RANGANATHAN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

1 Mark Question Bank

For
24032 - ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND INSTRUMENTATION

Department : ECE

Sem : IIIrd Sem

L-Scheme

Prepared by:
D.Chandru HOD/ECE

Electrical Circuits and Instrumentation Prepared by: D.Chandru HOD/ECE

 24032-ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND INSTRUMENTATION
Department : ECE
IIIrd Sem
L-Scheme

UNIT-I
D.C. CIRCUITS AND THEOREMS
ONE MARK:
1. State unit of current.
Ampere
2. State unit of power.
Watts
3. State unit of charge.
Coulomb
4. State unit of energy.
Joules
5. State the two types of Kirchoff’s laws.
Kirchoff’s current law
Kirchoff’s voltage law
6. Give the expression of power.
𝑉2
Power, P = 𝐼 2 𝑅 or P =
𝑅

7. Give the equivalent resistance expression for resistor connected in series.

Req = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
8. Give the equivalent resistance expression for resistor connected in parallel.
𝑅1 𝑅2
Req =
𝑅1 +𝑅2

9. Write the power at maximum condition at load resistance when the voltage
transferred from source to load resistance.
𝐸2
𝑃𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
4𝑅𝐿

Electrical Circuits and Instrumentation Prepared by: D.Chandru HOD/ECE

 10. Give the formula for finding load current in Norton’s circuit.
𝑅𝑁
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑁 ∗
𝑅𝑁+ 𝑅𝐿

11. Give the formula for finding load current in thevenin’s equivalent circuit.
𝑉𝑡ℎ
𝐼𝐿 =
𝑅𝑡ℎ+ 𝑅𝐿
12. Define voltage.
The difference of potentials between two points is called potential difference
(voltage). It is represented by V. Its unit is Volt.
13. Define current.
Flow of electrons in any conductor is called current. It is represented by I and its unit
is ampere.
14. Define resistance.
The opposition offered by a substance to the flow of current is called resistance. It is
represented by R and its unit is ohm.
15. State ohm’s law.
At constant temperature, the current flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference (voltage) between the two ends of the
conductor. V= IR
16. State Kirchoff’s current law.
The algebraic sum of currents at a junction (node) of a network is zero. (or) the sum
of currents flowing towards a junction is equal to the sum of currents flowing away
from the junction.
17. State Super position theorem.
In a network containing two or more EMF sources the current in any resistor is equal
to the algebraic sum of the separate currents in the resistor when each source acts
separately.
18. State Kirchoff’s voltage law.
The algebraic sum of voltage in a closed circuit is equal to zero.
19. State Thevenin’s theorem.
Any two terminal networks can be replaced by a voltage source 𝑉𝑡ℎ in series with the
resistance 𝑅𝑡ℎ

Electrical Circuits and Instrumentation Prepared by: D.Chandru HOD/ECE

 𝑉𝑡ℎ = open circuit voltage at AB
𝑅𝑡ℎ = resistance of the network
20. State Norton’s theorem.
Any two terminal networks can be replaced by a current source IN in parallel with the
resistance RN
IN = short circuit current at AB RN = resistance of the network
21. State maximum power transfer theorem
In a network containing EMF source and load resistor then the maximum power will
be transfer from source to load when the load resistor is equal to the internal
resistance of the circuit.
22. Draw the equivalent circuit of Maximum power transfer theorem.

23. Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.

24. Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit.

Electrical Circuits and Instrumentation Prepared by: D.Chandru HOD/ECE

 UNIT – II
A.C. CIRCUITS AND RESONANCE

ONE MARK:
1. What is the phase angle between the voltage and current in pure resistive circuit?
Phase angle between voltage and current is zero.
2. What is the phase angle between the voltage and current in pure inductive
circuit?
Phase angle between voltage and current is 90◦.
3. State the power consumed and power factor in pure resistive circuit.
Power consumed- 𝐼 2 𝑅
Power factor- unity
4. State the power consumed and power factor in pure inductive circuit.
Power consumed- 0
Power factor- 0
5. State the power consumed and power factor in pure capacitive circuit.
Power consumed- 0
Power factor- 0

6. Define Impedance.
It is defined as the total opposition offered by a circuit to flow of current. It is
the combination of resistance and reactance. It is represented by Z and unit is ohm.
𝑉
Z= ;
𝐼

