Interconnectable modules with microcontrollers

INTERCONNECTABLE MODULES WITH MICROCONTROLLERS

Ilbay Vicua Alexis Fernando
e-mail: alejoj.95@hotmail.com

SUMARY: In the following writing will be
announced about the modules of interconnection with
microcontrollers, whether these wires and wireless, both
types of expose some of their concepts and some
examples.
KEY-WORDS: Modules, wired, wireless, technology.
1 INTRODUCTION
Bluetooth is a de facto standard designed to establish
short-range wireless connections between a large
number of electronic, fixed and mobile devices.
Bluetooth technology works through tiny, inexpensive,
low-power, low-range radio transmitters and receivers
implemented in a small silicon microchip; Which is
integrated in mobile phones, personal computers and, in
general, in all the electronic devices that are wanted,
directly or through adapters.

The radio frequency band used is 2.45 GHz ISM

Today, we are immersed in what is called the
(Industrial, Scientific and Medical); In particular the
technological revolution of wireless communications, a
frequencies between 2.400 and 2.483,5 MHz in the
revolution similar to the one that at the time played the
United States and Europe (only part of this band is
role of electricity, television, computer or cable
available in Spain and France) and between 2.471 and
communications, which meant new business models.
2.497 MHz in Japan. The 2.45 GHz ISM band is,
therefore, available virtually worldwide without license.
One of the main advantages of this technology is
The bandwidth of the channels within the ISM band is 1
mobility, not relying on cable. The fact that the point of
MHz, ie up to 79 channels (23 in Japan) of
entry into the communications network is not linked to a
radiofrequency are supported; And frequency shift binary
fixed location and that the transmission medium is
modulation (FSK) (Frequency Shift Keying) is used.
already in the pipeline favors its expansion, which may
be faster than that of any other type of technology. There
The solution has been designed to be fully
is an example that corroborates this: in just five years of
operational even in very noisy environments and subject
existence, mobile telephony already had more users
to many electromagnetic interference, using frequency
than fixed telephony.
division multiple access in code with frequency hopping
or CDMA-FH (Code Division Multiple Access - Frecuency
The focus of this module is clearly aimed at initiating
Hop) and methods of Forward error correction or
engineers in wireless communications technologies, with
advanced forward error control (FEC). The sophisticated
the aim of offering them significant added value in their
transmission mode adopted by the Bluetooth
professional career as developers of mobile services or
specification also provides high security of the data
extensions.
transmitted through encryption and authentication.
2 WIRELESS INTERCONNECTION KINDS
MODULES. Module Bluetooth HC-05
The Bluetooth module HC-05 is the one that offers a
BLUETOOTH better relation of price and characteristics, since it is a
Bluetooth is an industrial specification for Personal Master-Slave module, that means that in addition to
Area Wireless Networks (WPAN) that enables the receiving connections from a PC or tablet, it is also
transmission of voice and data between different devices capable of generating connections to other devices
through a radiofrequency link in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. Bluetooth This allows us to for example connect two
The main objectives to be achieved with this standard bluetooth modules and form a point-to-point connection
are: to transmit data between two microcontrollers or devices.
Remove cables and connectors between them.
Offer the possibility to create small wireless
networks and facilitate the synchronization of
data between personal computers.
Facilitate communications between mobile
teams.

The devices that most frequently use this technology

belong to sectors of telecommunications and personal Figura 1.- Modulo HC-05.
computing, such as PDAs, mobile phones, laptops,
personal computers, printers or digital cameras. The HC-05 has an AT command mode that must be
activated by a high status on the PIN34 while the module
is turned on (or reset). In protoboard versions this pin is

