THE SECOND

EDITION
NEW
FIRST
AID IN
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Angus Maciver 1938, 1956, 1986, 2004

First published 1938 by Hodder Gibson, a member of the Hodder

Headline Group
338 Euston Road
London NW1 3BH
Answers to First Aid in English first published 1938
Answers to the New First Aid in English first published 1956
Answers to the New First Aid in English Revised first published 1986
This second edition first published 2004
Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Year 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004
All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright
laws, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
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without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from
the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such
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Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of 90 Tottenham Court Road,
London WIT 4LR
Typeset in ll/l4 p t Garamond ITC Light by Fakenham Photosetting
Limited, Fakenham, Norfolk
Printed in Great Britain by Martins the Printers, Berwick-upon-Tweed
A CIP catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 340 88288 3
Preface
This book provides the answers to the questions in The New First Aid in English Second
Edition (NFA2nd).

From the Students answers a Teacher will see the weaknesses of their work and can refer
them to the relevant sections in NBA 2nd.
For Students working on Language Studies at home there follows a list of topics which
might be studied. It is suggested that one or two examples from each list be tried and
checked against the answers given in this book; mistakes will show up particular
weaknesses to be dealt with by further study.

Vocabulary NFA 2nd

Words for Things, Creatures, Activities, Happenings, Ideas Page No.
Names 12
Masculine/feminine words 5
Members of families 9
Dwelling places 11
Collections 15
Occupations 22
Places 24
Fastenings 127
Receptacles and contents 25
Places, countries, cities, buildings, rivers, races 128-135
The senses 117
Sounds and motions 26
Shades of meaning 94
Small quantities 107
Relationships denoted by Words
Classifications - things and creatures 32
Gradation by size, intensity, speed, time,parts of things and creatures 36
Analogies and absurdities 40-45
Antonyms 50
Homonyms 57
Synonyms 54
Modifying words - adjectives, adverbs,comparatives and superlatives 65-71
Relativities expressed by conjunctions and prepositions 85-91

Roles of Words and Parts of Words

Roles of Words in a Sentence
Parts of Speech 1
Relationship Words - conjunctions and prepositions 85-91
Preface

NFA 2nd
Page No.
Substitutes - pronouns (varieties of) 80
Auxiliaries - tenses of verbs 61

Roles of Parts of Words

Prefixes 119
Suffixes (singular/plural, male/female, comparatives/superlatives) 2-6, 120
Roots and derivations 117

Roles of Various Forms of a Word

Past tense, participles, infinitive of verbs 61
Cases, possessive (nouns and pronouns), objective (pronouns) 80, 103
Comparative, superlative of adjective and adverb 66, 69
Diminutives 106
Word-building 72
Compound words 74

Sentence Structures
Sentences, clauses 85, 92, 98
Clause varieties 98
Simple and complex sentences 100
Phrases and equivalent clauses 99

Common Special Usages of Words and Phrases

Doubles for emphasis 115
Phrasal verbs 188
Popular phrases 114
Colloquial expressions 111-114
Proverbs 108
Similes 19

Mechanics of Communication
Basic grammar 1
Sentence structure 77, 98, 100
Punctuation, apostrophe, etc. 103, 106
Abbreviations and contractions 46, 104
Spelling 137, 180
Pronunciation 175
Number Pages 3 -4
1. loaves, men-of-war, pianos, sheep, feet, echoes, pence or pennies, lives, deer, oxen.

2. lady, thief, goose, trout, passer-by, mouse, knife, tooth, box.

3- armies; sons-in-law; roof; cargoes; woman; child; cupfuls; fly; swine; halos or haloes;
dwarfs/dwarves; potato.
4. police-constables, daughters-in-law, step-children, lookers-on, housewives, firemen.

5. glass, hoof, hero, foot, penny, fish, shelf, city, man, leaf.

a) We heard the echoes in the caves. m) The prisoners say that they are
b) The ladies spoke to the children. innocent.
c) The boys went for loaves. n) The girls hats were on the pegs.
d) The men fed the calves. o) The boys robbed the birds nests.
e) The mice ran into holes. P) Their teeth hurt them badly.
f) The knives were lying on the tables. q) The farmers plough their fields.
g) The fishermen caught trout. r) The horses are eating raw carrots.
h) The dwarfs gave them sticks. s) The children cried because they
0 The ships struck the reefs. were tired.
0 Our feet troubled us. t) These are the houses in which we
k) They were mens boots. stay.
1) The burglars tried to rob our shops.

a) The rabbits ran from the dogs. k) The children ran to the tables.
b) The girls wore blue dresses. 1) They were men of means.
c) The sailors swam to their ships. m) We kept the birds in cages.
d) The women caught the geese. n) They wrote our names.
e) The men shot the deer. o) They told us so.
f) The oxen ate the potatoes. P) They had sharp knives.
8) The ladies preferred the roses. q) They took their pencils.
h) The sheep ran in the valleys. r) The old women sat on those seats.
0 Their feet were badly cut. s) The men walked slowly to their jot
D The thieves stole the valuable bags. t) The mice scampered from the cats
Gender Pages 7 -9
1. heiress, nun, mare, niece, goose, waitress, madam, ewe, heroine, spinster.
2. wizard, colt, bull, manservant, husband, drake, bridegroom, duke, uncle.

3. lion: masculine: cousin: common: mistress: feminine: friend: common: pencil: neuter:
steward: masculine: sister: feminine: book: neuter: child: common.

4. headmistress, step-mother, daughter-in-law, nanny-goat.

5. a) lioness; b) lord; c) tutor; d) female; e) actress; f) cow; g) grandmother; h) stag;

i) widower; j) tabby cat.

6. Josephine; Henrietta; Patricia; Charlotte; Jean, Jane or Joan.

7. a) The bride is my niece.

b) My landlady is a widow.
c) The witch spoke to the princess.
d) The Duchess chatted to the woman.
e) The heiress to the estate is a spinster.
f) No, madam, she replied.
8) The waitress served her own sister.
h) She was indeed a heroine, said the empress.
0 The lioness sprang at the filly.
j) The mistress gave instructions to the maidservant.
k) Well! said her grandmother. How are you, my little lass?
1) The stewardess brought a glass of water to my aunt, who was seasick.
m) The hostess was extremely puzzled by the twin sisters.
n) The daughter of a queen is termed a princess.
o) The mayoress talked to the mother of the little girl.
P) The old woman told her shepherdess to search for the ewe.
q) Her mother-in-law spoke to the manageress.
r) She was the step-daughter of an elderly countess.
s) The headmistress rebuked the girl for her conduct.
0 She owned a pet goose called Josephine.

Families Page 10
1. cub, eaglet, gosling, lamb, piglet, kid, calf, foal.

2. buck, hind, deer; dog, bitch; cob, swan; cock, hen, fowl; buck, hare; tomcat,
tabby cat or queen; owl; drake, duck.

3- cub; nanny-goat, billy-goat; horse, stallion, mare; cub; piglet; ram, ewe, sheep; gander,
goose; eaglet.
4. parr, elver, fry, nestling.
Traditional Homes Page 11
1. palace, manse, log-cabin, parsonage, monastery, wigwam or tepee, igloo, kraal.
2. nun, king or queen, soldier, prisoner, vicar.

3. byre, kennel, eyrie, hive, sty, earth or lair, burrow or warren, nest or vespiary, nest, lair or
den.

4. squirrel, rabbit (tame), sheep, hare, horse.

Group Terms or Collections Pages 1 7 -1 8

1. choir, fleet, pack, forest, swarm, school, gang, team, litter.

2. soldiers, rioters, corn, rags or papers, eggs.

3. a) fleet, b) staff, c) host, d) bunch, e) troop, f) shoal, g) herd,h) board,i) brood,
j) library.
4. a) pups or cubs, b) musicians, c) rooks, d) locusts or insects, e) flowers,
f) stars or diamonds, g) hay, h) wool, i) sailors, j) soldiers or ants.

5. a) audience; b) congregation; c) crowd, throng; d) mob; e) rabble; f) crowd.

6. a) dozen; b) couple; c) brace; d) pair; e) single.

7. a) flock; b) litter; c) swarm; d) herd; e) brood; f) gaggle.

8.a) group; b) gang; c) flock; d) army; e) shoal; f) congregation; g) hail; h) herd; i) pack;
j) board,

a) soloist f) biplane k) trio P) century

b) monocle 8) duet 1) tricycle q) centenarian
c) unicorn h) twins m) quadruped r) centurion
d) bicycle 0 duel n) quartet s) centipedes
e) biped j) tripod o) decade

Similes Page 21
1. a) a needle or a razor; b) mustard; c) a lion; d) honey; e) ice or charity; f) an eel;
g) a deer or a hare or a hawk; h) a bell or crystal; i) a feather.

2. a) agile; b) flat; c) pleased; d) tender; e) busy; f) steady; g) hard; h) neat; i) timid; j) old.

3. a) leaf; b) ice; c) fish; d) gold; e) wind.

4. a) a pancake, b) a rock, c) a deer, d) a peacock, e) a lark.

5. a) mirror, b) glass, c) crystal, d) monkey, e) leech.

Occupations Page 22
Descriptions

Note There cannot be only one correct sentence describing these occupations.
The following are merely examples.

The artist sold all his paintings at the exhibition.

The race was won easily by the healthy athlete.
Men go to the barber when they need their hair cut.
The blacksmith made iron gates for the big house.
Housewives buy meat from the butcher.
Much of our furniture is made by a cabinet-maker.
The golfer paid his caddie for carrying the golf-clubs.
A caretaker looks after flats, houses and other property.
The carpenter repaired the wooden door.
The cashier counted the takings in the till and took them to the bank.
Chauffeurs are employed to drive people in motor cars.
A chemist studies chemicals, and prepares medicines.
A cleaner works to clean other peoples houses, offices or schools.
The circus clown made everyone laugh with his antics.
The coastguard keeps watch for smugglers and ships in distress.
A cobbler works with leather and mends shoes.
The computer programmer wrote some software.
A bus conductor collects passengers fares.
A confectioner sells sweets.
A decorator paints homes and other buildings, both inside and out.
The dentist said I did not need any fillings in my teeth.
The criminals were caught by the clever detective.
The doctor gave his patient some medicine.
An engineer works with machinery of all kinds.
An explorer hopes to discover new places on his travels.
We obtain wheat, barley and similar crops from the farmer.
A florist sells plants and flowers.
A gamekeeper protects wild animals and birds on an estate from being caught or killed
unlawfully.
A glazier puts glass in windows.
The greengrocer keeps a variety of fruit and vegetables in his shop.
Today I bought coffee, tea, butter and jam from the grocer.
I am a hairdresser and I shampoo, cut and style peoples hair.
The ironmonger sells tools, pots, pans, nails and screws.
A iockev rides horses in races.
A joiner works with wood, usually making smaller items than those made by a carpenter.
A journalist writes for newspapers and magazines.
The judge heard the evidence and passed sentence on the criminals in court.
 Occupations

A lawyer studies the law and represents others in a court of law.

The locksmith makes locks and keys.
A magistrate administers the law in local courts.
A mason builds and works with stone and brick.
The matron of the hospital was in charge of the nurses who worked under her.
The mechanic skilfully repaired the broken machinery.
Miners dig underground for coal and other minerals.
A minister conducts services in a church.
A newsagents shop is full of newspapers and magazines.
A nurse works in a hospital and looks after sick and injured people.
An optician tests eyes and makes and sells spectacles.
A physician is a doctor who knows what medicine or other treatment will help sick people.
The pilot flew the plane from London to New York.
We had to send for the plumber when our water pipes burst.
A policeman protects life and property and can arrest anyone breaking the law.
Some porters are doorkeepers, others carry loads in markets or warehouses, or luggage in
railway stations.
A postman delivers letters and parcels.
A reporter collects news and information for newspapers.
A sailor works on a ship as a member of the crew.
The statues in the palace were the work of famous sculptors.
The secretary ensured the smooth running of the office.
The old shepherd never tired of looking after his sheep on the hills.
The shopkeeper owned a small general store.
The soldier had been in the army for many years and had fought in several battles.
A stationer sells paper, pens, ink and other writing materials.
A steeplejack works at great heights, mending steeples and tall chimneys.
The surgeon had to amputate the patients foot as the bones were so badly crushed.
The tailor makes clothes, particularly suits for men.
A teacher tries to pass on knowledge and skills to children and other students.

Associations
blacksmith police officer barber optician
cobbler saddler soldier astronomer
gardener or street butcher or cutler slater conductor
trader surgeon miner tinsmith
orchestra conductor postmanAvoman joiner or carpenter farmer
or policeman witness butcher, grocer, musician
businessman/woman artist greengrocer or nurse
butcher carpenter confectioner judge, advocate or
surgeon farmer shepherd barrister
stoker chemist or stoker
glazier pharmacist plumber
soldier clergymanAvoman mechanic
Occupations

Chief Persons
general or field- superintendent superintendent or head teacher
marshal admiral inspector captain
bishop or moderator editor postmaster/mistress leader or
or superintendent conductor governor superintendent
principal Prime Minister stationmaster/ captain
chairperson (Commons), mistress foreman, overseer
judge Lord Chancellor brigadier
(Lords)

Page 23
1. a) mason, b) porter, c) journalist, d) jockey, e) butcher.
a) boot f) spectacles
b) red and green bottles or mortar and pestle g) three brass balls
c) fish h) horse
d) barbers pole i) clock or watch
e) key

3- a) dentist d) architect g) optician j) pedlar

b) sculptor e) aviator, pilot h) nurse k) astronomer
c) explorer f) detective i) cobbler 1) auctioneer
4. best assorted chocolates, good fresh herring,
fine ripe tomatoes, splendid cooking apples,
sweet juicy oranges, young spring onions.