7. Define Admittance.
It is the reciprocal of impedance. It is represented by ‘Y’ and unit is mho.
1 𝐼
Y= =
𝑍 𝑉
8. Define Suceptance.
It is defined as the reciprocal of reactance represented by B. its unit is mho.
𝐼
B=
𝑋
9. Define Conductance.
It is defined as the reciprocal of resistance represented by G. Its unit is mho.
10. Define power factor.
It is defined as the ratio of resistance to impedance.
𝑅
cos 𝜃 =
𝑍

Electrical Circuits and Instrumentation Prepared by: D.Chandru HOD/ECE

 11. Define the angle and power in RL series circuit.
𝑋
Phase angle 𝜃 = tan−1 𝐿
𝑅
In RL series circuit the voltage leads current by 𝜃.
Power consumed is VI cos 𝜃
12. Define the angle and power in RC series circuit.
In RC series circuit the current leads voltage by 𝜃.
Power consumed is VI cos 𝜃.
Power factor is cos 𝜃.
13. Define the angle and power in RL parallel circuit.
In RL parallel circuit the current lags voltage by 𝜃.
Power consumed is VI cos 𝜃.
Power factor is cos 𝜃.
14. Define the angle and power in RC parallel circuit.
In RC parallel circuit the current leads voltage by 𝜃.
Power consumed is VI cos 𝜃.
Power factor is cos 𝜃.
15.Give the expression of inductive reactance and capacitive reactance.
Inductive reactance: 𝑋𝐿 = 2πfL
1
Capacitive reactance: 𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
16. Give the expression for impedance.
𝑉
Impedance Z = ;
𝐼
Z = 𝑅2 + 𝑋 2 , for RLC series circuit; X = 𝑋𝐿 - 𝑋 𝐶
Z = 𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿 2 , for RL series circuit

Z = 𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐶 2 , for RC series circuit

17. State resonance condition.
At 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋 𝐶 at a particular frequency, then the net reactance equals to zero and
the impedance reduces to resistance only. The current at this condition is very large.

18. State the resonance frequency.

At one particular frequency both 𝑋𝐿 and 𝑋 𝐶 becomes equal and the net reactance
equals to zero. The frequency at which this resonance takes place is known as resonant
frequency.
19. What are the types of resonance?
 Series resonance
 Parallel resonance
20. Define series resonance.

Electrical Circuits and Instrumentation Prepared by: D.Chandru HOD/ECE

 At resonance 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋 𝐶 , 𝑉𝐿 and 𝑉𝐶 are equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction. Hence they cancel each other. The full applied voltage is across the
resistance.

21. Define voltage magnification (or ) Q-Factor

The ratio of voltage across L and C to the applied voltage is known as voltage
magnification factor or Q-factor for series resonant circuit.
𝑋𝐿 1 𝐿
Q-factor = or
𝑅 𝑅 𝐶
22. Define bandwidth.
The frequency width between the two half power frequencies 𝑓2 and 𝑓1 is called
bandwidth. The bandwidth is an indication of sharpness or degree of fine tuning at the
resonance circuit.
BW = 𝑓2 − 𝑓1
23. Define parallel resonance.
The resistance R and inductance L is connected parallel with capacitor C. this
circuit is said to be at resonance when voltage and current are in phase with each
other.
24. What are the types of parallel resonance curves?
 Impedance vs. frequency curve
 Current vs. frequency curve
25. What are the applications of resonance?
 It is used in tank circuit of an oscillator.
 It is used in microwave communication.
 It is used in the tuning circuit of radio and TV to obtain required station.
26. Define current magnification factor.
The ratio of circulating current between L and C to the supply current is known
as current magnification factor or Q-factor for parallel resonant circuit.
𝑋𝐿 1 𝐿
Q-factor = or
𝑅 𝑅 𝐶
27. Define the impedance at resonance condition in parallel and series resonance.
 At series resonance the current is minimum.
 At parallel resonance the current is maximum.
28. Define the current at resonance condition in parallel and series resonance.
 At series resonance the current is maximum.
 At parallel resonance the current is minimum.
29. Define the dynamic resistance in parallel and series resonance.
 For series resonance dynamic resistance is R.

