What is Body Language?

It is the communication of personal feelings, emotions, attitudes, thoughts through body movements gestures,
postures, facial expression, walking styles, position and distance either consciously or involuntarily, more often
subconsciously, and accompanied or unaccompanied by the spoken language.
The relation between the three main elements of communication; the verbal, the vocal, and the visual has been
established by scientists in this way
Verbal 7%
Vocal 38%
Visual 55%
Thus the visual is the most controllable and yet perhaps the most unconscious element of the message from sender
to receiver.
Characteristics of Body Language
VOICE It is an extraordinary human attribute. Our voice reveals our gender, age, background, level of
education, emotional state etc. It has 3 chacteristics. Tone, volume, and pitch. tone is the quality of the voice. Volume
is loudness or softness. Pitch is the high or low note of scale.
SILENCE It is a tactful means of communications it may indicate several things. The terms dead silence,
stony silence, embarrassing silence, show that silence has a multiple meanings. It means different things in
different cultures.
FACIAL EXPRESSION It is an obvious communicative factor. It influences many people. Several expression
of face convey meanings even before we speak. A cheerful face, a gloomy face, are some of the communicative
examples.
EYE CONTACT It is a difficult form of communication. The comfort level of the eye contact is 3 seconds.
Anything beyond that amounts to staring. Persons with lack of self confidence often avoid eye contact.
GESTURES gestures are the movements of hand and body, they are natural and act as conjunction to verbal
communication. They are used to emphasize or clarify a verbal message. they display our emotions while expressing a
message.
POSTURE It is the way we hold ourselves The way we sit, stand or hold our body contributes a lot
communication
Graceful posture is a great asset in any profession.
SPACE The amount of space we keep with different people communicates our closeness to that person. The
space of offices, a large office desk, a big car also suggest a position of importance.
TIME Our use of time is an even more subtle non-verbal factor of communication. Time managements creates
an impression of efficiency.
ENERGY This aspect is hard to describe but easier to spot. People of high energy levels manage to create an
atmosphere charged with enthusiasm and motivates other to do so. The high energy could be in in the form of
intellectual, Spiritual or emotional energy. State of physical and mental health plays a big role in it.
CLOTHING This creates the first impression of the people and is a powerful source of communication. It
depends on colour, cut, fit, fabric etc.appropriateness o for the season and occasion is important.
APPEARANCE Besides clothing other factors like appearance and hygiene plays an important role in positive
communication. Personal hygiene and neatness, care of nails, hair , accessories like tie, belt, jewellery etc. contributes
a lot to make a good impression. What ever you wear should be graceful and comfortable.

Latters
Essentials of Letter
Although the letter is the most common form of written comm., We frequently overlook its importance. It stands
as a test of ones ability to think clearly and to use language effectively. Effective writings does not come by chance. It is a
skill that can be developed. Some of the principles of effective writing are
Promptness As a rule, respond to the letter the day it is received .Otherwise you can acknowledge the letter and
indicate how soon you can reply.
Accuracy To be accurate you should check and double check you facts, figures, words, language, and tone.
correct use of punctuation and grammar should be used. Instead of writing tomorrow or today the date should be
mentioned.
Brevity - Dont overload your letter with irrelevant details. Brevity consists in saying what needs to be said.
Being brief does not mean saying lesser than what the occasion demands. Brevity is not to be achieved at the cost of
clarity.
 Clarity Clarity of language and tone is important in written comm. Our letter should be in positive language.
Too many sorry or no, dont should be avoided. correct spellings and caution in using homonyms should be
exercised.
Salesmanship Every letter going from your desk should be the ambassador of your firm. It must carry a
message and enhance your reputation.
You attitude Write your letter by keeping in mind the receiver. Avoid Is or wes.
Essentials of effective writing
The Qualities necessary for business writings are called are called the four Cs of communications. They are
Correctness,Clarity, Conciseness and courtesy.The other related qualities are completeness coherence, confidence and
consideration.
1. Correctness- A letter must be correct in every respect.
1. In spelling, grammar and the use of language.
2.In appearance and form of the layout.
3. In the information it conveys.
4.In tone formality and style.
2. ClarityThe message must be clear in the first reading.Clarity depends upon five factors:
1. Language must be simple
2.Sentences should be small.
3.Punctuation should be proper.
4.Words should give concrete details.
5.Logical sequence of ideas .
3. Courtesy-Courtesy is consideration for other peoples feelings.Some of the rules of courtesy are-
1. Use of words like Please, Thank you & sorry etc.
2. Opening the letter with polite words
3. Showing sympathy when required
4. Be attentive and prompt in replying the letter.
4. Conciseness-This means expressing in few words. That is writing Should be precise and to the point.
1. Leave out unnecessary words
2. Leaving out unnecessary details

