solar water heater collector and

thermal energy performance of

circulating pipe
 `
INTRODUCTION
SOLAR WATER HEATER
THERMAL PERFORMANCE
SOLAR WATER HEAT ENERGY PRODUCED
TYPES OF SOLAR COLLECTOR
CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION
Concept of Solar water heater Collector
a) Collect heat by absorbing sunlight
b) Energy sunlight in form of
electromagnetic radiation
c) Long wave (infrared) to shortwave
(ultraviolet)
d) Dark color surface to absorb the
EMISSIVITY
radiation as the heat (blackbody)
e) convert it into heat of use water heating
 INTRODUCTION (Cont.)
f) The thermal conductivity measure of the
ability of material to conduct heat
Example:
Gold: 310 W/m.K
Higher the number of k is
Copper: 401 W/m.K higher of rate conducted

Steel: 16 W/m.K
Aluminum: 250 W/m.K
Yunus A. Cengel, Heat Transfer-Conduction
 SOLAR WATER HEATER
Renewable Energy Technologies
Demand energy in the world
Application of Domestic and Industrial.
Process
- High temperature fluid of circulating in
primary circuit gain of heat by solar radiation
- Mainly use the panel (such as Plate, array
multiple solar)
 SOLAR WATER HEATER

The heat
demand of
hot water
application
Example Active & Passive
 SOLAR WATER HEATER
Secondary
Primary Circuit Circuit

User

Liquid

Schematic diagram of the solar collector system

 SOLAR WATER HEATER
a) Heat from Primary Circuit will be transfer to
secondary circuit.
b) The medium collector called Steam Accumulator (SA)
c) Adiabatic system for SA ( control between vapor and
liquid)
d) SA store the water vapor from the secondary circuit
e) On the top, saturated steam transfer to the thermal
user (heating load) Recovery Tank: Received the
amount of condensate (liquid) separation interface.
f) The condensate flow back to SA in sub cooled
condition. (100% liquid)
 SOLAR WATER HEATER
When heat demand
i- mass flow rate system will be increased by
opening the valve
ii- Problem is the SA will be pressurized (flash
steam will be produced and level of the
amount of heat in SA will be fall.) for
transient period only.
iii- Solution is solar collector must provide more
heat
 Thermal Performance
a) Usually the most energy-efficient water heater
models or systems are more expensive.
b) Intensity and angular performance of solar
radiation
c) Consideration of ambient temperature and inlet
temperature of fluid
d) Energy output (heat extraction & removed)
e) Comparison of the fact of incoming radiation
under the different modes of operation
encountered
Performance of Collector Tilted
 tilted at 48.5 from
horizontal

How Much energy losses?

How much energy saved in a day?

tilted at 20 from
horizontal
The Comparison 48.5 deg VS 20 deg
The Comparison of Thermal Performance

60 57

%
50 45

o 40
34
f
30 25 48.5 Tilted
20
h 20
18 20 Titled
e
a 10
0.7 0.5
t
0
Radiation & Energy losses in Reflection losses Useful Energy
Conduction Warmup Collected
Losses
Collector Efficiency Curve for Types of
Collector
The Radiation striking a solid surface

Yunus A. Cengel, Heat Transfer-Radiation

Flat-plate collectors
 Types of Solar
a) Flat-plate collectors Overall collector area is the
absorbing surface that intercepts the suns rays.
b) Evacuated-tube collectors - The high temperature rises
in the pipes and carrier fluid in the main pipe by means
of a heat exchanger. The condensed liquid then flows
back into the base of the heat pipe.
c) Concentrating collectors smaller absorber is focused
with sunlight by big number of mirrors or lenses.
d) Power Tower Collectors - Power towers (also known as
'central tower' power plants or 'heliostat' power plants)
capture and focus the sun's thermal energy with
thousands of tracking mirrors (called heliostats) in
roughly a two square mile field. A tower resides in the
center of the heliostat field
Industrial Scale Residences Scale
Concentrating Collector

Solar Power Tower

a) Flat-plate collectors
 Flat-plate collectors (Cont.)
i- An insulated metal box with a glass or plastic
cover also called the glazing and a dark-
colored absorber plate
ii- collectors make hot the liquid or air at
temperatures less than 80 C
b) Evacuated-tube collectors
 Evacuated-tube collectors (Cont.)
consists of 2 (two) glass tubes made from
extremely strong glass
outer tube is transparent and allows sunlight
to pass through with minimal reflection
The inner tube is coated selective surface
coating. (excellent at absorbing solar
radiation with minimal reflection losses)
the two tubes together into a single evacuated
tube (vacuum Excellent Insulator)
 c) Concentrating collectors
Generally the troughs run north-south and
track the motion of the sun from east to west
for maximum efficiency.
Receiver (tube running along the focal line) +
Inside the glass tube (pass through the water)
the fluid in the receiver can be as high a 400-
600 degrees F.
The most popular types are the parabolic
Concentrating collectors (Cont.)

The Acciona Nevada Solar One plant

 d) Solar Power Tower
The heliostats focus concentrated sunlight on a receiver which
sits on top of the tower. Within the receiver the concentrated
sunlight heats molten salt to over 1,000 F (538 C)
The heated molten salt then flows into a thermal storage tank where
it is stored, maintaining 98% thermal efficiency, and eventually
pumped to a steam generator. The steam drives a standard turbine to
generate electricity.
 An eSolar project in California

Abengoa's PS10 project in Seville, Spain

 Conclusion
Supplied hot water at 50 C and 80 C where
both are used in domestic and industrial.

Thermal analysis for designing the solar water

systems using flow rate and number of
collector as design parameters.

Present study has evaluated the thermal

performance of the flat plate, Concentration
and other collectors solar water heater.
 Conclusion (Cont.)
The overall of the performance the collectors
solar water heater by efficiency and the
thermal resistance.

The solar water heater is having a higher

temperature of water for use tilted than the
fix plane surface.