Sie sind auf Seite 1von 13

Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning

=======================================================================

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE REGIONAL OZONE NETWORK


FOR EUROPE & CENTRAL ASIA
BELGRADE, SERBIA, 10-13 MAY 2011

Energy Efficiency Determination, Classification and Labelling for


Water Chillers and Heat Pumps
Dipl.-Ing. Slobodan Pejkovi

Filter Frigo d.o.o.


Serbia 11050 Belgrade
E-mail=filfrigo@EUnet.rs

Abstract

Energy efficiency of water chillers and heat pumps is one of the most important disputable issues in
the field of HVAC&R. It is disputable due to the fact that neither domestic (Serbian) nor European
legislation deals with the problem of energy saving with water chillers and heat pumps with more than
12 kW cooling capacity, even though these units are known to be huge electricity consumers.

By the implementation of the Directive 2002/96/EC on energy efficiency labelling and EN 14511
standard in the European Union, a large step has been made in increasing energy efficiency of air
conditioning units and heat pumps with cooling capacity equal to or lower than 12 kW. This Directive
does not included equipment of higher cooling capacity, and therefore, in February 2005, EUROVENT
(European Association of Air Handling and Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturers) made a
classification of such equipment in order to initiate the manufacture of more energy efficient
equipment. The aim is to somehow slow down the increase of electricity demands, and thus reduce
CO2 emission.

As the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is a priority issue in Europe and worldwide, the European
Union (EU) is planning to reduce CO2 emission by 8% in the period from 2008. to 2012. This is a
powerful motive for improving energy efficiency of water chillers and heat pumps. Lower electricity
consumption means lower electricity generation demands, which results in reduction of CO2 emission.

This paper deals with water chillers and heat pumps with electrically-driven cooling compressors, and
explains how this problem is considered in Europe and worldwide.

Keywords: energy efficiency; coefficient of performance; water chiller; heat pump

11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 1

Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning


=======================================================================

Introduction
Change of weather conditions caused by global warming has resulted in significant increase in
number of water chillers sold in Europe (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Chillers sales evolution in EU

The figure shows that the biggest increase has been in the number of sold devices with air-cooled
condensers, which are also the biggest consumers of electricity in the cooling hardware.
In order to limit increase in electricity consumption with increased number of sold devices, one had to
influence increase of energy efficiency, which has been achieved by implementing Directive
2002/96/EC for Devices of Cooling Capacity up to 12 kW.

Figure 2: Evolution of energy efficiency level

Figure 2 shows that this evolution is especially prominent since 2004. for room air conditioners. In
the European Union buyers choose devices with high energy efficiency.

11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 2

Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning


=======================================================================

Determining and Defining Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER, COP, SEER, HSPF,
IPLV, IEER, ESEER, ESCOP)
There are several ways of expressing energy efficiency ratios which are defined differently in different
parts of the world.
Lets quote examples from U.S.A. In part 431, paragraph 92 e-CFR (Electronic Code of Federal
Regulations) defines:

COP Coefficient of Performance is a ratio between the total cooling capacity and net absorbed
power of electricity consumer, expressed in the in identical units of measurement, and therefore the
value is unitless.

COP = h / w

Where:
h - total cooling capacity [Btu/h]
w = 3.412 Pw - equivalent of absorbed power [Btu/h]
Pw absorbed power [W]

EER Energy Efficiency Ratio is a ratio between the total cooling capacity and net absorbed power
of electricity consumer, expressed in Btu/Wh.

EER = h / Pw

Where:
h - total cooling capacity [Btu/h]
Pw absorbed power [W]

Ratio between COP and EER is 3.412 and it represents a conversion ratio of Btu/h and W.

The American COP and EER represent the same value, only expressed in different units. Besides
that, they determine those ratios for cooling or for heating.

For example COPcooling means ratio between total cooling capacity and net absorbed power, while
COPheating represents a ratio between the produced heating effect of an heat pump and the net
absorbed power. The same applies also for EER.

This method of presenting seems little confusing for users, and especially for those from Europe, who
place different meaning on ratios with the same marks, COP and EER respectively.

SEER, HSPF and IPLV have been defined in much clearer, and therefore also in more important way.