Places Page 24
Business
Places where made:
brewery, bakery, studio, mill, foundry, tannery, Mint, paper-mill, shipyard, distillery
Particular shops:
baker, tailor, fishmonger, florist, fruiterer/greengrocer, grocer, butcher, dairy,
newsagent, poulterer, optician, confectioner, tobacconist, greengrocer, stationer.

Sport
court, green, ring, pitch/ground, lawn, pitch/field/ground, course, pitch/field, green,
pitch/ground, track/stadium, rink, run, court, ring.

General
hangar, apiary, aviary, ring, garage, incubator, kitchen, jail/prison, surgery, cinema, aquarium,
orchard, gasometer, granary, vineyard, museum, court, operating theatre, orphanage,
cemetery, restaurant, theatre, school, rookery, barracks, reservoir, zoo, nursery, nursery.
Receptacles Page 25
1. beer/oil/tar clothes milk knife
water wine beer/gunpowder whisky
fruit/groceries bottles water water/petrol
water face powder uniform beer
rubbish/garbage tea/coffee books tea
water crockery/clothes biscuits hot drink
milk/wine/beer wine food cooking cash
fruit oil water clothes
tools/sweets letter banknotes water/ice-cream
documents cider papers water
wine/beer/water tea/spirits food cooking tea/ashes
tea gas strawberries flowers
fruit/soup/ wine money liquids
vegetables food money/valuables money
tea/shot purse/keys schoolbooks clothes
wine jam/ointment sword
milk/juice

2. purse jar scabbard

reservoir/bowl/tank scuttle vase
bottle envelope cask/decanter/goblet

Sounds and Motions Pages 2 8 -2 9

1. brays; trumpets; neighs; grunts; howls; chatters; bells; lows; growls; screams.

2. The hound bavs. The frog croaks.

The snake hisses. The cat purrs.
The cock crows. The turkev gobbles.
The lamb bleats. The lion roars.
The crow caws. The duck quacks.

3. The frog leaps. The duck waddles.

The monkev climbs. The lamb frisks.
The wolf lopes. The lark soars.
The seagull swoops/glides. The bear lumbers.

4. The obstinate mule. The cunning fox.

The fat pig. The gentle lamb.
The faithful dog. The sleek cat.
The loathsome serpent. The tireless seasull.

5. a) An ape - rather ungainly in appearance and behaviour.

b) An ass - stupid in behaviour.
Sounds and Motions

c) A bear - large, lumbering and clumsy.

d) A bull - someone who angrily insists on getting his own way.
e) A dog - a scoundrel.
f) A donkey - someone who can be rather stupid and obstinate.
g) An elephant - heavily ponderous and slow thinking.
h) A fox - someone who is cunning in his dealing with others.
i) A goat - someone who behaves foolishly
j) A horse - someone willing to burden himself with problems and/or tasks of others,
k) A hound - a despicable person.
1) A lamb - someone meek and placid in nature,
m) A lion - a courageous person.
n) A pig - a greedy or ill-mannered person, usually rather fat.
o) A rabbit - timid, nervous person.
p) A sheep - someone who follows the crowd rather than acts as an individual.
q) A snail - a slow-moving, slow-thinking person.
r) A swine - an unscrupulous person, coarse in behaviour.
s) A tortoise - a slow-moving person.
t) A viper - someone who is spiteful and treacherous.
u) A wolf - someone who is cunning, cruel and selfish.

6. a) bull, b) camel, c) bees/wasps, d) cock, e) dog, f) frog, g) pig, h) monkey, i) horse,

j) wolf, k) hen, 1) bee, m) parrot, n) horse, o) hyena/wolf/dog, p) owl.

7. a) Aquiline - a nose hooked like an eagles beak.

b) Feline - walked silently like a cat.
c) Bovine - resembled a cow or an ox.
d) Asinine - behaviour like that of an ass - somewhat stupid.
e) Canine - teeth resembling those of a dog.

a) amusement, e) scorn or derision, 0 relief or regret,

b) pain, f) rage, 0 snobbishness,
c) anger, 8) anger, k) contempt,
d) indifferent h) surprised excitement 1) fright/timidity.
acknowledgment, or pain,

9- On a recent visit to a large farm I heard various animal sounds. I heard

a cock crowing, pigs grunting, horses neighing, turkeys gobbling, cows lowing,
ducks quacking, lambs bleating, and a dog barking.

Sounds made by Objects Page 31

1. The creak of a hinge. The crack of a whip.
The screeching of brakes. The hissing of steam.
The patter or tramp of feet. The rustle of silk.
The call of a bugle. The tick of a clock.
 Classification

2. The pealing of bells. The popping of corks.

The booming of a gun. The skirl of the bagpipes.
The crinkle of paper. The throb of an engine.
The slam of a door. The toot of a horn.

3- A boiling kettle whistles. Frying fat sizzles in the pan. Coins jingle in the bag. The heavy
bar fell with a crash. Suddenly we heard the thunder of hoofs. We were awakened by the
chime of the big church clock. The passengers heard the loud screech of brakes. The
rude boy slammed the door behind him. The north wind howled in the chimney. I heard
the report of a rifle. The rain patters on the window. Thunder rumbles.

4. a) Toot! Toot! The sound of a horn warned us of danger.

b) Bang! The heavy door slammed shut behind the children.
c) Boom! The noise of the large cannon resounded across the bay.
d) Crash! The tray of crockery fell to the ground and everything on it was broken.
e) Plop! The rain fell in steady drops through the broken tile.
f) Rat-tat-tat! The knock on the door told the family that the postman had arrived.
g) Splash! The silly man fell over the edge of the pool into the water.
h) Tick-tock! The grandfather clock marked the passage of time.
i) Ting-a-ling! Tohn was so proud of the new bell on his bicycle as he warned everyone
of his approach.

Classification page 32
1. a) animals (mammals) e) insects i) fish m) trees q) cereals
b) clothes f) vehicles j) seasons n) foodstuffs r) relatives
c) birds g) flowers k) footwear 0) fruit s) numbers
d) occupations h) crockery 1) vegetables p) liquids t) games

Page 33
2. (1) tomato (9) pearl (17) warehouse (25) cotton (33) carpet
(2) hare (10) Mumbai (18) tomatoes (26) wagon (34) barber
(3) violet (11) Mexico (19) maize (27) fork (35) penguin
(4) slate (12) biscuit (20) princess (28) radiator (36) kettle
(5) lemon (13) heat (21) palm (29) Delhi
(6) cement (14) milk (22) Maria (30) crocodile
(7) loaf (15) shield (23) cupboard (31) plate
(8) whale (16) yacht (24) potato (32) uncle

Page 34
3. (1) turban (5) ear (9) lion (13) Abuja (17) blouse
(2) bowl (6) iron (10) peach (14) trawler (18) bicycle
(3) owl (7) trout (11) zinc (15) toffee (19) barracuda
(4) rose (8) sofa (12) fly (16) penguin (20) volleyball
Classification

(21) rose (23) guitar (25) shoemaker (27) bin (29) slippers
(22) soup (24) yam (26) thigh (28) spaniel (30) teak
Page 35
4. a) price f) completed k) margin P) grave
b) ascend g) quietness 1) industrious q) whimper
c) welcome h) assist m) obstruct r) cheerful
d) watchful 0 plodded n) vagrant s) absurd
e) observe j) vanquish o) abandon t) irritate

Gradation Pages 3 6 -3 7
1. baby, child, boy, youth, man
2. one, ten, hundred, thousand, million
3. millilitre, decilitre, litre, decalitre, hectolitre
4. day, month, year, century, millennium
5. second, minute, hour, day, week
6. mouse, cat, sheep, cow, elephant
7. cup, teapot, kettle, pail, tub
8. hut, cottage, bungalow, mansion, palace
9. millimetre, centimetre, metre, kilometre
10. sardine, snapper, cod, shark, whale
11. robin, pigeon, hen, turkey, ostrich
12. village, town, city, country, continent
13. pea, bean, onion, turnip, cabbage
14. spring, stream, river, sea, ocean
15. cherry, orange, banana, paw-paw, melon
16. flute, violin, trombone, piano, pipe-organ
17. purse, wallet, handbag, safe, vault
18. midge, ant, fly, wasp, butterfly
19. letter, word, sentence, paragraph, chapter

(sound) smiled, chuckled, giggled, laughed, guffawed

(feeling) touched, tapped, knocked, punched, battered
(speed) walked, strode, trotted, cantered, galloped
(sound) whispered, talked, shouted, shrieked, roared
(feeling) fingered, patted, caressed, slapped, walloped
(speed) shuffled, sauntered, walked, strode, marched
(sound) hummed, crooned, lilted, sang, yodelled
(tim e) glimpsed, glanced, looked, stared, gazed
Association Pages 3 8 -3 9
1. heel, sole 15. rays, heat 29. peelings, chips
2. arm, leg 16. neck, cork 30. crown, brim
3- mattress, blanket 17. barrel, trigger 31. brakes, wheels
4. soap, sponge 18. prongs, handle 32. cords, pane
5. ceiling, floor 19. gills, fins 33. upper, tongue
6. trunk, bough 20. bulb, battery 34. bowl, stem
7. hands, face 21. knob, hinges 35. fork, foliage
8. stem, petals 22. pedals, pump 36. core, rind
9- wings, beak 23. slip, bolster 37. teacher, book
10. sting, honey 24. bridge, bow 38. gable, eaves
11. blade, handle 25. wings, tail 39. receiver, booth
12. spout, lid 26. bridle, mane 40. staves, hoops
13. glass, curtains 27. smoke, flame
14. engine, tyres 28. keys, pedals

ear deafness, listening head ache, nodding

m outh tasting, chewing arms folded, waving
nose sniffed, odour hands writing, clasp
eye lashes, blinked legs crossed, running
face smile, grin feet dancing, paddling

Analogies pages40-41
1. mouse 15. hundred 30. month 45. cut
2. pork 16. bullet 31. ate 46. wall
3. platform 17. dog 32. can 47. clumsy
4. man 18. hoof 33. hot water 48. depth
5. April 19. son 34. pig 49. water, gas
6. up 20. picture 35. hot 50. steeple, spire
7. South 21. ice 36. water 51. tree
8. nephew 22. swan 37. glass 52. shell
9- army 23- shoal 38. thirsty 53. poacher
10. bray 24. bee 39. author 54. run
11. finger 25. fish 4 0. petal 55. eye
12. feathers 26. modern 41. tongue
13. pleasure, 27. double 42. neck
happiness, joy 28. herd 4 3. fly
14. leg 29. this 44. lake
It Makes You Think Pages 4 2 -4 3
1. a) saw and fishing rod c) razor and cigarettes
b) grapes and knitting bag d) diary and chocolates.

2. Number 12.

3. Jim Baker.

4. (1) Robinson Crusoe went to sea when he was nineteen years of age. (2) On his first
voyage, the ship encountered a terrible storm and foundered on a rock. (3) The lad was
cast ashore on a lonely island near the scene of the tragedy (4) Luckily he managed to
obtain from the wreck many things which proved useful to him during his stay on the
island. (5) After many exciting adventures she returned to England none the worse for
his experience.
5. Three socks.

6. 5.30.

7. 8.

Absurdities Pages 4 4 -4 5
Oral or written answers can be given in this section.
1. If you gave away three pencils you could not then have more than you started with.
2. Salt would not sweeten the tea.
3. The baby would have grown to a mans height and the man must then certainly be
taller than the child.
4. The train could not move at all on square wheels, never mind swiftly and silently.
5. The event has already taken place so cannot be anticipated by anyone hoping to
attend.
6. The witness must have been near the horse for it to make contact when it kicked.
7. The blanket would remain the same length, even if in two pieces.
.
8 The beggar could not have spoken if he were dumb.
9. If everyone stood still there would be no one needing to get past.
10. If it began yesterday three days have not yet elapsed.
11. Elephants are not birds; could not nest in rhubarb trees as there are no such trees; a
cow does not whistle.
12. It should be month of July, city of Liverpool. Rain does not snow, but if there was
rain, the streets should not be dry.
13. Words cannot freeze and be heated.
14. Once you jump you cannot go back.
15. If the son does not receive the letter he will not know he is to write back for the postal
order.
16. Water needs a container.
 Abbreviations

17. The relative safety of train and car depends on the ratio of injured to uninjured over all
journeys by each means.
18. Shadows cannot cause wear.
19- A widows husband is dead and so could not marry anyone.
20. Old John Smith would not be thirty.
He could not watch the setting sun from an easterly facing cottage.
A horseman could not ride down to the cottage which was on a hill.
There would be no trees on a barren hill.
James could not have left home twenty years ago if John Smith was really thirty years
old.
James could not have embraced his father with both arms. He had only one.