1
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marked "Key". Once we are in the AT command mode,
we can configure the bluetooth module and change
parameters such as device name, password, master /
slave mode, etc.
Mdule Bluetooth HC-05
With dimensions as small as a USB connector, the
Bluetooth module HC-06 is one of the most economical
market pieces you can find dedicated to this type of
connectivity. The majority of fans of the wireless data
links, find in this small device everything necessary to
solve their wireless connections and at a cost that does
not reach the fifth of what has to pay for other devices of
the same characteristics (Less than 6 Euros at
DealExtreme). During the tests performed, the module
has shown to have only one weak point: the scarce (and
confusing) information that exists about it on the web. Its
appearance (we could say its equality) in the physical
aspect with the modules HC-03/04/05 cause many users
to end up frustrated by not being able to use the HC-06
since the connections change from one model to another
and the user ends , Many times, having experiences of
failure and the feeling of having spent money uselessly.
One of the main advantages of the HC-06 module, in
addition to its small size and good transmission and
reception characteristics that give it a very wide range
(because it is a local Bluetooth system), is the low power
consumption it possesses Both in operation and in
standby, ie powered, but without connection or link to
another device, for example a mobile with Android OS.
Another interesting feature of this module is that once it
has made a link with another device it is able to
remember it in its memory and does not request any
validation ("1234" by default), but if the 26 (KEY) Supply
voltage, this information is deleted and the HC-06
module will request the link validation again. Another
particular detail is that its supply voltage of 3.3Volts and
its low consumption (8mA in active transmission /
reception) transform it into an ideal device to work with
microcontrollers of the same voltage of power, thus
obtaining portable equipment that can Be fed for many
hours by AA rechargeable or alkaline batteries,
demonstrating exceptional characteristics in medical
applications, or for recreational activities where the
power source should be light and portable.
Figure 2.- HC-06.
CONFIGURATION INTERFACE
The serial port in configuration mode for the HC-05
must be configured as follows: 34800 bps, 8 data bits,
No parity, No flow control. To enter the AT command
mode, follow these steps:
Poner a estado alto en el pin 34 (PIO11)
2
Switch on the power of the module (or reset
it preferably)
Send an AT \ r \ n command to verify that we
are in AT command mode.
The following list is a compilation of commands that
we consider important
o AT\r\n
Test command, you must respond with OK \ r \ n
o AT+ROLE=1\r\n
Command to place the module in Master mode
o AT+ROLE=0\r\n
Command to place the module in Slave mode
o AT+VERSION?\r\n
Obtain the firmware version
o AT+UART=115200,1,2\r\n
Set the mode of operation of the serial port in
"bridge mode"
o AT+PIO=10,1\r\n
Place high-level general-purpose IO pin
APPLICATIONS
The first Bluetooth applications are focused on
people who travel continuously for business. The
portable devices that integrate the Bluetooth chip
nowadays allow, among others, applications of the type:
Use a telephone three in one; Which works at
home as a fixed-line cordless phone, as mobile
with its corresponding fee when leaving home
and as walkie-talkie free of charge when it
enters within reach of another Bluetooth phone.
Surf the Internet using personal computers or
laptops without physical connection of cables to
a telephone rosette; Thus facilitating the
installation and reducing the necessary
investment in wiring.
Synchronize automatically and totally
transparent to the user, a computer and a
personal digital assistant; So that, for example,
the personal digital assistant's day data is
transferred to the personal desktop computer
before entering the office.
Automatically transfer documents and
presentations to meeting participants without
the need for a cable.
Navigate the Internet through a cellular network
on a laptop without any wiring between the
computer and the mobile phone.
Answer calls to the mobile phone with a hands-
free headset without the need for a cable in
combination with voice recognition technology.