SEER - Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio is used to define the average annual cooling efficiency of
an water chiller or heat pump system and represents a ratio between total cooling energy exchanged
in the evaporator during the year seasonal use of water chiller or heat pump in the cooling period,
expressed in Btu, in relation to the total absorbed energy used in the same period, expressed in Wh.
SEER is an average value of EERcooling during the year, at different external air temperatures, and
therefore in different device operating regimes. Bigger SEER value means device with higher energy
efficiency. SEER value is always little bigger than EER, for some 0.5 to 1 Btu/Wh.

11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 3

Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning


=======================================================================

The term SEER is generally applied to devices with cooling capacity less than 65000 Btu/h (19 kW).
The most efficient cooling devices have value of SEER=13.

HSPF - Heating Seasonal Performance Factor is used to signify the seasonal heating efficiency of
heat pumps and represents a ratio between heating energy exchanged in the condenser during the
annual seasonal use of heat pump in the heating period, expressed in Btu, in relation to the total
absorbed energy used in the same period, expressed in Wh. HSPF is an average value of EERheating
during the year at different external air temperatures, and therefore also in different device operating
regimes.

The term HSPF is generally applied to heat pumps of cooling capacity up to 65000 Btu/h (19 kW). The
most efficient heat pumps have value of HSPF=10.

IPLV - Integrated Partial Load Value

The term IPLV is used to signify the cooling efficiency related to a typical (hypothetical) season rather
than a single rated condition. The IPLV is calculated by determining the weighted average efficiency
at part-load capacities specified by an accepted standard. It is also important to note that IPLVs are
typically calculated using the same condensing temperature for each part-load condition and IPLVs do
not include cycling or load/unload losses. The units of IPLV are not consistent in the literature;
therefore, it is important to confirm which units are implied when the term IPLV is used. ASHRAE
Standard 90.1 (using ARI reference standards) uses the term IPLV to report seasonal cooling
efficiencies for both seasonal COPs (unitless) and seasonal EERs (Btu/Wh), depending on the
equipment capacity category. The most chillers manufacturers report seasonal efficiencies for large
chillers as IPLV using units of kW/ton (1 cooling ton=3.517 kW).

IPLV = 1 / [kW/ton]

Where:

A = EER at 100% of load C = EER at 50% of load

B = EER at 75% of load D = EER at 25% of load

The term IPLV is generally applied to devices with cooling capacity exceeding 65000 Btu/h (19 kW).

As of January 1, 2010 parametar IPLV was renamed from Integrated Partial Load Value to Integrated
Energy Efficiency Ratio (IEER). IPLV will not longer be cited or referenced.

IEER How is determined


IEER is a weighted average of the units efficiency at four load points - 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of
full cooling capacity

IEER = 0.020 A + 0.617 B + 0.238 C + 0.125 D

Where:
A = EER at 100% net capacity at AHRI standard rating conditions
B = EER at 75% net capacity and reduced ambient (81.5F for air-cooled)
C = EER at 50% net capacity and reduced ambient (68F for air-cooled)
D = EER at 25% net capacity and reduced ambient (65F for air-cooled)

11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 4

Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning


=======================================================================

In the same electronic code of U.S. Federal Regulations in part 431, paragraph 97 minimum
cooling efficiency levels have been quoted for cooling devices and heat pumps of standard size,
produced after January 1st, 1994 but before 30th September 2012. Manufacturers are thus obliged to
achieve minimum energy efficiency levels, as quoted in Tables 1 and 2.

That means that the legal regulations have eliminated from use cooling devices with low energy
efficiency.

Serbian legislation does not have such regulations.