Electrical Circuits and Instrumentation Prepared by: D.Chandru HOD/ECE

 L
 For parallel resonance dynamic resistance is .
CR

UNIT-III

TRANSFORMERS AND MACHINES

ONE MARK:

1. Define transformer and its types.

Transformer is an AC static electrical machine which transfers power from one
circuit to another circuit by electromagnetic induction without change in frequency.
It is used to convert high voltage to low voltage and low voltage to high voltage.
Two types: Step up transformer (N1<N2)
Step down transformer (N1>N2)
N1- N.o of Primary turns N2- N.o of Secondry turns
2. Define step down transformer.
If the output voltage is less than input voltage is called step down transformer.
Example: Input 230V AC output 6-0-6 VAC.
3. Define step up transformer.
If the output voltage is more than input voltage is called step up transformer.
Example: Input 230V AC output 300 – 0 - 300 VAC.
4. State the principle of transformer.
Transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction. When an AC supply
is given to the primary coil, the flux linked to the secondary coil also changes. Hence
the EMF is induced in secondary coil.
5. What is ideal transformer
Lossless transformer is called ideal transformer, in practical there is no ideal
transformer. This is consider for theoretical purpose.
6. Define RMS value.
RMS value = form factor X average value
7. Define voltage ratio and current ratio.
Voltage ratio: The ratio between secondary voltage to primary voltage is called
transformer voltage ratio.
𝑉2 𝑁2
= =K
𝑉1 𝑁1
Current Ratio: the input power produced is equal to the output power.
𝑉1 𝐼1 = 𝑉2 𝐼2 = K
8. Define efficiency.

Electrical Circuits and Instrumentation Prepared by: D.Chandru HOD/ECE

 Efficiency is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power.
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
% Efficiency (η) = X 100
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Input power = output power + iron loss + copper loss.

9. What are the types of losses in a transformer?

Two types of losses are:
i) Core loss or iron loss
ii) Copper loss
10. Define voltage regulation.
Voltage regulation is defined as the ratio of change in secondary voltage from
no load to full load to the secondary no load voltage.
𝐸2 − 𝑉2
% regulation = X 100
𝐸2
Where 𝐸2 − no load secondary voltage
𝑉2 - Full load secondary voltage
11. What is the normal range efficiency in an ideal transformer?
The efficiency of the transformer is normally ranges from 95% to 99%.
12. What is the type of loss that is identified using open circuit test?
Core or iron loss
13. What is the type of loss that is identified using short circuit test?
Copper loss
14. State the principle of DC generator.
An electrical generator is a machine which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. This is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction and
mechanical rectification of AC into DC.
15. What are the types of DC generator?
DC generator types:
1. Separately excited
2. Self excited
 Shunt generator
 Series generator
 Compound generator

16. State some applications of DC generator.

1. It is used for battery charging.
2. It is used as a booster to compensate for the load voltage drops.
3. It is used in electro plating and welding purposes.
17. State the principle of DC motor.

Electrical Circuits and Instrumentation Prepared by: D.Chandru HOD/ECE

 DC motor is an electric machine which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. The working of a motor depends upon the principle of
electromagnetic induction.
When a current carrying conductor is kept in a uniform magnetic field, a force
will be set upon the conductor so as to move it at right angles to the magnetic fields.

18. What are the types of DC motor?

1. DC shunt motor
2. DC series motor
3. DC compound motor
 Cumulative compound motor
 Differential compound motor
19. State some applications of DC motor.
1. Shunt motors are used to drive centrifugal pumps, light machine tools,
paper mills, drilling machines etc. It is used where constant speed is
required at low starting torque.
2. Series motors are used where high starting torque is required such as
electric trains, cranes, lifts etc.
3. Compound motors are used where intermittent high starting torque is
required as rolling mills, printing machines, shears, punches etc.
20. What is single phase induction motor?
It is a motor with only one set of winding wound on stator. It has a squirrel cage
motor. There is a uniform air gap between the stator and the rotor since they are not
electrically connected.
21. State the principle of stepper motor.
Stepper motor is a device which transforms electrical pulses into equal
increments of rotary shaft motion called steps.
22. Why the single phase induction motor is not self starting?
In this motor, the rotor is a squirrel cage rotor. In stator, only one main winding
is provided. When an AC supply (single phase) is given to the stator winding, an
alternating (pulsating) magnetic field is produced and the rotor rotates in both
directions. But the rotor does not rotate continuously. So the single phase induction
motor is not self starting.
23. Define step angle.
The step angle is the angle, through which the motor shaft rotates for each
command pulse,
360°
Step angle, β =
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑋 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡 ℎ
24. What are the types of stepper motor?
1. Variable reluctance type