Send or print a postcard instantly using a digital
camera.
Use the mobile phone as a remote control to
operate the lighting, heating and alarm systems.
Connect two or more laptops or personal
computers at home or in an office without
having to do any cable laying, to transfer data,
to allow multiple users to play simultaneously on
the network, to share resources such as printers
or CDROM recorders, etc.
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ZIGBEE
It is a wireless communications protocol based on the
IEEE 802.15.4 standard and its function is to solve the
problems of interoperability, battery life and costs of
proprietary protocols in home automation applications.
Like WiMax and WiFi, ZigBee has an alliance of
companies, ZigBee Alliance, and its goal is to develop
communications software based on IEEE 802.15.4.
This standard is primarily used for home automation
applications where information transfer capacity is
minimal and cost and consumption play a key role.
ZigBee is used to control heating, lighting, security
system, etc. Of any intelligent building. ZigBee is
expected to be applied to industries, toys, PC
peripherals, electronic components, automatic control
systems, medicine, etc. But at the moment its main
application is in demotic and automation systems.
ZigBee has an architecture based on the OSI model.
IEEE 802.15.4 defines the two lowest layers: the
Physical Layer and the Data Link Layer Medium Access
Control Sublayer, which is in charge of isolating the
details of the physical technologies to the control layer of
Access to the medium. These layers are used by ZigBee
to create a framework for applications.
The Physical Layer can work in one of three
frequency ranges: 868 MHz, 915 MHz or 2.4 GHz with
speeds up to 20 Kbps, 40 Kbps and 250 Kbps and
whose frequency bands are used in Europe, JUL and the
rest of the world, respectively. It allows reaching
distances of up to 100 meters with very low energy,
which makes it practical in most home automation
applications.
ZigBee can operate with such low power
consumption that batteries can last for years, more than
a thousand times than in other wireless applications.
It supports three types of network topologies:
Star or Estrella: has a long service life due
to the low consumption required.
Mesh or Mesh: in which there are multiple
routes to reach a destination, obtaining high
reliability.
Cluster Tree: is a mesh-top topology that
contains the benefits of both.
Due to its low cost, easy deployment, interoperability,
high speed, low installation cost, reliability, multi-
topology, scalability and no limitations on applications,
ZigBee is expected to be a success in this field.
Characteristics of Transceivers MC 13191/92:
Output power: - 16 dBm to 3.6 dBm.
Operation between 2V and 3.4V.
Sensitivity: -92 dBm to 1% PER (Specify IEEE -
85 dBm).
Supports up to 16 channels with 5 Mhz between
channels.
3
Full Spread Spectrum (FSS) encoding and
decoding.Cumple con las especificacin IEEE
802.15.4 PHY.
Standard SPI interface (4 wires).
Low Power Modes:
Or 3.0 uA in "Winter" mode.
Or 40 uA in "Sleep" mode.
7 general purpose I / O lines.
Internal Timer Comparator included.
"Packet" and "Streaming" modes.
Provides external clock for the MCU.
Package QFN 32 of 5 x 5 mm.
The engineering department of Electrocomponentes
S.A. Has developed hardware "platforms" to support the
ZigBee application designer that facilitates development
work in the particular "world" of Radio Frequency.
Documentation and software are also available for the
most frequent applications.
KINDS
ZigBee Plate --- ZigBee1v1.0.
The zigbee board is based on a Freescale 2.4GHz
radio frequency transceiver MC13192, which is managed
by a Freescale microcontroller MC9S08GT32, has digital
and analog I / O and UARTs available for the user.
Figure 3.- Diagrame Zigbee 1v1.0.
It is ideal for short-range applications of low
consumption at a reduced cost among which we can
mention: sensor monitoring, access control, security
systems, etc.
Figure 4.- Zigbee 1v1.0.
Antenna ZigBee
The ZigBee antenna is based on the Freescale
MC13192. This is an RF transceiver compatible with
IEEE 802.15.4, which is used as the physical layer of
ZigBee networks.
The antenna integrates the entire periphery of the
radio and connects via standard pass pins. It is
controlled by means of an SPI serial interface.
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transmitter, the data communication will only work in one