Table 1. 431.97 Minimum Cooling Efficiency Levels


Efficiency level1
Products Products
Cooling Sub- manufactured manufactured
Product Category
capacity category until on and after
October 29, October 29,
2003 2003
Split
Air Cooled, <65,000 System SEER = 10.0 SEER = 10.0
3 Phase Btu/h Single SEER = 9.7 SEER = 9.7
Package
Small Commercial
Packaged Air <17,000 AC EER = 9.3 EER = 12.1
Conditioning and Water Cooled, Btu/h HP EER = 9.3 EER = 11.2
Heating Equipment Evaporatively 65,000
Cooled, and Water- Btu/h and AC EER = 10.5 EER = 11.5
Source <135,000 HP EER = 10.5 EER = 12.0
Btu/h
135,000
Btu/h and
Air Cooled All EER = 8.5 EER = 8.5
Large Commercial <240,000
Packaged Air Btu/h
Conditioning and 135,000
Heating Equipment Water-Cooled and
Btu/h and
Evaporatively All EER = 9.6 EER = 9.6
<240,000
Cooled
Btu/h
1
For equipment rated according to the ARI standards, all EER values must be rated at 95F outdoor dry-bulb
temperature for air-cooled products and evaporatively cooled products and at 85F entering water temperature
for water-cooled products. For water-source heat pumps rated according to the ISO standard, EER must be rated
at 30C (86F) entering water temperature.

11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 5

Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning


=======================================================================

Table 2. 431.97Minimum Heating Efficiency Levels


Efficiency level1
Cooling Sub- Products Products
Product Category manufactured manufactured
capacity category
until on and after
October 29, 2003 October 29, 2003
Split
Air
<65,000 System HSPF = 6.8 HSPF = 6.8
Cooled,
Btu/h Single HSPF = 6.6 HSPF = 6.6
3 Phase
Small Package
Commercial Split
Packaged Air Water- <135,000 System
COP = 3.8 COP = 4.2
Conditioning and Source Btu/h and Single
Heating Package
Equipment 65,000
Air Btu/h and
All COP = 3.0 COP = 3.0
Cooled <135,000
Btu/h
Large
Commercial 135,000 Split
Packaged Air Air Btu/h and System
COP = 2.9 COP = 2.9
Conditioning and Cooled <240,000 and Single
Heating Btu/h Package
Equipment
COP = 1.3 + (0.16 COP = 1.3 + (0.16
the applicable the applicable
Packaged
minimum cooling EER minimum cooling EER
Terminal Heat All All All
prescribed in Table 1 prescribed in Table 1
Pumps
Minimum Cooling Minimum Cooling
Efficiency Levels) Efficiency Levels).
1
For units tested by ARI standards, all COP values must be rated at 47F outdoor dry-bulb temperature for air-
cooled products, and at 70F entering water temperature for water-source heat pumps. For heat pumps tested by
the ISO Standard 132561, the COP values must be obtained at the rating point with 20C (68F) entering water
temperature.

Table 3 quotes minimum energy efficiency levels that must be achieved in Hong Kong, according to
the Code of Practice for Energy Efficiency of Air Conditioning Installations - 2007.

Table 3. Minimum Cooling Efficiency Levels for Water Chillers


COPcooling
CapacityRange
< 500 500 to 1000 > 1000
[kW]
Withscroll 4 4.5 5.2
Chillers compressors
Water Cooled Withscrew 4.6 4.6 5.5
compressors
Withscroll 2.7
Chillers compressors
Air Cooled
Withscrew 2.9
compressors

11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 6

Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning


=======================================================================

Table 4 shows data for EER, COP and IPLV, determined according to ARI standards for devices
manufactured in the U.S.A.

Table 4. Technical Data for Water Chillers;


Air Cooled

European Union Standards are clearer than the U.S. ones, but they didnt cover devices with
more than 12 kW cooling capacity.

According to the European Standard EN14511-1:2007 (D) EER and COP have been defined in the
following way:

EER Energy Efficiency Ratio (Cooling Efficiency Level) is a ratio between the total cooling capacity
and absorbed power of electricity consumer (total power input), expressed in the in identical units of
measurement, and therefore the value is unitless.

COP Coefficient of Performance (Heating Efficiency Level) is a ratio between power of heating
exchanged in the condenser in relation to the absorbed power of electricity consumers, expressed in
the same measuring units Wat / Wat.

When determining absorbed power all electricity consumers are taken into consideration, as follows:
compressor drive engine, electrical panel, fans and pumps necessary for transport of fluids for heat
exchange, which must overcome internal resistances during flow of fluids through the heat
exchangers.

Testing methods and procedures used for determining energy efficiency have been described in the
European standard EN14511-3:2007 (D).

11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 7

Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning


=======================================================================

Standard conditions at which testing is performed for determining energy efficiency have been
described in the European standard EN14511-2:2007 (D).