Abbreviations Page 49
1. a) Bachelor of Science; British Broadcasting Corporation; International Direct Dialling;
Member of Parliament; Post Office; Before Christ; Master of Arts; His/Her Royal
Highness; leg before wicket; His/Her Majestys Ship.

b) ante meridiem - before noon; instant - this month; ultimo - last month; Esquire;
Mister; post meridiem - after noon; street.
2. a) Mon. Tues. Wed. Fri. Sat. Jan. Feb. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

b) 02 lb cwt pt gal sec min hr in ft yd m

c) mm cm m km ml cl 1 mg g kg m

3. a) Robert Brown, Esquire, 74 Abbey Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom.

b) Doctor Thomas Smith, Member of Parliament, a brother of the famous Harley Street
surgeon who recently toured the United States of America, was married on the
fourth instant in Saint Margarets Chapel, Westminster.

4. a) Wm Miller of HMS Newcastle was awarded the VC for gallantry in action.

b) Mr G Woods, a well-known local JP, was appointed MD of Messrs Cook & Co., Ltd.

5. a) We boarded a train as the omnibus was full.

b) The spectacles were discovered in the perambulator.
c) I saw his photograph in a weekly magazine.
d) He telephoned for news of the missing aeroplane.
e) The examination was held in the gymnasium.
Antonyms page*50-51
home praise contract there pedestrian
presence free success villain valley
refuse deny bold unheroic stationary
child expand unfair/dark reveal divide
dead incorrect foul play low wide
descendant hero true solid foreigner
modern bless unfamiliar abroad far
question dry unknown dishonest always
depart light/fair simple/plain cold old
awake night near proud day
disperse/ shallow thin knowledgeable silence
dismantle
front victory strong minute all
forward attack barren superior south
good admit many guilty everywhere
fertile arrive last separate few
ugly height ebb senior seldom
straight live friend/ally adult new
worse easy wise sea transparent
small clean native first shut
sweet assemble/gather lost early in
white multiply confined fat future
curse up captivity captivity war
timid sober enemy/foe heavy/dark motorist
top wet back dead/die temporary/
transitory
stern bright smile short ornate/fancy
dull giant empty found unpleasant
narrow late past soft singular
sell west obese hate rude
free difficult mean high rich
freedom flow dwarf sane wealth
expensive/dear uneducated come minimum powerless
slim full bad sad condemn
dirty friend/ally innocent maximum absent
stupid exit soft majority public
smooth morning love spendthrift poverty
hot never light happy humble
go nowhere depth ancient sell
reveal entrance heaven evening answer
 Antonyms

noisy deep cramped wild defeat

slow long miser permanent wax
accept hide fresh here peace
advance open mobile those wane
advance plural gradual these strong
conceal smart bow bold poverty
poor fast crooked enormous east
wrong/left large weak bottom dry
polite/courteous slovenly clever opaque black
happiness rough failure untruth tame
danger drunk winter beautiful unwise
often hard inferior separate better
unselfish hollow bitter occupied right
buy sweet give clear old
junior north short mountain/hill age

By adding Prefix
disadvantage indirect illegible disorder unsafe
disapprove inessential dislike impatient insane
inaudible unfair unlock imperfect unscrew
unaware infamous disloyal displeasure unselfish
misbehave misfire immodest non-poisonous nonsense
uncomfortable unhappy immoral impolite untidy
uncommon inhuman immortal impossible intransitive
disconnect unjust unnecessary improper mistrust
discontent unkind ignoble impure untwist
inconvenient unknown abnormal irregular invisible
incorrect illegal disobey irreverent unwise

Changing the Prefix

descend discourage import interior internal decrease outside

Changing the Suffix

careless cheerless joyless merciless pitiless useless

Pages 5 2 -5 3
1. failure, invisible, condemn, opaque, foul play, depart, everywhere, fertile, modern,
foolish.

2. inaudible, misbehave, unknown, illegible, immodest, ignoble, disobedient, irregular,

nonsense, unpleasant.

3. a) south, b) exit, c) smooth, d) motorist, e) innocent, f) impossible, g) seldom,

h) friend, i) sweet, j) junior.
Antonyms

4. a) a stupid boy, b) a calm day, c) a quiet boy, d) a dull colour, e) a smooth sea, f) a tame
horse, g) a dim light, h) a peaceful meeting, i) a cultivated flower.

5. a) an unarmed man, b) I am glad, c) to be out of step, d) a genuine gift, e) a light load,

f) to sing out of tune, g) a sharp answer, h) a weak army, i) she was fair.

6. a) ugly, b) dull, c) descent, d) permanent, e) sold, f) industrious, g) dearth/scarcity,

h) unintelligent, i) smooth, j) barren.

7. a) answer, b) re-captured, c) full, d) rude, e) forgotten.

8 . a) In the evening the sun sets in the west.

b) The coward was blamed/condemned for his foul plav.
c) The plain box was small and light.
d) Losses on inferior articles made him poor.
e) The weak army retreated after its failure.

Synonyms Pages 5 5 -5 6
1. understand; vacant, unoccupied; enough; neighbourhood; tried; foes; dangerous; buy;
see, understand, notice; new, up-to-date.
2. a) shining; b) suitable/handy; c) vanish; d) trick; e) bravery; f) strange/odd; g) high;
h) join; i) edge; j) anger.

3. The pretty girl admired the handsome prince.

The proud king laughed at the vain little girl,
A stout woman should not eat fat meat.
Weak tea will not refresh the feeble old lady.
On a sultry day dont drink hot liquids.
The old man was fond of antique furniture.
Her loving hands had prepared a tender chicken.
The day was dull and we felt quite sad.
4. I will learn to drive.
He tried to teach him to swim.
He tried to invent a new rocket.
It was difficult to discover the whereabouts of the missing child.
It was not possible to get all the books on one shelf.
It is probable that they will succeed as they have tried so hard.
She had to accept the offer for the house.
They were all admitted to the hall, except one family.

5. a) The bucket fell into the well.c) I was surprised to find the house empty,
b) Dont hide your real feelings.d) He changes his plans yearly.
Homonyms and Homophones Pages 5 8 -6 0
1. He shot the bear. The children ate the cakes.
The ground was completely bare. We arrived at eight o clock.
She picked the flower in the garden. They will write letters to their friends.
Flour is used to make bread. He hurt his right hand, and could not do his work.
We were too late for the dance.
The two dogs ran away.

2. She bought some steak. We walked to the golf course.

The bicycle was for sale. Their books are on the desks.
We must hire a car. The girl had to wait till four oclock.
The whole army marched into town. The wounded soldier uttered a loud groan.
The boy broke a pane of glass. The joiner bored a small hole in the wood.

3. There was a pause in the conversation. Queen Victorias reign was one of the
The cat cleaned her paws. longest in history.
They tried to steal the money. It started to rain in the afternoon.
Steel is used to make cars and ships. Their pencils were new and
He heard her call. unsharpened.
The herd of buffalo was chased by the There was a dog in the wood.
cowboys.
4. It is not allowed to speak aloud in class.
The maid admitted that she had made a mistake.
He will give no peace until he receives a piece of cake.
Did you get the scent I sent you?
I saw him stare at the man on the stair.
Waste not, want not, said the woman with the thin waist.

5. A hoard of coins was found under the floor.

The business man made a large profit on the deal.
He was told not to meddle with the toys.
I saw the lambs gambol in the field.
His name was printed in large grtt letters.

a) ewe d) key 8) ball j) profit m) peace

yew quay bawl prophet piece

b) beach e) plain h) coarse k) stair n) fool

beech plane course stare full

c) led f) pain 0 bow 1) hour o) there

lead pane bough our their
Verbs Page 61
1. Rain fell yesterday. 7. Uncle may be coming today.
2. Day is dawning. 8. We should have been patient.
3. It is sunny today. 9. You should not have been told.
4. We have been robbed. 10. They are not looking well.
5. I do not smoke. 11. The sheep were worried by dogs.
6. I could hardly see. 12. I was worried till you came.

Page 63
1. arose, broke, cut, fell, kept, said, shook, drank, bit, chose
2. borne, driven, flown, given, hurt, ridden, sold, spoken, come, swum.

3. eat, beat, freeze, hide, blow, speak, awake, sell, lose.

4. a) throwing, giving, springing, firing, beginning,
b) to burn, to speak, to stand, to sweep, to drive.

5. Past Tense Past Participle Past Tense Past participle

was been sang sung
did done tore torn
forgot forgotten hid hidden
grew grown went gone
wrote written began begun

6. Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle

I rise I rose I have risen
I forget I forgot I have forgotten
I cut I cut I have cut
I sing I sang I have sung
I blow I blew I have blown

7. a) He raised his hand to greet his friend. d) She tried to raise the lid.
b) Yesterday the boy rose at five o clock. e) The sun had risen in the sky.
c) I saw him rise from his seat.

8. She had gone for a walk. He saw his uncle yesterday. The old man had fallen asleep in
his chair. He was awakened by the noise. The boy was dreaming about pirates.
Page 64
1. We drank our tea before we sang the carol.
2. After he had run about five kilometres, he sank to the ground.
3. Some cloth is woven from wool which has grown on sheep.
4. He had given me the parcel before he was taken a prisoner.
5. The timid creature was driven into a narrow valley where it was slain by the cruel tiger.
6. The vessel sank before they had swum a great distance.
7. The tree had fallen across the road and many of its branches were broken.
 Adjectives

8. By the time the sun had risen the aeroplane had flown across the sea.
9. No sooner had he spoken than a deer sprang into our path.
10. He began to look for the toy which he had given to his brother.
11. The man had thrown away the purse which was stolen from the lady.
12. The jacket had been well worn and the cloth had shrunk.
13. After we had eaten our supper we went to the pond which was frozen over.
14. The picture was drawn by a famous and wealthy artist who had risen from poverty.
15. They had just gone when we were seen by our friends.
16. A nest had fallen to the ground, where it had been blown by the wind.
17. The bell rang just after I had written the letter.

Adjectives Page 65
1. The tail gentleman wore a blue overcoat.
2. Little Tim was a delicate boy with pale cheeks.
3. The weather was wet and foggy.
4. The ugly old witch spoke in a hoarse cracked voice.
5. The lost ball was found near the wooden gate.

Page 6 7
Positive Comparative Superlative
many more most
hot hotter hottest
bad worse worst
famous more famous most famous
little less least

faster, better, more gracious, taller, more beautiful.

thinnest, most, most comfortable, most handsome.

Positive Comparative Superlative

long longer longest
far farther farthest
good better best
generous more generous most generous
late later latest
cautious more cautious most cautious

nearest ........... ............... superlative larger ...................... comparative

better .............. ............... comparative most wonderful superlative
f a r .................... ............... positive b a d .......................... positive
more certain ............... comparative shorter ................... comparative
surest .............. ............... superlative biggest.................... superlative

21
Adjectives

6. a) James was the bigger of the twins.

b) A kinder lady you could not meet.
c) The better team won the football match.
d) Fred was the fastest of all the runners.
e) Who is the taller, Jack or Betty?
f) He proved to be the most ignorant person.
8) Of the two, I like George better.
h) A worse boy I have never known.
0 The sailor lifted the thinner end of the rope.
j) The patient made the most wonderful recovery.

Adverbs Page 68
1. Dinner will soon be ready. 5. I once saw an eagle kill a rabbit.
2. There lay the object of our search. 6. Where did you find that knife?
3. The man walked slowly acrossthe field. 7. He can certainly boast about his adventures.
4. The apples were quite good. 8 . The story ended happily.

Page 71
1. He charged furiously. He slept soundly. He spent sparingly. He smiled broadly. He
decided immediately. He crept silently. He fell heavily. He waited patiently.

2. The girl sings sweetly. The lion roars loudly. The artist paints beautifully. The child
sleeps soundly. The cat walks stealthily. The clerk wrote carefully. The river flows gently.
The stars shine brightly. The horse gallops proudly. The man frowns angrily.

Note: In many cases in this section more than one answer may be permissible.

