Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Abstract A study on the parity rate of indoor-resting for huge economic loss, social disgrace, low productivity,
Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes and their implication in absenteeism, sleeplessness among others in many parts of
disease transmission was carried out in Nnamdi Azikiwe the country (Anosike et al., 2003). Malaria and lymphatic
University female hostel between June and July 2016. The filariasis are mosquito-borne diseases that account for the
mosquitoes were sampled weekly from 24 randomly selected largest global burden of mortality and morbidity in the
rooms using pyrethrum knock-down collection (P.K.C). A worlds poorest countries (WHO, 2010). More than half of
total of 516 mosquitoes comprising of 4 species: Anopheles the worlds population is at risk of at least one of the
gambiae, Anopheles funestus, Culex quinquefasciatus and diseases. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasite and
Culex annulioris, were collected during the study period. transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. According to the
The mosquitoes were examined for their abdominal latest estimates from WHO (2015), there were an estimated
gradings/gonotrophic stages and dissected for parity 438, 000 malaria deaths worldwide. Most of these deaths
determination. Culex quinquefasciatus (61.43%) constituted occurred in the African Region (90%), followed by the
the most abundant species followed by Anopheles gambiae South-East Asia Region (7%) and the Eastern
(30.04%) and Anopheles funestus (7.56%) and the least Mediterranean Region (2%). It is highly endemic in Nigeria
being Culex annulioris (0.97%). Results showed that with about 97% of people at risk of the disease (PMI, 2013).
majority of the vector species were fed and parous and Lymphatic filariasis (LF) which is one of the most
variations among the parity rates of the 4 species was debilitating neglected tropical disease (N.T.D) in the world
significant (P <0.05). The high rate of the fed and parous is caused by the parasitic worms:Wuchereria Bancrofti,
mosquito species is of utmost concern in the hostel Brugia malayi and Brugia timori and is transmitted by
environment and therefore control measures aimed at Anopheles, Culex, Aedes and Mansoni mosquitoes (WHO,
eliminating the breeding sites and reducing its contact with 2010). The disease is endemic in 81 countries with an
the students should be embraced and practiced so as to estimated 120 million people infected and 40 million people
minimize disease transmission among the students. with clinical manifestations including lymphoedema
Keywords Anopheles, female hostel, indoor-resting, (elephantiasis) of the limbs and urogenital disorders,
mosquitoes, parity. especially hydrocoele in men (WHO, 2010). Nigeria bears
the highest burden of lymphatic filariasis in Africa, with an
I. INTRODUCTION estimated 80 to 120 million people at risk (Hotez et al.,
Mosquito-borne diseases are major health problems in 2012). It is common to find malaria and lymphatic filariasis
Nigeria as in other parts of sub-saharan Africa. Apart from in the same human population and sharing the same
malaria, other mosquito-borne diseases have also accounted mosquito vectors (Burkot et al., 1990). It is therefore,
Table.1: Species composition of adult female mosquitoes collected during the studies
Weekly collection Anopheles Anopheles Culex Culex Total
gambiae funestus quinquefasciatus annulioris (%)
(%) (%) (%) (%)
Week one 66 21 149 4 240
(42.58) (53.85) (47.00) (80.00) (46.51)
Week two 47 15 102 0 164
(30.32) (38.46) (38.18) - (31.78)
Week three 42 3 66 1 112
(27.09) (7.69) (20.82) (20.00) (21.71)
Total 155 39 317 5 516
(30.04) (7.56) (61.43) (0.97)
Fcal =0.28 <Ftab = 4.35 (P>0.05)
mosquitoes (%)
Anopheles gambiae
Anopheles funestus Culex quinquefasciatus Culex annulioris
(%)
(%) (%) (%)
(%)
P NP P NP P NP P NP
29 10 11 4 46 21 1 2 87 37
Week one
(37.7) (52.6) (73.3) (66.7) (42.6) (45.7) (100.0) (66.7) (42.9) (44.0)
24 4 6 2 44 19 0 0 74 25
Week two
(31.2) (21.1) (75.0) (33.3) (40.7) (41.3) - - (36.4) (29.8)
24 5 1 0 18 6 0 1 43 12
Week three
(31.2) (26.3) (100.0) - (16.7) (13.0) - (33.3) (21.2) (14.3)
77 19 18 6 108 46 1 3
Total 203 84
(38.0) (22.6) (8.9) (7.1) (53.2) (54.8) (0.5) (3.6)
P = Parous and NP = NulliparousFcal =3.5> Ftab = 3.50 (P<0.05)
IV. DISCUSSION species (98%) as the most abundant of all the mosquito
Mosquito-borne diseases still remain a major public health species in Ibadan. The environment however, may not have
problem in Nigeria and their transmission is becoming favoured C. annulioris, that may be the reason why the
frequent on daily basis due to widespread of mosquitoes as species has the least occurrence.
a result of increasing breeding sites and conducive On the other hand, a good number of Anopheles species
environments. The presence of the four species of were collected. Although the density is quite reduced
mosquitoes found in the study is an indication that the compared to the results of Onyido et al. (2008) who
climatic and environmental condition of the female hostel is recorded 69.45% of Anopheles gambiae and 15.27% of
conducive to support their breeding, development and Anopheles funestus in indoor collection in the same. The
survival. The relatively high density collected during the reduction of the number may be as a result of government
study period indicates the preponderance of breeding sites sponsored intervention programmes that have taken place to
around the area and this implicates the observed lapses in control mosquitoes for some years now, example is indoor
sanitary conditions; aiding the preponderance of stagnant residual spraying (IRS) and sharing of insecticide treated
water bodies around the hostel. mosquitoes nets. No matter the number, it is still a source of
The most abundant mosquito species collected was Culex threat to the students staying in the hostels.
quinquefasciatus. This could be most likely explained by The need for blood by adult female mosquitoes to develop
the presence of large blocked drainages with very dirty their eggs is one of the reasons that they have become
stagnant water, ground collections of dirty water, soak-away successful vectors of tropical diseases. Results from the
pits among others which serve as their breeding grounds. study shows that much more mosquitoes were bloodfed.
This result is in agreement with the study of Adeleke et al. Thus, a greater percentage of the mosquitoes have had
(2010) who recordedCulex quinquefasciatus to be the contact with human host during bloodfeeding and as such,
second predominant species of mosquitoes occurring in there could be a greater tendency of the infected mosquitoes
Abeokuta. Also, Okorie et al., (2011), recorded Culex to have transmitted parasites like Plasmodium and/or filarial