EUROVENT as European Committee of Air Handling and Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturers


exists for more than 10 years and counts more than 180 manufacturers. In order to support
implementation of the Energy Performance Building Directive (EPBD) which requires calculation of
building energy performance and regular inspection of central air conditioners and chillers with more
than 12 kW cooling capacity, EUROVENT developed a European Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio -
ESEER (Seasonal Cooling Efficiency Level), index based on ARI approach to determine the
Integrated Part Load Value.
This index presents energy efficiency of water chillers in more realistic terms, because time period
during the annual operating season in which the chiller works under full load is shorter. Therefore the
manufacturers try to develop devices that would be more efficient during reduced load conditions.
Chillers with the same cooling index EER, do not need to have the same ESEER. The chiller with
bigger ESEER is more energy efficient.

ESEER is a weighed formula enabling to take into account the variation of EER with the load rate
and the variation of air or water inlet condenser temperature.

ESEER = 0.03 A + 0.33 B + 0.41 C + 0.23 D

Where:
A = EER at 100% of load C = EER at 50% of load
B = EER at 75% of load D = EER at 25% of load

In water chillers with air cooled condenser ratios are determined for different load at different air
temperatures when entering the condenser. For minimal load (25%) air temperature of 20C is
adopted, and for maximum (100%) 35C temperature.

In water chillers with water cooled condenser ratios are determined for different loads at different
water temperatures when entering the condenser. For minimum load (25%) water temperature of
18C is adopted, and for maximum (100%) 30C temperature.

All those ratios for devices with more than 12 kW cooling capacity do not have the importance of
directive or of a standard and their implementation is on voluntary basis.

As there is no European or ISO standard for part load testing conditions, EUROVENT standard,
6-C003-2006 has been amended including testing procedure for part load conditions.

Table 5 shows data for EER and ESEER determined according to EUROVENT rules. Comparison of
data from this table and data from Table 4 pertaining to U.S. devices is not purposeful, because they
do not pertain to the same working conditions.

11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 8

Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning


=======================================================================

In the following conditions:


(1) condenser air intake temperature 35C; chilled water temperature 7C; temperature differential at the evaporator 5 K.
(2) condenser (evaporator) air intake temperature 7C D.B. - 6C W.B.-; water temperature 40/45C.

Table 5. Technical Data for Water Chillers; Air Cooled

11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 9

Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning


=======================================================================

Table 6. Technical Data for Water Chillers;


Freecooling
Air Cooled


In the following conditions:
(1) condenser air intake temperature 30C; chilled water temperature 15/10C - 30% ethylene glycol.
(2) Water: 15/10C 30% ethylene glycol.

Table 6 shows data for EER at a lower air temperature and higher water temperatures. These
conditions are not good to compare different devices, but are realistic for water chillers with indirect
free cooling.

11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 10

Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning


=======================================================================

Figure 3: EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT SOFWARE FOR THE ESTIMATION OF ENERGY SAVING

Figure 3 shows that large savings can be achieved with indirect free cooling in winter working
conditions.

NEWS in Seasonal Energy Efficiency

EUROVENT is involved in a study for the development of the European Seasonal Coefficient of
Performance ESCOP (Seasonal Heating Efficiency Level).

Some AC engineer proposes a new index of the seasonal energy efficiency for chillers, CSE (Chiller
Seasonal Efficiency). This index has an advantage in that it is adaptable to multiple-chiller systems by
setting six rating points to consider the difference in the EER due to the entering condenser water
temperature as well as the part load.

Using the CSE index, the advantage of a chiller with variable-speed turbo compressors is presented.
Rooftop manufacturers asked the European Committee for Standardization to consider free cooling in
the calculation of the seasonal efficiencies in order to represent the energy savings such a system
brings along.

VDMA (Verband Deutscher Maschinen und Anlagenbau - German Engineering Federation) was
founded the working group Energy Efficiency of Refrigerating Systems. This working group is an
integration of industry, science, craft, user, associations and politics.

The working group developed basic principles for energy efficient components and systems in
refrigerating technology and prepares recommendations for politics and legislation

The working group Energy Efficiency of Refrigerating Systems developed a model offering a simple
evaluation of the refrigerating load and published it in a VDMA-Einheitsblatt. They introduced new
coefficients. One of them is - Efficiency of use of cold ETA(Qo).