Positive Comparative Superlative

soon sooner soonest
briefly more briefly most briefly
well better best
early earlier earliest
clearly more clearly most clearly

long - longer; badly - worse; carefully - more carefully; lai

fast - fastest; quickly - most quickly; sick - sickest; easily -

Positive Comparative Superlative

long longer longest
happily more happily most happily
late later latest
willingly more willingly most willingly
ill worse worst
Word Building Page 72
Forming Nouns:
Note: In many cases in this section more than one answer may be permissible.

ability civilisation fame magician sadness

absence cleanliness favour manliness satisfaction
abundance collection food marriage scenery
accuracy commencement fierceness or merriment scholar
ferocity
acquaintance comparison flight missionary science
action conclusion fragrance mockery security
admiration confidence freedom morality sight
adoption confusion friendship mountaineer selection
advertisement contentment grandeur movement serenity
allowance creation greatness musician servant
amusement creditor growth occupation shadow
anger cruelty happiness opposition sickness
anxiety curiosity hatred persuasion simplicity
appearance darkness heroism pleasure speech
applause deceit height proclamation stealth
application decency holiness profession streamer
approval decision imagination prosperity striker
arrival depth imitation pride strength
ascent defence information proof success
assistance departure injury provision superiority
attendance description interference punctuality tale
attraction destruction introduction punishment thought
baggage development invention pursuit thrift
beauty discovery invitation readiness type
beggar division judgment reality vanity
beginning deed justice rebellion variety
behaviour encouragement knowledge receipt visitor
belief enjoyment laughter recognition warrior
bitterness entrance laziness relief warmth
boyhood equality learning or remembrance weakness
learner
bravery excess likeness renewal weariness
breath exhaustion listener repetition weight
brightness expectation life repentance width
cashier explanation length resentment wisdom
childhood faithfulness loss revelation worthiness
choice falsehood loyalty revival youth
Word Building

Page 73
Forming Adjectives:
able critical hot noticeable strong
accidental cruel high oaken studious
admirable customary heroic obedient successful
adventurous dangerous hopeful or occasional sunny
hopeless
affectionate deceitful or imaginary or opposite sympathetic
deceptive imaginative
angelic decisive industrious ornamental talkative
angry descriptive informative parental terrifying
anxious destructive introductory patient thirsty
athletic disastrous iron-clad peaceful thoughtful
attractive distant Italian perilous tidal
autumnal dutiful joyful personal tiresome or
tiring
beautiful energetic lawful picturesque troublesome
biblical enjoyable learned pitiful or pitiless truthful
boyish excessive long pleasant typical
brazen expressive lifelike or living poetic united
breathless faithful loving or lovable poisonous valuable or
valueless
British famous luxurious proud vain
careful or fashionable manly prosperous various
careless
cautious fatherly marvellous quarrelsome victorious
central faulty meddlesome ragged vocal
changeable favourite melodious reasonable volcanic
charitable fiery merciful or scientific Welsh
merciless
childish fifth metallic sensible warlike
choral foolish mineral shadowy watery
choice forceful mischievous showery wavy
circular forgetful mocking silken wearisome
collective fortunate mountainous silvery western
colonial French mournful sisterly wintry
comfortable friendly moveable skilful wise
conclusive gigantic musical sorrowful witty
continental girlish mysterious southern wooden
courageous golden national spiral woollen
cowardly graceful natural spirited worthy
crafty grievous neglectful starry wretched
creditable harmful noisy stopping yearly
criminal hateful northern stormy youthful
 Word Building

Page 74
Forming Verbs:
to enable to encourage to freeze to lengthen to shelve
to act to create to fill to magnetise to shorten
to banish to criticise to glaze to moisten to simplify
to bathe to accustom to glorify to nationalise to soften
to beautify to darken to gild to obey to solve
to bleed to do to graze to imperil to sing
to brighten to describe to grieve to please to sparkle
to broaden to dictate to grow to prove to speak
to encamp to educate to horrify to provide to strengthen
to encircle to falsify to imitate to purify to succeed
to circulate to fatten to enjoy to relieve to terrify
to civilise to fertilise to justify to reside to think
to cleanse to refine to kneel to resolve to tighten
to clothe to feed to know to enrich to entomb
to colonise to enforce to enlarge to roll, enrol to try
to compose to befriend to live to sharpen to widen

Forming Adverbs:
ably happily joyfully sweetly truly
critically heavily purely terribly wearily
faithfully horribly simply thoughtfully widely

Compound Words
Sample answers in alphabetical order of first words.
blackboard dustman hatstand milkmaid tablecloth
bootlace eggcup heartache millpond teashop
cart-load firefly housewife outcry timepiece
churchyard football jampot safeguard tombstone
coalshed gentleman lamp-post schoolmaster toothpick
daylight grandson lifetime spendthrift waterfall
doormat gunfire maidservant strongroom witchcraft

Pages 7 5 -7 6
Note: In many cases in this section more than one answer may be possible.

1. a) pleasure, b) proof, c) knowledge, d) pride, e) choice, f) encouragement, g) strength,

h) reality, i) justice, j) gift.
2. selection; growth; baggage; action, actor; receipt, receiver; invitation; succession;
repentance; division.
3- astonishment; cowardice; criticism; trickery, trickster; assistance, assistant; freedom;
information, informer; loyalty, loyalist; invention, inventor; sickness.
Word Building

4. British; hot; expensive; angry; faithful, faithless; high; fashionable; boyish; vain;
sensible, senseless.

5. a) decisive, b) biblical, c) talkative, d) circular, e) attractive, f) mysterious, g) vocal,

h) national, i) wintry, j) perilous.

6. a) to kneel, b) to strengthen, c) to describe, d) to gild, e) to accustom, f) to tighten

g) to grieve, h) to enlarge; i) to glorify; j) to feed.
7. to obey, to sweeten, to educate, to fatten, to live, to compose, to civilise, to entomb,
to bathe, to purify.

8 . angrily, tunefully, excitedly, freely, anxiously, frantically, worriedly, seriously, foolishly,

silently.

9. blackboard milkmaid grandfather/mother/child

hatbox/stand/rack buttercup/teacup goalpost
lamplight/shade tablecloth/backcloth football/snowball
toothache/brush bookcase/binder footstool

10. Adjective Noun Verb

long length to lengthen
strong strength to strengthen
broad breadth to broaden
glad gladness to gladden
able ability to enable
wide width to widen

.
11 a) He threw the brick through the window.
b) The brick wall fell down.
a) He met the tribal chief in the village.
b) The chief assistant helped the customer.
a) The diamond was very valuable.
b) The diamond necklace was stolen from its case.
a) The flowers in the garden were beautiful.
b) The garden seat was broken.
a) In the foundry they melted the iron.
b) The car smashed into the iron post.
a) The light in the room went out.
b) There was a light wind in the garden.
a) The people at the concert heard beautiful music.
b) The music stand fell down.
a) There was a hole in the sole of his shoe.
b) The sole owner of the company lost his money in the slump.
 Word Building

a) The square was surrounded by beautiful trees.

b) The television set was placed in a square box.
a) It has been a very hot summer.
b) We are spending our summer holidays at home.
a) The hyena lost her young in the bush.
b) The young man was easily able to run in the marathon.

12. a) She used her brush to sweep the stairs,

b) She asked if she could brush the stairs.
a) He had a new cycle for Christmas.
b) He set off to cycle to school.
a) Theres no smoke without fire.
b) Dont fire without taking careful aim.
a) The heat was intense in the centre of the fire.
b) She began to heat the soup on the stove.
a) There was no hope for the missing fisherman.
b) I hope he is safe said the girl.
a) The notice said Beware of the dog.
b) I did not notice the sign, replied the man.
a) The sail was torn by the wind.
b) He set out to sail round the island.
a) He bought a blade for the saw.
b) They saw the man fall to his death.
a) The spring broke on the cars axle.
b) In the gymnasium the boys had to spring through hoops.
a) The window-cleaner put his foot on the first step of the ladder.
b) The woman began to step into the road without looking out for the traffic.
a) They each took a turn on the apparatus.
b) The motorist had to turn very quickly to avoid an accident.
a) The sandcastle was destroyed by the wave.
b) We all went to London to wave at the Queen and her procession.

13. a) It was a large round table........................................................................................ Adjective

b) The tourist played a round of golf. ............................................................................. Noun
c) The speaker turned round.......................................................................................... Adverb
d) The boy ran quickly round the field................................................................Preposition
e) The horses must round this corner. .............................................................................Verb
Concord Pages 7 8 -7 9
1. Each of the boys is going on holiday so each of them has gone to bed eady.
2. Everybody was pleased as each of them was treated alike.
3. Neither he nor she wants to go.
4. Werent we sorry when we heard you were going?
5. One of the men is married and so he gets preference.
6. All but William have behaved well so all but William get away early.
7. James, as well as John, rises at eight, so James, like John, is early for work.
8. Neither of the singers was present.
9- Every little girl desires a nice doll.
10. The miller and his wife are a happy couple.
11. Why does every one of us do stupid things at times?
12. Neither of them has failed as both of them are right in five sums.
13. The girl, with several others, was going to school.
14. Both Agnes and Albert are here tonight.
15. Either Fred or Jean has made a mistake, so either he or she is wrong.
16. Not one of the boys has a knife although not one of the boys is young.
17. John, like James, is smaller than Peter.
18. Are Frank and Margaret happy, as both he and she were complaining?
19- All of you but Andrew are good, so all of you but Andrew get a reward.
20. Each of the ladies is delighted as each of the ladies receives a prize.
21. Anybody is allowed to enter.
22. Every one of us knows the answers becauseevery one of us wascopying.
23. Nobody is unhappy at the camp because nobody isallowed to feel lonely.
24. Arthur, as well as Donald, is clever, so Arthur, as well as Donald, has succeeded.
25. The gentlemen and the ladies were wearing evening dress.
26. Either one or the other is wealthy as either one or the other has plenty of money.
27. All of us but David were on holiday so all of us but David are feeling relaxed.
28. Werent they pleased when they heard we were coming?
29. Cecil, as well as Annie, likes spelling and Cecil, as well as Annie, hates arithmetic.
30. Either Flora or Richard has measles, so either she or he is in bed.
31. Why does every one of them do that, when every one of them knows the
arrangements?

Pronouns Page 84
1. He and I went for a walk.
2. It was he whom we saw in the shop.
3. No one believes it was she: everyone thinks it was I.
4. Between him and me we ate the whole cake.
5. She and I can go, but you and he cannot.
6. Jack is not as clever as he or I.
7. It seems to be they whom the police suspect.
 Conjunctions

8. She and you sang very well together.

9. John is much brighter than he or I.
10. This discovery must remain a secret between you and me.
11. Its not for us to run after them.
12. It was he who knew the right answer.
13. Who are they?
14. We lads were at the cinema at the same time as they.
15. Between you and me, I know all about Sue and her.
16. He is almost as big as I, but smaller than she.
17. Her sisters are smaller than we, but she is taller than I.
18. You must choose between them and us.
19. You and I could do it, but not you and he.
20. It appears to be she about whom you should worry.
21. She and I are twelve years of age.
22. Her cousin is younger than she or I.
23. Was it I whom you saw there?
24. I spoke to him and her about whom to tell.
25. We are certain it was not he who was to blame.
26. It is not she that I am angry with, but he.
27. Him I can excuse but not them.
28. Was it he or she who found the purse?
29. Whom do you think we met?
30. Anyone whos poor shouldnt buy one of these.
31. Thats not your pencil. Its mine.
32. Everyone that wants a ticket must bring his money.
33. Neither he nor she knows what he or she is doing.
34. Lets go, you and me, and see whos there.
35. Whom were you speaking to?

Conjunctions Pages 8 8 -8 9
Time
1. Wait there tiU I have finished.
2. He left before darkness fell.
3. We have remained here since you left.
4. After they arrived, they sat down.
5. I can call whenever it is convenient to you.

29
Conjunctions

Place
1. He went whence he could not return.
2. The faithful dog followed his master wherever he went.
3. There were many trees where I sat down.
4. They followed whither he led them.

Cause o r Reason
1. As we left early, we did not see him.
2. I was afraid to speak lest he should tell.
3- You ask him, since you are friends.
4. My uncle was angry because he was deceived.

Concession
1. The boy is strong and healthy though he is not tall.
2. While I trust him, I dislike his companions.
3. We will go even if it rains.
4. Whether you like it or not, he will invite you.
5. My cold is much worse although I have tried to cure it.

Condition
1. Except that he is sometimes nervous, he manages quite well.
2. She will go if you ask her.
3. You cannot obtain admission unless you pay.

Manner o r Degree
1. You are quite right as far as I can see.
2. The dog lifted his paw as though he understood me.
3. She is older than I am.
4. They did not play so well as their opponents.
5. The man looked as if he was a foreigner.
6. I cannot work as he can.
Purpose
1. The man put on the light so that he could read.
2. In order that they might be in time, they left early.
3. The boy ran quickly lest he should be left behind.
4. You should go that you may be cured.

Consequence
1. The dog ran so fast that he caught the hare.
2. He ran quickly so that he was in time for tea.
Prepositions Pages 9 0 -9 1
Note: Where possible give more than one answer in this section.

1. a) The boy must apologise to the lady.

b) That man is an authority on flowers.
c) The mother was proud of her sons success.
d) He placed the bat against/on/behind the wall.
e) My cousin put the book in the drawer.
f) It is an exception to the rule.
g) His opinion differs from mine.
h) The main ran down/along/up/through the path.
0 She takes great pride in her appearance.
j) The ball went through/towards the window.

2. a) The pencil lay on/under/beside/near/underneath/below/behind the desk.

b) The man rowed across/on/over/up/down the river
c) The lady sat beside/near/behind/beyond/by/with the chairman.

3. a) I stood on the bridge of the ship.

b) Above me. I saw a cloudv skv.
c) The dog leaped over the wall after a ball.
d) We chased him through a field of hav.
e) With that ticket you can obtain admission to the show.
f) Mv brother received a letter from him.
g) The farmer stored his hay in a large barn.
h) Beside the boxes lav several boulders.
0 The careless bov ran behind the car.
j) During the vear manv people were injured in street accidents.

Correction of Sentences Pages 9 2 -9 3

1. She was the older of the two sisters.
2. Whom did you see at the party?
3. Neither John nor James was present.
4. She is not as old as I.
5. The better team won the football match.
6. The books that we read were interesting.
7. As it was a fine day I went to the seashore.
8. For whom can it be? OR Whom can it be for?
9. He was angry with me for leaving.
10. I am, yours truly.
11. I cannot run any further.
12. John has broken his leg.
13. Hurrah! shouted the man.
 Correction of Sentences

14.The letter was sent to Mr (John) Brown OR Miss/Mrs/Ms Jane Brown.

15.The parcel was returned to the sender.
16.I left home at a quarter to seven.
17.The girl said that she had done it herself. OR The girl said that she did it herself.
18.He returned home as quickly as he could.
19-I have forgotten to post the letter.
20.Where are my boots?
21. .She Juirt her leg.
22.She had a bad accident.
23.There are four books on the table.
24.He went to get up OR He got up.
25.The lady bought a comb with plastic teeth for the baby.
26. Between you and me, he is quite wrong.
27.They sang the same song twice.
28.This jacket is worn out.
29- Its no use my working.
30. I intended to write.
31.I was so tired I could hardly have spoken.
32.The fishermen saw a shoal of herring in the sea.
33. He ran immediately to the injured man. OR He ran to the injured man immediately.
34. Between you and me we saw many people.
35. I saw a dog, which had a long tail, with his master.
36.We found the ring made of gold, belonging to the lady.
OR We found the gold ring belonging to the lady.
37. A piano with carved legs was sold to a lady.
38. We saw the rascal who stole our ball.
39. There are five books on the table.
40. A man and his dog were at the corner.
41. She and her husband are going.
42. His hair badly needs cutting.
43. Neither of them is tall.
44. Someone has left his or her books behind.
45. He and his sister went to the cinema.
46. My friend and I went to buy coats for ourselves.
47. It was he whom you saw.
48. They have done it again.
49. She could not come any quicker.
50. We have never seen any of them.
51. He couldnt remember anything.
52. He did his work correctly.
53. Is he the taller of the two?
_ 54. Each of the boys had his books.
I ___ 55. It was I that broke the window.
t-32J
 The Right Word in the Right Place

56. Who is the cleverer, John or Mary?

57. A kinder man never lived.
58. I was so breathless I could hardly speak.
59. The animal did not take any notice.
60. Neither of them has been lucky.
61. He and I went to the cinema together.
62. He took the bigger portion.
63. It was a remarkably fine picture.
64. He is worse than I.
65. I saw him go to the theatre.
66. One of the horses was tired.
67. Of the two, I like James better.
68. Give me those oranges.
69. He doesnt speak very clearly.
70. We are quite sure he did it.
71. She sent it to you and me.
72. The man taught him to swim.
73. That answer is different from mine.
74. Neither one nor the other is right.
75. I do not think she will stay.
76. The lady sings quite nicely.
77. He did not accept the gift.
78. To whom does this belong?
79. The child rose from the floor.
80. The two brothers divided the apple between them.

The Right Word in the Right Place Pages 9 4 -9 7

1. a) His watch stopped at six oclock.
b) I remember how the story ended.
c) I have completed my lessons. (Could use finished.)
d) They have finished the alterations. (Could use completed.)
e) The meeting concluded with the National Anthem.
f) Having enough money, they closed the fund.
2. learning ....... to acquire knowledge by studying or being taught.
teaching ..........passing on knowledge or skills to others.
looking ..........using ones eyes to see.
staring ..........looking with a fixed gaze.
mumbling..........pronouncing words indistinctly.
bawling ..........shouting in a very loud voice.
striding ..........walking with long steps.
galloping ......... running with all four feet off the ground simultaneously between steps.
The Right Word in the Right Place

taking ..........getting into ones possession.

snatching ..........seizing something suddenly.
tapping ..........hitting something gently.
battering ..........hitting something heavily and continuously
throwing ..........flinging something through the air.
hurling ..........flinging something violently through the air.
writing ..........forming letters or words with pen, pencil, chalk, etc.
scribbling ..........writing badly formed letters or words - usually doing so quickly and
carelessly.

3. a beautiful garden a pretty bonnet

a delicious cake a pleasant/good walk
a fine house an agreeable man
a good/pleasant day a convenient train
an enjoyable concert an interesting book.

4. He sang tunefully. He chuckled gleefully.

He frowned angrily. He smiled broadly.
He bowed humbly. He listened attentively.
He mumbled indistinctly. He whispered softly.

5. He said that he would come. He shouted with joy.

He explained why he was late. Look! he exclaimed.
He pleaded for mercy. He muttered under his breath.
He whispered quietly to his neighbour. That is so, he answered.

6. He charged furiously. He ate greedily.

He bled profusely. He slept soundly.
He pulled vigorously. He strove manfully.
He caressed fondly. He crept stealthily.

7. a) He rose at eight oclock. d) He caught a bad cold yesterday.

b) He received a penny from his mother. e) He arrived at the station in time.
c) He ate (had, took) his breakfast early. f) He was married last year.

8. a) A man who digs for coal is a miner. e) He was so ill that he went to bed.
b) I switched on the electric light. f) The postman delivered the letters.
c) The Christmas holiday is in December. g) He avoided accidents because he
d) They sang a Christmas carol. drove very carefully.

9. a) That is the boy who broke the window.

b) That is the stone which broke the window.
c) That is the man whose window was broken.
d) That is the boy whom I saw breaking the window.
e) That is the boy who told me that he broke the window.
 The Right Word in the Right Place

10. a) table, b) stable, c) fable, d) portable, e) valuable, f) cable, g) unable, h) arable,

i) vegetable, j) breakable.
1 1 . a) depart, b) return, c) descend, d) advance, e) enter, f) crawl, g) leave, h) run,
i) amble, j) ascend.

12. a) Did you notice any friends there? f) None of the boys knew the answer.
b) Never have I seen such a display. g) No. he is not well enough to eat any
c) We have not received any of the books. cakes.
d) No thank you, I never smoke. h) Have you any marbles? No, I have not.
e) We are not going there any more.

13. a) The soldier was one hundred and eighty centimetres tall.
b) My exercise book is fifteen centimetres wide.
c) The height of the factory chimney was seventy metres.
d) The distance from London to Glasgow is about six hundred andforty-three
kilometres.
e) The string on the parcel was two millimetres thick.
f) The distance from Southampton to New York is about four thousand eight hundred
and twenty-seven kilometres.
g) The room was four metres high.
h) My ruler is thirty centimetres long.
14. yacht ..........uses sails and wind power.
steamer ......... uses steam-engine power.
pen ......... a writing tool which uses ink.
pencil ......... a writing tool which uses lead.
pin ......... itself holds together two or more pieces of material or paper.
needle ......... is used for joining material with thread, held in its eye.
clock ......... large timepiece placed on a table, wall or tower.
watch ......... small timepiece worn on the wrist or carried in the pocket.
cigar ......... roll of tobacco rounded at one or both ends.
cheroot ......... thin roll of tobacco not rounded at either end.
ceiling ......... the inside of the roof of a room.
roof ......... the whole top covering of a building.
car ......... is road transport.
aeroplane ......... is air transport.
shoes ......... footwear, not covering the ankles.
boots ......... footwear covering the ankles.
ham ......... pigs flesh from the thigh.
bacon ......... pigs flesh from back or sides.
saltfish ......... fish, usually cod, preserved in salt.
cod ......... general name for a kind of fish.
The Right Word in the Right Place

picture ......... a painting or drawing of something or somebody.

sketch ......... a rough or quick drawing.
river ......... is a natural waterway.
canal ......... is a man-made waterway.
chair ......... a seat for one person.
sofa ......... a seat for two or more persons.
shadow ......... a dark area cast by an object obstructing light.
reflection ......... an image sent back from a mirror or other polished surface.
hay ......... grass dried for fodder.
straw ......... cut stalks of grain.
map ......... scale drawing representing an area of land viewed from above, with
main features shown,
plan ......... a scale drawing of a man-made object viewed from above.

15. a) The nature lover rambled through the woods.

b) The lame man limped across the floor.
c) The happy couple strolled down the lane.
d) The daring knight strode into the hall.
e) The tourist sauntered through the art gallery.
f) The soldiers marched to the station.
g) Captain Smith paced up and down the deck.
h) The cunning thief sneaked into the room.
i) The baby toddled across the floor.
j) Proud Mr Brown strutted on to the platform,
k) The weary farmer plodded homewards.
1) A gouty old man hobbled down the stairs,
m) The hikers tramped many a long mile,
n) The angry man stamped into his office.
0) The burglar prowled through the house,
p) The sick patient shuffled over to the table.

16. a) Plunge it into cold water.

b) Ask someone - preferably a policeman.
c) Sit down, rub the ankle, and as soon as possible wrap it round tightly with a
bandage.
d) Sit down, and tilt your head slightly forward.
e) Open the windows - and find an adult to turn off the gas and phone the Gas
Company.
f) Roll her on the ground in a coat or rug.
g) Take it to the nearest police station.
h) Run cold water on it, dry it gently and bandage it.
1) Telephone the Fire Brigade - and the police if necessary,
j) Remove the sting, and treat it with ointment.
Addition of Clauses page9
Kind of clause
1. I saw the ladv ... who lives next door. adjectival
2. The little bov said ... that he was lost. noun
3. The girl ran quicklv ... because she was late. adverbial (reason)
4. Thev opened the door ... when thev reached home. principal
5. I noticed ... that the audience quietened down ... when he rose
to speak. noun
6. We stood on the verv sp o t... where he died. adjectival
7. Do not go into the water ... if vou cannot swim. principal
8. The dog barked loudlv ... when he saw the postman. adverbial (time)
9. The ladv ... who was run over ... was mv sister. adjectival
10. Will vou let me know ... when I should arrive? noun
11. The dog ... plunged into the water and ... saved the child. principal
12. We saw the train ... as it entered the tunnel. adverbial (time)
13. I hope ... thev will understand. noun
14. He stood up ... while thev listened. principal
15. The bov hurt himself badlv ... when he fell down. adverbial (time)
16. The man ... who broke into the house ... was caught bv the police, adjectival
17. I saw ... what was going on. noun
18. She bousht an umbrella ... because it was raining. adverbial (reason)
19. She trembled ... as she spoke. principal
20. The messenger arrived ... when it stopped raining. adverbial (time)
21. I watched the man ... who was cutting his hedge. adjectival
22. I do not know ... how long it takes. noun
23. As the girl approached the house ... she started to shout. principal
24. We saw ... no one was at home ... when we returned. noun
25. Call the doctor ... if you are ill. principal
26. Come to mv house ... when vou have completed the work. adverbial (time)
27. I know the child ... who ran awav from school. adjectival
28. When I cam here ... the place was just farmland. principal
29. I bought a stamp ... which cost twopence. principal
30. Mv father scolded me ... because I had lost the ball. adverbial (reason)
31. The crowd rushed forward ... when thev saw the queen. adverbial (time)
32. The solders, who had followed the enemv ... were trapped in
the wood. adjectival
33. The unhappv scholar said ... he was tired of his work. noun
34. I will probablv forget all about i t ... if vou do not send word. principal
35. The bov lifted the box ... which was blocking the wav. adjectival
36. The man waved franticallv ... so that the rescuers would see. adverbial (reason)
Replacement Page 99
Phrases into Clauses
1. He failed ... because he was careless.
2. When his task was completed ... the boy went out to play.
3. He told me ... that he was coming.
4. A man ... who has an important position ... has many responsibilities.
5. She lived in a cottage ... which was near the sea.
6. When I entered ... I saw several pictures.
7. The police recovered the property ... which had been stolen.
8. I was pleased to hear ... that he had succeeded.
9- We do not know ... where he is hiding.
10. The roads ... which led to the fair ... were crowded.

Clauses into Phrases

1. I am convinced ... of his sincerity.
2. The child was in bed ... before sunset.
3. His action showed ... his bravery.
4. I am certain ... of your help.
5. On approaching ... I heard a great noise.
6. He met me ... on my arrival.
7. The man admitted ... his mistake OR being wrong.
8 . The girl was absent... because of illness.
9. You cannot succeed ... without working hard.
10. The witness described ... the scene of the accident.

One word replacement

1. He wished to see him immediately. 6.
2. The concert was postponed for a month. 7.
3. The sentry deserted his post. 8.
4. The concert is held annually. 9.
5. The army advanced towards the town. 10.
The man regretted his hasty words.
The sun disappeared behind the clouds.
The neighbours are very kind.
They decided to go to the party.
That boy is always punctual.

Sentences Pages 1 0 0 -1 0 1
Simple to Complex
1. I have a dog of which I am very fond.
2. That is the man who stole my purse.
3. I was travelling in a bus which collided with a taxi.
4. The boy did not pass because his work was badly done.
5. I was gazing out of the window when I saw a crowd.
6. The boy was riding a horse which looked tired.
7. The man could hardly walk because he carried such a heavy load.
8. The book, which is red, belongs to Jack.
9. The girl went for the doctor, who stayed next door.
10. The house, which was built by Toms father, was destroyed.
11. He works hard at his lessons because he wishes to succeed.
12. The men, who were walking quickly, saw me.
13. He heard the sound of music as he was passing a church.
14. The lady lost the book when she was going to the library.
15. The man stood at the door, which was open.
16. The boy took home the rabbit which he had caught.
17. The girl hurt herself when she fell heavily.
18. He saw many books when he opened the cupboard.
19. The lady who lost her purse was careless.
20. Mary entered the room which was brightly decorated.
21. When a loud peal of thunder came the children were frightened.
22. Tom made mistakes in reading because he could not see well.
23. The teacher praised the boys because they had worked well.
24. The horse fell as it was pulling a heavy load.
25. The man who caught a salmon took it home.
26. The boy cannot walk because he had hurt his foot.
27. The lady sat in a coach which was drawn by four horses.
28. The tourist climbed the hill, which was steep.
29. Because she has a good voice, my sister sings in the choir.
30. The girl found a brooch which she took to her mother.
31. I found a ladys purse which contained two coins.
32. The girl who wore a red dress sat next to me.
33. I visited the little cottage in which I was born.
34. The woman who stood at the corner of the street was selling flowers
3 5 .1 went to see my cousin whose home was in the country.
36. I gave money to the man, who was poorly clad.

Complex to Simple
1. He is a man. He is very intelligent.
2. We heard the news. He was saved.
3. How old is he? I can tell you.
4. The woman lives in a house. It is very big.
5. Maria spoke to the soldier. He was wounded.
6. The boy lost his ticket. He was careless.
7. He will arrive. Then I shall speak to him.
8. The child found a ring. It was very valuable.
9- He asked me. Where do you live?
10. Can you tell me? Which way is the wind blowing?
11. I saw him. Then the clock struck five.
12. The traveller told a story. We all believed it.
13. People study the stars. They use huge telescopes.
14. The sun rose. Then the soldiers resumed their march.
Sentences

15. He asked for the book. In the book one finds the meaning of words.
16. I have made a mistake. I admit it.

Alphabetical Order Page 102

1. colonel; extremely; immediately; judgement; language; necessary; official; vegetable.
2. balance; beginning; biscuit; blossom; bough; brooch; business; byre.
3. coarse; cocoa; coffee; collection; complaint; condition; correct; course.
4. disaster; discovery; disease; disguise; dismissed; disobeyed; displayed; district.

Apostrophes Page 103

1. The boys pencil lay on the floor.
2. The ladies coats were in the cloakroom.
3. My cousins hand was badly hurt.
4. The mens boots were covered with mud.
5. The childs doll fell into the pond.
6. I saw that the object was a womans glove.
7. The register lay on the teachers desk.
8. He looked very smart in page-boys uniform.
9. It took several hours hard work to repair the damage.
10. In the window was a special display of babies clothes.
11. The childrens books were left in my uncles house.
12. The maids dress was torn by a neighbours dog.
13. My fathers wallet was discovered in the thieves den.
14. A ducks egg is generally cheaper than a hens.
15. Mr Smiths watch is five minutes slower than Mr Browns.

The Apostrophe as a Contraction Page 104

1. tis; neednt; youll; Halloween; souwester; Ive; twas; neer; oclock; dont.
2. Well probably arrive at seven o clock if theres a convenient bus.

Punctuation Page 106

1. What time is it? asked the traveller.
2. His father said, Where is your brothers knife?
3. My friend exclaimed, What a lovely view!
4. He has gone to school, said his sister, in a quiet voice.
5. The child suddenly shouted, Look!
6. Oh! cried the boy. I have hurt my finger.
7. Come here, said his mother. All right, replied the boy.
8. The man asked, Have you seen the hammer?
Yes, replied his companion. It is on the table.
 Doubles

9. A boy said to his friend, Are you going to the cinema?

No, replied the other. Im on my way home.
10. When I return, said the girl to her father, will you tell me the story of the
shipwreck? Very well, he answered, but dont be too long at your aunts.

Popular Phrases page 114

horse play rough, boisterous play
for a lark for a prank, a joke
a fine kettle of fish a mess, muddle, awkward state of affairs
as the crow flies in a straight line; the shortest way
a stiff upper lip self-control in a difficult situation
a blind alley a situation precluding further progress
a dead cert an absolute certainty
a far cry something very different from the matter in hand
a flash in the pan a single, instant success, never again achieved
the lions share the major portion
not a patch on totally inferior to - not to be compared with
bats in the belfry eccentricity
by hook or by crook by any means, fair or foul
back to the wall in a dangerous situation from which there is no retreat
from pillar to post flitting randomly from one place (or attempted solution of a
problem) to another
a birds eye view an overall picture - seeing everything usually from above
a busmans holiday using spare time to do something which you normally do anyway
no flies on him not easily deceived
a cat on hot bricks someone tremendously excited, and unable to concentrate on
one thing at a time
a cock and bull story a totally improbable, invented explanation
with flying colours achieving something with triumphant success
a fly in the ointment trouble in an otherwise favourable situation
on the nail payment for something immediately on demand
pins and needles a tingling sensation in a limb which has been cramped and to
which the blood is re-circulating
a storm in a teacup trouble over nothing; out of proportion to the matter concerned

Doubles Page 115

1. The police placed the man under lock and key
2. He polished his boots until they were spick and span.
3. She tried to do it again and again.
4. The child had gathered many odds and ends.
5. The stout man began to puff and blow with exertion.
Colours Page 117
1. The old colonel was purple with rage.
2. The bully turned white with fear.
3. The little orphan was blue with cold.
4. His rival was green with envy.
5. The pages of the book were yellow with age.

Derivations Page 120

1. century: hundred; December: ten; factory: make; manual: hand; navigate: a ship;
suspend: hanging: pedal: foot; export: carry; describe: to write; tentacles: feel.

2. anteroom: before; bicycle: two; circumference: round; contradict: against; forenoon:

before; international: between; postscript: after; submarine: under; transport: across;
unknown: not.

3. heiress: female; cigarette: little; explorer: one who ...; simplify: to make; duckling: little;
careless: without; edible: able to be ...; attendant: one who ...; decorator: one who ...;
courageous: full of.

General Knowledge Pages 1 2 1 -1 2 7

1. bully 23- dalmatian (dog), leopard, cheetah
2. army regiment, platoon 24. surgeon
3- crew, sailors 25. bow, stem, prow
4. pupils, scholars 26. turban
5. shepherd 27. brewery
6. valley 28. dawn
7. school 29. artist
8. submarine 30. fillet
9. garage 31. ford
10. leaflet 32. bat, owl, cat
11. bat 33- feather (large and showy)
12. orchard 34. cent, dollar, dime, quarter
13. clock, watch 35. waitress
14. milk 36. hermit
15. joiner 37. fracture
16. oasis 38. winkle, whelk, mussel, oyster
17. hypocrite 39. mutton
18. braggart 40. breakfast
19. tributary 41. Paris
20. century 42. barrel, can
21. compass 43. studio
22. rungs 44. cemetery
 General Knowledge

45. constable, copper, bobby 84. conjuror

46. violin, cello, viola, guitar 85. steam
47. equator 86. larvae
48. thermometer 8 7. pork, ham, bacon
49. milk 88. Loch Ness
50. sight, smell, hearing, touch, taste 8 9. imports
51. herring 9 0. tannery
52. sandals 91 . ass
53. distillery 92. dynamo
54. atomic clock 93. cream
55. smallpox, cholera, polio, whooping 94. moving air
cough, measles 95. a fruit often cooked and served with
56. red, green and white saltfish
57. zebra, tiger 96. a three-legged stand
58. exports 97. rum
59. aviary 98. venison
60. martyr 99. contraband
61. atmosphere 100. Latin
62. miser 101. hatchery, incubator
63. hymn, psalm 102 . a space traveller
64. through its gills 103. red, blue, yellow
65. red, orange, yellow, green, blue, 104. willow
indigo, violet 105. telephone, fax, email, text message
6 6. attic 106. a band of stars stretching across the
67. eagle sky
68. kilt 107. British Guyana
69- triangle 108. gasometer, gas-holder
70. hangar 109. the original inhabitants of the West
71. the oceans of the world Indies
72. vase 110 . leg before wicket
73- horse for riding 111. a bicycle or vehicle which jolts the
74. St George passenger
75. deaf mute 1 1 2 . aluminium
76. cabin 113. it carries out research into space flight
77. sergeant 114. The Great Wall of China
78. deputy, substitute 115. Havana
79. six 116 . aquarium
80. beech, oak, sycamore, plane, pine, fir, 117. Robinson Crusoes servant and only
larch companion on his island
81. foundry 118. one who imitates another persons
82. Gobi, Kalahari, Sahara, Western actions
Arabian 119. propeller
83. whale, dolphin, otter 120 . backbone
General Knowledge

1 2 1 . a heavenly body that revolves round 159- ice

the sun 160. weaving machine
122. deliberately sinking your own ship 161. kangaroo, possum
123. Be Prepared 162. a deep inlet of water on a coastline
124. Holland or the Netherlands 163. microscope
125. a picturesque cave 164. a Scottish explorer of Africa
126. horn, trumpet, bugle, clarinet, 165. December
bassoon, flute 166. citrus
127. restaurant 167. pansy, chrysanthemum, lily, rose, tulip,
128. New York City nasturtium
129. explore life under the sea 168. Scandinavia
130. all the land drained by a river and the 169. a level or tier of a multi-level building
streams that flow into it 170. lion
131. the punishment by death for a crime 171. St David
132. Mercury 172. cartoon
133. a one-legged character in Treasure 173. Peru
Island 174. aviator
134. X-ray 175. a hooded cloak worn by Arabs
135. right hand side 176. bunk
136. St Andrew 177. six
137. sailing across the equator 178. Canada
138. Australia and New Zealand 179. a four-footed animal
139- Tony Blair 180. camel
140. June 181. a tramp or travelling workman, usually
141. Ireland in America
142. drum, tambourine, xylophone, triangle 182. primates
143. duet 183. Chinese two-wheeled carriage drawn
144. castor oil by a man on foot or on a cycle
145. thirteen 184. tubers
146. one aged 100 years or more 185. ice pack/float/floe
147. compass or compasses 186. New York
148. forest or rainforest 187. aircraft
149- glider 188. a piece of equipment in space to send
150. the redwood (sequoia) photographs of clouds back to earth
151. bee 189. mosquito
152. porcupine, hedgehog 190. yolk
153. in an emergency - especially at sea 191. Roman god of war
154. 25th December 192. when he is short-sighted
155. a short sword used for cutting trees 193. chart
and fruit 194. peel
156. in Greece 195. crustaceans
157. thirty-two 196. cure
158. St Patrick 197. cavalry
 General Knowledge

198. a wide view from above 228. a wheel with teeth round it
199. an Arab chief 229. cow or other type of cattle, sheep or
200. boiling water and tea leaves deer
201. crater 230. a waterfall - or an eye disease
202. from tin and copper 231. A, E, I, O, U
203. student, pupil 232. lion, tiger, stoat, weasel
204. magnetically formed streamers of light 233. he never grew up
seen in the north of the northern 234. equipment sent to survey the moon
hemisphere 235. a floating device to help save someone
205. husky from drowning
206. mortar 236. oak
207. an insulated container for keeping 237. fox
liquids hot or cold 238. a long narrow boat propelled by one
208. exit oarsman, used on the canals of Venice
209- Jupiter 239. apples
210. summit 240. a flesh-eating creature
211. rock-like remains of the bodies of tiny 241. ointment
animals (found in the sea) 242. Aruba, Bonaire and Curacao
212. a referee 243. banister
213. lariat 244. atomic reactor generating electricity
214. walking one behind the other 245. manse, vicarage, rectory
2 15. America 246. African grassland
216. hamlet 247. London
217. a female spirit who shrieks just before 248. America
a death in the family - in Ireland or 249. giraffe
Scotland especially 250. the meat of a calf
218. infantry 251. antiseptic ointment, iodine
219. quarry 252. the Pacific
220. wallet 253. glow-worm, firefly
221. hotel, tavern or public house 254. a horrific dream
222. albumen 255. reindeer, moose and stag
223. wages, pay (very often monthly) 256. a V shaped holder used by
224. walking side by side bricklayers to carry bricks
225. an American prairie dog 257. pharaohs
2 26. it has almost no tail 258. sapling
227. a plant producing coffee beans 259- core
Fastenings Page 127
trousers dressing-gown bricks/stonework paper/fencing
gate/pieces, wood/paper/leather wood shoe/bag/belt
wood/metal wrists gate/box parcel
trousers horse and cart wallpaper wings of aircraft
dress/kilt ship tent ropes floor coverings
shirt/blouse/dress door cloth clothing
ship (anchor) clothes window glass parcel
bricks shoe or boot metal plates clothes
anchor window/door sail
paper door/safe/suitcase metal

Useful Information Pages 1 3 3 -1 3 4

Arabia France Native Americans Turkey
Scotland North America Egypt Ireland
England Argentina France/Spain Spain
France Germany Spain Italy
Argentina Scotland South Africa India/China/
Australia Italy Spain/Mexico Kenya
Netherlands/ England Jamaica India
Denmark Australia Lapland Native American
Netherlands/ Scotland China Netherlands
Denmark/ United States Japan India
Switzerland Wales England United States
China India Scotland Russia
Japan Italy Arabia Switzerland
Netherlands France Hindu women Scotland
Germany Finland/Norway Netherlands
USA
Wales
Turkey
2. Egypt, Greenland, Spain, Arabia, India, USA, Peru, Nepal, India, Finland, Tibet.

3- Native Americans, Welsh, Arabs, Spaniards, Venetians, Chinese, Inuit, Chinese.

