1726 2017

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AS 1726:2017
Geotechnical site investigations

AS 1726:2017
This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee CE-015, Site Investigations. It was
approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 7 April 2017.
This Standard was published on 2 May 2017.
The following are represented on Committee CE-015:
Australasian Tunnelling Society

Australian Drilling Industry Association
Australian Geomechanics Society
Austroads
Cement Concrete and Aggregates Association
Consult Australia
CSIRO
International Association of Hydrogeologists Australia
New Zealand Geotechnical Society
University of Newcastle
University of Wollongong
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR2 AS 1726:2016.
Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that
contributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on the
Committee and through the public comment period.
Keeping Standards up-to-date

Australian Standards are living documents that reflect progress in science, technology and
systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and new editions
are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued.
Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they are
using a current Standard, which should include any amendments that may have been
published since the Standard was published.
Detailed information about Australian Standards, drafts, amendments and new projects can
be found by visiting www.standards.org.au
Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to

notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Contact us via email at
mail@standards.org.au, or write to Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001.
AS 1726:2017
Australian Standard

Originated as AS 17261978.
Previous edition 1993.
Fourth edition AS 1726:2017.
COPYRIGHT
Standards Australia Limited
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher, unless otherwise permitted under the Copyright Act 1968.
Published by SAI Global Limited under licence from Standards Australia Limited, GPO Box
476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 978 1 76035 743 6
AS 1726:2017 2
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the members of the joint Standards Australia/Standards
New Zealand Committee CE-015, Site Investigations, to supersede AS 17261993.
After consultation with stakeholders in both countries, Standards Australia and Standards
New Zealand decided to develop this Standard as an Australian Standard only, at this time,
rather than a joint Australian/New Zealand Standard. This document may become a joint
stand in future revisions.
The objective of this Standard is to establish the requirements for the execution of effective
geotechnical site investigations and to provide a standardized system for the description and
classification of soils and rocks. It addresses spatial and physical characteristics of soil,
rock and groundwater, but does not cover the chemical, biological or other environmental
aspects of the investigation of contaminated ground.
Commentary on the changes from the 1993 edition is set out in Appendix F.
Statements expressed in mandatory terms in Notes to Tables are deemed to be requirements
of this Standard. Figures provided in this Standard are informative.
The term informative has also been used in this Standard to define the application of the
appendices to which it applies. An informative appendix is only for information and
guidance.
3 AS 1726:2017
CONTENTS
Page
1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 4
2 EXCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................ 4
3 NORMATIVE REFERENCES ................................................................................... 4
4 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................ 4
5 OVERVIEW OF GEOTECHNICAL SITE INVESTIGATIONS ................................ 7
5.1 Process .................................................................................................................. 7
5.2 Geotechnical model ............................................................................................... 9
5.3 Execution of geotechnical site investigation ........................................................ 10
5.4 Initial assessment of site conditions..................................................................... 11
5.5 Fieldwork ............................................................................................................ 11
5.6 Reporting and interpretation ................................................................................ 14
5.7 Review of geotechnical site investigation ............................................................ 15
6 SOIL, ROCK AND GROUNDWATER .................................................................... 16
6.1 Soil description and classification ....................................................................... 16
6.2 Rock identification, description and classification............................................... 36

6.3 Surface water and groundwater observations....................................................... 58
6.4 Gases ................................................................................................................... 58
APPENDICES
A GEOTECHNICAL SITE INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES ................................... 59
B LABORATORY EXAMINATION AND TESTING ................................................. 61
C GROUNDWATER CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................. 64
D PROBLEMATIC MATERIALS ................................................................................ 66
E SYMBOLS ................................................................................................................ 69
F COMMENTARY ....................................................................................................... 72
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 74
AS 1726:2017 4
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
1 SCOPE
This Standard specifies requirements for the execution of geotechnical site investigations
and provides a standardized system for the identification, description and classification of
soils and rocks.
This Standard applies to geotechnical site investigation of natural or filled ground for
(a) new construction;
(b) maintenance of existing facilities;
(c) the evaluation of post construction performance;
(d) the assessment of failure; and
(e) broad geotechnical studies.
NOTE: Commentary on the changes from the 1993 edition is set out in Appendix F.
2 EXCLUSIONS
This Standard does not cover the following:

(a) The application of geotechnical site investigation outcomes for geotechnical design.
(b) The chemical, biological or environmental aspects of the investigation of
contaminated ground.
3 NORMATIVE REFERENCES
The following normative documents are referenced in this Standard:
NOTE: Documents referenced for informative purposes are listed in the Bibliography.
AS
4133 Methods of testing rocks for engineering purposes
4133.4.1 Method 4.1: Rock strength testsDetermination of point load strength index
4133.4.2.1 Method 4.2.1: Rock strength testsDetermination of uniaxial compressive
strength of 50 MPa and greater
4 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply.
4.1 Acid sulfate soil
Naturally occurring soils, sediments or organic substrates (e.g. peat) that contain sulfide
minerals (predominantly pyrite) or their oxidation products. In an undisturbed state where
soil is saturated, acid sulfate soils are generally benign. However, if the soils are excavated
or exposed to air by a lowering of the groundwater level, the sulfides react with oxygen to
form sulfuric acid.
NOTE: Refer to Appendix D.
4.2 Carbonate rock
A rock containing more than 50% by weight of carbonate compounds (such as calcium
carbonate).
Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

5 AS 1726:2017
4.3 Carbonate soil

A soil containing more than 50% by weight of carbonate compounds (such as calcium
carbonate).
4.4 Cemented soil
A soil bound with a cementing substance, such that if remoulded and recompacted to its
original density and moisture content, exhibits a significantly lower strength than in its
undisturbed condition.
4.5 Classification
A system which places a material into one of a limited number of groups on the basis of a
defined characteristic or set of characteristics. For example, a soil classification may be
based on the grading and plasticity of disturbed samples.
4.6 Cohesive and non-cohesive soils
Soils are conveniently divided into two groups based on the ability of a soil mass to hold
together. Those capable of holding together are termed cohesive and those having no
ability, or strength, to hold together by themselves at very low applied total stress levels are
termed non-cohesive.
4.7 Competent person
A person who has, through a combination of training, education and experience, acquired
knowledge and skills enabling that person to correctly perform a specified task.
4.8 Consistency
The ability of the soil, at specific moisture contents, to resist mechanical stress or
manipulation (remoulding).
4.9 Contamination
The condition of land or water where any chemical substance or waste has been added as a
direct or indirect result of human activity above background level and represents, or
potentially represents, an adverse health or environmental impact. Contamination may have
an impact on human health during construction or the service life of a structure erected on
the site or may have detrimental effects on the environment.
NOTE: While this Standard does not address investigation of the presence of contamination or
management of such contamination, the possibility of the presence of contamination should be
considered during the planning and conduct of geotechnical site investigations.
4.10 Controlled fill
Any fill for which engineering properties are controlled during placement. Sometimes
referred to as structural or engineered fill.
4.11 Description, soil or rock
A statement of the physical characteristics of a sample of soil or rock.
4.12 Desk study
A study to collate and review the existing information relevant to the site.
4.13 Dispersive soils
Those soils, which by nature of their mineralogy and pore water chemistry, are susceptible
to separation in water of individual clay particles.
NOTE: Refer to Appendix D.
www.standards.org.au Standards Australia

AS 1726:2017 6
4.14 Duricrust
A cemented zone occurring in weathered rock or soil formed by the mobilization and
deposition of minerals.
4.15 Engineered fill
Refer to Controlled fill.
4.16 Fill
A volume of material that has been placed by anthropogenic processes.
4.17 Geotechnical
Pertaining to the nature, condition and physical properties of the earths crust (whether soil
or rock and including water and gases therein), which affect its engineering performance.
4.18 Geotechnical model
The interpretation of ground conditions in a form useful for engineering design or
assessment. It may contain a surface and subsurface model detailing the geological and
engineering characteristics of the various materials and groundwater.
4.19 Geotechnical site investigation
The process of assessing and evaluating the geotechnical characteristics of a site.
4.20 Groundwater
Water located beneath the earths surface in pore spaces, fractures and voids in soil and
rock.
4.21 In situ
In the place and condition in which it exists naturally.
4.22 Liquid limit (wL)
Moisture content at which the soil passes from the plastic to the liquid state as determined
by the liquid limit test.
4.23 May
Indicates that a statement is an option.
4.24 Monitoring
Recording observations and/or measurements over a period of time.
4.25 Mottled
Having areas of two or more colours or shades in a spotted or blotched, irregular
configuration.
4.26 Plastic limit (wP)
Moisture content at which the soil becomes too dry to be in a plastic condition as
determined by the plastic limit test.
4.27 Plasticity index (IP)
Numerical difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit of a soil.
4.28 Project
The wider project for which a geotechnical site investigation is carried out.
4.29 Shall
Indicates that a statement is mandatory.

7 AS 1726:2017
4.30 Should
Indicates that a statement is a recommendation.
4.31 Soil
Particulate materials that occur in the ground and can be disaggregated or remoulded by
hand in air or water without prior soaking.
4.32 Rock
Any aggregate of minerals and/or organic materials that cannot be disaggregated by hand in
air or water without prior soaking.
4.33 Uncontrolled fill
Materials that have been deposited by anthropogenic processes, which do not meet the
definition of controlled fill.
4.34 Undisturbed sample
A term applied to samples obtained using techniques designed to minimize changes in the
properties of the sample.
5 OVERVIEW OF GEOTECHNICAL SITE INVESTIGATIONS

5.1 Process
5.1.1 General
The delivery of geotechnical site investigations should follow an iterative process in which
the outcomes of the investigations are reviewed against the purpose for which the
investigation is being carried out and further investigations are planned as required. This
process is illustrated in Figure 1. Quality assurance and work health and safety programs
should be in place during this entire process.

AS 1726:2017 8
D efin e t h e pur p o se of t h e inve st i g at i o n an d

i d e nt i f y t h e s c o p e an d o bj e c t i ve s
A s s e m b l e i nfor m at i o n r e l at i n g
to t h e proj e c t
D eve l o p t h e G e ot e c hni c al M o d e l b a se d o n g e o l o g i c al
c o n c e pt s, g e ote c h ni c al infor m at i o n an d proje c t infor m at i o n
an d ant i c i pate w hat m i g ht b e e n c o u ntere d o n s i te
Plan t h e inve st i g at i o n to
ad d r e s s t h e o bj e c t i ve s
Carr y out the g e ote c hni c al

i nve s t i g at i o n
Refine the G e ot e c hni c al M o d e l a n d

rev i ew t h e inve st i g at i o n outc o m e s
ag ain st t h e s c o p e an d o bj e c t i ve s
H ave t h e o bj e c t i ve s b e e n m et an d
t h e s c o p e ac hi eve d?
No
Ye s
R ev i s e o bj e c t i ve s
and /or s c o p e and /or
investigation methods
C o n clu d e
inve s t ig a t ion
FIGURE 1 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONOVERVIEW

5.1.2 Project description
Geotechnical site investigations are usually carried out in service of a wider activity, such
as land development, infrastructure, mining, or assessment of landslide risk. This wider
activity is usually referred to as the project. The entire area that could affect the project or
be affected by the project is referred to as the project area and the immediate area of the
project itself is referred to as the site. A description of the project, the project area and the
site shall be provided.

9 AS 1726:2017
5.1.3 Purpose of investigation

The general purpose of the geotechnical site investigation and its specific investigation
objectives within the context of the project shall be clearly defined and documented to the
satisfaction of all parties involved.
5.1.4 Scope of work
The proposed scope of work shall reflect the investigation objectives and shall be clearly
documented.
5.1.5 Staging
Geotechnical site investigations are usually carried out in stages, with the number of stages
dependent upon the geotechnical complexity of the site.
A program of staged investigation should be developed to implement the selected
investigation activities. This program should recognize that, during the investigation,
conditions may be revealed which were not anticipated or which trigger a need for review
of the remainder of the program. For larger or more complex investigations it may be
appropriate to include one or more reporting and review stages in order to refine or revise
the latter stages of the investigation.
The stages may include the following:
(a) Literature review.
(b) Site walkover.
(c) Field investigation staged in order to retrieve data most economically (e.g. carry out
cone penetrometer testing first before deciding where to position boreholes with
in situ testing and sampling).
(d) Review after each stage to assess the need to carry out further stages.
(e) Laboratory testing, staged and optimized for the development of geotechnical design
parameters and the soil-groundwater chemistry (e.g. testing to identify acid sulfate
soils).
Investigations should be executed in such a way that adequate data are obtained to refine
the geotechnical model at the end of each stage, to allow advancement of wider studies or to
guide subsequent investigations. Each stage may involve interpretation, analysis and
reporting.
5.2 Geotechnical model
A geotechnical model shall be developed for every geotechnical site investigation.
The level of refinement and model detail will depend on the complexity of the project. In its
most basic form the geotechnical model may consist of a simple description of the local
geology derived from existing data together with some of the engineering characteristics of
the project area. More usually, the geotechnical model would include a geological map and
cross-section depicting the strata likely to be encountered and information on the
engineering characteristics of the soils and rocks and the groundwater levels.
On some large projects, a more sophisticated geotechnical model, based on a large data set
and presented as a 3D visualization, may be developed to present the interaction between a
large complex structure and a variable soil/rock/groundwater system.
The geotechnical model should be based on factors such as the following:
(a) The nature of the project.
(b) The regional geological and hydrogeological setting.
(c) The stratigraphic succession, including the presence of significant aquifers.

AS 1726:2017 10
(d) Expected groundwater levels.

(e) The geological structure.
(f) Geomorphology and surface processes.
(g) Engineering properties of the soils and rocks encountered.
The geotechnical model shall provide a consistent explanation of the concepts, observations
and interpretations associated with the geology, geomorphology, hydrogeology, hydrology
and engineering characteristics of the project area that are relevant to the project.
The geotechnical model should be used to communicate geotechnical information about the
site to all interested parties involved in the project. This information may include:
(i) Past and present surface processes/activities.
(ii) Types of soil or rock units and their distribution.
(iii) Groundwater levels and groundwater flow directions.
(iv) Preliminary geotechnical characteristics of soil and rock units.
(v) The types of geological structure and their orientation.
(vi) Seismic risk.
(vii) Potential occurrence of contaminated ground or groundwater that might be hazardous
to people, the environment or the durability of construction materials.
(viii) Potential occurrence of hazardous gases.

5.3 Execution of geotechnical site investigation
5.3.1 Health and safety
Relevant work health and safety legislation applies to all geotechnical site investigations.
Site-specific risk assessment and work method statements should be established. All
significant risks associated with the geotechnical site investigation should be assessed, and
control measures implemented.
5.3.2 Competency
All personnel involved in geotechnical site investigations shall have geotechnical
experience, training and qualifications appropriate for their role in the investigation.
5.3.3 Literature review
A literature review shall be carried out as part of the geotechnical site investigation. This
review should include the assembly of reports, maps and other information pertaining to the
site. In selecting relevant information, the site should be considered in terms of its position
in the overall landscape and the broader geological setting, prior to the investigation
focusing exclusively on the immediate area of the site.
Information that can be used to gain an understanding of the site prior to fieldwork
includes, but is not limited to, the following:
(a) Geological maps and memoirs of the site.
(b) Existing geotechnical site investigation reports for the site or nearby sites.
(c) Topographic or bathymetric information.
(d) Maps or photographs, which may show topographic features such as swamps or creek
lines that have been subsequently obscured by human activities.
(e) Aerial photographs (vertical and oblique).
(f) Large scale geological maps.

11 AS 1726:2017
(g) Geohazard maps.

(h) Published soils maps.
(i) Acid sulfate soil risk maps.
(j) Maps of vegetation.
(k) Previous local and anecdotal experience from the area.
(l) Historical records such as newspaper articles.
(m) Mine working maps.
(n) Construction records for the site or nearby projects.
5.4 Initial assessment of site conditions
An initial assessment shall be made of the conditions in the area to be investigated, which
could be expected to influence the investigation. This may be drawn from site
reconnaissance, earlier studies, experience, background reports and published information.
This assessment of site conditions influencing the design of the field investigation should
include, but not be limited to
(a) accessibility;
(b) hazards to health, safety and environment;
(c) proposed geotechnical model;
(d) structures or services which could affect or be affected by the investigation;

(e) groundwater conditions;
(f) geographical, geomorphological and geological features;
(g) seismic setting;
(h) potential for encountering contamination and hazardous gases; and
(i) regulatory approvals required.
The initial assessment of the site should include an appraisal of the area and volume of
ground that would affect or be affected by the project.
5.5 Fieldwork
5.5.1 General
Fieldwork should typically include the following:
(a) Mapping of the topography, geology, geomorphology and other relevant features.
(b) Logging of cuttings or other exposures.
(c) A program of sub-surface works (such as boreholes, test pits and probe tests such as
cone penetration tests).
(d) Measurements, e.g. recording of groundwater levels and in situ testing.
(e) Collection of soil, rock and groundwater samples for subsequent testing.
Fieldwork may also involve use of indirect methods, e.g. seismic or resistivity surveys and
use of satellite and airborne sensing.
All observation locations (especially pits, boreholes and probe tests) shall be surveyed to
the required level of accuracy.

AS 1726:2017 12
5.5.2 Selection of investigation methods

The methods to be used for investigation should be selected taking account of
(a) objectives of the investigation;
(b) site conditions;
(c) available equipment;
(d) cost and time constraints;
(e) health, safety and environmental considerations; and
(f) regulatory requirements.
NOTES:
1 A list of some of the available field investigation methods is provided in Appendix A.
Laboratory studies may also be required to measure the properties of materials.
2 A list of some of the available laboratory investigation methods is provided in Appendix B.
3 Notes on groundwater considerations are provided in Appendix C.
5.5.3 Data collection and record keeping
Results from routine field tasks shall be recorded in the field (either electronically or on
paper). In addition to the results of the field task, records should reference the project, the
date, the location and the person carrying out the work.
The records of the results of fieldwork and laboratory testing should be maintained in a
form suitable for archival and information transfer. Ideally, this should be in a digital form
consistent with standards expected by the client and other professionals contributing to the
project.
5.5.4 Sample handling and management
5.5.4.1 Soil
Geotechnical site investigation often involves taking soil samples, which may be either
disturbed or undisturbed. Project specific procedures for sample handling and labelling,
transport and storage, and chain of custody, shall be developed in order to reduce
deterioration in sample quality and the potential for errors.
All samples shall be clearly labelled and logged with a unique reference number
immediately after being taken. Samples suspected of contamination shall be identified on
the label. Samples taken for geotechnical purposes should be maintained in a temperature
range to avoid freezing or heat damage and wide temperature variations.
As soon as practicable after sampling, samples should be stored in airtight bags or
containers. Where the intention is to limit disturbance, samples should be coated with wax
(preferably microcrystalline) or retained in sealed sample tubes in order to reduce moisture
changes during transit to the laboratory. Excess moisture associated with sample collection,
such as from drilling fluids, should be removed prior to storage. Soil should be removed
from the ends of tube samples to a depth of about 25 mm, and the air gap filled by custom
made plugs or molten wax, followed by end caps and adhesive tape.
Undisturbed block samples should be cut and trimmed by hand and wrapped in cloth and
coated with molten wax. At least three layers of cloth and wax should be applied on each
surface. The sealed sample should then be placed into a wooden box with the air gap
between the box and sample, filled with packing material.
Sample tubes containing soft soil should be transported and stored in a vertical orientation
to reduce the potential for sample disturbance, and rough handling should be avoided.

13 AS 1726:2017
Samples taken for the purpose of testing of the soil chemistry (such as for acid sulfate soil
analysis) require special handling, and should be managed in accordance with regulatory
guidelines pertaining to the relevant state or territory.
5.5.4.2 Rock
Project-specific procedures for core handling and labelling, transport and storage, and chain
of custody shall be developed in order to reduce deterioration in core quality and the
potential for errors. The same storage temperature control criteria used for soil should be
adopted for rock.
Measures should be taken to mitigate moisture loss of rock core while working with it in
the field. Rock core shall be placed as soon as practicable into a core box in order of
increasing depth, left to right, and top to bottom. The core box shall be uniquely identified
and labelled with borehole number and core run depths. In order to provide a permanent
visual record, all rock core shall be photographed moist under uniform lighting conditions
as soon as practicable after placement in core boxes, and prior to sampling or disturbance
during logging. Each photograph should include a reference colour chart.
When core is prone to degradation on drying, the core should be wrapped in plastic film
after field logging to reduce changes in moisture content. When core is fragile and may
break up in the core box, it should be placed into PVC splits located within the core box.
When rock core specimens are sub-sampled from the core tray for laboratory testing, a
process for sample handling and management should be developed to reduce the likelihood
of damage of the samples during handling and transport. Intervals of core loss or where
core is extracted for testing should be marked as such, and in-filled with polystyrene or
similar.
Where core is observed to have degraded during handling or storage, this shall be noted on
logs.
5.5.4.3 Groundwater
Groundwater samples may contain dissolved or suspended materials. The method of
collection, storage and treatment of samples can affect the results obtained from subsequent
laboratory testing. The field procedure used to collect samples shall be recorded and
reported, indicating
(a) time of sampling;
(b) purging prior to sample collection;
(c) whether field filtering of the groundwater sample was carried out and if so, the type
of filter;
(d) preservation methods employed after sampling and prior to delivery to a laboratory
for testing; and
(e) quality control and assurance methods employed.
5.5.4.4 Identification and labelling of samples
Sample identification shall be shown on sample bags, labels or tags and shall be secure and
legible. Where bottles or containers are used to store samples, the identification should be
placed on the vessel and also on the lid or cap as required.
Each sample retained during the geotechnical site investigation shall be labelled, including
a unique identifier. The following details should be included:
(a) Project or job number.
(b) Date sampled.
(c) Test pit, borehole, or hand auger hole number.

AS 1726:2017 14
(d) Sample location and depth.

(e) Sample reference number.
(f) Any other relevant information such as requirements for special handling.
Samples suspected of containing hazardous materials should be labelled and packaged such
that those handling the samples from accidental exposure are protected.
5.5.4.5 Storage of samples
Prior to and during testing, samples should be stored in designated areas within the
laboratory. Samples should be stored in a manner that provides protection from damage,
corrosion or contamination that may invalidate test results. All samples should be stored
away from direct sunlight and rain.
Careless handling of undisturbed samples after they have been received by the laboratory
may cause disturbance that could influence test results, potentially leading to serious design
and construction consequences. All tube or block samples should therefore be handled by a
competent person and stored in an upright position until required for testing, and in a
location where they are not likely to be knocked over or dropped.
The potential for disturbance, moisture migration and corrosion within tube samples
increases with time. It is therefore important that samples are prepared and tested in a
timely manner. When samples are tested more than 30 days after their retrieval, this should
be noted on the laboratory data and test results sheet.
5.6 Reporting and interpretation
5.6.1 General
A report (or reports) shall be produced that presents the information obtained from the
geotechnical site investigations. The report content may include
(a) factual information and observations;
(b) interpretations; and
(c) opinions.
The type of report is dependent on the requirements of the project objectives and shall be as
agreed during the planning stage. The various types of geotechnical engineering reports are
further explained in Clauses 5.6.2 and 5.6.3.
NOTE: A list of graphical symbols that may be useful for reporting purposes is contained in
Appendix E.
5.6.2 Geotechnical data report
This report documents the procedures employed and the data collected, and despite the fact
that soil and rock logging has an interpretive nature attached to it, a geotechnical data
report is considered predominantly factual and may also be referred to as a factual report.
A geotechnical data report should include but may not be limited to the following
information:
(a) Objectives and agreed scope.
(b) Location and description of the project site and its history.
(c) Plan showing investigation locations.
(d) Description of the regional and local geology.
(e) Records of fieldwork, including methods and results.
(f) Laboratory testing and summary of results.

15 AS 1726:2017
5.6.3 Geotechnical interpretive report

Interpretation is a continuous process, which should begin in the preliminary stages of data
collection and should proceed as information from the ground investigation becomes
available.
The interpretive report should include but is not limited to the following components:
(a) Reference to the data upon which the interpretation has been made.
(b) An interpretation of the site geology and the development of the geotechnical model.
(c) A summary of the geotechnical properties of the ground applicable to the project.
(d) An engineering interpretation of the implications of the ground conditions for the
project.
(e) An assessment of potential geotechnical risks to the project.
(f) Recommendations for further work, if relevant.
In developing geotechnical interpretive reports, there are important aspects to be mindful
of, which include the following:
(i) The nature and constraints of the project and proposed development These define
how and where structures or facilities will interact with the ground, including the
type, degree and period of loading and any site constraints. Possible impacts on the
nearby built or natural environment and potential future uses of the site should be
considered.
(ii) The nature and limitations of the geotechnical model The geotechnical model is an
interpretation that will change both during the course of the investigations and the
development of the overall project, as more information becomes available. Reporting
of the geotechnical model should clearly indicate the information on which it is
based, the varying reliability of the interpretation and the process whereby an
acceptable level of reliability will be achieved.
(iii) The nature and limitation of data Consistency and reliability of data should be
assessed (previous work may have been done by different consultants to varying
standards of work and assumptions). Cross-checking and verification to the degree
practicable should be undertaken. The limitations of the data collected during the
investigation program should be highlighted.
A geotechnical interpretive report may also contain expressions of professional opinion. A
professional opinion is dependent on conclusions derived from consideration of relevant
available facts, interpretations and analysis and judgement. Since the process involves
interpretation and judgement, opinions of professionals may differ, although substantial
agreement is expected.
5.7 Review of geotechnical site investigation
On completion of a geotechnical site investigation, the findings of the investigation should
be reviewed against the objectives of the investigation. Where critical objectives are not
adequately achieved, the consequence of this inadequacy should be considered, the risks to
the project assessed and recommendations for further investigation developed.
Geotechnical project risks identified in the geotechnical interpretive report may be
mitigated by review of geotechnical conditions exposed during construction or by
monitoring of performance (such as ground movement monitoring or groundwater level
monitoring). Recommendations for such review and monitoring should form part of the
geotechnical interpretive report. This may include the recommendation for development of
a formal risk assessment and risk management plan.

AS 1726:2017 16
6 SOIL, ROCK AND GROUNDWATER

6.1 Soil description and classification
6.1.1 General
The classification system adopted in this Standard differs in a number of important respects
from the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and AS 17261993 and may result in
some soils being named and classified differently from USCS and AS 17261993. A major
difference is the criteria used to distinguish between coarse and fine-grained soils. A
behavioural approach has been adopted in this Standard when identifying, naming and
classifying soil. However, the boundary defining the change in behaviour between coarse
and fine-grained soils is not a precise one. Nevertheless, this boundary has been defined in
Clause 6.1.4.2, Table 1 and Figure 2.
6.1.2 Basic approach
Description of soil is the process of identifying its components and assessing their relative
proportions and behavioural characteristics, observing the condition and structure of the
soil and interpreting its origin. Classification of soils involves allocating the soil into
different soil groups on the basis of different observable characteristics.
Soil description and classification requires, as a minimum, the identification of the
engineering characteristics and properties of the soil through a visual and tactile
assessment. Observation and identification of a soil should be carried out in a series of
logical steps where the components of the soil are considered and assessed individually.
The visualtactile assessment process may be augmented by laboratory testing. Where
laboratory tests are carried out subsequent to visualtactile assessment, and where these
indicate that the visualtactile assessment was inaccurate, logs and other records of the
assessment shall be adjusted if required, and any adjustments made to the logs and other
records shall be documented.
Soils may be disturbed or undisturbed but if the soil is disturbed there are limits to what can
be described.
The approach described in this Standard is equally applicable to both natural and artificial
soil materials.
Although systematic description of the soil composition must be completed before
classification can occur, the soil group is usually reported at the beginning of the full
description and classification.
6.1.3 Systematic description
A soil description should be presented as a series or list of specific terms, separated by
semi-colons, generally without these being formed into sentences. A systematic and
standardized order of description shall be used. When it is possible, the following
characteristics shall be described:
(a) Composition of soil (disturbed or undisturbed state) The description shall include
the following:
(i) Soil name (use BLOCK LETTERS).
(ii) Plasticity, behavioural or particle characteristics of the primary soil component.
(iii) Colour of the soil.
(iv) Secondary soil components name(s), estimated proportion(s), plasticity,
behavioural or particle characteristics, colour.
(v) Minor soil components name, estimated proportion, behavioural or particle
characteristics, colour and, where practical, its plasticity.
The presence of FILL and TOPSOIL shall be indicated at the beginning of the
description using BLOCK LETTERS.
17 AS 1726:2017
(b) Condition of soil The description shall include the following:

(i) Moisture condition (disturbed or undisturbed state).
(ii) Consistency of fine-grained soils (undisturbed state only).
(iii) Relative density of coarse-grained soils (determined by in situ tests).
(c) Structure of soil In the undisturbed state, the description shall include the following:
(i) Zoning.
(ii) Defects.
(iii) Cementing.
(d) Origin of soil.
(e) Additional observations.
NOTE: The order of descriptions given above is recommended.
6.1.4 Composition of soils
6.1.4.1 General
Observations of the primary, secondary and minor soil components are used to construct the
soil name, which describes the composition of the soil.
6.1.4.2 Soil components
Soils are composed of solid particles, water and gas, sometimes with the inclusion of
organic substances. Soil particles are differentiated on the basis of size, according to the
definitions in Table 1.
TABLE 1
PARTICLE SIZE DEFINITIONS
Size*
Fraction Components Subdivision
mm
Oversize BOULDERS >200
COBBLES 63200
Coarse GRAVEL Coarse 1963
grained
Medium 6.719
soil
Fine 2.366.7
SAND Coarse 0.62.36
Medium 0.210.6
Fine 0.0750.21
Fine SILT 0.0020.075
grained
CLAY <0.002
soil
* These sizes correspond approximately to standard sieve
sizes.

AS 1726:2017 18
As differentiation of grain sizes of fine particles between clay and silt is difficult, and as the
grain size of fine particles is less important than their engineering behaviour, the sizes in
Table 1 for silts and clays are taken as indicative only, and instead, fine soils shall be
described as silts or clays on the basis of their behaviour as assessed by visual tactile
techniques. Additional guidance for field assessment of fine grained soils is provided in
Tables 7 and 8.
Soils that contain a significant organic content or a significant carbonate content shall be
identified.
6.1.4.3 Identification of components
The field process for identifying soil primary components is summarized in Figure 2.

19 AS 1726:2017
Can any of t h e m ater i al b e

d i s ag gre g ate d by han d in
water to par t i c l e s s m all er
t h a n c o b b l e s ize (< 6 3 m m)?
YES NO
Use s o il d e s c r i pt i ve ter m s for D e s c r i b e p ar t i c l e s l ar g er

t h e m ater i al l e s s t han 6 3 m m t h a n g r ave l s (>6 3 m m) a s
i n s ize c o b b l e s / b o ul d er s or
u s e r o c k d e s c r i pt i o n
ter m s a s a p pro pr i ate
D o e s t h e s o il reac t (fiz z) w it h
d ilute hydro c hl or i c ac i d?
YES
Cal c are o u s o r c ar b o n ate

NO s o il ad d t h e a p pro pr i ate
prefix fro m Ta b l e 5
D o v i s i b l e s o i l p ar t i c l e s (s a n d
an d gr ave l) d o m inate m ake
u p m ore t han 6 5% of t h e s o il?
YES NO
C oar se gr ain e d s o il: a m ix ture

Fine grained soil
of s an d an d gr ave l
D o e s t h e s o i l h ave a s p o n g y
fe e l or fi brou s tex ture, w it h
s i g n i f i c ant v i s i b l e o r g an i c
m at ter an d an or g ani c o d our ?
YES NO
I s t h e s o i l d ar k c o l o ure d, w i t h
Is more than 50% of the coarse
an or g ani c o d o ur an d s o m e
gr ain e d s o il gr ave l > 2 m m?
v i s i b l e o r g a n i c m at ter ?
YES NO NO YES
Organic soil
ad d t h e prefix O r g ani c
to t h e s o il nam e
D o e s t h e fin e gr ain e d s o il
b e have like a s ilt i s t h e
s o i l d i l at a nt ?
YES NO
GR AVEL SAN D PE AT SILT CL AY
NOTES:
1 Gravel, sand, silt and clay are the major components of a soil. They are defined in Table 1.
2 Assessment of component proportions is by dry mass.
3 Dilatancy is assessed on the reaction of wet soil to shaking. Table 7 provides a method of assessment of
dilatancy as well as other diagnostic characteristics of silt and clay.
FIGURE 2 PROCESS FOR THE FIELD IDENTIFICATION
OF SOIL PRIMARY COMPONENTS

AS 1726:2017 20
6.1.4.4 Soil name

The soil name shall be based on the identified components of a soil and their behavioural
characteristics. The components of a soil are assessed to be primary, secondary, or minor,
on the basis of their significance for the probable engineering characteristics of the soil at
any particular moisture content.
The primary component of a soil is that component which dominates its engineering
behaviour. A secondary component of a soil is any component of a soil which is not the
primary component, but which is significant to the engineering properties of the soil. A
minor component is present in the soil but is not significant to its engineering properties.
6.1.4.5 Assessment of primary component
In the field, the size of grains in the coarse fraction is assessed from a representative
portion of the soil, from which any boulders and cobbles have been removed. It may be
helpful to examine the soil under air-dried and/or submerged conditions in order to achieve
a clear separation between the coarse and fine fractions. In the laboratory, coarse and fine
fractions can be separated by wet sieve analysis.
The primary component is chosen to reflect whether the soil is either fundamentally fine or
coarse grained. This assessment is made according to whether the total dry mass of coarse
fractions exceeds 65% (a coarse soil) or the total dry mass of fine fractions exceeds 35%
(a fine soil).
If it is a coarse grained soil, the relative proportions of the sand and gravel can be estimated
or measured and the primary component identified as SAND if sand exceeds gravel, or
GRAVEL if gravel exceeds sand.

If it is identified as a fine grained soil, the behaviour shall be assessed to decide if the soil
behaves as a silt or a clay and this will indicate primary component and soil name. Where
assessed by visual tactile techniques (refer to Tables 7 and 8), a silt is indicated by low dry
strength, low wet toughness and dilatancy, whereas a clay is indicated by high dry strength,
high wet toughness and plasticity. Where assessed by laboratory testing, clay plots above
the A-line and silt below the A-line on the Casagrande chart (refer to Clause 6.1.6 and
Figure 5). In borderline cases, the terms silty CLAY or clayey SILT may be used at the
discretion of the classifier, noting that there is no specifically defined criterion for their use,
and that these descriptions imply only that the materials are borderline between behaving as
silts or clays.
The presence of cobbles and boulders shall be specifically noted by beginning the
description with MIXTURE OF SOIL AND COBBLES/BOULDERS with the word order
indicating the dominant proportion first and the proportions of cobbles and or boulders
described together with an indication of whether they are supported by a matrix of soil or
supported by themselves. The remaining soil shall then be described.
6.1.4.6 Assessment of secondary and minor components
Any accessory soil components (i.e. those other than the primary component) are deemed to
be either secondary or minor components, on the basis of their type and their amount, as
determined by their presence on a percentage dry mass basis, according to Table 2.
A visual aid to assessing the proportions of coarse particles is provided in Figure 3.

21 AS 1726:2017
TABLE 2
DESCRIPTIVE TERMS FOR ACCESSORY
(SECONDARY AND MINOR) SOIL COMPONENTS
In coarse grained soils In fine grained soils
Designation %
of %
% Accessory
components Terminology Terminology Sand/ Terminology
Fines coarse
gravel
fraction
Minor 5 Add trace clay/silt 15 Add trace 15 Use trace
to description, as sand/gravel to
applicable description, as
applicable
>5, 12 Add with clay/silt >15, 30 Add with >15, 30 Add with
to description, as sand/gravel to sand/gravel
applicable description, as to description,
applicable as applicable
Secondary >12 Prefix soil name as >30 Prefix soil name >30 Prefix soil
silty or clayey, as with sandy or name with
applicable gravelly, as sandy or
applicable gravelly, as
applicable
5% 12% 3 5%
FIGURE 3 DIAGRAM OF VARIOUS PERCENTAGES OF GRAINS

6.1.4.7 Assignment of a name
The name of a soil is made up of the primary and secondary components. The primary
component is included as a noun, written in BLOCK LETTERS on logs, qualified by the
secondary components (if present), included as adjectives.
Minor fractions are not included in the name, but are included in the description using
phrases which include the words trace or with, according to their relative importance, as
indicated in Table 2.
As an example, consider a soil with 30% plastic fines and 70% coarse fractions, which
comprise 10% gravel and 60% sand. The soil is coarse and sand is the primary component.
Gravel is a minor component and does not appear in the name. The plastic fines exceed
12% and are a secondary component, so clayey is added as an adjective to the word
sand. Hence it would be named Clayey SAND.

AS 1726:2017 22
6.1.4.8 Peat soils

Organic content of soils can have a significant effect on their geotechnical properties.
Colour and odour are the key properties for field identification of organic soils. Organic
soils are usually either dark grey or black. Fresh, moist organic soils generally have a
mouldy odour which can be intensified by heating. Putrefying, rotten organic components
in soil can be recognized by their odour typical of hydrogen sulfide, which can be
intensified by pouring dilute hydrochloric acid on the sample. Dry inorganic clays have an
earthy odour after being moistened. Organic soils should be named with Organic
preceding the primary soil name. For example, Organic CLAY or Organic SILT.
Peat can be identified in the field by its spongy feel and fibrous texture.
Where laboratory tests are available, organic soils and peat may be identified using Table 3.
Table 4 provides terms that may be used to describe the degree of decomposition of Peat.
TABLE 3
IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANIC SOILS
USING LABORATORY TESTS
Material Organic content % of dry mass

Inorganic soil <2
Organic soil 2 to 25
Peat >25
TABLE 4
DESCRIPTIVE TERMS FOR THE DEGREE
OF DECOMPOSITION OF PEAT
Term Decomposition Remains Squeeze
Fibrous Little or none Clearly recognizable Only water
No solids
Pseudo-fibrous Moderate Mixture of fibres and Turbid water
amorphous paste <50% solids
Amorphous Full Not recognizable Paste
>50% solids
6.1.4.9 Carbonate soils

The carbonate content of soils can have a significant effect on their geotechnical properties
as soil particles composed of calcium carbonate can have high porosity and low crushing
strengths. The carbonate content should be assessed by the application of droplets of dilute
hydrochloric acid (10% HCl, see Note to Table 5). Table 5 gives an approximate carbonate
content based on the reaction to acid, and provides descriptive terms for carbonate content.

23 AS 1726:2017
TABLE 5
ASSESSMENT OF CARBONATE CONTENT
Approximate
Term Reaction to acid
carbonate content
Non-calcareous HCl produces no effervescence Negligible
Calcareous HCl produces weak or <50%
sporadic effervescence
Carbonate HCl produces clear sustained >50%
effervescence
NOTE: 10% hydrochloric acid is made by taking 10 mL of concentrated
HCl acid solution (36% HCl) and making it up to 100 mL. This gives
3.6% HCl by mass which is about 1.2 molar.
6.1.4.10 Plasticity and behaviour (fine grained soils)

When laboratory tests are available, clay and silt, both alone and in mixtures with coarser
material, shall be described according to their plasticity as defined in Table 6.
TABLE 6
DESCRIPTIVE TERMS FOR PLASTICITY
Descriptive term Range of liquid limit for silt Range of liquid limit for clay
Non-plastic Not applicable Not applicable

Low plasticity 50 35
Medium plasticity Not applicable >35 and 50
High plasticity >50 >50
When laboratory tests are not available, plasticity and soil behaviour are assessed in the
field using the visualtactile techniques described in Table 7. These procedures are to be
performed on particles less than 0.2 mm in size. For field classification purposes, screening
is not intended, simply remove by hand the coarse particles that interfere with the tests.
Table 8 gives a guide to typical soil names and plasticity characteristics.

