1

APPROVAL SHEET

This Thesis entitled Common Practices used of Certain Medicinal Herb for

Cough prepared and submitted by _______________ has been approved and

accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Master of Arts

in Public Health.

Adviser
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 3

DEDICATION

To God, the Father Almighty

My mom, ____________

_________, my husband

____________, my son

___________, my brothers

My Al Mater

My professors, colleagues and classmates

My research adviser

This work is humbly dedicated.

_____________________
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COMMON PRACTICES USED OF CERTAIN MEDICINAL HERB FOR COUGH

ABSTRACT

Title:Common Practices used of Certain Medicinal Herb for Cough

Researcher:

School: University of La Salette

Degree: Master of Arts in Public Health

Adviser:

The focused of this study is to validate and determine the common

practices use in the traditional health benefits of certain medicinal herbs for

cough in San Fabian, Echague, Isabela. This research study focused only on the

five most common medicinal plants for cough. It includes Oregano, Lagundi,

Yerba Buena, Gumamela and Ginger. This involves information about the profile

of the respondents. It also includes the presentation of the herbs and usage as to

the frequency intake, amount and storage in determining some herbal plants that

are considered effective in the treatment of cough.it deals specifically with the

preparation and administration of the prepared and concocted medicine with the

prescribed frequency of administration and dosage and the effect of these have

to the person under treatment. All in all, this study evolves some values and

insights on the benefits of alternative medicine.

Seventy five (75) respondents was interviewed, among the five medicinal

plants, three of them was validated as effective for the treatment of cough. It
 5

includes Oregano, Lagundi and Yerba Buena. Among the respondents, 84%

validated that oregano was the most effective medicinal plant for cough, followed

by the Lagundi with 6.67%, and Yerba Buena with 5.33% respectively. Three

case studies support the effectiveness of the medicinal herbs for the treatment of

cough.

This study was conducted through the descriptive- normative-survey of

research. This method is most appropriate in determining the nature, causes and

measures responsive to the immediate cure needed. In short, it is addressed to

determine the current and existing condition of a subject under study.

It is normative because it has to channel through norms and standards

deemed readily applicable and responsive to the intent of the study.

Purposive sampling was used on this study because the researchers

interviewed the respondents who are using the said medicinal plants.
 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page .. 1

Approval Sheet 2

Acknowledgement .. 3

Dedication . 4

Abstract ..... 5

Table of Contents 6-7

Chapter 1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 8-16

Introduction .. ................ 8-9

Statement of the Problem ..... 12

Paradigm of the Study 13

Significance of the Study ... 14

Scope and Delimitation .. 15

Chapter 2 REVIEWS OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 17-24

Foreign Studies and Literature ... 17- 20

Local Studies and Literature 20-24

Chapter 3 METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY

Research Design .. 25

Sampling Design ... 25

Locale of the Study 26

Data Collection Method .... 26

Data Gathering Procedure and Analysis .... 26

Data Gathering Instrument 27

 7

Data Gathering Procedure .. 28

CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Special Precaution & Warnings .. 43

Chapter V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary . 44

Conclusions . 45

Recommendations . 46

APPENDIX A .. 47-48

APPENDIX B .. 49-50

REFERENCES 51-52

CURICULUM VITAE . 53
 8

CHAPTER I

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction

Herbs are natural products and their chemical composition varies

depending on several factors and therefore varying from people to people, from

energetic decoctions to the use of herbal; extracts following Western

methodologies of mainstream medicine. Traditional medicines have a very long

history. It is the sum total of the practices based on theories, beliefs and

experiences of different cultures and times, often inexplicable, in the

maintenance of health, particularly in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement and

treatment of illness.

In every country traditional medicines finds foundation in magical or

religious beliefs, or popular experience and the World Health Organization is

engaged to established definitive guidelines for methodology of clinical research

and the appraisal of effectiveness of traditional medicine.

In the words of Rene Dubos, health is primarily a measure of each

persons ability to do and become what he wants to become. Current views of

health and illness recognize health as more than just the absence of disease.

Health is being indeed a right of every human being because it embodies allthe

aspects of persos holistic being,

Health is very important toacommunity. Thus, all members of thefamily

are empowered to maintain their health status. They must be free from disease
 9

or infirmity or disabilities. The health of the family is considered as a while and

not individually. Ins some instances, diseases jeopardize the safety of a familys

health due to lack of adequate knowledge regarding the prevention and

management of disease which results to some development setbacks in the

family.

Nowadays, traditional medicine is well established and widely

acknowledge for use in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention,

diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness. It has

become a usable substitute for commercial medicine applications.

The research study was conducted to validate and determine the

common practices on use of medicinal plants for cough and other illnesses, to

identify its effectiveness and as a preventives solution for these illnesses.

Background of the Study

Traditional Medicine is widely acknowledged and accepted. It is used

globally and is growing in economic importance, traditional medicine is often the

only accessible and affordable treatment available. The WHO reports that

Traditional Medicine is the primary health care system to a large percentage of

the population in developing countries. It is the sum total of the knowledge, skills

and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to

different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as

well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and

mental illness.
 10

Medicinal herbs also called botanical medicine or phytomedicine refers

to using a plants seeds, berries, roots, bark or flowers for medicinal purposes.

Herbalism has a long tradition of use outside of conventional medicine. It is

becoming more of the mainstream as improvements in analysis and quality

control with advances on clinical research show the value of herbal medicine in

treating and preventing diseases.

Medicinal herbs are finished, labeled medicinal products that contain

active ingredients, aerial of underground parts of plants, or other parts of plant

materials, or combinations thereof, whether in the crude state or as medicinal

preparations. A plant material includes juices, gums, fatty oils, essential oils and

any other substances of this nature. Herbal Medicines may contain elements in

addition to the active ingredients.

Medicinal containing plant materials combined with chemically defined

active substances, isolated constituents of plants, are not considered as herbal

medicines.

