] From the EIS data, the values of RTCO for the
sulfide electrodes decreased in the order: CuS (30.98 cm2) >
CoS (26.87 cm2) > CuS/CoS (21.05 cm2). A QDSSC with
an electrode having a greater Rs value provides smaller JSC
values. High reflectivity values of the CoS, CuS, and CuS/CoS
electrodes were also advantageous to provide greater light har-
vestings that resulted in such high values of JSC (Figure 7).[25,26]
From the reflectance spectra, we estimated the reflectivities of
the Pt, CuS, CoS, and CuS/CoS electrodes to be 4.9, 8.0, 29.1
and 36.8% at 525 nm, respectively, revealing high reflectivity of
the CuS/CoS electrode for generating high JSC values.
Figure 7. Reflectance spectra of the A) Pt, B) CuS, C) CoS, and D) CuS/
CoS electrodes.
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(3) Figure 8. IPCE spectrum of the CdS/CdSe QDSSC featuring a CuS/
CoS counter electrode. Polysulfide electrolyte: 2.0 M Na2S, 0.5 M S, and
0.2 M KCl in methanol/water (7:3, v/v).
We further conducted IPCE measurement of a CdS/CdSe
QDSSC featuring the CuS/CoS electrodes (Figure 8). Its max-
imum IPCE value was 72.2% at 525 nm.[5,8] A JSC value from
IPCE spectrum was calculated using the following equation:[27]

J SC = q F(8)IPCE(8)d8 (5)
where q is the electron charge and F() is the incident photon
flux of the solar light. The value of calculated JSC using
the maximum IPCE value and AM 1.5 photon flux was ca.
15 mA cm2, which is smaller than that of the measured JSC
value (17.11 mA cm2). The higher JSC obtained from our JV
measurement was due to two facts: i) IPCE measurements
were performed at low monochromatic light intensities; charge
separation and collection are more efficient at high illumina-
tion intensity, and ii) high reflectivity (36.8% at 525 nm) of a
CuS/CoS electrode provided additional light harvesting of the
CdS/CdSe photoelectrode, leading to increased .[26,27]
The degree of adhesion of the electrocatalytic active mate-
rials onto the FTO substrate used as the counter electrode is
another very important factor for determining the values of
of QDSSCs.[18] If the materials do not stick to the FTO sub-
strate, they may be released into the electrolyte, thereby gradu-
ally decreasing the value of JSC. Relative to CuS electrode (poor
adhesion), CoS electrodes made from CoS NPs are preferable
counter electrodes for long-term use in polysulfide electrolyte,
mainly because of their mechanical stability (good adhesion).[16]
Under continuous sunlight illumination, the CuS/CoS elec-
trode exhibited superior stability in polysulfide electrolyte (
remained greater than 97% after 20 scan cycles), which is more
stable than that (>96% after three scan cycles) obtained from
a QDSSC featuring a CuS electrode.[16] By taking advantage of
the lower value of Rs provided by the CoS NPs and the lower
value of Rct provided by the CuS materials, three QDSSCs each
incorporating the CuS/CoS electrode with higher reflectance
provided values of of 4.1 0.2% that was considerably higher
than those (3.3 0.3 and 3.8 0.2%; each obtained from three
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QDSSCs) of the QDSSCs featuring CuS and CoS electrodes,
respectively).
3. Conclusions
We have employed CuS, CoS, and CuS/CoS counter elec-
trodes in the fabrication of CdS/CdSe QDSSCs. When using
a polysulfide electrolyte in the QDSSCs, these three electrodes
provided greater electrocatalytic activity, higher reflectivity, and
lower Rs relative to those provided by a Pt electrode. We took
advantage of the lower value of RTCO provided by CoS NPs and
the lower value of Rct provided by CuS materials to fabricate
CuS/CoS counter electrodes. With their low cost and simplicity,
we believe that such QDSSCs have great potential for use in
next-generation solar cells.
4. Experimental Section
Materials: Commercially available P-25 TiO2 powders (Degussa),
cadmium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, selenium power, zinc sulfate, sodium
sulfide, hydrogen hexachloroplatinate(IV), thioacetamide, ethylene
glycol, 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA), potassium chloride, sodium
hydroxide, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP, Mw 55,000), polyethylene glycol
(Mw 5,000), methyl cellulose, sulfur, and methanol were purchased from
SigmaAldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA).
Preparation of TiO2 films: Porous TiO2 films were fabricated from
P-25 TiO2 NPs (ca. 20 nm in diameter).[17,28] First, HNO3 was adsorbed
onto the TiO2 surface (TiO2/NO3) while heating (80 C, 8 h). A coating
phase was prepared by mixing TiO2/NO3 (0.6 g), polyethylene glycol
(0.18 g), and methyl cellulose (0.06 g) in ultrapure H2O (3 mL). A TiO2
film was cast by spreading the TiO2 paste onto a transparent fluorine-
doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrate having a resistance 9 sq1. The
electrode presenting the air-dried TiO2 film was then annealed at 450 C
for 30 min. The thickness of the TiO2 film was about 20 m.[17,28]
Preparation of photoelectrodes: Chemical bath deposition (CBD) was
used to assemble the QDs into the TiO2 film as described previously.[5,17]
A TiO2 film was dipped into 0.5 M aqueous Cd(NO3)2 for 5 min, rinsed
with water, dried with an air gun, dipped for another 5 min into a 0.5 M
aqueous Na2S, rinsed with water, and then dried with an air gun. This
two-step dipping procedure defines one CBD cycle. The process was
repeated up to three times. The as-prepared electrodes are represented
herein as TiO2-(CdS)3 electrodes. The average diameter of the CdS
particles on the TiO2 films was estimated to be ca. 4 nm from the
absorption spectrum.[5,17] The TiO2-(CdS)3 electrodes were dipped into
a solution of 0.5 M Cd(NO3)2 for 5 min and then immersed into 0.08 M
aqueous Na2SeSO3 for 1 h at 50 C. The process was repeated up to two
times. The as-prepared electrodes are represented herein as TiO2-(CdS)3-
(CdSe)2 electrodes. The average diameter of the CdSe particles on the
TiO2 films was estimated to be ca. 6 nm.[5,17] The TiO2-(CdS)3-(CdSe)2
electrodes were immersed into 0.5 M Zn(NO3)2 for 5 min, rinsed with
ultrapure H2O, and dried with an air gun. They were then dipped for
5 min into 0.5 M aqueous Na2S, rinsed with ultrapure H2O, and dried
with an air gun to obtain TiO2-(CdS)3-(CdSe)2-ZnS electrodes.