Structure of a letter
The following elements usually constitute the structure of a letter -
1. Heading
2. Date
3. Reference
4. Inside address
5. Attention or Subject
6. Salutation
7. Body
8. Complimentary close
9. Signature
10. Identification marks
11. Enclosures
REPORT WRITING
Definition The word report is derived from Latin word reportare which means to carry back.It is therefore a
description of event carried back to someone who was not present on the scene. In short it is an assigned communication
for a purpose and is meant for specific reader. Hence a report is a formal communication written for a specific purpose; it
includes a description of procedures followed for collection and analysis of data, their significance, the conclusions drawn
from them, and recommendations if required. They are of two types- formal and informal.It can be in a type of letter ,
memo, news item, periodic, routine, progress showing, lab reports or a proper format in detail form.

CHARECTERISTICS OF A REPORT
Precision The writer should be very clear about the exact purpose of the report.
Accuracy all the facts mentioned should be accurate and demonstrated with the help of graphs, charts, pictogram etc.
Relevance The facts presented should be relevant and not left out. It should not mislead the reader.
Reader Oriented It is necessary that it is kept in mind the person for whom the report is meant.
Recommendation they should be impartial without revealing any self-interest.
 Simple Language It should be in simple language free from poetic phrases.
Brevity It should be brief but not achieved at the cost of clarity.headings and subheadings should be included.
Grammatical Accuracy -- . It should use language that is concise concrete and grammatically correct.
PURPOSE OF A REPORT
It is primarily a source of information to the management to help in decision making, so its purpose is
To give information about a companys activity, progress, plans and problems.
To record events for future reference.
To recommend specific action.
To justify and persuade readers about the need for action in controversial situations.
To present facts to the management to help decide the direction the business should choose.

STRUCTURE OF A REPORT
Cover
Title page
Acknowledgement
Table of contents
Executive summary
Introduction
Description
Conclusion
Recommendations
Appendix
List of references
Bibliography
Glossary
Index

Public Speaking
It is a formal or an informal talk which the speaker delivers in front of an audience. The talk or speech should be
meaningful, appealing, and appropriate as per the occasion.The audience may be large or small, invited by an open
notice/invitation.The speech may be lengthy or short, emotive or matter of fact, well illustrated or suggestive.Public
speaking is a skill which can be mastered with practice. It requires preparation and formal presentation and strong
communicative skills.
What is Public speaking?
Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to
inform, influence, or entertain the listeners. The art and science of public speaking is also known as forensics. The word
"forensic is an adjective meaning "of public debate or argument." The word is derived from the Latin forensic, meaning
"of the forum."
Characteristics of a good speech
Candidness honest and sincere
Clarity clear and simple
Completeness planned and structured
Conciseness brief and non repetitive
Concreteness specific and definite
Correctness grammatically correct
Courtesy - manner full
Steps for Preparing a Speech
Six cardinal question should be kept in mind while preparing for a public speech
What? What do you want to communicate? What are the facts and figure?
Why? Why should the audience listen?
When? When should I stop?
How? How can I convey my message?
Where? The venue of the speech and the dimension of the hall.
Whom? - What kind of audience?The number of people.
Types Of Speeches
1. Impromptu Delivery In this speaker has to organize his speech quickly and promptly. He does not get time for
written preparation.In this the speaker quickly determines the central idea, main points and supporting material.
2. Memorized Delivery Most of the speeches in business are not memorised. In this form the speaker plans his
speech before hand and memorises it.
3. Extempore Delivery In this the speaker is given a few minutes to prepare where he writes down the points on
cards or paper.the points are written in main phrases, titles & Subtitles.
4. Manuscript Delivery It is the most formal form of speech. Where every detail is given and read out word to
word in the speech.

Presenttation
Essential Characteristics
A good presentation has the following characteristics
A clear structure with an introduction, discussion, and end
Facts and figures are visually represented in tables graphs and charts
Different colours are used to make it more attractive
Humour and anecdotes are often employed to crate good atmosphere
Questions are regarded seriously and given equal attention
As a presenter, you should think and plan the following-
Identify your purpose
Analyze your audience
Identify the need
Lay out the information
Design your com.
Time your presentation
Decide on the visual aids
Study the location

How to prepare Presentation

Presentation has three major elements-
Presenter
Audience
Specific content /objective
A presentation is a particular mode of comm. which requires communicating with a group of people with specific
objective. (conveying a message, informing, exchanging ideas, or persuation are some of the objectives.)As a presentator
it is necessary that you plan and follow some rules before proceeding-
1. Identify your purpose - First ask your self why are you giving the presentation? Your purpose may be to sell
something, to persuade, to inform, to gain support, to suggest some changes,to gather peoples views, to seek a
solution for a problem, to create awareness, to share information, to motivate, to educate, or to impart training.Having
identified your objective , outline it in a single line, and then proceed. This way you are more focused on you target.
2. Identify the need of the audience - Try to determine what information the audience needs.whether they are your
fellow students, professors, local business people, or your friends.In some cases the level of information might be
high , while in others it may be low. Design your presentation accordingly. Dont tell them everything you know, but
what they should know.
3. Collate your Information - Now you must collect your information by keeping in mind your target audience and
purpose.These two things will guide your presentation and delivery. The normal order of any presentation is to first
list the main ideas and then elaborate your points.
4. Design you presentation - The sequence to be followed now is-
Introduction 3min.
Main body 15min
Conclusion 2min.
Question and answers 10min.
Introduction introduces the subject, without giving the details.Main body is devoted to informing the audience.
This includes findings analysis, data etc.Conclusion includes your opinion and future outlook.Discussion needs to be
focused. Prepare for anticipated question before hand.
5. Time and aids used - The total presentation including the Ques.& ans. Session should be covered within the time
frame.Decide the audio visual aids to be used. Through the visual aids we connect better with the audience and keep
their interest alive in the presentation.It also increases the effectiveness of the communication.different kinds of visual
aids can be- Board- Black or white , Flip chart , Overhead projector , Power point software/LCD
6. Body Language - Since presentation is a live performance, non verbal skills play a big role in it.we have already
studied the power of body language.Hence a great deal of attention Should be given to these things-
Appearance(clothes, hygiene) , Posture (body shape) , Eye-contact (roaming not fixed) , Gesture(hand and shoulder
movement) , Movement (not fixed, but at ease) , Smiling face( relaxed)
PRESENTATION SKILLS
A presentation is a live mode of sharing information with select audience. It is form of oral communication in
which a person shares factual information with particular audience.We can define presentations as an oral activity using
visual electronics aids such as (OHP, LCD) to discuss new ideas and information with a specific audience in an impressive
and convincing manner.Presentation is different from a class room lecture. Lecture is an interactive activity and a two
way communication with possible interruptions, but presentations are one way initially. The audience sits through
listening, watching, and taking notes.Here the presenter is focused more in persuading the audience to buy his idea or
information.A presentation has a well defined format, where the audience is invited to ask the questions or seek
clarification only at the end of the presentation.