Some herbal medicines are very essential in treating respiratory

disorders, while there are many treatment options; there are some natural home

remedies that one could control respiratory diseases. These natural remedies

could be consumed to provide relief from the symptoms of the respiratory

diseases, cure the diseases to some extent and keep them in control.

However, these natural remedies do not replace the doctors advice and

prescription. When one intends to undergo a strict natural regimen, they should
 11

consult their doctor and do it as a supplement to the medications and treatments

that is being administered to them.

The use of herbs has been gaining popularity these past few years in the

Philippines and worldwide as more clinical proof emerges that validates many of

the old alternative medicines used by Filipino folks that have passed on. The

curative effects of the herbs were tested by traditional healers on their patient.

The knowledge and skills on the curative application of any given herbal

medicine has been handed down from generation to generation.

It is a great help to many in making life better by introducing national

herbal medication in the country. Within the past decade, herbal medicine has

gained on increasing importance, considering both medical and economic

implications. In developing countries particularly, where 70% of the indigenous

population still depends on traditional system of medication and use of medicinal

plants for healthcare, in spite of medical advancement also accepts herbal

medicine also accepts herbal medicine as effective cure to some ailments.

Widespread use of medical herbs has raised question about their quality,

safety, and efficacy. As part of dealing with immense strategy, extensive task of

reviewing the countrys scientific literature of commonly used herbal medicines

have been conducted to promote global harmonization of herbal health care to

clinically tested medicines. ( Bayalan, Villa, Landicho, 2008)

 12

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to validate the effectiveness of Oregano, Lagundi,

Yerba Buena, Gumamela and Ginger for the treatment of Cough and other

ailments in Barangay San Fabian, Echague, Isabela.

Its specific objectives are:

1. To determine the socio- demographic profile of the respondents in

terms of :

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Religion

1.4 Income/Person

2. To evaluate the mode of utilization and preparation of the chosen

medicinal plant in terms of:

2.1 Dosage of amount used

2.2 Frequency of used

3. To determine which among the given medicinal plants for cough are

commonly used and considered most effective.

4. To validate the type and length of experience on healing in the use of

the medicinal concoction from the given herbs.

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Paradigm of the Study

Table 1 shows the relationship of independent variables (respondents

profile, age, gender, religion, and income) and the dependent variables

(Common medicinal plants: Oregano, Lagundi, Yerba Buena, Gumamela,

Ginger) use for cough in Brgy. San Fabian, Echague, Isabela; and theoutput or

dependent variable which is expressive of the effect arrived at.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Identification

of common

illnesses for
Proper preparation and
herbal
application of prepared Favorable effect of
medication
herbal medicines to herbal medicines to

effect the needed some ailments

Identify some
treatment
herbs

responsive to

the

determined

illnesses

FEEDBACK

Preparation, Paradigm of the Study

concoction Figure 1

and

application
 14

The paradigm illustrates the systems approach in the implementation and

application of locally prepared herbal medicines. It is an option where al

components integrate reciprocally with each other.

The components are:

The Input also known as the Independent Variable. These are the anchor

in the preparation and application of the concocted herbal medicines. Basically

they are also known as agents of results. This entails identification of illnesses

and the herbs responsive to the disease and the preparation and concoction of

the medicinal elements.

The Processor Intervening Variable.This covers the activity part of the

systems which deals with the preparation and application of the concocted

medicinal extract.

The Output or Dependent Variable.This is the aftermath arrived at.

Basically the effect is always affirmative of a positive result.

Immediately interloping the whole system is the feedback which cycles

around the whole system from where more indices for improvement are

discerned.

Significance of the Study

As beneficiaries to the output of the study are:

Community/People

The importance of this study to the community is to contribute knowledge

about the use of Oregano, Lagundi, Yerba Buena, Gumamela, and Ginger as
 15

effective treatment for cough. The finding sensitizes the people on the medicinal

values of the herbs under study.

Respondents

Conducting this study and gathering data and facts about herbs

with medicinal values made them contributor in the administration of curative

herbs responsive to the needed treatment, such of which serves as an instance

to poverty alienation.

Parents particularly Mothers

Under that direct custody the children are entrusted to. Aware of

some medicinal herbs which are sources of alternative curses, they will be eased

of the burden additional expense since the herbs are just within reach

Future Researchers

The output arrive at in this study provides them additional insights

on some immediate solutions to some common illnesses which can be readilly

administered and taken in by those in need of treatment.

Scope and Delimitation

The focused of this study is to validate and determine the common

practices in the traditional health approached of certain medicinal herbs for

cough in Barangay San Fabian, EchagueIsabela done on the fourth week of

October 2014. This research study focused only on the five most common

medicinal plants for cough; it includes Oregano, Lagundi, yerba Buena,

 16

Gumamela, and Ginger, and their percieved effect in th treatment of some

illnesses.

This study also includes the preparation of the herbs and the usage as to

frequency of intake, amount and storage.

This study focused in determining some herbal plants that are considerd

effective in the treatment of common illnesses such as cough, colds, and boils. It

deals specifically with the preparation and administration of the prepared and

concocted medicine with the prescribed frequency of administration and dosage

and the effect these have to the person under treatment. All in all, this study

evolved some values and insights on the benefits of alternative medicine.

 17

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Studies and Literature

Most upper respiratory tract infections (URIs or coughs) are self-

diagnosed and self-treated at home. Patients who presents with URIs often

benefit from reassurance education and instructions for symptomatic home

treatment. Coughing is one of the most common health problems. When there is

a blockage or irritant in your throat or upper air passages, your brain thinks a

foreign element is present and tells your body to cough to remove that element.

Coughing can also be due to a viral infection, common cold, flu and smoking or

health problems such as asthma, tuberculosis, and lung cancer.