EHPA - European Heat Pump Association with its EHPA Norms & Standards Committee considers
that COP does not exist in real-life. Ecodesign establishes the Efficiency Factor (ETA).

It is expected that the results of these activities will be after the year 2012.

11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 11

Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning


=======================================================================

Classification of Water Chillers according to Cooling Efficiency Level (in Europe)

EUROVENT established classification for full load Energy Efficiency Ratio of each type of water
chillers; see Table 7.

Table 7. Chillers Energy Classification in Cooling Mode

Class EER Air Cooled Water Cooled Remote Condenser

A EER 3.1 EER 5.05 EER 3.55


B 2.9 EER < 3.1 4.65 EER < 5.05 3.4 EER < 3.55
C 2.7 EER < 2.9 4.25 EER < 4.65 3.25 EER < 3.4
D 2.5 EER < 2.7 3.85 EER < 4.25 3.1 EER < 3.25
E 2.3 EER < 2.5 3.45 EER < 3.85 2.95 EER < 3.1
F 2.1 EER < 2.3 3.05 EER < 3.45 2.8 EER < 2.95
G < 2.1 < 3.05 < 2.8

Table 7 presents values of EER for chillers with different types of condensers and for different
classes. The basic goal of such classification is to eliminate from use chillers of class G, and to
stimulate sales of top class ones.

All those ratios for chillers with more than 12 kW cooling capacity do not have the importance of
directive or of a standard and their implementation is on voluntary basis.

Labelling of Water Chillers according to Cooling Efficiency Level (in Europe)

At present, the Energy Labelling Directive is restricted to household appliances. Indeed, the label is
mandatory only for Room Air Conditioners with capacity equal to or lower than 12 kW.

By applying Directive 2002/96/EC on labelling of devices according to Energy Efficiency, a great


move has been made in increasing energy efficiency of air-conditioning devices and heat pumps with
capacity equal to or lower than 12 kW.

This Directive prescribes mandatory labelling of energy efficiency class of a device. Method of
labelling in the form of defined size sticker with data about energy efficiency class from A to G,
enables the buyer to influence the energy saving himself, during selection and purchase of the device.

This method of labelling is not defined by standards or regulations for water chillers and heat pumps
with more than 12 kW cooling capacity.

11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 12

Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning


=======================================================================

Conclusion
The Energy Performance Building Directive (EPBD) requires calculation of building energy
performance and regular inspection of central air conditioners and chillers with more than 12 kW
cooling capacity.

However, these measures only address the efficiency of the end-use equipment as determined under
standard conditions at full load and will not realize many of the potential energy savings which are
related to operating conditions at part load. To be really effective, energy efficiency options have to be
defined not on the basis of nominal operating conditions but on a variety of part load conditions, which
better reflect the central air conditioners operating modes that occur in real use.

Development of the European Seasonal Coefficient of Performance ESCOP (Seasonal Heating


Efficiency Level) must be finish.

Take in to account free cooling in the calculation of the seasonal efficiencies in order to represent the
energy savings such a system brings along.

Consider the advantage of a multiple-chiller systems with variable-speed turbo compressors in the
calculation of the energy savings.

As the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is a priority issue in Europe and worldwide, the European
Union is planning to reduce CO2 emission by 8% in the period from 2008. to 2012. This is a powerful
motive for improving energy efficiency of water chillers and heat pumps. Lower electricity consumption
means lower electricity generation demands, which results in reduction of CO2 emission.

Literature:

1. EN standard 14511: 2007 (D)


2. ARI standard 340/360 2007
3. IIR bulletin No. 2001 5
4. Energy Labeling Directive, 2002/96/EC and EN 14511 Standard for Room Air Conditioners,
Yamina Saheb, Andre Pierrot, Sulejman Beirspahi
5. Effect of the Certification on Chillers Energy Efficiency,
Yamina Saheb, Sulejman Beirspahi, Jerome Simon
6. Air-conditioning, air handling and refrigeration equipment: European-wide certification,
standards and European directives on energy efficiency,
Sandrine Marinhas, Sylvain Courtey, Mohamed Ouhemmou, E. Melquiond and G. Robertsson
Eurovent certification Company, France

11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 13

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen