2.

4 MATRIX AND DETERMINANT

Matrix Operation
2.0 ALGEBRA * Matrix Notation
* Addition and Subtraction
2.4 MATRIX AND DETERMINANT * Multiplication by a Constant
* Multiplication of Matrices
Determinants
* Determinant of 2 x 2 & 3 x 3 matrices
Solving Simultaneous Equations
* Cramers rule 2 x 2 & 3 x 3 matrices

Matrix Notation Matrix Notation

Matrices and determinants are mainly used for the
solution of linear simultaneous equations.
The coefficients of the variables for linear simultaneous
equations may be shown in matrix form. The coefficient
of x and y in the simultaneous equations
x + 2y = 3
4x 5 y = 6
1 2
Become
4 5 in matrix notation.
The numbers within a matrix are called an array and the
coefficients forming the array are called elements of the
matrix.
The number of rows in a matrix is usually specified by m
and the number of columns by n and a matrix referred
to as an m by n matrix.
Thus, 2 3 6 is a 2 by 3 matrix.
4 5 7

1
Matrix Notation Addition of Matrices
The element inside a matrix is usually denoted using Corresponding elements in two matrices may be added
double subscript notation aij where i is the row and j to form a single matrix.
is the column containing the element aij as illustrated
below:
a b w x (a + w) (b + x )
a11 = 1, a12 = 5, a13 = 3 c d + y z = (c + y ) (d + z )
1 5 3
A=
6 0 4 a21 = 6, a22 = 0, a23 = 4

read as a
sub one two

Addition of Matrices Addition of Matrices

Corresponding elements in two matrices may be added Adding the corresponding elements gives:
to form a single matrix.
2 1 3 0
Example 1: Add the matrices 7 4 + 7 4

2 1 3 0 2 + ( 3 ) 1 + 0
7 4 and 7 4 =
7 + 7 4 + (4)
1 1
=
0 0

2
Addition of Matrices Addition of Matrices
Example 2: Add the matrices 3 1 4 2 7 5
4 3 1 + 2 1 0

3 1 4 2 7 5
4 3 1 and 2 1 0 1 4 3 6 3 4
3+ 2 1 + 7 4 + (5)
1 4 3 6 3 4
= 4 + (2) 3 + 1 1+ 0

1 + 6 4+3 3 + 4
5 8 9
= 2 4 1

7 7 1

Subtraction of Matrices Subtraction of Matrices

If A is a matrix and B is another matrix, then (A B) is a Example 1: Subtract
single matrix formed by subtracting the elements of B
from the corresponding elements of A. 2 1 3 0
7 4 7 4
Example 1: Subtract
2 ( 3 ) 1 0
3 0 2 1 =
7 4 from 7 4 7 7 4 ( 4 )
5 1
=
14 8

3
Subtraction of Matrices Subtraction of Matrices
Example 2: Subtract 3 1 4 2 7 5
4 3 1 2 1 0

2 7 5 3 1 4 1 4 3 6 3 4
2 1 0 from 4 3 1
3 2 1 7 4 ( 5)
6 3 4 1 4 3
= 4 ( 2 ) 3 1 1 0

1 6 43 3 4
1 6 1
= 6 2 1

5 1 7

Addition and Subtraction of Addition and Subtraction of

Matrices Matrices
Example
3 0 2 1
3 0 2 1 A+ B = +
if A = ,B= and 7 4 7 4
7 4 7 4
3 + 2 0 + ( 1)
1 0 =
C= find A + B C 7 + ( 7 ) 4 + 4
2 4
1 1
=
0 0

4
Addition and Subtraction of
Matrices Transpose of a matrix
The rows and columns are interchanged:
1 1 1 0 - the first row becomes the first column
A+ B C =
0 0 2 4 - the second row becomes the second column
11 1 0 - the third becomes the third column and so on.
=
0 ( 2) 0 ( 4 )
1 2 3 1 4 7
2 1 If A = 4 then AT = 2 8
= 5 6 5
2 4
3 9
7 9
8 6

Multiplication of a Matrix by a Multiplication of a Matrix by a

constant constant
When a matrix is multiplied by a number, called scalar
multiplication, a single matrix results in which each 3 0 6 0
element of the original matrix has been multiplied by the 2 A = 2 =
number. 7 4 14 8
2 1 6 3
Example 3 B = 3 =
7 4 21 12
3 0 2 1
if A = ,B= and
7 4 7 4 1 0 4 0
4C = 4 =
2 4 8 16
1 0
C= find 2 A 3B + 4C
2 4

5
Multiplication of a Matrix by a
constant Multiplication of Matrices
Hence, 2 A 3B + 4C When a matrix A is multiplied by another matrix B, a
single matrix results in which elements are obtained from
6 0 6 3 4 0 the sum of the products of the corresponding rows of A
= +
14 8 21 12 8 16 and the corresponding columns of B.

66+4 0 ( 3) + 0 b1
=
14 ( 21) + ( 8) 8 12 + ( 16 ) b
... an ] = [a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + anbn ]
2
[a1 a2
8 3
= b
27 36 n
1xn nx1 1x1

Multiplication of Matrices Multiplication of Matrices

Two matrices A and B may be multiplied together,
provided the number of elements in the columns of must be the same (b = c)
matrix A are equal to the number of elements in the
rows of matrix B.

In general terms, when multiplying a matrix of ab cd

dimensions (m by n) by a matrix of dimensions (m by r),
the resulting matrix has dimensions (m by r).

Thus, a 2 by 3 matrix multiplied by a 3 by 1 matrix gives Order of product (a x d)

a matrix of dimensions 2 by 1.

6
Multiplication of Matrices Multiplication of Matrices
Example 1
must be the same (3 = 3)
2 3 5 7
if A = and B = find A B
1 4 3 4
23 3 1
A is 2 x 2, B is 2 x 2, and so A x B is 2 x 2

Order of product (2 x 1)

Multiplication of Matrices Multiplication of Matrices

Thus,
2x2 2x2
5 7
[2 3] 19 26
[2 3] 3 A B =
2 3 5 7
= 4 7 9
1 4 3 4 5 7
[1 4] [1 4]

3 4
19 26
= 2x2
7 9

(2 ( 5)) + (3 ( 3)) = 19

7
Multiplication of Matrices Multiplication of Matrices
Example 2: Simplify
3 4 0 2 (3 2 ) + (4 5) + (0 ( 1))
2 6 3 5 = ( 2 2) + (6 5) + ( 3 ( 1))
3 4 0 2

2 6 3 5 7 4 1 1 (7 2) + ( 4 5) + (1 ( 1))

7 4 1 1 26
= 29

(3 by 3) x (3 by 1) = (3 by 1) 7

Multiplication of Matrices Multiplication of Matrices

Example 3 3 4 0 2 5
2 6 3 5 6
3 4 0 2 5
7 4 1 1 7
if A = 2 6 3 and B = 5 6, find A B

(3 2 ) + (4 5) (3 ( 5)) + (4 ( 6 ))
7 4 1 1 7 + (0 ( 1))
+ (0 ( 7 ))
( 2 2 ) + (6 5 ) ( 2 ( 5)) + (6 ( 6 ))
=
(3 by 3) x (3 by 2) = (3 by 2) + ( 3 ( 1))
+ ( 3 ( 7 ))


(7 2 ) + ( 4 5)
(7 ( 5)) + ( 4 ( 6 ))

+ (1 ( 1)) + (1 ( 7 ))

8
Multiplication of Matrices Multiplication of Matrices
Example 4: Determine
26 39
= 29 5
1 0 3 2 2 0
2 1 2 1 3 2
7 18
1 3 1 3 2 0

(3 by 3) x (3 by 3) = (3 by 3)

Multiplication of Matrices Multiplication of Matrices

1 0 3 2 2 0
2 1 2 1 3 2 11 8 0

1 3 1 3 2 0 = 11 11 2


8 13 6
(1 2 ) + (0 1) (1 2 ) + (0 3) (1 0 ) + (0 2 )
+ (3 3)
+ (3 2 ) + (3 0 )
(2 2) + (1 1) (2 2 ) + (1 3) (2 0 ) + (1 2 )
=
+ (2 3) + (2 2 ) + (2 0 )
(1 2 ) + (3 1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

1 2 + 3 3 1 0 + 3 2

+ (1 3) + (1 2 ) + (1 0 )

9
Multiplication of Matrices Multiplication of Matrices
Further Problems
1
The matrices A to K are: 3 6
2 3.1 2.4 6.4
E = 5 23 7 F = 1.6 3.8 1.9

1 2
3 1
A= B = 21 33 1 0 5 5.3 3.4 4.8
4 7 3 5 3
4 7 6 4 1 0
1.3 7.4 34 2
0 G = 2 H = J = 11 K = 0 1

C= D = 2 4 5
2 .5 3 . 9 1 5 7 1 0
5 7 4

The Determinant of a 2 by 2
Multiplication of Matrices Matrix
a b
Perform the matrix operation stated. The determinant of a 2 by 2 matrix is defined as
c d
1. A + B 2. D + E (ad bc ) .
3. A B 4. A + B C
The elements of the determinant of a matrix are written
5. 5 A + 6 B 6. 2 D + 3E 4 F
3 4
between vertical lines. Thus, the determinant of
6
7. A H 8. A B
1
9. A C 10. D J
3 4
11. E K 12. D F is written as and is equal to (3 6 ) ( 4 1) ,
1 6
13. Show that A C C A i.e. 18 ( 4 ) or 22

10
The Determinant of a 2 by 2 The Determinant of a 2 by 2
Matrix Matrix
3 2
Hence the determinant of a matrix can be expressed as a Example 1: Determine the value of
single numerical value, i.e. 7 4

3 4 3 2
= 22 = (3 4 ) ( 2 7 )
1 6 7 4
= 12 ( 14)
= 26

The Determinant of a 2 by 2 The Determinant of a 3 by 3

Matrix Matrix
1 2
Example 2: Calculate the determinant of 2 3
(i) The minor of an element of a 3 by 3 matrix is the
1 3
35 value of the 2 by 2 determinant obtained by
covering up the row and column containing that
1 2 element.
2 3
= (12 ( 53 )) (23 ( 13 ))
13 53
= 103 ( 92 )
7
= 90

11
The Determinant of a 3 by 3 The Determinant of a 3 by 3
Matrix Matrix
1 2 3
Thus for the matrix 4 5 6 the minor of (ii) The sign of a minor depends on its position within
+ +
7 8 9 the matrix, the sign pattern being
+
.
element 4 is obtained by covering the row [4 5 6]

1 + +
and the column , leaving the 2 by 2 determinant ,
4
Thus the signed-minor of element 4 in the matrix
7 1 2 3
2 3 4 5 6 2 3
8 9
, i.e. the minor of element 4 is (2 9 ) (3 8) = 6
is 8 9 = ( 6 ) = 6.
7 8 9

The Determinant of a 3 by 3 The Determinant of a 3 by 3

Matrix Matrix
(iii) The value of 3 by 3 determinants is the sum of
the products of the elements and their
The signed-minor of an element is called the cofactor of cofactors of any row or any column of the
the element. corresponding 3 by 3 matrix.

12
The Determinant of a 3 by 3 The Determinant of a 3 by 3
Matrix Matrix
There are thus six different ways of evaluating a 3 by 3 Supposing a second row expansion is selected.
determinant and all should give the same value. 3 4 1 + +
Example: Find the value of 3 4 1 2 0 7 +

2 0 7 1 3 2 + +
1 3 2
4 1
The minor of element 2 is i.e.
3 2

(4 ( 2)) ( 1 ( 3)) = 11 and its cofactor (the

signed-minor) is + 11

The Determinant of a 3 by 3 The Determinant of a 3 by 3

Matrix Matrix
3 4 1 + + 3 4 1 + +
2 0 7 + 2 0 7 +

1 3 2 + + 1 3 2 + +
3 1 3 4
The minor of element 0 is i.e. 5 The minor of element 7 is i.e. 13
1 2 1 3
and its cofactor is 5 and its cofactor is 13