According to the Bussman and Glenn (2010) "... respiratory tract infections

continue to be a major health challenge worldwide especially due to the

increasingly fast development of resistance to the drugs currently use".

According to the World Health Organization, about three quarters of the

world population relies on traditional remedies (mainly herbs) to fulfill their

healthcare needs (WHO, 2003). In developing countries, remedies prepared by

traditional healers from plants of the local floraor the only drugs available for a

large number of periods. It is not uncommon that a single plant possesses a wide

range of medicinal applications. Several scientific studies, in parallel to this, have

also known the presence of synergistic and/ or side effect neutralizing

combinations in plants, which is the result of the presence of multiple

constituents in a single plan. Herbs have always played an important role in the
 18

treatment of respiratory diseases and Atropa belladonna is one such example,

with folkloric repute to treat asthma. This species is the source of atropic, a

prototype antimoscarinic drug, which has a wide range of clinical including

asthma.

(http://herbaltreatment.us/disease-of-respiratorysystem/medicinal-plant-used-

treat-respiratory-disorders)

Manyplant species are traditionally used for respiratory illness treatment,

and some have been investigated for their efficacy with positive results. As a total

of 91 plant species belonging to 82 genera and 48 families were documented

and identifies as respiratory system herbal remedies in Northern Peru. Most of

the species used were Asteraceae (15 species, 16.67%), followed by Lamiceae

and fabaceae (8.89% and 5.56%). The majority of respiratory disorder herbal

preparations were prepared from the leaves of plants (27.69%), while the whole

plant (18.46%), flowers (13.85%) and stems (17.60%) were used less frequently.

In almost 55% of the cases fresh plant material was used to prepare remedies.

About 86% of the remedies were applied orally, while the remaining ones were

applied topically.

Over half of all remedies were prepared as mixture of multiple mixtures of

ingredients. Almost 50% of the plants found in the respiratory pharmacopeia of

Northern Peru, have been studied for their medicinal properties. The results of

this study show that both indigenous and introduced species are used for the

treatment of respiratory system disorders. The information gained on frequently

used traditional remedies might give some leads for future targets for further

analysis in order to develop new drugs. (Bussman and Glenn, August 2010)
 19

Oregano has been used as an expectorant and natural antibiotic to treat

cough and as digestive stimulant to alleviate dyspepsia and increase appetite

(Braun) ... oil of oregano is the key to curing mold fungus infestation. It is

valuable for a wide range of health problems such as allergies, hay fever,

antinomycosis, asbestosis, blaastomycosis, a big epidemic in southern Ontario,

blood clots, bronchitis, cough, cystic fibrosis, emphysema, demolition lung

(where people work around of dust) histoplsmasis, nasal polyps, pneumonia,

sarcoidosis, silicosis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, whatever kind of a throatitis

you could have, and tuberculosis. (Dr. Ingram).

Oregano leaf is LIKELY SAFE when taken in the amounts found in food

and POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth or applied to the skin in medical

amounts. Mild side effects include stomach upset. Oregano might also cause an

allergic reaction in people who have allergy to plants in the Lamiaceae family

(hhtp://www.webmd.com)....the organism used for the purpose of this

investigation are associated with respiratory tract infections. Results of this

investigation have shown that M. Indica is a potential source of antibiotic

substances for drug development for use against this group of organisms. (El-

Manhood, 2009).

Ginger is perennial herbs that belong to the rhizome family. The medicinal

values possessed by gingers have been recognized for a long time by ancient

Indians, Chinese and Greek physicians. Ginger is also used as a spice in many

cultural dishes. The vitamins and minerals found ginger are phosphorous,

calcium, iron carotene, thiamine vitamin C, niacin and riboflavin. Ginger provides

a great remedy for colds and fever.

 20

Fever resulting from influenza could be reduced from a mixture of ginger

juice honey. It also works as an expectorant in asthma, bronchitis, whooping

cough and tuberculosis.

Local Studies and Literature

We should be aware in taking herbal or other medicine to avoid kidney

ailment. Important kidney experts said that chemical composition in herbal

products like slimming tea and analgesics such as Ibuprofen and Mefenamic

Acid, if taken rashly, could add and in the end destroy the liver and kidney in a

period of two to six years up to eight years, as stated by Miriam Torrecampo,

writer of People's Tonight (Bayalan, Villa, Lanicho, March 2008)

The Pandacan Community Center (PCC), besides rendering social

services to communities within its perimeter, introduces information on four

clinically tested herbal medicines among selected health workers and out

patients of the Philippine General Hospital and persuade them to use herbal

medicines because of their availability, efficacy, practicability, safety and

acceptability. The herbals tbe tested are Lagundi, sambong, tsaanggubat and

yerba buena.

Moreover, a medicinal plant like Lagundi is a common medicinal shrub

grown in the Philippines, and also grows wild in many place like Mt. Banahaw.

The scientific name of lagundi is "Vitexnegundo". The used of Lagundi for

medicinal purposes has a long history in the Philippines and used for centuries.

The Philippine Department of Health has certified Lagundi as a medicinal plant

for treatment in cases of colds, flu, pharyngitis, and asthma. It is concluded in 10

 21

herbal medicines made by Philippine Health Department as an effective herbal

medicine. Lagundi is also known for its analgesic effect that helps lessen pain

and distress. At present, pharmaceutical companies sell it in tablet form at drug

stores. A new cough syrup for children made from Lagundi is also on the market

nowadays. These products approved by the Bureau of Food and Drugs. The

Philippine government actively promotes it is an alternative to Western cough

medicines.

Through the years, the effectiveness of Lagundi was proven through

intensive studies in modern medicine led by the Department of Science and

Technology (DOST). Recognizing the efficacy of Lagundi as a Natural remedy for

cough and asthma, Pascual Laboratories (PascualLab), in collaboration with the

National Integrated Research Program of Medicinal Plants (NIRPROMP)

introduced ASCOF Lagundi as the first herbal medicine in the country in country

in 1996. Licensed by the Philippine Council for Health Research and

Development (PCHRD) and DOST.