It is necessary to feed the plate with 3.3 volts. It direction, so two pairs (of different frequencies) are
allows to combine a 2.4 GHz ZigBee radio with required to act as a transmitter / receiver pair.
microcontrollers of any make and model through an
interface of easy assembly.

Figure 7.- RF Modules.

These modules are very simple and receive a lot of

Figure 5.- Antenna Zigbee. noise. Both transmitter and receiver work on common
frequencies. Therefore, a method of filtering this noise
Pin Assignment 0.1 and to match the transmitter and receiver will be
necessary. The following code shows an example for the
basic operation. Refer to the sample code for a good
wireless data link.

APPLICATIONS
Radiofrequency modules are used in many remote
control applications such as remote control robots and
electric cars, electric doors, blind doors, windows, garage
doors.
Tabla 1.- Pin Assignment 0.1 CHARACTERISTICS
APPLICATIONS Receiver Module Parameters
The ZigBee application fields are many, all of which
require transmitting commands or collecting sensors,
etc., and it is not practical or practical to use cables.
Fields of application can be:
Agriculture: networks of low-power sensors in
the field to measure and collect different
parameters.
Home automation, automation of buildings and
homes, industrial control.
Health care: collect information from sensors Figure 8.- Receiver module
in patients, an example can be smart clothing.
Remote control of consumer electronics, such Model: MX-05V
as television remote control, lights, etc. Operating voltage: DC 5V
Standby current: 4 mA
Receiving frequency: 315Mhz
Receiver sensitivity: -105dB
Size: 30 * 14 * 7 mm

Technical Parameters of the Transmitter Module

Figure 6.- Apps by Zigbee.

RF MODULES
This Radio Frequency equipment consists of two
modules, a wireless transmitter and receiver that operate
at 315Mhz. They can be easily used in a protoboard, Figure 9.- Transmitter module
work well with microcontrollers and create a very simple
wireless data link. Since only one of them is a Model: MX-FS-03V