AS 1726:2017
Standards Australia
TABLE 7
FIELD ASSESSMENT OF FINE GRAINED SOILS
Dry strength Dilatancy (reaction to shaking) Toughness (consistency near plastic limit)
3.
Mould a pat of soil to the consistency of putty, adding Prepare a pat of moist soil with a volume of about 10 cm Mould a pat of soil to the consistency of putty. If too dry,
water if necessary. Allow the pat to dry completely by Add enough water, if necessary, to make the soil soft but add water, and if sticky, the specimen should be spread out
oven, sun or air drying, and then test its strength by not sticky. in a thin layer and allowed to lose some moisture by
breaking and crumbling between the fingers. This Shake the pat horizontally in the palm of the hand, evaporation. Then, roll a thread of the soil by hand on a
strength is a measure of the character and quantity of striking vigorously against the other hand several times. A smooth surface or between the palms until it is about 3 mm
the colloidal fraction contained in the soil. The dry positive reaction consists of the appearance of water on in diameter. The thread is then folded and re-rolled
strength increases with increasing plasticity. High dry the surface of the pat which changes to a livery repeatedly. During this manipulation the moisture content is
strength is characteristic for clays of the CH group. consistency and becomes glossy. When the sample is gradually reduced, the specimen stiffens, finally loses its
A typical inorganic silt possesses only very low dry squeezed between the fingers, the water and gloss plasticity, and crumbles. When the thread crumbles, the
strength. disappear from the surface. The pat stiffens, and finally it pieces should be lumped together with a kneading action.
Silty fine sands and silts have about the same dry cracks or crumbles. The rapidity of appearance of water The plastic limit has been reached, when the soil crumbles
strength, but can be distinguished by feel when during shaking and its disappearance during squeezing at about 3 mm thickness. The tougher the thread near the
powdering the dried specimen. Fine sand feels gritty assist in identifying the character of the fines in the soil. plastic limit and the stiffer the lump when it finally
whereas a typical silt has the smooth feel of flour. Very fine clean sands give the quickest and most distinct crumbles, the more potent is the colloidal clay fraction in
reaction whereas a plastic clay has no reaction. Inorganic the soil.
silt, such as a typical rock flour, shows a relatively rapid Weakness of the thread at the plastic limit and rapid loss of
24
reaction. coherence of the lump below the plastic limit indicate either
inorganic clay of low plasticity, or materials such as kaolin-
type clays and organic clays which plot below the A-line.
Highly organic clays have a very weak and spongy feel at
the plastic limit.
Criteria for describing dry strength Criteria for describing dilatancy Criteria for describing toughness
None The dry specimen crumbles into powder None No visible change in the specimen. Low Only slight pressure is required to roll the thread
with mere pressure of handling. near the plastic limit. The thread and the lump
are weak and soft.
Low The dry specimen crumbles into powder Slow Water appears slowly on the surface of the
with some finger pressure. specimen during shaking and does not
disappear or disappears slowly upon squeezing.
Medium The dry specimen breaks into pieces or Medium Medium pressure is required to roll the thread to
crumbles with considerable finger pressure. near the plastic limit. The thread and the lump
have medium stiffness.
www.standards.org.au
High The dry specimen cannot be broken with Rapid Water appears quickly on the surface of the High Considerable pressure is required to roll the
finger pressure. Specimen will break into specimen during shaking and disappears thread to near the plastic limit. The thread and
pieces between thumb and a hard surface. quickly upon squeezing. the lump have very high stiffness.
Very High The dry specimen cannot be broken
between the thumb and a hard surface.
25 AS 1726:2017
TABLE 8
IDENTIFICATION OF FINE GRAINED SOILS BY VISUALTACTILE METHODS
Identification of inorganic fine-grained soils
Soil description
Dry strength Dilatancy Toughness and plasticity
SILT None to low Slow to rapid Low or thread cannot be
formed
Clayey SILTClay/silt mixtures of low Low to medium None to slow Low to medium
plasticity
Silty CLAYSilt/clay mixtures of medium Medium to high None to slow Medium
plasticity
High plasticity CLAY High to very None High
high
6.1.4.11 Particle characteristics (coarse grained soil)

Particle size shall be reported in millimetres or by use of the subdivisions in Table 1.
The spread of sizes represented should be described using one of the following terms (refer
to Table 9):
(a) Well gradedhaving good representation of all particle sizes from the largest to the
smallest.
(b) Poorly gradedwith one or more intermediate sizes poorly represented.

(c) Gap gradedwith one or more intermediate sizes absent.
(d) Uniformessentially of one size.
The assignment of one of the above terms may be made solely on the basis of visualtactile
examination, or on the basis of laboratory measurements. Where laboratory data are
available, a well graded soil is one for which the coefficient of uniformity Cu > 4 and the
coefficient of curvature 1 < Cc < 3. Otherwise, the soil is poorly graded. These coefficients
D
2
D
are given by Cu 60 and Cc 30 where D10 , D30 and D60 are those grain sizes for
D10 D10 D60
which 10%, 30% and 60% of the soil grains are smaller.
Where significant, particle shape should be reported as follows:
(i) Equi-dimensional particles: rounded, sub-rounded, sub-angular, or angular, as
shown in Figure 4.
(ii) Essentially two-dimensional particles with the third dimension small by comparison:
flaky or platy.
(iii) Essentially one-dimensional particles with the other two dimensions small by
comparison: elongated.
Where significant, particle composition should be described using the rock or mineral name
(e.g. quartz sand or carbonate sand).

AS 1726:2017 26
Rounded A n g u l ar
Sub-rounded Su b - a n g u l ar
FIGURE 4 PARTICLE SHAPES

6.1.5 Colour
The colour of a soil shall be described in the moist condition, using simple terms such as
black, white, grey, red, brown, orange, yellow, purple, green, blue, etc.
These may be modified as necessary, e.g. by pale, dark, or mottled. Borderline colours
may be described as a combination of these colours, e.g. red-brown. Where a soil colour
consists of a primary colour with a secondary mottling it shall be described as follows:
(Primary colour) mottled (secondary colour), e.g. grey mottled red-brown clay.
Where a soil consists of two colours present in roughly equal proportions the colour shall
be described as mottled (first colour) and (second colour), e.g. mottled brown and
red-brown. A mixture of distinct colours may be described as, for example, mottled
red/grey.
6.1.6 Soil classification
Soil classification can occur after the soil composition has been described.
Soils shall be classified into one of a number of soil groups designated by a two character
group symbol. Classification is based on the grading of the coarse particles, and the
behaviour and plasticity of the fraction of the material passing the 0.425 mm sieve. This
may be assessed by visualtactile methods or from laboratory tests.
Where the classification derived from laboratory tests conflicts with that derived from
visualtactile methods the conflict shall be reported and some or all of the visualtactile
classifications may be modified and, where modified, this shall be documented.
The group symbol classifications are given in Tables 9 and 10.
Soils are classified to reflect their primary component and significant secondary
components. The first classification symbol shall be G, S, M, or C, where the primary
components are gravel, sand, silt or clay, respectively.
For soils classified as coarse grained soils (S or G), the second symbol reflects either the
grading of the coarse fraction, or the presence of clay or silt fines. For soils classified as
fine soils (C, M or O), the second symbol reflects the plasticity of the sub 0.425 mm portion
of the soil. In cases where laboratory measurements of the Atterberg limits are available,
Figure 5 should be used to assist in classifying the fine grained soil.

27 AS 1726:2017
TABLE 9
CLASSIFICATION OF COARSE GRAINED SOILS
Group Field classification
Major divisions Typical names Laboratory classification
symbol of sand and gravel
Coarse GRAVEL GW Gravel and Wide range in grain 5% fines Cu > 4
grained soil (more than gravel-sand size and substantial 1 < Cc < 3
(more than half of coarse mixtures, little amounts of all
65% of soil fraction is or no fines intermediate sizes,
excluding larger than not enough fines to
oversize 2.36 mm) bind coarse grains, no
fraction is dry strength
greater than
GP Gravel and Predominantly one 5% fines Fails to
0.075 mm)
gravel-sand size or range of sizes comply with
mixtures, little with some above
or no fines, intermediate sizes
uniform gravels missing, not enough
fines to bind coarse
grains, no dry
strength
GM Gravel-silt Dirty materials with 12% fines, Fines behave
mixtures and excess of non-plastic fines are as silt
gravel-sand-silt fines, zero to medium silty
mixtures dry strength
GC Gravel-clay Dirty materials with 12% fines, Fines behave
mixtures and excess of plastic fines are as clay

gravel-sand-clay fines, medium to high clayey
mixtures dry strength
SAND (more SW Sand and Wide range in grain 5% fines Cu > 6
than half of gravel-sand size and substantial 1 < Cc < 3
coarse fraction mixtures, little amounts of all
is smaller than or no fines intermediate sizes,
2.36 mm) not enough fines to
bind coarse grains, no
dry strength
SP Sand and Predominantly one 5% fines Fails to
gravel-sand size or range of sizes comply with
mixtures, little with some above
or no fines intermediate sizes
missing, not enough
fines to bind coarse
grains, no dry
strength
SM Sand-silt Dirty materials with 12% fines,
mixtures excess of non-plastic fines are
fines, zero to medium silty
dry strength
NA
SC Sand-clay Dirty materials with 12% fines,
mixtures excess of plastic fines are
fines, medium to high clayey
dry strength
NOTE: Where the grading is determined from laboratory tests, it is defined by coefficients of curvature C c and
uniformity C u derived from the particle size distribution curve, as specified in Clause 6.1.4.11.
For fines contents between 5% and 12%, the soil shall be given a dual classification
comprising the two group symbols separated by a dash, e.g. for a gravel with between 5%
and 12% silt fines, the classification is GP-GM.
Soils that are dominated by boulders, cobbles or peat (Pt) are described separately and are
not classified.
AS 1726:2017 28
TABLE 10
CLASSIFICATION OF FINE GRAINED SOILS
Laboratory
Field classification of silt and clay
Group classification
Major divisions Typical names
symbol Dry
Dilatancy Toughness % < 0.075 mm
strength
Fine SILT and ML Inorganic silt None to Slow to Low Below A line
grained CLAY (low and very fine low rapid
soils (more to medium sand, rock
than 35% plasticity, flour, silty or
of soil %) clayey fine
excluding sand or silt
oversize with low
fraction is plasticity
less than
CL, CI Inorganic clay Medium None to Medium Above A line
0.075 mm)
of low to to high slow
medium
plasticity,
gravelly clay,
sandy clay
OL Low to Slow Low Below A line
Organic silt
medium
SILT and MH Low to None to Low to Below A line
Inorganic silt
CLAY medium slow medium

(high
CH Inorganic clay High to None High Above A line
plasticity)
of high very high
plasticity
OH Organic clay of Medium None to very Low to Below A line
medium to high to high slow medium
plasticity,
organic silt
Highly Pt Peat, highly
organic soil organic soil