Gumamela on the other hand, is a shrub that is highly cultivated as an

ornamental plant in the Philippines. It is the local term used in the Philippines for

Hibiscus, China Rose, and Shoe flower. This plant has a scientific name known

as Hibiscus rosasinensis. Usually, this ornamental plant grows from one meter

up to four meters high. Its flower may come in various colors similar to orange,

white, pink, yellow, red, purple and other color combinations.

Pertinently, Gumamelaflower leaves, and roots are used as a herbal

medicine. This is due to the fact that this decorative shrub has numerous medical
 22

characteristics which include anti-infectious, expectorant, anti-inflammatory,

anodyne, diuretic, antipyretic, emollient, and refrigerant.

Like some medicinal herbs, Yerba Buena (Clinopodiumdouglasii) also as a

rambling aromatic herb of the mint family for the treatment of many ailments

especially coughs which has been traditionally used since ancient times. Studies

have shown that Yerba Buena contains pulegone, menthol, menthene,

menthenone and limonene.

This research study entitled Medicinal Plants used by the Higanon Tribe

of Rogongon, Iligan City, Mindanao" performed an ethnobotanical study in

Rogongon in Iligan City, Philippines on the Indigenous medicinal plant utilization

and healthcare practices among the Higanon tribe. Informal interviews, using a

semi-structured questionnaire, involving 65 informats (age 60-78 years old

provided information on 62 plant species of medicinal value belonging to 34

families and 56 genera.

Leaves were the most widely used plants parts where were commonly

prepared by boiling in water (dedoction) and administered orally. Stomach

ailments, respiratory disease, wounds or cuts and muscle pains or over fatigue in

women were the most common health problems treated by the identified

medicinal plants. Some of the medicinal plants enumerated in the study were

also utilized by other indigenous groups in the Philippines. Such widespread use

of these plants by different groups could to a certain extent be attributed to their

efficacy. (Olowa, Torres, Aranico, Demayo 2012).

The Batak tribe is among the three indigenous ethnic groups in Palawan.

Closely living in nature, they have accumulated and established a folk wisdom
 23

that have helped them survive changing environmental conditions in tropical

island province. The Batak depend much on forest plants for their food and

medicine. The Babaylan, or tribal medicine man, holds much of the ethno

medical knowledge that is threatened into extinction because of the absence of

youthful apprentice. There are plants that the babaylan use to treat common

illnesses that are still awaiting scientific validation through antimicrobial assay

and phytochemical testing.

To validate traditional folk medicine, a total of ten selected plant species

believed microbiological assay using the agar-cup methos. Plant species

belonging to families Begoniceae, Euphorbiaceae, Guttuferae, Lauraceae,

Marantaceae, and Ruybiaceae exhibited varying activties against Bacillus

subtilis, Staphylicoccusaureaus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Some of the plants tested desrve to be further inverstigate. (Palatino-palon,

Buquin, Dulce).

According to Penecilla and Magno the antibacterial activity of the n-

hexane, acetone/dichloromethane, ethanol and aqueous extracts of twelve

common medicinal plants from the Philippines obtained through pounding and

solvent extraction was evaluated using disc Agar diffusion. The

microorganismtested were: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia

coli, and Pseudomonas Aruginosa. Susceptibility test results showed that

different extracts (1000 mcg/disc) from ten plants exhibited growth with a mean

zone of inhibition range of 15-30 mm against D. Aureaus, E. Coli, and P.

Aeruginosa. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of

flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, glucosides, saponins, and steroids/terpenes. The

 24

result suggest that the different plant extracts contain bioactive constituents

particularly tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids and other glycosides with very strong

antibacterial activity and validates the ethno medical use in the treatment of

bacterial skin diseases and other forms of bacterial infections.

However, many reputed plant antibacterial have a very variables activties

depending on certain conditions. (penecilin and mangno, 2011)

 25

CHAPTER III

METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY

This chapter deals with the design of the research study, the sampling

technique used on respondents, data collection and data analysis.

Research Design

This research was conducted through the descriptive-normative survey of

research. This method is most appropriate in determining the nature, cause and

measures responsive to the immediate cure needed. In short, it is addressed to

determine the current and existing condition of a subject under study through the

application of herbal medicine.

It is normative because it channel through norms and standards deemed

readily applicable and proper with the study.

Sampling Design

Purposive sampling was used in this study because the researchers

interviewed 75 respondents who are using the said medicinal plants.

According to Polit and Bec (2008), it is a method in which the researchers

select participants based on personal judgments about which one will be most

informative".
 26

Locale of the Study

This research study was conducted in Barangay San Fabian, Echague,

Isabela. The researchers coordinated with the Municipals Office and Barangay

Health Office of the said Barangay in the conduct of the study and the

administration of the data gathering instruments needed facts.

Data Collection Method

The researcher used interview, questionnaires, and survey guides in

gathering the needed information, (Appendix 1). Books and newspapers articles

as well as those sourced out for other materials were also usable references are

relevant to the study. Furthermore, surveys and interviews to registered nurses in

rural health unit were also conducted to provide a different perspective that

strengthened the findings of this study.

Data Gathering Procedures and Analysis

The researcher coordinated with the Barangay officials for signing of

consent in making contact with the subject respondents. Contact was also made

with the personnel and staffs of the Barangay Health Center and Rural Health

Center of the Municipality for additional information.

The gathered information and data about the use of Oregano, Lagundi,

Yerba Buena, Gumamela, and Ginger in cough were analyze through statistical

analysis to reveal importance and significance. Statistical analysis, "covers a

broad range of techniques, from simple procedures that are used regularly from
 27

simple to complex and sophisticated methods." (Denise F. Polit, Cheryl Tatano

Beck, Nursing Research, Eight Edition, 2008).