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Operating distance: 20-200 meters (with
different voltage, different results)
Working voltage: 3.5-12V
Dimensions: 19 * 19 mm
Operating mode: AM
Transfer rate: 4 KB / S
Transmission power: 10 mW
Transmission Frequency: 315Mhz
Pins: (DATA, VCC, GND)
WI-FI MODULES
A Wi-Fi device has the ability to discover the wireless
networks it has around it.
A wireless network uses radio waves as the physical
level of transport and can traverse walls and floors.
From this we deduce that it is a public means to which
everyone can have access and that it is a network, in
principle, independent of the one that we set up in the
company. This sounds like the Internet.
The problem is that when we connect the WI-FI
network to the network of the company we are offering
shots of our network to anyone who is within a distance
of the link. That is, anyone with coverage can listen to
the traffic that circulates through the medium and can try
a connection to it.
In principle there is a limitation of distance to be able
to connect at good speed to one of these networks. Yes,
the parking lot in front of your office is usually covered.
But the curious one who only needs to listen to the
network can be miles away with directional antennas and
public domain programs that hunt and save emails in
folders, look for authentication plots and save
passwords, and other nice "utilities".
WI-FI MODULE ESP8266
Figure 10.- Wi-Fi Module ESP8266.
The price of each unit is around $ 5 and is able to
communicate beyond 300 meters using the antenna that
comes built into the board.
I have bought a couple for less than $ 10 on
aliexpress, and in this article I will comment on how to
make it work.
The first thing to note is that it works at 3.3V. And the
second is that it communicates through the serial port
that has the module. So you can not connect directly to
an Arduino that works at 5 volts, so you need to convert
the TX, RX and power lines to 3.3V.
5
The module has 8 pins distributed in 2 rows. The
connection scheme is this:
Figure 11.- Module connection pins.
There are several versions of the module. In the most
recent it will be necessary for the pin to be set to VCC (or
a digital output to 1) to make it work.
To test the module I have used a usb to serial
converter that works at 3.3V. However the module can
get to consume about 200mA in some moments so I
have fed it separately with a regulator, that if, always
joining the lands.
GPRS / GMS MODULES
Digital cellular telephony is the most widely used
mobile communications system. GSM technology uses
time and frequency division techniques (TDMA and
FDMA) to optimize the carrying capacity of a wireless
network.
The GSM terminals can operate in at least two
frequency bands, one almost double the other, which
improves communication possibilities. The frequencies
currently in use are 850MHz and 900MHz (low
frequencies, up to 2W of power) and 1.8GHz and
1.9GHz in high frequencies (with up to 1W of power),
there being no use of frequencies common to all
Countries, this poses a limitation of compatibility for bi-
band or tri-band terminals, so the trend is towards quad-
band modules.
GSM proposed the use of voice compression and
data transmission techniques in digital form that were not
yet available at the time of specification, and which
meant a huge change over pre-existing analog systems
such as Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) Used
then in the USA) and TACS (Total Access
Communication System, then used in England).
GSM uses TDMA (each 200kHz RF channel is
divided into 8 periods of time, thus allowing 8
simultaneous conversations on the same radio
frequency, and also divides that time into 16 sections
(time-slots) with a data rate Half-rate.
At low frequencies, GSM is allocated 50MHz of
bandwidth, 25MHz for the uplink and 25MHz for the
downlink, ie 125 channels of upload and another of
down; At high frequencies are assigned 100MHz, 50MHz
for uplink and 50MHz for downlink, resulting in twice the
available channels.
The most important and used service that GSM
presents are SMS cut messages. The SMS short
message service allows it to send / receive short text
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messages, the maximum size is 160 characters. When
receiving the message in addition to the text you get a
series of data such as the sender, time and date of
receipt.
SMS uses an offline protocol, when a message is
transmitted, there is no direct connection between the
sending and receiving terminals.
To send an SMS, it is necessary that the GSM device
has the telephone number of the operator's own
message center configured. Once sent the SMS is
transmitted from the network to the destination phone. If
this remains off or out of coverage, the network retry
sending the message for 48 hours after this time lapse
the sms is not delivered.
In the GSM standard two different types of SMS are
specified.
SMS point to point: sending a text from one GSM
phone to another.
SMS cell broadcast: send one or more messages
simultaneously.
GSM Shield Wireless Communication Module
Figure 12.- GSM-Shield
It is a WCDMA / GSM / GPRS / EDGE Multi-band