Electrical Circuits and Instrumentation Prepared by: D.Chandru HOD/ECE

 2. Hybrid type
25. What are the applications of stepper motor?
It is used in
 Textile industry
 IC fabrications
 Type writers
 Floppy disc drives
 Military and medical applications
 Printers etc.,

UNIT – IV

MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND CRO

ONE MARK:
1. What is measurement?
The measurement of a given quantity is essentially an act or the result of
comparisons between the quantity and a predefined standard.
2. Define instruments.
Instrument is a device used for determining the value or magnitude of a quantity
or variable.
3. What is indicating instruments?
Indicating instruments are those instruments which indicate the magnitude of
the quantity being measured. The indications are given by a pointer moving over a
calibrated scale. Ex: ammeter, voltmeter.
4. What is deflecting force?
The deflecting force is also called operating force. It is used to move the pointer
from its zero position. The system which produces the deflecting force is called
deflecting system or moving system, which converts electric current or potential into a
mechanical force.
5. What are the basic forces for indicating instruments?
 Deflecting force , Controlling force , Damping force
6. Define controlling force.
Controlling force is required to keep the pointer at the final position steadily. It
is also used to bring the pointer back to zero position. It is used to produce a force
equal and opposite to the deflecting force at the final steady position. If this
controlling force is absent, the pointer will swing beyond the limit and deflection will
be indefinite.
7. What are the methods used to provide controlling force?
1. Spring control and 2. Gravity control

Electrical Circuits and Instrumentation Prepared by: D.Chandru HOD/ECE

 8. Define damping force.
Damping force is necessary to bring the pointer rest quickly and smoothly
without any oscillation. Else due to inertia of the moving system, the pointer will
oscillate about its final deflected position for some time before coming to rest.
9. What are the types of damping?
1. Air friction damping 2. Fluid friction damping 3. Eddy current damping
10. Define eddy current damping.
When a conductor moves in a magnetic field an EMF is induced in it. If a
closed path is provided for this EMF an eddy current will flow and set up its own flux.
This flux will interact with the main magnetic field and produce a damping torque.
11. State the principle of PMMC.
These instruments are used for DC measurements only. The working principle
of permanent magnet moving coil instrument is, when a current carrying conductor is
placed in a uniform magnetic field, a mechanical force acts on a conductor.

12. What are the advantages of PMMC?

1. Consumes very small power
2. Uniform scale and very high torque
3. No hysteresis loss
13. What are the disadvantages of PMMC?
1. High cost
2. Errors due to ageing of permanent magnet and spring
3. It cannot be used for AC measurements
14. Define shunt and multiplier.
Shunt: When heavy currents are to be measured a low resistance is connected
in parallel with the low range ammeter. This low resistance is called shunt.
Multiplier: For measuring high voltages the Moving coil meter is converted
into a DC voltmeter by connecting a series of resistance called multiplier.
15. Write the formula for shunt and multiplier resistances.
Im R m
Shunt resistance, R sh =
I−I m
𝑉
Multiplier resistance, R se = − 𝑅𝑚
𝐼𝑚
16. State the purpose of shunt resistor in PMMC DC ammeter.
The purpose of it is to carry major of the line current. The shunt resistance is
parallel with the meter resistance. So, the voltage drop is equal to the meter resistance
voltage drop.
17. What is Voltmeter Sensitivity?
Voltmeter sensitivity is defined as the resistance of the voltmeter per one volt
measured by it or it is the reciprocal of the maximum deflection current of the meter.

Electrical Circuits and Instrumentation Prepared by: D.Chandru HOD/ECE

 18. What are the two types of bridges?
DC Bridge: used to measure the resistance value.
AC Bridge: used to measure the inductance and capacitance value
19. What are the applications of Wheatstone bridge?
 To find the resistance value of unknown resistors of the range 0.1 to 100000
ohm.
 To measure the inductance, capacitance and frequency.
 To measure Q factor, dissipation factors of coils and capacitors.
20. List out of the types of CRO.
 Multiple Trace Oscilloscope
 Multiple beam Oscilloscope
 Digital storage oscilloscope
 Sampling Oscilloscope
21. What is the use of time base generator in CRO?
Time based generator is used to generate the saw tooth voltage, required to
deflect the beam in the horizontal section.

