systematically arranged matteremphasis is on
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT
PHILOSOPHIES IN EDUCATION
NATURALISM
o Naturalism stands for a democratic and universal
way-everyone must be educated in the same
manner
o Education is in accordance to human development
and growth
o Emphasis is given more on the physical
development-informal exercise-and hygiene of the
person rather of the 3 Rs
o Aims to unfold the childs potential not to prepare
him for a definite vocation or social position-but to
prepare him to adapt to the changing times and
needs
o Consequently, ones conduct is governed by
impulse, instincts and experience.
o It puts the child at the center of educational process
and prepares him to experience life as it is.
IDEALISM
o Ideas are the only true reality, the ultimate truths
for matter is nothing but just a mere representation
of ideas.
o Emphasis is given on knowledge obtained by
speculation and reasoning for its central tenet is
that ideas are the only things worth knowing for
o Focus is on conscious reasoning of the mind in
order to attain truth. This includes the activities
pertinent to the human mind such as introspection
and intuition and the use of logic
o Its aim is to discover the full potentials in child and
cultivates it in order to prepare him for a better
position in the society and for him to serve the
society better
o Emphasis is given on subjectsphilosophy,
literature, religion and historythat will develop
and enhance the mind of the child
o Methods used in teaching include lecture,
discussion and Socratic dialogue
o Character development is through emulation of
examples and heroes
REALISM
o The most effective way to find about reality is to
study it through organized, separate and
subject matter concerning Science and
Mathematics
o Methods used in teaching include recitation,
experimentation and demonstration
o Character development is through training in the
rules of conduct
EXIXTENTIALISM
o Subject matter is personal choice
o Learning is based on the willingness of the student
to choose and give meaning to the subject
o Emphasis is given on the students rather than on
the curriculum content
o Students should not be treated as objects to be
measured and standardized
o Methods are geared on giving opportunities for the
students for self-actualization and self-direction
o Character development is through the responsibility
of every individual in making a decision
ESSENTIALISM
o Schooling is practical for this will prepare students
to become competent and valuable members of the
society
o Focuses on the basics-reading, writing, speaking
and the ability to compute (arithmetic)
o Subjects that are given emphasis include geography,
grammar, reading, history, mathematics, art and
hygiene
o Stresses the values of hard work, perseverance,
discipline and respect to authorities
o Students should be taught to think logically and
systematically-grasping not just the parts but the
whole
o Methods of teaching center on giving regular
assignments, drills, recitation, frequent testing and
evaluation
PRAGMATISM
o Involves students to work in groups
o Methods of teaching include experimentation,
project making and problem solving.
o Stresses on the application of what have learned
rather that the transfer of the organized body of
knowledge
 PERENNIALISM
o Some of the ideas in the past are still being taught
because they are significant
o Curriculum should contain cognitive subjects that
cultivate rationality, morality, aesthetics and
religious principles. This includes history, language,
mathematics, logic, literature, humanities and
science.
o Curriculum must be based on recurrent themes of
human life for it views education as a recurring
process based on eternal truths
o The teacher must have the mastery of the subject
matter and authority in exercising it.
o Aims for the education of the rational personto
develop mans power of thoughtthe central aim of
this philosophy
PROGRESSIVISM
o Focuses on the child as a whole rather than of the
content or the teacher
o Curriculum content comes from the questions and
interests of the students
o Emphasis is given on the validation of ideas by the
students through active experimentation
o Methods of teaching include discussions, interaction
(teacher with students) and group dynamics
o Opposes the extreme reliance on bookish method of
instruction, learning through memorization, the
use of fear and punishment and the four walled
philosophy of education
CONSTRUCTIVISM
o A philosophy of learning which asserts that reality
does not exist outside of human conceptions. It is
the individual who constructs reality by reflecting
on his own experience and gives meaning to it.
o Learning is the process of adjusting ones mental
modes to accommodate new experience.
RECONSTRUCTIVISM
o Schools should originate policies and progress that
will bring social reforms and orders
o Teachers should be an instrument to encourage and
lead students in the program or social reforms
o Curriculum emphasizes on social reforms as the aim
of education. It focuses on student experience and
taking social actions on real problems
o Method of teaching include the problem-oriented
type (students are encouraged to critically examine
cultural heritage), group discussions, inquiry,
dialogues, interactions and community-based
learning
o The classroom will serve as a laboratory in
experimenting school practices bringing the world
into the classroom
BEHAVIORISM
o Asserts that human beings are shaped entirely by
their external environment
o The only reality is the physical world
NATIONALISM
o The most important development was the creation
of common language
o Stresses on the teaching of the principles of
democracy, and duties of citizenship
o Stimulates the development of the state which
includes the control and support of public school
system
o Curriculum includes the teaching of grammar,
geography and history
o Method of teaching gives emphasis on the content
regarding on nature studies, physical exercises and
play activities
HUMANISM
o Education is a process and should not be taken
abruptly. The unfolding of human character
proceeds with unfolding of nature
o The learner should be in control of his destiny
o Concern is more on methods which include theme
writing rather than oral discussions, drills and
exercises, playing
o Asserts the importance of playing in the curriculum
o Emphasizes motivations and the use of praise and
rewards
o Curriculum includes subjects concerning literary
appreciation, physical education, social training in
manners and development