29 AS 1726:2017
60
e )
lin - 8
U
e (W
L
50 th 9
0.
=
IP
e 0)
lin
PL ASTICIT Y IN DE X I P, %
A -2
40 t he (W L
CH or O H 73
0.
=
IP
30
CI or OI
20
M H or O H
CL or O L
10
CL - M L
M L or O L
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 0
LIQ UID LIMIT W L , %
NOTE: The U line is an approximate upper bound for most natural soils. Data which plot above the U line may
represent unusual/problem soil behaviour, or unreliable data and should be considered carefully.
FIGURE 5 MODIFIED CASAGRANDE CHART FOR CLASSIFYING SILTS

AND CLAYS ACCORDING TO THEIR BEHAVIOUR
6.1.7 Condition of soil

The condition of a soil shall be described. The following terms are used to describe the soil
condition:
(a) Moisture condition Where the moisture condition of a coarse grained soil is
estimated in the field it should be described by the appearance and feel of the soil
using one of the following terms:
(i) Dry (D) Non-cohesive and free-running.
(ii) Moist (M) Soil feels cool, darkened in colour.
Soil tends to stick together.
(iii) Wet (W) Soil feels cool, darkened in colour.
Soil tends to stick together, free water forms when handling.
The moisture condition of fine grained soils shall be described based on a judgement
of the soils moisture condition relative to the plastic limit (or liquid limit for soils
with high moisture contents), as follows:
(A) Moist, dry of plastic limit (hard and friable or powdery) (or w < PL).
(B) Moist, near plastic limit (soils can be moulded at a moisture content
approximately equal to the plastic limit) (or w PL).
(C) Moist, wet of plastic limit (soils usually weakened and free water forms on
hands when handling) (or w > PL).
(D) Wet, near liquid limit (or w LL).
(E) Wet, wet of liquid limit; (or w > LL).

AS 1726:2017 30
(b) Consistency The consistency of cohesive soils describes the ease with which the soil
can be remoulded. Consistency shall be described using the terms in Table 11.
Cohesive soils include fine-grained soils, and coarse grained soils with sufficient
fine-grained components to induce cohesive behaviour.
In the field, the consistency of the soil may be assessed either by tactile means, or by
measuring the undrained shear strength by mechanical testing (refer to Table 11).
Mechanical determination methods should be carried out in accordance with AS 1289
series. Methods not covered by AS 1289 may also be used provided the method is
suitably calibrated.
Values of undrained shear strength assessed by field tests for classification purposes
may not necessarily be appropriate for use in design.
TABLE 11
CONSISTENCY TERMS FOR COHESIVE SOILS
Indicative undrained
Consistency Field guide to consistency shear strength
kPa
Very Soft (VS) Exudes between the fingers when squeezed in hand 12
Soft (S) Can be moulded by light finger pressure >12 and 25
Firm (F) Can be moulded by strong finger pressure >25 and 50
Stiff (St) Cannot be moulded by fingers >50 and 100

Very Stiff (VSt) Can be indented by thumb nail >100 and 200
Hard (H) Can be indented with difficulty by thumb nail >200
Friable (Fr) Can be easily crumbled or broken into small pieces
by hand
NOTE: Consistency is affected by the moisture content of the soil at the time of measurement.
(c) Relative density of non-cohesive, coarse grained soils The density of

non-cohesive soils is described in terms of density index, as defined in
AS 1289.5.6.1.
The relative density of coarse grained soils is inherently difficult to assess by visual
or tactile means and these techniques should not be used. Relative density assessment
should be carried out using a combination of penetration test procedures (standard
penetration test, dynamic penetrometer or static cone penetration test, as specified in
AS 1289, Methods 6.3.1, 6.3.2, 6.3.3 or 6.5.1) in conjunction with well-established
correlations. Alternatively, in situ density tests may be conducted in association with
minimum and maximum density tests performed in the laboratory. Table 12 lists
descriptive terms applicable to these soils.

31 AS 1726:2017
TABLE 12
RELATIVE DENSITY
OF NON-COHESIVE SOILS
Term Density index %
Very Loose (VL) 15
Loose (L) >15 and 35
Medium Dense (MD) >35 and 65
Dense (D) >65 and 85
Very Dense (VD) >85
NOTE: The moisture content may influence the
inferred relative density.
(d) Cementation Soils or defects within soils may be cemented together by various
substances. The following terms should be used to describe cemented soils:
(i) Weakly cementedthe soil may be easily disaggregated by hand in air or
water.
(ii) Moderately cementedeffort is required to disaggregate the soil by hand in
air or water.
Where consistent cementation throughout a soil mass is identified as a duricrust, it
shall be described in accordance with Clause 6.2 and Table 18.
The nature of the cementing agent shall be identified if possible from its appearance,
strength, and reaction to acid.
6.1.8 Mass properties of soil
If present, the structure of the soil shall be described. The following terms should be used.
If alternative descriptions are used, the terms shall be defined:
(a) Zoning Soil in situ or in samples may consist of separate zones differing in colour,
grain size or other properties. The patterns of these zones shall be described using the
following terms:
(i) Layer, i.e. the zone is continuous across the exposure or sample.
(ii) Lens, i.e. a discontinuous layer of different material, with lenticular shape.
(iii) Pocket, i.e. an irregular inclusion of different material.
The thickness, orientation and any distinguishing features of the zones shall be
described. The boundaries between zones shall be described as gradational or distinct.
Interbedded or interlaminated, shall be used if layers of alternating soil types are
too thin to describe individually.
NOTE: The maximum/mean/minimum thickness of the beds/laminations should be given.
(b) Defects Defects in soil shall be described using the terms defined in Table 13.
NOTE: The approximate dimensions, orientation and spacing of defects should be given.
(c) Mixed soils Intermixed may be used to describe two or more soil types arranged in
an irregular manner.

AS 1726:2017 32
TABLE 13
SOIL DEFECT TYPES
Term Definition Diagram
Parting A surface or crack across which the soil has little or no
tensile strength. Parallel or sub parallel to layering
(e.g. bedding). May be open or closed.
Fissure A surface or crack across which the soil has little or no

tensile strength but which is not parallel or sub parallel to
layering. May be open or closed. May include desiccation
cracks.
Sheared seam Zone in clayey soil with roughly parallel near planar, curved
or undulating boundaries containing closely spaced, smooth
or slickensided, curved intersecting fissures which divide the
mass into lenticular or wedge shaped blocks.
Sheared surface A near planar, curved or undulating smooth, polished or

slickensided surface in clayey soil. The polished or
slickensided surface indicates that movement (in many cases
very little) has occurred along the defect.
Softened zone A zone in clayey soil, usually adjacent to a defect in which
the soil has higher moisture content than elsewhere.
S of te n e d
zo n e
Tube Tubular cavity. May occur singly or as one of a large

number of separate or interconnected tubes. Walls often
coated with clay or strengthened by denser packing of
grains. May contain organic matter. Origins include root
holes, animal burrows, tunnel erosion.
Tube cast An infilled tube. The infill may be uncemented or weakly
cemented soil or have rock properties.
Infilled seam Sheet or wall like body of soil substance or mass with
roughly planar to irregular near parallel boundaries which
cuts through a soil mass. Formed by infilling of open
defects.
NOTE: Where practical, the surface of the defects shall be described in terms of shape (planar, stepped,
curved, irregular), surface roughness (rough, smooth, polished, slickensided), and coating.
6.1.9 Soil origin

The geological origin of the soil shall be interpreted and recorded. Where there is doubt, the
terms possibly or probably shall be used.
Soil origin cannot generally be deduced on the basis of material appearance and properties
alone; it requires further geological evidence and broader field observation. The geological
origin of a soil may be interpreted from an assessment of the geological and
geomorphological setting in which it occurs. Soil deposits can be formed in situ from the
weathering of parent materials, or formed from the accumulation of soil materials formed
elsewhere and transported to their present location. Transported soils may include both
natural and anthropogenic materials.

33 AS 1726:2017
Useful descriptors of soil origin may include, but are not limited to, the following:
(a) Residual soil Formed directly from in situ weathering of geological formations.
These soils no longer retain any visible structure or fabric of the parent soil or rock
material.
(b) Extremely weathered material Formed directly from in situ weathering of geological
formations. Although this material is of soil strength it retains the structure and/or
fabric of the parent rock material.
(c) Alluvial soil Deposited by streams and rivers.
(d) Estuarine soil Deposited in coastal estuaries, and including sediments carried by
inflowing rivers and streams, and tidal currents.
(e) Marine soil Deposited in a marine environment.
(f) Lacustrine soil Deposited in freshwater lakes.
(g) Aeolian soil Carried and deposited by wind.
(h) Colluvial soil Soil and rock debris transported down slopes by gravity, with or
without the assistance of flowing water and generally deposited in gullies or at the
base of slopes. Colluvium is often used to refer to thicker deposits such as those
formed from landslides, whereas the term slopewash may be used for thinner and
more widespread deposits that accumulate gradually over longer geological
timeframes.
(i) Topsoil Mantle of surface and/or near-surface soil often but not always defined by
high levels of organic material, both dead and living. Remnant topsoils are topsoils
that have subsequently been buried by other transported soils. Roots of trees may
extend significantly into otherwise unaltered soil and the presence of roots is not a
sufficient reason for describing a material as topsoil. TOPSOIL should be
emphasized by the use of BLOCK LETTERS.
(j) Fill Any material which has been placed by anthropogenic processes described in
detail in Clause 6.1.1. FILL should be emphasized on logs by the use of BLOCK
LETTERS.
Soils should be assigned to a stratigraphic unit. Where there is doubt, the terms possibly
or probably shall be used.
6.1.10 Additional observations
Where significant these shall be recorded. Examples include changes in colour over time,
odour, hydrocarbon or other contamination, the presence of burrowing animals and
delineation of soil horizons. Where there is some doubt as to the representativeness or
quality of a sample, this shall be stated. If this affects the overall description, this shall
again be reflected in the overall description. If the material is assessed to be not
representative, terms such as poor recovery, non-intact, recovered as or probably
shall be applied.
6.1.11 Description of fills
6.1.11.1 General
Where fill is present, the thickness and composition shall be recorded. The fact that soils
have been deposited on a site by other than natural mechanisms may have significant
geotechnical and environmental implications. The material shall be identified clearly in the
field log as fill, and then described in sufficient detail to record the nature and extent of the
particular materials that are present.
When describing fill, the word FILL shall precede the soil name.