13
The Determinant of a 3 by 3 The Determinant of a 3 by 3
Matrix Matrix
Thus, The same result will be obtained whichever row or
column is selected. For example, the third column
expansion is
3 4 1
2 0 7 = 2(11) + 0( 7 ) + 7(13) = 113 3 4 1
2 0 3 4 3 4
1 3 2 2 0 7 ( 1) 7 + ( 2 )
1 3 1 3 2 0
1 3 2
= ( 1)( 6 ) (7 )( 13) + ( 2 )( 8)
+ + = 6 ( 91) + 16
+
= 113
+ +

The Determinant of a 3 by 3 The Determinant of a 3 by 3

Matrix Matrix
1 4 3 1 4 3 + +
Example: Evaluate 5 Using the first row: 5 +
2 6 2 6
1 4 2 1 4 2 + +

2 6 5 6 5 2
=1 4 + ( 3)
4 2 1 2 1 4
= 4 ( 24 ) 4( 10 ( 6 )) 3(20 ( 2 ))
= 28 ( 16 ) 66
= 22

14
Solving Simultaneous Cramers Rule for 2 by 2
Equations Matrices
1. Cramers Rule for 2 by 2 matrices Cramers rule states that if
2. Cramers Rule for 3 by 3 matrices
a11x + a12 y = k1 a11 a12
with D= 0
a21x + a22 y = k2 a21 a22

Dx Dy
then x= and y=
D D

Cramers Rule for 2 by 2 Cramers Rule for 2 by 2

Matrices Matrices
where Example 1: Solve using Cramers rule: 3x 5 y = 2
a11 a12
D= 4 x + 3 y = 1
a21 a22
k1 a12 3 5
Dx = D= = 11
k2 a22 4 3 Dx 1
x= =
a11 k1 2 5 D 11
Dy = Dx = =1 Dy 5
a21 k2 1 3 y= =
D 11
3 2
Dy = =5
4 1

15
Cramers Rule for 2 by 2 Cramers Rule for 3 by 3
Matrices Matrices
Example 2: Solve using Cramers rule: 3x + 2 y = 4 Cramers rule states that if
4 x + 3 y = 10 a11x + a12 y + a13 z = k1
3 2 a21x + a22 y + a23 z = k2
D= = 17 a31x + a32 y + a33 z = k3
4 3 Dx 8
x= =
4 2 D 17 Dx Dy Dz
Dx = =8 then x = , y= and z =
10 3 Dy 46 D D D
y= =
D 17
3 4
Dy = = 46
4 10

Cramers Rule for 3 by 3 Cramers Rule for 3 by 3

Matrices Matrices
where Example 1: Solve using Cramers rule:
a11 a12 a13 k1 a12 a13 x y+z =4
D = a21 a22 a23 Dx = k 2 a22 a23 2 x 3 y + 4 z = 33
a31 a32 a33 k3 a32 a33 3x 2 y 2 z = 2
a11 k1 a13 a11 a12 k1 1 1 1
D = 2 3 4 = 1(6 ( 8)) + 1( 4 12) + 1( 4 ( 9))
D y = a21 k2 a23 Dz = a21 a22 k2
3 2 2
a31 k3 a33 a31 a32 k3 = 14 ( 16 ) + 5
= 35

16
Cramers Rule for 3 by 3 Cramers Rule for 3 by 3
Matrices Matrices

1 1 1 4 1 1
D = 2 3 4 D x = 33 3 4
3 2 2 2 2 2
= 1(6 ( 8)) + 1( 4 12) + 1( 4 ( 9)) = 4(6 ( 8)) + 1( 66 8) + 1( 66 ( 6 ))
= 14 ( 16) + 5 = 56 ( 74) + ( 60)
= 35 = 70

Cramers Rule for 3 by 3 Cramers Rule for 3 by 3

Matrices Matrices
1 1 4
1 4 1
D z = 2 3 33
D y = 2 33 4 3 2 2
3 2 2 = 1( 6 ( 66)) 1(4 99 ) + 4( 4 ( 9 ))
= 1( 66 8) 4( 4 12 ) + 1(4 99) = 60 ( 95) + 20
= 175
= 74 ( 64 ) + ( 95)
= 105

17
Cramers Rule for 3 by 3
Matrices
Thus,
Dx 70
x= = =2
D 35

Dy 105
y= = = 3
D 35

Dz 175
z= = =5
D 35

18