22. What is the use of trigger circuit in CRO?

The trigger circuit produces trigger pulse to start saw tooth signal (SWEEP), to
get a steady waveform in the CRO screen. This is used to achieve synchronization.
23. State the use of delay line in CRO?
The delay line is used to delay the arrival of the input signal at the vertical
deflection plates, until the trigger and base circuits start the sweep of the beam.
24. What is meant by CRT and its parts?
The cathode ray tube produces a focused beam of electrons and is accelerated to
a very high velocity. The beam of electrons travels from the electron gun to the screen
of the CRT.
The parts of CRT are electron gun assembly, deflection plate assembly,
fluorescent screen, glass envelope.
25. Define electron lens system.
In CRO, electrostatic focusing is used to converge the electron beam into a
single luminous spot on the screen. This method is known as electron lens system.
26. Define focus.
The focal point of the beam is moved along the CRT axis. This control is
brought to the front panel of the CRO and marked as focus.
27. What is the use of CRO probe?
The CRO probe is used to connect the vertical amplifier with the circuit under
measurement. The general purpose probe is called a passive probe.
28. What are the applications of CRO?

Electrical Circuits and Instrumentation Prepared by: D.Chandru HOD/ECE

 CRO is used for
 Measurement of frequency
 Measurement of phase angle
 Measurement of voltage
 Measurement of current

29.What are the advantages of digital storage oscilloscope?

 It has more capacity
 The X-Y plots, B-H curve, P-V diagrams can be displayed.
 The characters can be displayed on screen along with the waveforms.
30.Define input attenuator.
The purpose of attenuator is to reduce the amplitude of the vertical input signal,
when very high signals are to be examined.
31.Define the purpose of vertical amplifier.
Vertical amplifier is used to amplify the input signal. It provides very high
impedance in order to isolate the signal source and CRT deflection plates.
32.Define deflection system and its types.
The deflection system is used to deflect the electron beam vertically or
horizontally as desired by applying voltage across the deflection plates. There are two
types.
 Electrostatic deflection system
 Electromagnetic deflection system

33.What are the uses of dual beam and dual trace oscilloscope?
Dual beam and dual trace oscilloscopes are used to compare any two waveforms
of same or different shape and frequency.
34.What is meant by lissajous pattern?
It is used for determine the unknown frequency of the signal. A known
frequency is applied to horizontal input and unknown frequency to the vertical input.
A pattern with loops is obtained on the screen by adjusting various controls. This
pattern is called lissajous pattern.

UNIT V
RECORDERS, TRANSDUCERS & TEST INSTRUMENTS

ONE MARK:
1. Define recorders.

Electrical Circuits and Instrumentation Prepared by: D.Chandru HOD/ECE

 A recorder is a measuring instrument that records electrical and non electrical
quantities as a function of time. This may be written or printed so that it can be
analyzed and examined later on.
2. What are the types of recorders?
There are two types of recording devices: Analog recorder and Digital recorder
3. What are the types of analog recorder?
X-Y recorder and digital recorder
4. What are the advantages of X-Y recorders?
 The relationship between two physical quantities is recorded immediately.
 Even a complicated curve can be drawn.
5. What are the applications of X-Y recorders?
 To draw speed the torque characteristics of motors.
 To draw regulation curves of power supply.
 Plotting stress strain curves, hysteresis curves etc.
6. Define strip chart recorders.
Strip chart recorders are those in which data is recorded on a continuous roll of
chart paper moving at a constant speed. The recorder records the variation of one or
more variables with respect to time. This is also called as X-T recorder.
7. What are the applications of strip chart recorders?
 Used in tyre and rubber processing
 Used in textile and dye process.
 Used in water and waste water treatment.
8. Define transducer.
A transducer is a device, which converts non electrical quantity into electrical
quantity.
9. What are the classifications of transducer?
Physical phenomenon
Power type and Type of output
Electrical phenomenon and Non electrical phenomenon
10.Define active and passive transducer.
Active transducers is known as self generating type transducers and it develops
their voltage or current itself for their operation. There is no need of additional power
for it operation. Ex: piezoelectric transducers.
Passive transducers require an external source of power for their operation.
Ex: strain gauge

11.Define strain gauge.