module that supports WCDMA data transfers up to 384
kbps.
This is an ultra compact GPRS wireless
communication card. The card is compatible with all
Arduino models in the UNO format, and you can control
it with other microcontrollers as well. The card is based
on the SIM900 4 module.
The GPRS card is configured and controlled via
UART using AT commands. Just connect the card to the
microcontroller, Arduino, etc., and start communicating
through AT commands. Ideal for remote systems,
recursive communication, control points, sending text
messages to cell phones, etc.
SPECIFICATIONS
Fully compatible with Arduino
Connection with the serial port
Quad-Band 850/900/1800/1900 MHz
GPRS multi-slot class 10/8
GPRS mobile station class B
GSM compatible phase 2/2 +
Class 4 (2 W (AT) 850/900 MHz)
6
Class 1 (1 W (AT) 1800 / 1900MHz)
Embedded TCP / UP
Supports RTC
Consumption of 1.5 mA (suspension)
Minimum System SIM900 Simcom GSM / GPRS
Module
Figure 13.- Simcom-SIM900 module.
SIM900 minimum system module with all the basic
components to operate the SIMCOM SIM900 GSM /
GPRS module. It is ideal to evaluate the operation of this
module and include it in prototypes or finished systems
with the appropriate wiring. It communicates with the
microcontroller through a serial interface and AT
commands. The module supports hardware reset and
power-up. Simcom modules are also used in shields for
arduino, so we can use this module also with arduino or
any microcontroller or computer like the Raspberry Pi or
desktop PC.
Unlike simpler modules, the SIM900 has a TCP / IP
stack included, so making applications that involve
communications over the internet is easier and all
operations with sockets are performed using dedicated
AT commands, the module also supports the 4
international GSM frequency bands, ensuring
compatibility of the device with most telephony operators
globally.
This SIM900 minimum system includes the voltage
regulator and socket for the SIM card, making it quite
simple to work with any microcontroller when removing it
from its packaging. The connection can easily be made
to any development or training card using Dupont
Cables.
SIM900 Minimum System Characteristics
GPRS multi slot class 10/8 mobile station class B
Transmission power 2W @ 850/900 Mhz
Control using AT commands
Low power consumption: 15 mA in sleep mode
Operating temperature -40 C to 85 C
AT commands for operations with TCP / IP sockets
Includes application layer protocols implemented
through AT commands
3 WIRING INTERCONNECTION
MODULES
RS-485 Standard
It is one of the specifications of the standard RS-449
published as standard in 1983 where the electrical
characteristics of an output digital communication circuit
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either "0" or "1" are specified by means of a differential
signal plus a signal High impedance or "third state",
which makes it possible to connect more than one
emitter to the network, which is why it is very useful in
two wire local industrial networks. Currently known as
the TIA-485-A.222 standard confirmed by the TIA
(Telecommunications Industry Association) in 2003.
Mechanical characteristics
The standard defines connections with twisted
copper wire and RJ11 terminals, which means that there
is greater resistance to electromagnetic interference and
higher transmission speed than with RS232.
It allows the connection of up to 32 emitters with 32
receivers in simultaneous double full duplex transmission
capable of linking main communication processors
(master) with slave processors whose operation
(prioritized access) is defined by the same topological
arrangements of the data networks.
The RS-485 standard devices maintain compatibility
with the RS-232 standard as shown in Figure 7. A high-
performance, 16-port PCI Express adapter with RS-232
serial terminal links is available.
Figure 14.- Interface 485.
Electrical features
In the RS-485 communication, the emitter operates
the logic "1" at a voltage of -1.5 to -5 Volt. The logical "0"
at the input of the receiver in the range of +0.2 to +12
Volt and the maximum voltage applied to the output line
is -7 to +12 Volt.
The range of the transmission is given by the
relationship between the volume of the data to be
transferred and the time of the signal in the carrier
determined by the transfer rate from where it is obtained
that the maximum length of the cable is 1,200 m and the
speed Maximum of 10 Mbps that is obtained in a
distance of 12 m. The relation of distances and speeds
of the previous section dedicated to the standard RS-
422.
RS-232 Standard
In the 1960s, the EIA developed a common
communication interface with the main objective of data
exchange via voice telephone lines that required a
signal-translator device (analogue-digital and digital-
analogue) The standard protocol uses an asynchronous
mode in which the sender and the receiver manage their
own clock, where both must have the same frequency.
The standard has been developed for over forty (40)
years during which the EIA has published three (3)
modifications, the most recent EIA-232F introduced in
1997. The name of the standard passed from RS-232 to
7
EIA-232 Just as other elements of the original standard
have changed their name.