Table 1. Distribution of Interviewed Respondents according to Purok who used

Oregano, Lagundi, Yerba Buena, Gumamela, Ginger for Cough Treatment

Purok Numbers

Purok 1 11

Purok 2 13

Purok 3 20

Purok 4 6

Purok 5 11

Purok 6 5

Purok 7 9

Total 75

Data Gathering Instrument

Generation of the needed data was through a structured questionnaires,

and survey forms. Books and Newspapers articles and data from the Internet

were sources of the additional information relevant to the study. The

questionnaire used was adopted from the Ethnobotany Questionnaire of the

DOST (Department of Science and Technology) dealing with the respondents

profile and the medicinal plants they used for cough treatment. The responses of

the respondents were grouped depending on the interrelatedness of their

answers and as a responsive to the questions for investigations.

 28

Data Gathering Procedures

The following procedures were done during the conduct of this research

study.

Step 1:

The researchers consulted the Municipal Office and get the name of the

Barangay Captain of San Fabian, Echague, Isabela including the list of the

Barangays and Health Workers.

Step 2:

The researcher wrote a request letter to the Barangay Captain which

was signed by selected SB member of the municipality to conduct the study

among the residents of Barangay San Fabian.

Step 3:

The researcher conducted her study at Barangay San Fabian through

the use of the questionnaire which was adopted from the DOST, presented a

consent form and explained the content of it. All the respondents were not forced

to sign the content form but everybody was very participative. The study was

conducted during the fourth week of October 2014.

Step 4:

The collected data were sorted out and grouped according to their frequency and

percentage distribution as well as ranking and other statistical measures

responsive to the questions in the statement of the problem in Chapter 1.

 29

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the gathered data, after having been organized,

verified, tallied and summarized into tabulated form.

As shown on Table 2, from seventy-five (75) interviewed respondents of

Barangay San Fabian, twenty (20) were in the range of 50-59 years old with the

highest percentage of 26.6%, eighteen (18) from aged 30-39 with 24%,

seventeen (17) from aged <19 with 22.67%, ten (10) from aged 40-49 with 10%,

six (6) from aged 60-69 with 8%, three (3) from the range 70-79 years old with a

percentage of 4% and one (1) from the age range 20-29 with 1.33%.

On gender classification, out of 75 interviewed seventy two (72) were

males with 96% and three (3) females with a percentage of 4%.

On msrital status of the 75 respondents seventy two (72) or 96% of them

were married, three (3) singles or 4%.

In terms of religion, among 75 respondents about fifty five (55) of them

belong to Roman Catholic with a percentage of 73.33% and twenty (20) Iglesiani

Cristo and or Born Again with 26.67%.

As shown in the table 2, among75 of the interviewed respondents, thirty

five (35) or 40% have an income ranging from 4,667-8,333, twenty nine (29) or

38.66% with income ranging from 1,000-4,666, e;even (11) or 14.67% in income

ranging from 8,334-12, 000, two (2) or 2.67% with income ranging from 12,001-
 30

15,667 and 15,668-19,334, and one (1) within an income frome 19,335-23,001

with 1.33%.

Table 2. Frequency and Distribution of the interviewed respondents according to

their Age, Gender, Marital Status, Religion and Income

District Frequency Percentage

<19 17 26.67
20-29 1 1.33
30-39 18 24
40-49 10 13.33
50-59 20 26.67
60-69 6 8
70-79 3 4
Range = 77-18=59
Average Age = 41.87/42
Standard Deviation = 14.47
Gender
Male 72 96
Female 3 4
Marital Status
Single 3 4
Married 72 96
Religion
Roman Catholic 55 73.33
Iglesia Ni Cristo 20 26.67
 31

Income
1,000-4,666 29 38.66
4,447-8,333 35 40
8,334-12,000 11 14.67
12,001-15,667 2 2.67
15,668-19,334 2 2.67
19,335-23,001 1 1.33
Range
23,000-1,000
Average Income
5,269.07
Total N=75 100%

Medicinal Plants for Cough used by Respondents

As shown in table 3, among five medicinal plants for cough, oregano was

the most frequently used, with seventy five (75) respondents, sixty three (63)

used or 84% that four cough, followed by Lagundi with five (5) or 6.6%, Yerba

Buena with four (4) users with a percentage of 5.33% and ginger with two (2)

users with a percentage of 2.67 %, and Gumamela were rarely used by the

respondents with 1.33%.

Table 3. Frequency and Distribution of Common Medicinal Herbs used for cough

preferrednby interviewed respondents.

Herbal Medicines Frequency Percentage Rank

Yerba Buena 4 5.33 3

 32

Ginger 2 2.67 4

Oregano 63 84.00 1

Gumamela 1 1.33 5

Lagundi 5 6.67 2

Total N=75 100.00

Based from the interview conducted Oregano was asserted of its

stimulating diaphoretic effect particularly to ailments such as colds and flu

confirmed as effective in the treatment of cough and colds by the respondents.

The interview conducted served to reinforce the data gathered through the

questionnaire.

Herbal Medicine used for cough as to Gender of the respondents

As shown in Table 4, among seventy two (72) interviewed Male

respondents, sixty seven (67) of them were using Oregano, one (1) yerba Buena

and four (4) for Lagundi. Among three (3) female respondents, (1) was using

Yerba Buena, and two (2) were using Oregano for cough treatment.

Table 4. Herbal Medicine used for cough in relation to Gender respondents

Gender Oregano Gumamela Yerba Lagundi Ginger Total

Buena
Male 67 0 1 4 0 72
Female 2 0 1 0 0 3
N=75
 33

A research study published in the American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific

Research with confirmed that the essential oil extract from oregano leaves with

the agar disc infusion assay, asserts that oils were found to be active cures

against Staphylococcus aureaus. (Derwich, Boukir, Manar, and Taouil, 2010).