AS 1726:2017 34
Significant fill materials that may be encountered and should be noted during an
investigation are given in Table 14, although this list is not exhaustive.
Typical characteristics of fill include
(a) unusually variable range of colours;
(b) very distinct changes in soil profile;
(c) presence of foreign objects such as glass, plastic, slag;
(d) buried organic matter in some instances; and
(e) cloddiness of clay soil indicating previous disturbance by excavation.
Fill placed in accordance with AS 3798 or other controlled method, as demonstrated by
construction documentation, may be considered as controlled fill. The presence of
controlled fill should be included under additional observations (refer to Clause 6.1.10).
Fill for which no construction documentation is available shall be considered uncontrolled
fill.
Wherever possible, descriptions of uncontrolled fill shall follow the system used for other
soils as described in Clause 6.1.
6.1.11.2 Detailed descriptions
A list of the main components of uncontrolled fill shall be made in order of decreasing
importance. For solid objects, the composition and size shall be given either in millimetres
(or metres for larger objects) or using standard soil particle sizes, e.g. 15% cobble to
boulder sized blocks of reinforced concrete.
For hollow objects, state whether they are empty (and potentially compressible), infilled or
crushed. Any putrescible materials shall also be explicitly noted. Additional comment,
regarding the structure of the material shall be given. Examples include the following:
(a) The presence of voids.
(b) If waste is contained in drums or bags.
(c) If there are discrete layers of materials.
(d) Any items which could indicate the age of the uncontrolled fill should be identified,
such as dates on newspapers, distinctive bottles, or best before dates on food and
drink packaging.
The terms in Table 14 may be useful in describing organic and artificial materials.

35 AS 1726:2017
TABLE 14
DESCRIPTIVE TERMS FOR FILL MATERIALS
Generalized terms Typical descriptions
Organic matter Fibrous peat
Charcoal
Wood fragments
Roots (greater than 2 mm diameter)
Root fibres (less than 2 mm diameter)
Night soil
Putrescible waste
Artificial materials Oil, bitumen
Masonry
Concrete rubble
Fibrous plaster, plasterboard
Timber pieces, wood shavings, sawdust
Iron filings, drums, steel bars, steel scrap
Bottles, broken glass
Leather
Slag
Chitter, ash, tailings
Asbestos, fibre cement
Rubber tyres
6.1.12 Problematic soils

Some of the more common characteristics of problematic soil include
(a) volumetric change;
(b) loss of strength; and
(c) corrosive potential.
NOTE: Further information about the behaviour of selected problematic soil types is provided in
Appendix D.
6.1.13 Examples of soil description and classification
To illustrate the application of the provisions of Clause 6.1, the following examples are
provided:
(a) For a red-brown, basaltic soil with desiccation cracks, which is assessed as
comprising 20% fine to medium, sub-rounded gravel in a very stiff, moist, medium
plasticity clayey matrix, an appropriate description would be:
CI CLAY with gravel, red-brown, medium plasticity, very stiff; gravel 20%, fine to
medium, sub-rounded; moist, with desiccation cracks; residual.
(b) For a dirty, grey, medium grained sand encountered on a tidal flat in the Fullerton
Cove area, assessed to have <5% silt fines, wet, and found to be medium dense as
assessed by dynamic penetrometer, an appropriate description would be:
SP SAND, trace silt, grey, medium grained; medium dense; dry; marine; Tomago
Sand Beds.

AS 1726:2017 36
6.2 Rock identification, description and classification

6.2.1 Basic concepts
Rock description and classification shall distinguish between:
(a) Rock material The intact rock that is bounded by defects.
(b) Defect A discontinuity, fracture, break or void in the material or materials across
which there is little or no tensile strength.
(c) Structure The nature and configuration of the different defects within the rock mass
and their relationship to each other.
(d) Rock mass The entirety of the system formed by all of the rock material and all of
the defects that are present.
Rock mass behaviour is generally controlled by the nature and configuration of defects and
describing the type, character and distribution of defects is an essential part of the
description of many rock masses. Rock mass behaviour may also be related to the nature
and scale of the project elements.
6.2.2 Overview
The following characteristics shall be described:
NOTE: Characteristics should be reported in the order given below.
(a) Description of rock material:
(i) Rock NAME (BLOCK letters).

(ii) Grain size and type.
(iii) Colour.
(iv) Fabric and texture.
(v) Inclusions or minor components.
(vi) Moisture content.
(vii) Durability.
(b) Classification of the rock material condition:
(i) Strength.
(ii) Weathering and/or alteration.
(c) Description of defects.
(d) Interpreted stratigraphic unit.
(e) Geological structure.
The following characteristic may also be described:
(i) Parameters related to core drilling.
(ii) Classification of the rock mass:
(A) Rock mass weathering.
(B) Duricrust development.
(C) Rock mass characterization.

37 AS 1726:2017
6.2.3 Description of rock material

6.2.3.1 Rock name
Simple rock names should be used to provide a reasonable engineering description rather
than a precise geological classification. The rock name should be chosen by considering the
nature and shape of the grains or crystals, the texture and fabric of the rock material, the
geological structure and setting, information from the geological map of the area and the
following guidelines:
(a) Sedimentary rocks are deposited in beds, have grains that are cemented together and
which are often rounded and there may be interbedded combinations of different
sediment types, different beds and bedding partings and sedimentary structures such
as cross bedding. They often have significant porosity. A guide to the naming of
sedimentary rocks for engineering purposes is provided in Table 15.
(b) Igneous rocks are formed from molten rock and have a crystalline texture,
i.e. interlocking crystals. Most igneous rocks are massive, however a few exhibit flow
banding. They typically have low porosity, unless they contain bubbles. A guide to
the naming of igneous rocks for engineering purposes is provided in Table 16.
(c) Metamorphic rocks are formed when rocks are subject to heat and/or pressure and
commonly have a directional fabric (a foliation which may be specifically a cleavage
and/or a schistosity) although some are massive. They typically have low porosity and
may have a crystalline texture. A guide to the naming of metamorphic rocks for
engineering purposes is provided in Table 17.
(d) Duricrust rocks are formed as part of a weathering profile and show evidence of
having been cemented in situ. The cementation is often irregular and exhibits
replacement textures. A guide to the naming of duricrust rocks for engineering
purposes is provided in Table 18.
If a rock type cannot be identified, the material should be given a distinctive interim name
until an observation by a more experienced observer or a petrographic assessment is
available. Engineering properties should not be inferred directly from the rock names in
Tables 15 to 18 but the use of a particular name does indicate a likely range of
characteristics. The rock names given in this Standard are sufficient to describe most of the
rocks that are likely to be encountered. However, they are provided as a guide only, and
other names may be used where available information or local knowledge can be used to
justify a more appropriate name.
If alternative rock names to those provided in Tables 15 to 18 are used, then the geological
characteristics of the rocks shall be briefly summarized in the report.

AS 1726:2017 38
TABLE 15
GUIDE TO THE NAMING OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
At least 90% of rock is

carbonate (Note 3)
Grain size Ejected from a
Deposited rock type Porous, core
mm Low porosity, volcano
can be broken
indurated
by hand
>2 CONGLOMERATE (larger rounded CALCIRUDITE AGGLOMERATE
grains in a finer matrix) (rounded grains in
BRECCIA (angular or irregular rock a finer matrix or
fragments in a finer matrix) VOLCANIC
BRECCIA
(angular
LIMESTONE or fragments in a
DOLOMITE (Note 4) finer matrix)
0.062 SANDSTONE (Notes 1,2) CALCARENITE TUFF
0.0020.06 MUDSTONE (Note 5) SILTSTONE (Note 5) CALCISILTITE
silt and clay mostly silt Fine grained
<0.002 CLAYSTONE (Note 6) CALCILUTITE TUFF
mostly clay
NOTES:
1 Other commonly used terms for SANDSTONE are GREYWACKE (consisting mainly of rock fragments),
ARKOSE (consisting mainly of feldspar) and QUARTZOSE SANDSTONE (quartz grains and siliceous
cement). In some cases the proportions of the different grains in the sandstone may be estimated.
2 Sandstones may be described as fine, medium or coarse when their grains are identified as comprising fine,
medium or coarse sand, respectively.
3 Where carbonate content is 5090% the names provided should be used preceded by the word IMPURE.
4 LIMESTONE (predominantly calcium carbonate CaCO 3 ) should be distinguished from DOLOMITE
(predominantly calcium magnesium carbonate CaMgCO3 ) where possible.
5 SHALE is a fissile mudstone with preferential weakness parallel to bedding.
6 Rocks displaying alternating fine inter-laminations of different grainsize (e.g. SILTSTONE/CLAYSTONE
or SILTSTONE/FINE SANDSTONE) may be referred to as LAMINITE.
7 BRECCIA is any sedimentary rock composed of angular fragments in a finer matrix.
8 COAL is a mostly organic rock that consists of indurated accumulations of plant debris.
9 The term carbonaceous may be added to the names in the table where a rock is assessed to contain a
significant carbon content.
10 EVAPORITES are rocks that consist mainly of salts such as halite, anhydrite or gypsum.
11 FLINT and CHERT are amorphous or cryptocrystalline quartz, from any origin.
12 Cements may be, for example, siliceous, calcareous, limonitic, carbonaceous, argillaceous (clay), or zeolite
and where identified this should be noted.
13 The depositional origin of the sediment may be indicated by prefixes such as aeolian, glacial, or marine.

39 AS 1726:2017
TABLE 16
GUIDE TO THE NAMING OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
Massive crystalline
Grain size
mm Much quartz, pale Little quartz, dark
(felsic) (mafic)
Coarse (>2) GRANITE DIORITE GABBRO
Medium (0.062) MICROGRANITE MICRODIORITE DOLERITE
Fine (<0.06) RHYOLITE ANDESITE BASALT
NOTES:
1 PEGMATITE is an igneous rock consisting of large crystals often forming a dyke or vein.
2 OBSIDIAN and VOLCANIC GLASS are rocks that have cooled too quickly for crystals to
develop and consequently have an amorphous (glassy) texture.
3 APLITE may occur as light coloured veins of quartz and feldspar in other igneous rocks.
4 PORPHYRY is an igneous rock consisting of large crystals in a much finer matrix.
TABLE 17
GUIDE TO THE NAMING OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Grain size
Foliated Non-foliated
mm
Coarse (>2) GNEISSwell developed but often widely spaced MARBLEcrystalline calcium
foliation sometimes with schistose bands carbonate
Medium (0.062) SCHISTwell developed foliation with much mica, QUARTZITEfused quartz grains
some micas larger than 2 mm SERPENTINITEusually a grey
and green rock formed by the
Fine (<0.06) PHYLLITEslightly undulose foliation sometimes
alteration of mafic igneous rocks
spotted.
HORNFELSusually a fine
SLATEwell developed planar cleavage
grained rock formed by thermal
metamorphism
NOTE: Foliated metamorphic rocks normally form by regional metamorphism and non-foliated metamorphic
rocks form by contact or thermal metamorphism.
TABLE 18
GUIDE TO THE NAMING OF DURICRUST ROCKS
Dominant cementing mineralogy
Iron oxides and
Silica Calcium carbonate Gypsum
hydroxides
FERRICRETE SILCRETE CALCRETE GYPCRETE
NOTES:
1 Refer to rock mass grades in Table 25, Clause 6.2.10.2 for a
classification of duricrusts.
2 Field differentiation of LIMESTONE and CALCRETE should be
based on observation of textures, fabric and defects with
LIMESTONE being dominated by sedimentary features and
CALCRETE being dominated by replacement features.