4. Turkish baths, Persian/Indian/Chinese carpets, Dutch cheese, Indian curry,
Spanish onions, Chinese/Japanese noodles, Jamaican rum, German sausage, Irish stew,
Indian/China/Kenyan tea.

5. Australian aborigines, pirates/sailors, whalers, Native Americans, policemen.

6. a) Kenya, West Africa; c) Saudi Arabia;
b) Greenland, Canada; d) South Africa (Transvaal).
 General Tests

7. Scotland, England, Wales, Ireland, China, Germany, Russia, Spain/Argentina, France,

Switzerland.

8 . London, England; Rome, Italy; Paris, France; Pisa, Italy; London, England; Giza, Egypt;
San Francisco, USA; Istanbul, Turkey; London, England; Moscow, Russia; New York,
USA; Giza, Egypt; Agra, India; Venice, Italy; Washington, USA; Rome, Italy.

9- Jamaica, Ecuador, Nepal, Japan, France, Tanzania, South Africa, USA and Canada,
Kilimanjaro (Kenya), Italy.

10. South Africa, Britain/New Zealand, Jamaica, USA, Kenya, China, Australia, India, USA,
Argentina, Brazil, England, India, Russia, Germany, USA, France, Italy, USA, France,
Turkey, Austria, Cuba, Palestine, Russia, France.

11. Argentina, Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Italy,
Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland.

General Tests Pages 1 4 1 -1 6 2

Test 1
1. She told her father Main clause
When the girl returned from London Subordinate adverb clause of time
That she had seen a grizzly bear Subordinate noun clause
Which performed tricks in the circus Subordinate adjective clause
2. London proper noun - object case after preposition from
her possessive adjective, describing father
personal pronoun, third person singular possessive form
that conjunction
grizzly adjective - describing bear
performed verb (past tense)

3. a) waitress, spinster, mare, maidservant, wife.

b) knives, children, pennies or pence, sheep, pianos.

4. The donkey brays. The owl hoots.

The pig grunts. The monkey chatters.
The frog croaks The lamb bleats.
The dog barks. The horse neighs.
The wolf howls. The elephant trumpets.

a) He said that you did it.

b) She is the bigger of the twins.
c) It was I that took the pencil.
d) The man went to get the book.
e) A piano with carved legs was sold to the lady.
General Tests

Subordinate adjective clause describing cottage

Subordinate noun clause, object of told
c) where they found a resting place Adverb clause of place.
2. near - preposition; me - pronoun; secretly - adverb; soldiers - noun; resting - adjective

3. As black as coal (or ink) As fast as a hare (or deer)

As meek as a lamb As happy as a sandboy
As brave as a lion As keen as mustard
As sweet as honey As steady as a rock
As cold as ice/charity As fit as a fiddle

4. a) I - me; he - him; you - you; we - us; they - them.

b) does - did; hides - hid; writes - wrote; sings - sang; bites - bit.

5. a) The child was in bed before sunset.

b) Flowers will grow in suitable conditions.
c) Remember to write on arrival.
d) I saw her at 4 o clock.
e) I am convinced of his sincerity.

Test 3
1. He discovered Main clause
When the gentleman arrived at his home Adverb clause of time
(That) he had left his umbrella in the train Subordinate noun clause

2. when - conjunction; discovered - verb (past tense); his - possessive adjective or

personal pronoun (possessive); train - noun.
3. many - more - most; hot - hotter - hottest; evil - more evil - most evil;
famous - more famous - most famous; little - less - least.
4. a) stable, form, caravan, eyrie, hive.
b) impossible, insecure, unwelcome, misuse, illegal.

5. a) The rabbits ran from the dogs. d) They had sharpknives.

b) The girls wore blue dresses. e) We keptour birds in cages.
c) The sailors swam to their ships.

Test 4
1. a) When I heard
b) I - personal pronoun; seriously - adverb; resolved - verb; possible - adjective.
c) infinitive. d) third person singular. e) man. f) in.
 General Tests

2. a) introduction, loyalty, revival, readiness, breadth.

b) parental, reasonable, fortunate, poetic, wintry or wintery.

3. Birds build nests by instinct.

He was an obstinate man, and would not see anyone elses point of view.
The music was very traditional, having been passed from musician to musician over
many years.
I gave 10 and 1 respectively to John and James.
The accident was a strange occurrence, and no one could explain it.
The metric system was standard in France before being adopted in Britain.
She was a very respectable person, admired by many people.
The problem will be resolved if everyone thinks hard about it.

4. a) The boy was told not to meddle with the pencils.

b) She felt ashamed of herself.
c) The man took great pride in his garden.
d) The child has been lost since Thursdav.
e) He hurried home from school.

5. a) he is poor 8) he is very brave

b) he is rather deaf h) he is taken advantage >
c) he is snobbish and class-conscious treated
d) he is very tired i) he is an old sailor
e) he is listening very intently j) he is not feeling well
f) he is dead

Test 5
1. We were thoroughly alarmed Main clause
when information reached us Subordinate adverb clause (time)
the train had been involved in a serious accident Subordinate noun clause
in which our friends were travelling Adjective clause describing train
2. we - personal pronoun; thoroughly - adverb; train - noun; which - relative pronoun;
serious - adjective.

3- a) A1 or Bert, Chris or Chrissie, Fred, Pat, Liz or Betty.

b) Netherlands, New Zealand, Greenland or Canada, Greece, Wales.

4. Do you think, said my friend, in a whisper, that theres a chance of escape?

Certainly, I replied.

5. a) The ship reached harbour safe and sound.

b) The man was an out and out rascal.
c) She is head and shoulders taller than her brother.
d) Later through foolishness he went to rack and ruin.
e) The soldiers would follow their general through thick and thin.
General Tests

Test 6
1. a) garden - noun; that - conjunction; which - relative pronoun; was - verb; ruins -
noun.
b) he noticed - main clause
c) in which he was born - subordinate adjective clause.
d) complex sentence.

2. curtains; ruler; envelope; anchor; spoon.

3. directory; atlas or map; dictionary; calendar; diary.

4. broke, broken; few, flown; hid, hidden; rang, rung; swam, swum.

5. a) Leave well alone and dont interfere.

b) Too much help or advice can be a disadvantage.
c) Do not risk a second attempt at something when the first was a failure.

Test 7
1. a) We ran for shelter when it started to rain. - Adverbial clause of time.
b) When the rain stopped we returned home. - Main clause.
c) Mary told him that she did not wish to see him again. - Noun clause.
d) The cunning fox, which escaped through the woods, could not be caught. -
Adjectival clause.

2. a) Walk as quickly as possible.d) This end of the rope is the thicker.

b) He has forgotten the address.e) The time was a quarter past nine.
c) Neither Tom nor I can swim.
3. strong - strength; courage - encourage; obey - obedient; poverty - wealth; mute - dumb.

4. The teacher told the little boy not to meddle with the board as it had a loose hinge.
The child went over to the waste paper bin hoping to find his pencil.
5. We had cousins who stayed on those little farms. They knew that we liked to come here
on our holidays.

Test 8
1. a) town - subjective (or nominative) subject of had been deserted;
which - objective (or accusative) object of had ruined;
walls - objective (or accusative); object of the verb reached.
b) city - adjective; that - conjunction; reached - verb (past); enemy - noun; for -
preposition; some - adjective.
c) When the soldiers reached the city walls.

2. a) often, invisible, blame or condemn, import, retreat,

b) foe, buy, weak, see, hide.
 General Tests

3. a) diver; b) steam; c) barrel or can; d) aviary; e) ambulance.

4. headache, blackboard, gentleman, dustbin, eggcup.

5. a) A stitch in time saves nine.

b) A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
c) Birds of a feather flock together.
d) A rolling stone gathers no moss.
e) First come, first served.

6. a.m. ante meridiem, morning

Co. Company or County
BBC British Broadcasting Corporation
PO General Post Office
p.m. post meridiem, afternoon
MP Member of Parliament or Military Police
UK United Kingdom
ad Anno Dom ini, in the [e.g. hundredth] year since the birth of our Lord
USA United States of America
JP Justice of the Peace

Test 9
1. a) The boys ran away when the policeman appeared. - Adverbial clause (time).
b) The lady who was rescued was my sister. - Adjectival clause.
c) The man saw that there was no one at home when he returned. - Noun clause.
d) No one came before the child arrived. - Main clause.

2. a) witch - wizard; duck - drake; aunt - uncle; vixen - fox; wife - husband,
b) loaf, army, roof, sheep, foot.

3. a) He sang tunefully e) He chuckled gleefully.

b) He frowned angrily. f) He smiled broadly.
c) He bowed humbly. g) He listened attentively.
d) He mumbled indistinctly. h) He whispered softly.

4. a fleet/convoy of ships; a plague or swarm of insects; a shoal of herring; a host of angels;

a gang of thieves; a pack of wolves; a brood of chickens; a litter of pups; a team of
players.

5. a) The house, which was built by Toms father, was destroyed.

b)He works hard at his lesson because he wishes to succeed.
c) The men were walking quickly when they saw me.
d) As he was passing the church he heard the sound of music.
e) The lady lost the book while she was going to the library.
General Tests

Test 10
1. a) nominative or subjective case;
b) a proper noun;
c) possessive adjective (or personal pronoun, possessive case);
d) preposition;
e) pastures;
0 adverb of time;
8) past;
h) relative pronoun;
0 common;
j) adjective.

2. a) affectionate, natural, attractive, proud, valuable.

b) failure, depart, seldom, nonsense, exit.

3. The wood felt coarse to touch.

The river followed its course to the sea.
He tripped over the root of a tree.
The route was blocked by snow.
She rode a horse which was as black as night.
They rowed down the river in their small boat.
She found a currant in her last piece of cake.
The strong current swept the bathers out to sea.

4. A boy said to his friend, Where are you going, James?

Oh! replied the other, Im on my way home.
5. a) oasis; b) hermit; c) thermometer; d) optimist; e) tributary.

Test 11
1. a) I was sure that he would come.
b) The watch which he bought was broken when he arrived home.
c) He was tired when he reached the station.

2. oxen; tigress; cygnet; igloo; dangerously.

3- Sheep is to Mutton as Pig is to Pork.
High is to Low as Up is to Down.
Soldier is to Army as Sailor is to Navy.
Shoal is to Herring as School is to Whales.
Bee is to Hive as Cow is to Cowshed.

4. a) There is a boy. He is very proud.

b) He spoke to me. He was passing.
c) The girl gave the right answer. She is intelligent.
 General Tests

d) The man bought a boat. It is very big.

e) We received word. He was rescued.

5. Robert the Bruce - Scotland George Washington - USA

Stalin - Russia Napoleon - France
Captain Cook - Britain and New Zealand De Valera - Ireland
David Livingstone - Scotland and Africa Jomo Kenyatta - Kenya
Lloyd George - Wales and Britain Gandhi - India

Test 12
1. who - pronoun; park - noun; loudly - adverb; school - adjective; that - conjunction;
playing - present participle; bell - objective (or accusative); boys - plural; subject - boys;
gender - common.
2. a) lion - masculine; cousin - common; table - neuter; waitress - feminine; friend -
common.
b) lair - den; disappear - vanish; inside - within; empty - vacant; quickly - fast.

3. fruit - greengrocer/fruiterer spectacles - optician flowers - florist

hats - hatter/milliner milk - dairy newspapers - newsagent
fish - fishmonger meat - butcher sweets - confectioner
tobacco - tobacconist
4. a) The ladies are very beautiful. d) The valleys are broad.
b) Are the salmon fresh? e) The geese make loud noises.
c) The sons-in-law are ill.

5. hoe - gardener; anvil - blacksmith; safety-lamp - miner; solder - tinker/plumber; palette

- artist; hod - bricklayer; awl - shoemaker/joiner; spanner - mechanic; cleaver - butcher.

Test 13
1. a) William can run father than I.
b) It was I who did it.
c) George and he have gone on holiday.
d) Between you and me I think they were wrong.
e) He and I are twelve years of age.
2. a) a pack of wolves e) a fleet of ships (convoy)
b) a swarm of bees f) a choir of singers
c) a shoal of herring g) a gang of thieves
d) a herd of cattle

3- a) You ought to visit her now that youknow where she stays.
b) Write down the answers as you were taught.
c) The boy tried hard but he failed.
d) When he comes let us know.
e) The man was careful lest he should fall.
 General Tests

4. a) deer, mice, lilies, teeth, women,

b) bull, duke, drake, actor, nephew.

5. A little girl was playing on a busy street.

Suddenly her ball rolled into the middle of the road, and she ran after it.
At that moment a car came dashing round the corner.
A passer-by saw the girls danger and ran to her aid.
Fortunately he saved her from serious injury.

Test 14
1. a) How he managed it remains a mvsterv.
b) James was honest and diligent.
c) The stranger asked if I could direct him to the station.
d) The remedy or cure is very simple.
e) His opinion differed from mine.

2. a) Tell me, said the old gentleman, what is your name?

b) reasonable, successful, southern, foolish, French.

3. a) The bottle was filled with water.

b) He was told not to meddle with the toys.
c) The two brothers divided the apple between them.
d) That hat is similar to mine.
e) I hope I can rely on you.
4. a) soldier; b) chemist/doctor; c) astronomer; d) optician; e) postman; f) minister;
g) shepherd; h) aviator/pilot.