Preparation of CoS counter electrodes: Briefly, Co(NO3)2 (0.24 g) and
thioacetamide (0.255 g) were added to 38 mM aqueous 3-MPA (pH 11.2,
74.8 mL). The resulting solution was heated at 100 C for 30 min. The
instant color change to black indicated the formation of CoS NPs. The
resulting CoS NPs in aqueous solution (1 mL) were precipitated upon
the addition of ethanol (0.5 mL) and isolated through centrifugation
(10,000 rpm, 10 min). The black precipitate was dispersed and stored
in ethanol (4 mL) as a CoS paste. A drop of CoS paste (ca. 0.1 mL) was
applied to the FTO glass substrate and dried in an oven at 100 C for
10 min to obtain a CoS counter electrode.
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Preparation of CuS and CuS/CoS counter electrodes: A CBD method was
used to prepare CuS counter electrodes on FTO glass substrates. Briefly,
an FTO glass substrate was dipped into 0.5 M aqueous Cu(NO3)2 for
30 s, rinsed with ethanol, dried with an air gun, dipped for another 30 s
into 0.5 M aqueous Na2S, rinsed with ethanol, and then dried with an
air gun. This process was repeated up to three times. The as-prepared
electrodes are represented herein as CuS counter electrodes. The CuS/
CoS electrodes were prepared through deposition of the CoS NPs onto
the surfaces of the CuS counter electrodes. One drop (ca. 0.1 mL) of
the as-prepared CoS NPs paste was placed onto the surface of the CuS
counter electrode and dried at 100 C for 10 min.
Preparation of Pt counter electrodes: Briefly, PVP (0.14 g) was mixed
with 0.01 M H2PtCl6.H2O in 50 mL of ethylene glycol. The solution was
then heated to 160 C for 2 h. The color of solution changed to black
indicated the formation of Pt NPs (ca. 5 nm in diameter).[29] After cooling
down to room temperature, the as-resulting solution was subjected to
three centrifugation/wash cycles (15000 rpm for 10 min; 1.5-mL ethanol
for wash). The black precipitate was dispersed and stored in ethanol
prior to the use. Counter electrodes were then prepared by dropping an
ethanol solution of Pt NPs onto FTO glass substrates. After drying at
100 C for 30 min, the Pt NPs-coated counter electrodes were sintered at
450 C for 30 min.[17,28,29]
Assembly of CdS/CdSe QDSSCs: A QDSSC (active area: 1 cm2)
was assembled according to the following procedure.[17,28] The CdS/
CdSe/ZnS photoelectrode and a counter electrode were sandwiched
between a 20-m-thick hot-melt ionomer film (Surlyn) under heating
(100 C, 30 min). An electrolyte of 2.0 M Na2S, 0.5 M S, and 0.2 M KCl
in methanol/water (7:3, v/v) was used in the as-prepared CdS/CdSe
QDSSCs.
Measurements: Reflection absorption spectra of the as-prepared
electrodes were recorded using a Cary 100 UVVis spectrophotometer
from Varian (Palo Alto, CA). SEM images were recorded using an
S-2400 SEM system from Hitachi (Tokyo, Japan). HR-TEM images
were recorded using a Philips/FEI Tecnai 20 G2 S-Twin TEM system
(GCEMarket, Inc., NJ, USA). Potentiostatic currentvoltage (IV)
curves were recorded using a CHI 660A electrochemical analyzer (CH
Instruments, Austin, TX). IV measurements were performed using a
three-electrode system: a CuS/CoS electrode as a working electrode, a
Pt counter electrode, and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. A CHI 614D
electrochemical impedance spectrometer (CH Instruments, Austin, TX)
was employed to determine the charge-transfer resistance between the
electrode and the electrolyte. The irradiation source for determining the
photocurrent densityvoltage (JV) characteristics was a 450-W xenon
arc lamp (Oriel, Stratford, CT) equipped with an AM 1.5 filter. A Keithley
2400 digital source meter (Test Equipment Connection, Lake Mary, FL)
was used to record the JV curves of the as-prepared QDSSCs. A metal
mask with an area of 0.126 cm2 was placed in front of the QDSSCs to
confine their effective illumination area. A commercial available silicon
based reference cell (Oriel, Stratford, CT) was employed to confirm
the light intensity (100 mA cm2). All of the JV measurements were
recorded after at least 10 reproducible cycles to ensure no change in the
JV curves. The incident-photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) spectra were
recorded using a PEC-S20 instrument (Peccell Technologies, Kanagawa,
Japan).
Acknowledgements
We thank the National Science Council, Taiwan, for financial support
(NSC 982113-M-002011-MY3, 992627-M-002016, 992627-M-
002017). Z.Y. thanks the National Taiwan University for the support
of a postdoctoral fellowship in the Department of Chemistry, National
Taiwan University.
Received: November 16, 2010
Revised: December 13, 2010
Published online: January 20, 2011
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