Type of Informant

As shown in table 5, the type of informant from the total of seventy five

(75) respondents, fourty seven (47) was revealed as dominant mothers with a

percentage of 62.67%, health workers ranked second with 22.67%, user with

seven (7) or 9.33% patient and healers as least with 2.67 percent.

Table 5. Frequency Distribution of Informant According to Type

Informant Frequency Percenatage

Healer 2 2.67

Patient 2 2.67

Mother 47 62.67

User 7 9.33

Barangay Health Worker 17 22.67

Total N=75 100.00

Where the respondents did obtained their healing Knowledge

As shown on Table 6, the respondents obtained their knowledge about

 34

use of medicinal herbs from their parents with a percentage of 69.33%, followed

by medicinal books and newspapers, with 6.67% and from other sources with

24% respectively.

Table 6 Frequency and Distribution where respondents obtained healing

knowledge

Knowledge Frequency and Distribution Percentage

Parents 52 69.33

Medicinal Books 8 6.67

Others 18 24.00

Total N=75 100.00

Length of Healing Practice

As to the length of healing 15 years was registered as the highest with a

response of 10 or 13.33 percent of the total population of respondents where

Oregano and Lagundi were confirmed as the common herbs used. Registered as

least were 13 and 14 years where each registered a single response confirming

of Yerba Buena as commonly used.

Whatever the result of healing is reveals that the said medicinal herbs are

confirmed effective in the treatment of several ailments particularly with cold

ailment.

Table 7. Frequency and Distribution according to the Length of healing practices

confirmed by the respondents
 35

Length of Practice Frequency and Percentage Medicinal Herbs

Distribution

9 months 7 9.33 Oregano

1 year 8 10.67 Oregano (2), Lagundi
(2)
2 years 8 10.67 Oregano
3 years 3 4.00 Oregano
4 years 2 2.66 Lagundi
5 years 3 4.00 Oregano
6 years 6 8.00 Lagundi (2), Oregano
(4)
7 years 4 5.33 Oregano
8 years 7 9.33 Oregano
9 years 4 5.33 Oregano
10 years 6 8.00 Oregano
11 years 3 4.00 Oregano
12 years 2 2.66 Oregano
13 years 1 1.33 Yerba Buena
14 years 1 1.33 Yerba Buena
15 years 10 13.33 Oregano

How is Healing Knowledge Pass On

Table 8 present the data on how the healing knowledge about medicinal

plants was passed on among 75 respondents, where forty two (42) got it from

testimonies with 56%, followed by own experienced with 41.33 percent and

healers as least with 2.67%.

Table 8. Frequency and Distribution on how is healing knowledge was passed on

Healing Knowledge Frequency Percentage

Testimonies 42 56.00
 36

Own Experience 31 41.33

Healer 2 2.67

Total N=75 100.00

A testimony stated by Robin H, he stated that "...oregano oil was a

powerful full-spectrum antibiotic and would start to work right away and two hours

after the initial dose. After two weeks sinus infection was gone". (Robin, n d.).

Amount of Used Medicinal Plants Administered for Healing Process

As shown on table 9, among 75 interviewed respondents, twenty eight

(28) stated that they used >6-7 leaves for treatment with 37.33%, twenty three

(23) with 31% in 6-7 leaves. Sixteen (16) with 20.67% in 4-5 leaves, eight (8)

used 3-4 leaves with 8.6%, three (3) used 2-3 leaves with 4.0% and five (5) users

in 1-2 leaves with 6.6%. They confirmed however that the amount varies on the

degree of the ailment and the healing process.

Table 9. Frequency and Distribution of the amount used of medicinal plants

Amount used Frequency Percentage

1-2 5 6.67

2-3 4 5.33

3-4 7 9.33

4-5 8 10.67

5-6 23 30.67

>6-7-7 28 37.33

Total N=75 100.00

 37

Frequency of used of the Medicinal Plants

Among 75 interviewed respondents, forty five (45) of them stated that they

used the medicnal plant three times a day with percentage of 60, twenty-two (22)

of them, used it twice a day with percentage of 29.33 and eight (8) respondents

used it once a day with 10.67%. (Table 10). Again usage varied dependent on

the exingency and gravity of the case.

Table 10. Frequency and percentage of the number of times the Medicnal plant
extract was used.

Number of Times Freuency Percentage

Once/day 8 10.67

2 times/day 22 29.33

3 times/day 45 60

Total N=75 100.00

Preparation of the Medicinal Plants

Table 11 shows the proper preparation of medicinal plants for cough.

Each medicinal plant must contain desired amount to be used such as the

amount of leaves and water needed for decoction. The dosage also varies

according to the age of client, which usually are given three times a day on the

same dosage.

o The following are proper steps on the preparation of the herbal

medicines

Observe cleanliness in the preparation of medicinal plant materials.

Use only the plant part suggested

 38

Follow the recommended dosage and direction for use.

Use only one kind of medicinal plant when administering

Use tablespoon to measure the desires amount of plant material which

have been cut into small pieces.

Decoction is being use, prepared by boiling the plant material in a given

amount of water for 30 minutes. Start timing when the water begins to boil.

Keep the decoction in a cool place or refrigerate

Use the decoction within 12-24 hours.

As written in the Guidebook on the Proper Use of Medicinal Plants by Cortes-

Maramba, et al. This tale shows the preparation of each Common Medicinal

Plant for Cough.

Table 11. Preparation of Medicinal Plants for Cough

Plant Material Preparation Direction for use

Ginger Boil 2 thumb size rhizome of Divide the decoction.