5. down in the mouth - in low spirits:

a peppery individual - a quick-tempered person:
out of sorts - not well:
hard up - short of money.
beside oneself - annoyed and angrv:

Test 15
1. a) author; bunk; miser; vase; beef.
b) to act fairly; to make peace; to be very showy; to be suspicious; to be cowardly.

2. a) was; have; was; are; is.

b) he; I; me; I; me.
3. a) grown; rang; began; written; sprang.
b) bitterly; heavily; stealthily; patiently; quickly.

4. a) nor; When; than; that; for.

b) of; from; with; of; with.

th
 General Tests

5. a) earth; cold; raisins; knee; leather.

b) tributary; couch; granite; lance; lamb.

6. a) quay; allowed; coarse; pale; beach.

b) William Tell was a famous archer in Switzerland. He refused to bow to the
Governors hat. The Governor wished to punish him for his disobedience. He
ordered him to shoot an apple from his sons head. This he did to the great joy of
the onlookers.

Test 16
1. a) glutton; b) greengrocer; c) cousin; d) cavalry; e) kennel.

2. absent; exit; west; innocent; sweet; impolite; safety; found.

3- Whom, saw; were, sank; has, his; me, werent; me, gone.
4. a bat; a mouse; a lamb; a sandboy; ice; gold; a needle; a daisy/paint.

5. One day a crow spied a piece of cheese on a window sill. She picked it up and flew to a
neighbouring tree. A cunning fox approached and praised her voice. The bird, highly
flattered, opened her mouth to sing. The cheese fell and was soon eaten by the crafty
animal.

Test 17
1. December; fish; uncle; Heroine; teeth; flock; needle; blacksmith; donkey; chicken.

2. attack; acquaintance; hide/conceal; catch; insult.

3- selection; Attractive; broaden; joyfully; grandfather/grandmother/grandson/grand-

daughter/grandstand.
4. water; glass; thirsty; taste; collar.

5- broken; was; I; anything; nor; whom; slowly; to; hearty; brim.

6. stop; wander; border; allow; bravery.

7. dawn; morning; noon; evening; dusk; night.

8. They lost their way in the forest.

The surface of the wood was rather coarse.
They went shooting grouse and other wild fowl.
The lion preys on smaller animals and kills them for food.
The boat was soon out of sight up the creek.

9. a) reduced; b) audience; c) capsized; d) invisible.

10. horse, dog, cat, lion, cheetah, tiger, cow, mouse, pig, camel, mule, donkey, monkey,
elephant, hamster, deer, etc.
General Tests

Test 18
1. February; vegetables; husband; Spinster; mice; gang; brass; miner; horse; cub.

2. depart; bitter; barren; illegal; adult.

3. youth; Circular; horrify; wearily; cupful, cupboard, teacup, buttercup.

4. wings; shoot; land; author; wheel.

5. fallen; is; I; have; or; who; easily; to; spotless; amongst.

6. foe; join; finished; protect; jealousy.

7. chariot; locomotive; car; aeroplane; rocket.

8. He came fourth in the class tests.

The bus followed the correct route and arrived punctually.
Her hair was set in the latest style.
The shoes were quickly soled by the shoe repairer.
She finished her sewing and put away her needle and thread.

9. a) forbidden; b) cautiously; c) regretted; d) belfry; e) horizon.

10 . sparrow, pigeon, starling, blackbird, thrush, eagle, swallow, buzzard, seagull, wren, tit,
rook, ostrich, pelican, flamingo, heron, etc.

Test 19
1. November; insects; nephew; Witch; oxen; class; crystal; cyclist; elephant; kid.

2. modern; sold; public; common; minority

3. choice; Vocal; do; critically; football.

4. floor; rude; height; wires/cables; steeple.
5. gone; is; I; taught; nor; Whom; quickly; for; me; between.

6. empty; cure; hidden; sadness/sorrow; belief.

7. coracle; canoe; sailing-ship; steam-ship; submarine.

8. War causes terrible waste of men and resources.

The child read aloud to her mother.
He seized the ball from his friend and threw it across the field.
She wore with pride the medal she was given for bravery.
The building site was full of bricks, wood and cement-mixers.
9- a) avoided; b) artificial; c) skidded; d) suffocation; e) glue.

10 .buttercup, tulip, daffodil, pansy, rose, orchid, hyacinth, lily, daisy, poppy, carnation,
chrysanthemum, narcissus, crocus, violet, primrose, etc.
 Spelling Guide

Test 20
1. twenty-first; minerals; monk; Filly; deer; choir; mustard; artist; wolf/coyote; leveret.

2. ally/friend; failure; contract; spendthrift; hidden.

3. receipt; Biblical; graze; ably; touchstone, tombstone, stonework.

4. forest; shell; run; place; patient.
5. risen; has; I; to; nor; Whom; badly; at; trivial; me.

6. begin; mend; smell/scent; forbidden; fame.

7. firebrand; oil-lamp; candle; gas; electricity.

8. His injuries caused him to groan.

The suns rays lit and warmed the room.
We rowed the boat ashore.
The liner on which the party were to take a cruise was large and very luxurious.
The cereal we eat for breakfast consists of cornflakes and bran.

9. a) exhausted; b) unconscious; c) interrupted; d) disguised; e) excitement.

10 . apple, pear, banana, plum, blackcurrant, pineapple, grape, cherry, lemon, grapefruit,
orange, lime, gooseberry, blackberry, fig, grape, date, peach, apricot, mango, papaya,
etc.

Spelling Guide Pages 1 8 2 -1 8 5

Add -ed
buoy - buoyed; comply - complied; defy - defied; delay - delayed; display - displayed;
flay - flayed; fry - fried; imply - implied; mortify - mortified; multiply - multiplied; play -
played; ply - plied; pray - prayed; prey - preyed; pry - pried; relay - relayed; reply -
replied; spray - sprayed.

Add -mg
ally - allying; buoy - buoying; buy - buying; comply - complying; defy - defying; obey -
obeying; ply - plying; replay - replaying; reply - replying; vary - varying.
Add -er
busy - busier; dirty - dirtier; fussy - fussier; grey - greyer; multiply - multiplier; pray -
prayer; pretty - prettier; silly - sillier; worry - worrier.

Add -able
deny - deniable; duty - dutiable; envy - enviable; justify - justifiable; pity - pitiable; play -
playable; ply - pliable; rely - reliable; vary - variable.

Add -al
betray - betrayal; deny - denial; try - trial.
Spelling Guide

Add -ous
glory - glorious; joy - joyous; luxury - luxurious; penury - penurious; victory - victorious.

Add -age
carry - carriage; marry - marriage.
Add -ance
ally - alliance; comply - compliance; dally - dalliance; defy - defiance; vary - variance.

Add -ing
agree - agreeing; argue - arguing; become - becoming; die - dying; dine - dining; dye -
dyeing; judge - judging; menace - menacing; page - paging; pierce - piercing; pursue -
pursuing; queue - queueing; separate - separating; serve - serving; shoe - shoeing; slope -
sloping; sue - suing; write - writing.

Add -ous
caprice - capricious; fame - famous; grieve - grievous; nerve - nervous; outrage -
outrageous; prestige - prestigious; space - spacious.

Add -able or -ible

believe - believable; bridge - bridgeable; change - changeable; conceive - conceivable;
defence - defensible; deplore - deplorable; desire - desirable; excuse - excusable; like -
likeable; peace - peaceable; remove - removable; reverse - reversible; service - serviceable.

Add -ly
bare - barely; complete - completely; due - duly; separate - separately; sole - solely;
sparse - sparsely; true - truly; whole - wholly.

Add -al
approve - approval; dispose - disposal; peruse - perusal; race - racial; refuse - refusal;
remove - removal; reverse - reversal.

Add -ance, -ence or -ency

coincide - coincidence; cohere - coherence; contrive - contrivance; ignore - ignorance;
emerge - emergency; guide - guidance; resemble - resemblance; revere - reverence;
solve - solvency; subside - subsidence; urge - urgency.

Page 185
act-or The final consonant is not doubled because the letter in front of it is not a
vowel.
sail-or The 1 has two vowels in front.
bow-ing The w is never doubled when a suffix is added.
toil-ing The 1 has two vowels in front.
loud-ness The d has two vowels in front; and suffix begins with consonant.
neat-est The t has two vowels in front.
reveal-ed The 1 has two vowels in front.
refrain-ing The n has two vowels in front.
 Phrasal Verbs

exceed-ed The d has two vowels in front,

instal-ment The suffix begins with a consonant,
derail-ed The 1 has two vowels in front.
Add -er
develop - developer; garden - gardener; jewel - jeweller; murder - murderer; picnic -
picnicker; propel - propeller; traffic - trafficker; scan - scanner.
Add -ed
comb - combed; envelop - enveloped; favour - favoured; parallel - paralleled; quit -
quitted; remit - remitted; snub - snubbed; trim - trimmed.
Add -mg
envelop - enveloping; expel - expelling; handicap - handicapping; instal - installing;
mimic - mimicking; reveal - revealing; worship - worshipping.

Add -ous
covet - covetous; danger - dangerous; glamour - glamorous; humour - humorous; libel -
libellous; marvel - marvellous; pomp - pompous; scandal - scandalous.

Add -ity
actual - actuality; civil - civility; moral - morality.

Add -ist
humour - humorist; journal - journalist; medal - medallist; novel - novelist.

Add -able
bear - bearable; favour - favourable; honour - honourable; prefer - preferable; sever -
severable; suffer - sufferable; suit - suitable; transfer - transferable or transferrable.

Phrasal Verbs Page 188

No single correct sentence can be provided in answers to these exercises, but sentences in
which the phrases listed have the following meanings would be correct.

Note, however, that a verb and a participle used in their ordinary sense would not make a
phrasal verb. For example, in the sentence Dont give me away (meaning Dont betray
me) the words give away make a phrasal verb. In the sentence Dont give this book
away the words give away are used simply in their ordinary sense and do not constitute a
phrasal verb.

1. back up - support
bring up - follow at the rear, educate
buck up - do better, improve
do up - mend, redecorate, fasten
get up - rise in the morning
give up - renounce (e.g. smoking)
abandon (hope)
Phrasal Verbs

lay up - moor (an out-of-use ship)

let up - stop, relax, reduce pressure
look up - visit
make up - compensate, atone, pretend
put up - provide lodgings, take lodgings
set up - cause (someone) to be blamed/suspected
turn up - arrive, appear (unexpectedly)

break down - yield (to tears, emotion)

into - begin (e.g. singing)
off - stop (speech, friendship)
out - begin (e.g. war, panic)

bring about - cause to happen

in - start
off - achieve
on - stimulate, cause to grow
round - restore to consciousness
to - restore to consciousness; cause (ship) to face the wind

call off - cancel

on - visit
out - challenge

carry off - manage to handle (situation)

on - misbehave; persevere
out - perform

com e about - happen, take place

across - meet, find (accidentally)
by - acquire, find
in fo r - be exposed to (e.g. criticism)
into - inherit (e.g. money)
of - result from; be descended from
off - take place (successfully)
round - regain consciousness
to - regain consciousness;
slow, stop (of a ship)
upon - discover

do away with - destroy; discard, abolish

down - cheat; humiliate
fo r - cause defeat or ruin of
in - murder, kill
out o f - deprive of by cheating
without - forego
 Phrasal Verbs

get about (of news) become known

around (of news) become known
at - mean; influence; annoy
on - fare; be successful
on to - discover; pester
over - overcome (difficulty
up to - become involved in (mischief)

give away - betray (person, secret)

in yield
out publish, make known;
become exhausted (of supplies)
over devote (time) for a purpose; desist from

go against - to be opposed to (e.g. belief)

ahead - start/continue (doing)
along with - concur, agree with
at - make energetic attempts
by - be guided by, use as the basis of a decision
fo r - attack physically or verbally
on - take place, happen; behave (as if)
on about - grumble at
over (of a concert) to be received
with harmonise with

keep back refrain from approaching

in with - maintain good relations with
on persist
on at nag/badger (someone)

knock about wander/travel (aimlessly)

back drink (quickly); cost
down (at auction) declare
(an article) sold
off - finish working; write hastily

lay in accumulate (a store of)

into - attack physically or verbally
off - dismiss (employees); leave alone
on provide (e.g. entertainment); instal (e.g. water supply)

look after take care of

out be careful
make fo r head towards; help to bring about
off - go away hastily
Phrasal Verbs

out - discern; understand; show (someone) to be (e.g. a liar)

up fo r - compensate, atone (for)

put off - postpone; confuse (person); cause (someone) to lose interest

on - adopt (an attitude)
out - annoy, embarrass
up with - endure, tolerate

set in - commence, become established

off - embark on (e.g. a journey); cause to explode
out - begin, embark on (e.g. journey)

stand by - support (ones opinion or someone criticised)

fo r - tolerate (e.g. nonsense or disobedience)
in - act as a substitute
out - be conspicuous; delay agreement
up for - side with, defend

take after - resemble in appearance

in - deceive
off - start (on a journey); mimic
on - compete against; show offence
to - flee to (refuge); begin to like
up - adopt (hobby, study); fill (time or space)

turn down - reject, refuse

in - go to bed
on - (of success) depend on; rouse interest of
out - (of a crowd) assemble; to result (e.g. well, badly)
to - set about (a task)