Electrical Circuits and Instrumentation Prepared by: D.Chandru HOD/ECE

 Strain gauge is a passive transducer that uses the variation in electrical
resistance in wires to sense the strain produced by a force on the wires. Strain can be
measured more easily by using variable resistance transducers.
12.What are the types of strain gauge?
The types of strain gauge are: mechanical, optical, electrical strain gauges.
13.What are the applications of strain gauges?
 Measurement of tension, torque, stress in structures.
 To measure force by strain produced in load rings.

14.Define photoelectric transducer.

These transducers convert the light energy into electrical signal. It uses the
properties of a photo emissive cell or photo conductive cell.
15.What are the advantages of photoelectric transducer?
 Have high efficiency
 Used for both static and dynamic condition
16.What are the disadvantages of photoelectric transducer?
 Does not respond to high frequency light variations
 Requires a large displacement of the force summing member.
17.Give some applications of photoelectric transducer.
a. In industrial cleaning
b. Used in under water detection
c. Used in burglar alarm

18.Define LVDT.
LVDT(Linear variable differential transducer) is a passive inductive transducer. It is
used to translate the linear motion into electrical signal.
19.What are the advantages of LVDT?
 High output and High sensitivity
 Less friction and less power consumption

20.What are the disadvantages of LVDT?

 Affected by external magnetic field.
 Requires large displacements for appreciable differential output.
21.Give some applications of LVDT.
 Used to measure force, weight, pressure, thickness etc.
 Used in all applications where displacement ranging from fractions of a mm to
a few cm has to be measured.
22.Define load cell.

Electrical Circuits and Instrumentation Prepared by: D.Chandru HOD/ECE

 Load cell is a transducer that is used in measurement of load, acting linearly
along a string or a wire. Load cells are used to measure extremely heavy loads.
23.What is See back effect?
The meter indication will be proportional to the temperature difference between
the hot junction and cold junction. This thermo electric effect caused by constant
potential at the junctions and it is known as the see back effect.
24.What are the advantages of thermocouple?
 No bridge circuit is required.
 Good accuracy
 Rugged construction
25. What are the disadvantages of thermocouple?
 Reference temperature can be kept constant.
 As the output voltage is less than 10mv a very sensitive meter is required.
26. Give some applications of thermocouple.
 Used to measure temperature range from 270◦C to 2800◦C.
 Used in industrial furnaces.
27. Define thermistor.
Thermistor or thermal resistors are THERMally sensitive resISTOR. It means
its resistance changes with temperature.
28. What are the advantages of thermistor?
 Low cost and Smaller in size
 High sensitivity and Good stability
29. What are the disadvantages of thermistor?
 Not suitable for high temperature measurement.
 Requires external power supply.
30. What are the types of thermistor?
 Negative temperature coefficient resistor (NTC).
 Positive temperature coefficient resistor (PTC).
31. Give some applications of thermistor.
 Used for measurement and control of temperature.
 Used for providing time delay.
 Used for measuring power at high frequencies.
32. What is NTC thermistor?
In NTC type thermistor the resistance of thermistor decreases with increase in
temperature.
33. What is PTC thermistor?
In PTC type thermistor the resistance of thermistor increases with increase in
temperature.
34. What are the types of DVM?

Electrical Circuits and Instrumentation Prepared by: D.Chandru HOD/ECE

 Integrated type DVM
Successive approximation type DVM
Ramp type DVM
Potentiometer type DVM
Continuous balance type DVM
35. What are the uses of data acquisition system?
Data acquisition systems are used for large number applications in industrial and
scientific areas like aerospace and telemetry industries.
36. What is data acquisition system?
Data acquisition system collects bulk of data, process it and stores or displays
the desired result.
37. What are the advantages of digital instrument over analog instrument?
 Speed of reading is high.
 Digital instrument has greater accuracy.
 It draws only negligible power.
38. What is the use of digital multimeter?
Digital multimeter is used to measure AC voltage, AC current, DC voltage and
DC current, resistance etc.
39. What is the use of digital voltmeter?
Digital voltmeter convert the analog signal into digital and display the voltage
to be measured as discrete numerical instead of pointer deflection, on the digital
displays.
40. Define digital frequency meter or counter.
A digital instrument which is used to measure the frequency of any periodic
waveform is known as frequency meter. It can perform a wide range of functions, such
as frequency measurement, period measurement, ratio of frequencies measurement
etc.

Electrical Circuits and Instrumentation Prepared by: D.Chandru HOD/ECE