(Rhizomes) ginger for 5 minutes Take 1 part 3 times
Cool and strain a day.
Note: for children, use half the
Adult dose
Gumamela Chop leaves Divide the decoction
Boil the needed amount of dried
Gumamela flower, leaves or roots Take 1 part 3 times
In a glass of water, in every a day
part for 15 minutes
Adult: 4-6 tbsp.
Children: 2-3 tbsp.
Oregano Boil the needed amount of Divide the decoction
(Leaves) leaves in 2 glasses of water for
 39

15 minutes Take 1 part 3 times

Adult: 2-4 tbsp. a day
Children: 1-2 tbsp.
Lagundi Boil the needed amount of leaves Divide the decoction
(Leaves) in 4 cups of water 15 minutes

Adult: 10 tbsp Take 1 part 3 times

7-12 years: 4-5 tbsp a day
1-2 years 2-2: tbsp

Yerba Buena Boil the needed amount of leaves Divide the decoction.
in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes
or until 1 glass of liquid is left Take 1 part 3 times
a day

In order to validate and determine the effectiveness of the medicinal plants

for cough, three (3) case studies were conducted.

CASE STUDY # 1

Mr. J. L., a thirty four years old (34) janitor, resident of Purok 4

Barangay San Fabian, Echague, Isabela was an active user Yerba Buena. He

used the herb as a substitute to medicinal cough relief.

His mother recommended him to try Yerba Buena to relieve cough,

and is now using this herb for almost a year. As he stated pag may uboako,

umiinomakong Yerba Buena, gumagandanamanangpakiramdamko (Whenever I

have cough, I drink Yerba Buena, my condition gets better).

He prepared the medicinal herb by boiling 8 leaves in glasses of

water for almost 15 minutes and cools it for 5 minutes. He takes the concocted
 40

herb three times a day, usually in the morning after breakfast, after lunch and in

the afternoon after dinner.

He usually drinks Yerba Buena when he suffered from the cough

until it subsides. He stated that, upon using Yerba Buena his condition gets

better and there were no reported side effects upon using this herbal medicine.

Yerba Buena is also known for its medicinal properties as treatment

of many ailments which has been used since ancient times. Studies have shown

that Yerba Buena contains pulegone, menthol (It has a peppermint odor and

produces a sensation of cold in the mouth and nasal passages. It is also used

treat neuralgia and inflammation of the mucous membranes, Encarta, 2008).

(http://www.medicalhealthguide.com/articles).

CASE STUDY # 2

NBC, ten years old (10) elementary student, resident of Purok 3

Barangay San Fabian, Echague, Isabela had been using medicinal plants for

treating cough, specifically Lagundi for almost 6 years. He obtained the healing

knowledge and properties of Lagundi from his mother.

His mother prepared the leaves by collecting 4-5 leaves and

washes it. After chopping the leaves, she boiled it in a casserole with 2 glasses

of water for 15 minutes or until the herb is properly concocted.

After the preparation process has been done, he waited for 5

 41

minutes before drinking it. He divides the decoction for a three times a day used.

His mother validated the herb is effective because his cough subsides after

seven to ten days of drinking it. There were no reported side effects upon using

Lagundi. It also served as their familys best remedy for cough and colds.

Lagundi has been traditionally used as herbal medicines by

Philippine folks. The efficacy of Lagundi has also been verified by Philippine

Department of Health and other Philippine based scientist which concentrated on

its use to ease respiratory complaints. Lagundi is generally used for the

treatment of coughs, asthma symptoms, and other respiratory problems.

CASE STUDY # 3

Mrs. EJM, 63 years old, dental staff of ISU Echague Infirmary and

resident of Purok 1 Barangay San Fabian, Echague, Isabela, started using

Oregano Leaves for cough, when she was 48 years old. She obtained her

healing knowledge from her mother. She prepared the leaves by boiling 6-7

leaves of Oregano in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes. When she suffered from

cough she takes the herb 3 times/day, usually after breakfast, lunch and dinner.

She stated that uminomakong oregano hanggathindinawawala and uboko, may

isang lingo din siguro. (I drink oregano until my cough subsides, usually one

week).

Oregano is used for respiratory tract disorders such as cough,

asthma, croup, and bronchitis. It is also used gastrointestinal (GI) disorders such
 42

as heartburn and bloating. Other uses include treating menstrual cramps,

rheumatoid, arthritis, urinary tract disorders including urinary tract infections

(UTIs), headaches, and heart conditions. Oregano leaf is LIKELY SAFE when

taken in the amounts found in food and POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth

or applied to the skin in medicinal amounts. Mid side effects include stomach

upset. Oregano might also cause an allergic reaction in people who have an

allergy to plants in the Lamiacheae family.

 43

Special Precaution & Warnings:

On pregnancy and breast-feeding: Oregano is POSSIBLY UNSAFE

when taken by mouth in mdicinal amounts during pregnancy. There is danger

that oregano taken in amounts larger than food amounts might cause

miscarriage.

(http://www.webmd.comvitamins-supplements/OREGANO).
 44

Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

This study aimed to validate and determine the common practices

in the use of Oregano (Oreganoumvulgare), Lagundi and Yerba Buena

(Metacordifolia) for treatment of coughs and other respiratory ailments.

This research paper employed the descriptive method of research

since the researcher described and discussed the current effects on the use of

Oregano, Lagundi and Yerba Buena for treatment cough. Based pn the result of

the study, the following findings were obtained.

1. Among seventy five (75) respondents, 84% of them validated that

oregano was the most effective medicinal plants among the five

medicinal plants for the cough, follwed by Yerba Buena with 5.33%

and Lagundi with 6.67% respectively.

2. Among the evaluated five medicinal plants, thress of them were

validated as effective to cure cough, these includes Oregno,

Lagundi and Yerba Buena.

3. Based form the dinding arrived at; three case studies were made in

order to validate the effectiveness of the medicinal plants of cough.

4. Based on the validation of medicinal plants made on cases number

1, Yerba Buena came out dominant in the treatment for cough.

5. Based on the validation of medicinal plants made on case number

 45

2, Lagundi is effective for cough and acts as expectorant. No side

effect was reported by the users.