The different parameters of the transmission are
programmable, a case is the speed that can vary
between 50 and 19,200 baud.
Mechanical characteristics
Serial communication via the RS-232 standard can
be direct when performed on digital baseband and / or
via a modem when the transmission is performed in
analog baseband modulating the carrier.
When transmitted through a modem, the standard
defines a set of 22 signals divided into data signal and
control signal distributed in a 25-pin type D connector,
however, not all control signals are essential to establish
the Communication between two teams, that is why in
many cases a 9-pin type D male connector is used.
The European version is regulated under CCITT V.24
and is specified for a maximum link distance of 15 m and
a transmission speed of up to 20 Kbps.
The signal types of the RS-232 specification (CCITT
V.24) are as follows:
Ground: GND for isolation of the connector
with connection to the terminal chassis; SG Signal
on which the voltage of the other signals of the
connector is established.
Main Channel: Set of data signals and
control, TxD and RxD transmission and reception
lines respectively; RTS, CTS, DSR and DCD
basic signals, DTR and RI switched signals and
SQ, CH and CI quality signals and channels.
Synchronous transmission: DA, DD and DB
synchronous exclusive.
Secondary channel: for some DCE models.
Terminals without Fixed Allocation: to be
used by application forming two (2) current loops
if required.
Figure 15.- Serial Type D RS-232 Connector
Electrical characteristics
The standard defines a voltage range of +3 V to +15
V for the logical "0" and -3 V to -15 V for the logical "1";
So that it is necessary for both the transmission and the
reception to use an adaptation circuit that transforms the
voltage levels used in the digital circuits in which they
have just been indicated and vice versa, this feature is
described in greater detail In the CCITT V.28 standard
defined for the electrical characteristics of the RS-232C
standard.
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Standard computers of general application were
equipped with serial ports for output to normalized
peripherals like RS-232 but at present the USB
(Universal Serial Bus) ports that have superior
performances are used and there are also PCI Express
devices of high performance Compatible with Windows
operating systems 8-port RS-232 interface for
transmission from 2 bps to 1 Mbps.
Figure 16.- Interface RS-232
TTL-USB
The TTL-232R cables are a family of USB to TTL
serial UART converter cables incorporating FTDIs
FT232RQ USB to Serial UART interface IC device which
handles all the USB signalling and protocols. The cables
provide a fast, simple way to connect devices with a TTL
level serial interface to USB.
Each TTL-232R cable contains a small internal
electronic circuit board, utilising the FT232R, which is
encapsulated into the USB connector end of the cable.
Cables are available with either a 6-way SIL,0.1
pitch connector, a 3.5mm Audio Jack, an 8 way, keyed
2mm pitch connector (intended for use with VMUSIC2 or
VDRIVE2) or bare, tinned wire ended connections.
The USB side of the cable is USB powered and USB
2.0 full speed compatible. Each cable is 1.8m long and
supports a data transfer rate up to 3 Mbaud. Each cable
supports the FTDIChip-ID, with a unique USB serial
number programmed into the FT232R. This feature can
be used to create a security or password protected file
transfer access using the cable.
The TTL-232R cables require USB drivers which are
used to make the FT232R in the cable appear as a
virtual COM port (VCP). This then allows the user to
communicate with the USB interface via a standard PC
serial emulation port (for example TTY). Another FTDI
USB driver, the D2XX driver, can also be used with
application software to directly access the FT232R on
the cable though a DLL.
Figura 17.- Comunication TTL-USB.
4 CONCLUSIONS
The wireless communication modules were made
to be able to perform the same thing as in wired
communications, but with the facility of saving
unnecessary amounts of cables.
Each module has different characteristics like
distance of reach, costs and other benefits.
The best offer when it comes to wireless
communications between microcontrollers for control of
home automation is in the Zigbee, this helps us in
carrying out the project because we control sensors and
this helps the development of the project.
RS-485 drivers are the best alternative for industrial
local networks and multi-terminal applications due to
their thermal protection and wide load transceiver
support.
The carrier fabrication materials as well as the data
transport distance impact inversely proportional to the
capacity and the transfer speed.
The future of local industrial networks requires daily
standards that are capable of handling a greater number
of master equipment and proportionally more slaves
terminals to meet the demands of the modern productive
world.
5 REFERENCES
[1] Mikel Etxebarria Isuskiza, Microcontroladores PIC: Teoria y
Practica 2011, Creaciones copyright.
[2] Muhamad Ali MAzidi, Sarmad Naimi, and Sepher Naimi, The
AVR microcontroller and embedded system using assembly
and C, Pearson.