Reference

Learning from Examples L. Wang, J. Mendel, Generating Fuzzy

Rules by Learning from Examples,
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man
and Cybernetics, vol 22, no.6,
Adriano Cruz 2004 november 1992
NCE/UFRJ e IM/UFRJ

@2001 Adriano Cruz NCE e IM - UFRJ

Information sources Current situation

Information used for most real-world
control and signal processing problems
can be classified into two kinds:
Numerical obtained form sensor, etc
Linguistic information obtained from
human experts
Solutions are heuristic in nature
Combine standard control processing
methods and expert systems
Weakpoints:
Problem dependent
No commom framework

@2001 Adriano Cruz NCE e IM - UFRJ @2001 Adriano Cruz NCE e IM - UFRJ

Problems Generating fuzzy rules

Linguistic rules may be incomplete due
to loss when humans express their
knowedge
Input-output data pairs because past
experience may not cover all situations
Consider a two input-one output
problem as an example
So data is available as input-output
pairs as
(x1(1),x2(1);y(1)), (x1(2),x2(2);y(2)),
F(x1,x2) -> y

@2001 Adriano Cruz NCE e IM - UFRJ @2001 Adriano Cruz NCE e IM - UFRJ

1
 Step 1 Step1
Divide the input and output space into S2 S1 CE B1 B2
fuzzy regions
Assign to each region a membership x1
X(2)1 X(1)1
function
Similar to creating fuzzy sets over a S3 S2 S1 CE B1 B2 B3
universe of discourse
x2
X(1)2 X(2)2

@2001 Adriano Cruz NCE e IM - UFRJ @2001 Adriano Cruz NCE e IM - UFRJ

Step1 Step2

S2 S1 CE B1 B2 Generate fuzzy rules from given data

pairs
y First determine the degrees of each
y(1) y(2)
given x1(i),x2(i) and y(i) in different regions
Second assign a given x1(i),x2(i) and y(i) to
the regions with maximum degree
Finally, obtain one rule from one pair of
input data
@2001 Adriano Cruz NCE e IM - UFRJ @2001 Adriano Cruz NCE e IM - UFRJ

Step2
(x1(1), x2(1); y (1))= [0.8 in B1, 0.7 in S1;
0.9 in CE] = Rule 1
If x1 is B1 and x2 is S1 then y is CE
(x1(2), x2(2); y (2))= [0.6 in B1, 1.0 in CE;
0.7 in B1] = Rule 1
If x1 is B1 and x2 is CE then y is B1 =
Rule 2
Step3
Assign a degree to each rule
It is high probable that there will be
some conflicting rules, i.e., rules that
have the same antecedent but different
consequents
The degree is calculated as
D(rule)=mA(x1)mB(x2)mC(z)

@2001 Adriano Cruz NCE e IM - UFRJ @2001 Adriano Cruz NCE e IM - UFRJ

2
 Step3
D(rule)=mA(x1)mB(x2)mC(z)
Rule 1 = 0.8 * 0.7 * 0.9 = 0.504
Rule 2 = 0.6 * 1.0 * 0.7 = 0.42
Step4
Create a combined fuzzy rule
If there is more than on rule in one box
of the fuzzy rule base, use the rule that
has maximum degree.

@2001 Adriano Cruz NCE e IM - UFRJ @2001 Adriano Cruz NCE e IM - UFRJ

Step5 Step5
Determine a Mapping based on the Use the following centroid defuzzification
method
combined Fuzzy Rule Base. K

Combine the antecedents of ith fuzzy mOi y ii

rule: mOi = mI1i(x1)mI2i(x2) (product y= i =1

K
operator) mOi i
i =1
mCE1=mB1(x1)mS1(x2) yi represents the center value of the region Oi
(the smallest abs value among all values with
membership equals to 1)
K is the number of fuzzy rules combined
@2001 Adriano Cruz NCE e IM - UFRJ @2001 Adriano Cruz NCE e IM - UFRJ