6. Based on the validataion of medicinal plants made on case number

3, Oregano was proven to be effective for cough and no side

effects waas reported.

7. The respondents stated that they prepared the herb through

decoction and infusion.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study the following conclusions drawn out:

1. Among the five Medicinal plants only three were validated as effective for

cough.

2. Oregano (OreganumVulgare) was the most common medicinal plants

used for cough in barangay San Fabian, Echague, Isabel, followed by

Yerba Buena and Lagundi.

3. However all the three plants covered in this study were subscribed to only

in different dosage and frequency of intake.

 46

Recommendations

1. The researchers recommend further evaluation of medicinal plant

for cough.

2. The researchers recommend stainless pot in preparing their

galenical during decoction instead of aluminum pots.

3. Future researchers can evaluate the phytochemical components of

these medicinal plants to validate their effectiveness.

4. Future researchers must also specify the considerations upon using

medicinal plants.

5. The researchers recommend not tp use this study as a guide for

better understanding.

6. The researchers recommending not to use this as a substitute for

physicians prescription.
 47

APPENDIX A

Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE
Santiago City, Isabela

October 18, 2014

HON. FRANCIS FAUSTINO A. DY

BARANGAY CAPTAIN
San Fabian, Echague, Isabela

Sir:

Greetings in the name of our Almight God!

I, ______________, PTRP, RN of University of La Salette Graduate Studies is

conducting a research study entitled Common Practices of Using Medicinal
Herbs for the treatment of Cough. The target respondents of the said study will
be the instrument during the conduct of the study.

In this connection I am requesting for your permission to conduct this study in

your Barangay. I will ensure that the identity of the respondents will be heed
confidential.

Thank you for your consideration and cooperation.

Respectfully yours,

____________________________
 48

Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE
Santiago City, Isabela

October 18, 2014

HON. NEMSIO S. CASTILLO

MUNICIPAL COUNCILOR
TOWN OF ISABELA
San Fabin, Echague, Isabela

Sir:

Greetings in the name of our Almight God!

I, _______________, PTRP, RN of University of La Salette Graduate Studies is

conducting a research study entitled Common Practices of Using Medicinal
Herbs for the treatment of Cough. The target respondents of the said study will
be the instrument during the conduct of the study.

In this connection I am requesting for your permission to conduct this study in

your Barangay. I will ensure that the identity of the respondents will be heed
confidential.

Thank you for your consideration and cooperation.

Respectfully yours,

________________________________
 49

APPENDIX B

Questionnaire- Checklist

Direction: Herewith is a questionnaire checklist structured to select the needed data for a
research study on the use and effect of herbal medicine particularly oregano, basil,
pomegrenate, findings of which validates and reinforces utilization of these for
immediate cure to the aforementioned illnesses.

Please answer all questions as honestly as you can by checking the particular
that best responds to the answer.

Part I - Profile of the respondents

Age :______________

Gender :______________

Religion :______________

Source of Income:____________

Part II. Information Proper - Perceptions based on the statement of the problems. Check
the column that corresponds to your perception and answer.

1. Have you had your medication using commercial drugs/medicine?

____________ YES or ____________ NO

2. Did you find commercial drug responsive to your illness?

____________ YES or ____________ NO

If no what alternative solution have you undertaken?

____________ shift to herbal medicine

____________ subscribe to commercial drugs as per doctor's prescription

3. What are the illnesses which needed medication? Pout a check mark on your answer

____________ diarrhea

____________ extreme cough/cold

____________ stomach upset

4. What herbal medicine plans have you availed of for cure of your illness?

________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 50

5. Did you find them effective and which among the three is most affected?

________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________

6. How long did medications take place?

______________ days

______________ weeks

______________ months

7. How is the medicinal preparation undertaken?

______________ through concoction

______________ through boiling

______________ through external application

8. What advantage have you perceived from the use of herbal medicine?

______________ Economical

______________ Easy to locate

______________ Easy to prepare

9. Would you prescribed use of such to other persons suffering from the same illness

______________ Yes______________ No

10. What precautions do you suggest on the use of herbal medicine?

______________ choose the right variety

______________ soak in water to cast insecticide and other poisonous

chemicals

______________ use it as prescribed and according to time of intake

 51

REFERENCES

A. Books

JC Kurian, Ph. D., D. SC. Volume I. Amazing Healing Plants

Poli, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing Research: generating and assessing
evidence for nursing practice (8th edition).

B. Journals

Dr. Cass, I., (n.d.) Phytochemical analysis and in vitro. Antibacterial activity of the
essential oil of organumvulgare from Morocco. The respiratory solution: wild
oregano the most potent germicide. American-eurasian journal of scientific
research: 120-129, 2010.

Eql-Mahmood, M. A. (2009), Department of microbiology, school of pure and

applied sciences, federal university of technology. Scientific Research and Essay
Vol. 4 http://www.academicjournals.org/sre

Gerald L. P. & Celia P. M (2011). Journal of Medicnal Plants research,

antibacterial activty of extracts of twelve common medicinal plants from the
Philippines from http://www.academicjournals.org/JPMR

Lilybeth, F. O., Mark Anthony J. T., Eduardo C. A. and Cesar G. D. (2009) from
medicinal plants used by the Higanon Tribe of Rogongon, Iligan City, Mindanao
Philippines, Advances in Environmental Biology, 6(4): 1442-1449, 2012.

C. Internet Source

www.innovateus.net/health/what-lagundi

http://mymikhaela.wordpress.com/2008/11/13/natural-cough-remedy-oregano

www.drinkbenefits.com/oregano-leaves-health-benefits.htm
 52

www.nutriglow.com/section.php?/xsec=620

www.medicalhealthguide.com/articles/yerbabuena.htm

www.naturalmedicalherbs.net/

www.top10homesremedies.com

www.webmd.com
 53

CURICULUM VITAE