AS 1726:2017 40
6.2.3.2 Grain size and type

In sedimentary rocks with predominantly sand sized grains, the following terms should be
used to describe the dominant or average grain size:
(a) Coarse grainedmainly 0.6 mm to 2 mm.
(b) Medium grainedmainly 0.2 mm to 0.6 mm.
(c) Fine grainedmainly 0.06 mm (just visible) to 0.2 mm.
In igneous and metamorphic rock types, where significant, the following terms should be
used to describe the dominant or average grain size and/or the grain size may be recorded in
millimetres:
(i) Coarse grainedmainly greater than 2 mm.
(ii) Medium grainedmainly 0.06 mm to 2 mm.
(iii) Fine grainedmainly less than 0.06 mm (just visible).
If readily identifiable, the minerals should be described.
6.2.3.3 Colour
The colour of a rock shall be described in the moist condition, using simple terms such as
black, white, grey, red, brown, orange, yellow, purple, green, blue, etc.
These may be modified as necessary, e.g. by pale, dark or mottled. Borderline colours
may be described as a combination of these colours.
6.2.3.4 Texture and fabric

The texture of a rock describes the arrangement of, or the relationship between, the grains
and/or crystals that make up the rock. Terms such as porphyritic (larger crystals
phenocrystsset in a finer groundmass), crystalline (consisting of interlocking crystals
having a distinctive colour and habit), amorphous (having no definite crystalline structure),
glassy (looking like manufactured glass) should be used to describe the texture where it is
significant.
A rock possesses a fabric where the arrangement of grains shows an alignment, a preferred
orientation or a layering that is visible at the scale of outcrop or core. Where a fabric is
visible it shall be described. The following are common terms for describing the type of
fabric in the rock material, but other terms may be used:
(a) Sedimentary rocks:
(i) Bedding Layering produced by changes in sedimentation, which may be
defined by grain size, colour, or other features.
(ii) Lamination Similar to bedding but developed in layer thicknesses of less than
20 mm.
(b) Metamorphic rocks:
(i) Foliation The parallel arrangement of minerals due to metamorphic processes.
(ii) Cleavage A type of foliation developed in fine grained metamorphic rocks
such as slates.
(c) Igneous rocksFlow banding A layering produced during flow of a partially
solidified igneous rock that causes crystals to become oriented. Sometimes called a
trachytic fabric.

41 AS 1726:2017
The most important observation to make is the effect that the fabric has on rock strength.
That is, does the fabric have no significant effect on the strength, which is therefore
isotropic, or does the fabric cause the strength to be anisotropic, which means that the rock
will have different strengths in different directions. The visual appearance of the rock is not
necessarily a good indicator of the influence of any fabric on strength and the rock should
be broken to establish the influence of the fabric. The degree of development of the fabric
shall be described using the following terms:
(i) Indistinct fabric There is little effect on strength properties.
(ii) Distinct fabric The rock may break more easily parallel to the fabric.
NOTE: Where fabric is any appropriate geological term for the relevant rock type such as
those described above.
The orientation and thickness of the layers defining the fabric shall be described directly,
e.g. distinct bedding dipping at 30, 30 mm to 100 mm thick.
6.2.3.5 Features, inclusions and minor components
Features, inclusions and minor components within the rock material shall be described
where those features could be significant, i.e. the features could influence engineering
behaviour. Examples of features which could be significant under certain circumstances
include
(a) gas bubbles (vesicles if empty; amygdules or amygdales if mineralized) in igneous
rocks;
(b) veins of quartz, calcite or other minerals;

(c) pyrite crystals and nodules or bands of ironstone or carbonate;
(d) cross-stratification in sandstone; and
(e) clast or matrix support in conglomerates and breccia.
The general proportions and dimensions of features and inclusions should be described
directly, e.g. about 30% vesicles from 2 mm to 5 mm in size.
6.2.3.6 Moisture content
Where significant, this shall be described by the feel and appearance of the rock using one
of the following terms:
(a) Dry Looks and feels dry.
(b) Moist Feels cool, darkened in colour, but no water is visible on the surface.
(c) Wet Feels cool, darkened in colour, water film or droplets visible on the surface.
The moisture content of rock cored with water may not be representative of its in situ
condition, i.e. the moisture content may be higher due to the drilling water coming in
contact with the core.
6.2.3.7 Durability
If the rock material shows any tendency to develop cracks, break into smaller pieces or
disintegrate in air or in contact with water, or if there is any other evidence that the rock
material may not have adequate durability, this shall be noted and described.
6.2.4 Classification of rock material condition
6.2.4.1 Rock material strength
The strength of the rock material shall be classified using Table 19. It should be based on
the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). The UCS for classification purposes should be
based on specimens tested at close to their in situ moisture content. Where strength is
measured at another moisture condition, this shall be clearly stated.

AS 1726:2017 42
Where it is not practical to conduct UCS tests, or adequate UCS test data are not available,
classification of strength may be made on the basis of the point load strength index (Is(50))
measured on specimens close to their in situ moisture condition.
Table 19 implies a correlation between Is(50) and UCS that should be used for classification,
unless a correlation is or has been developed for specific rock types at the location of the
investigation. Established and documented correlations between UCS and Is(50) may also be
used for classification purposes.
If point load strength tests are used to assess the strength of rock with a distinct fabric, the
strength perpendicular to the planar anisotropy shall be used for classification purposes and
the strength anisotropy index (Ia(50)) shall be reported where possible.
For preliminary field classification, or where testing is not practical, the field assessment of
strength in Table 19 provides guidance on methods and interpretation of results, which may
be adopted for strength classification.
Any correlation implied in Table 19 shall not be relied upon for design purposes without
supporting evidence.

43 AS 1726:2017
TABLE 19
ROCK MATERIAL STRENGTH CLASSIFICATION
Uniaxial Guide to strength

compressive
strength Point load strength
Term Abbreviation index I s(50)
(see Note 1 Field assessment
and Note 2) (see Note 3)
MPa MPa
Very Low VL 0.6 to 2 0.03 to 0.1 Material crumbles under firm blows
Strength with sharp end of pick; can be peeled
with knife; too hard to cut a triaxial
sample by hand. Pieces up to 30 mm
thick can be broken by finger pressure.
Low Strength L 2 to 6 0.1 to 0.3 Easily scored with a knife; indentations
1 mm to 3 mm show in the specimen
with firm blows of the pick point; has
dull sound under hammer. A piece of
core 150 mm long by 50 mm diameter
may be broken by hand. Sharp edges of
core may be friable and break during
handling.
Medium Strength M 6 to 20 0.3 to 1 Readily scored with a knife; a piece of
core 150 mm long by 50 mm diameter
can be broken by hand with difficulty.
High Strength H 20 to 60 1 to 3 A piece of core 150 mm long by

50 mm diameter cannot be broken by
hand but can be broken by a pick with
a single firm blow; rock rings under
hammer.
Very High VH 60 to 200 3 to 10 Hand specimen breaks with pick after
Strength more than one blow; rock rings under
hammer.
Extremely High EH more than more than 10 Specimen requires many blows with
Strength 200 geological pick to break through intact
material; rock rings under hammer.
NOTES:
1 Material with strength less than Very Low shall be described using soil characteristics. The presence of
an original rock structure, fabric or texture should be noted, if relevant.
2 The method for measuring the uniaxial compressive strength shall be in accordance with AS 4133.4.2.1.
3 The method for measuring the point load strength index shall be in accordance with AS 4133.4.1.
6.2.4.2 Degree of weathering

The process of weathering involves physical and chemical changes to the rock in response
to the changes in pressure, temperature, moisture and chemical environments that result
from being exposed at the earths surface.
The degree of weathering of the rock material shall be classified. The terms in Table 20
should be used. If an alternative rock material weathering classification scheme is used, it
shall be documented. This approach is typically used when logging rock cores. Where it is
useful to describe the degree of weathering of the rock mass, rather than just the weathering
of the rock material, e.g. when logging outcrops or excavations, the classification system
provided in Table 24 may be used.

AS 1726:2017 44
TABLE 20
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIAL WEATHERING
Term Abbreviation Definition
Material is weathered to such an extent that it has
soil properties. Mass structure and material texture
Residual Soil (Note 1) RS
and fabric of original rock are no longer visible, but
the soil has not been significantly transported.
Material is weathered to such an extent that it has
Extremely Weathered (Note 1) XW soil properties. Mass structure and material texture
and fabric of original rock are still visible.
The whole of the rock material is discoloured,
usually by iron staining or bleaching to the extent
that the colour of the original rock is not
recognizable. Rock strength is significantly
Highly Weathered (Note 2) HW
changed by weathering. Some primary minerals
Distinctly have weathered to clay minerals. Porosity may be
Weathered DW increased by leaching, or may be decreased due to
(Note 2) deposition of weathering products in pores.
The whole of the rock material is discoloured,
usually by iron staining or bleaching to the extent
Moderately Weathered
MW that the colour of the original rock is not
(Note 2)
recognizable, but shows little or no change of
strength from fresh rock.
Rock is partially discoloured with staining or

Slightly Weathered SW bleaching along joints but shows little or no change
of strength from fresh rock.
Rock shows no sign of decomposition of individual
Fresh FR
minerals or colour changes.
NOTES:
1 The term Extremely Weathered rock is misleading as the material has soil properties. The word rock
should be replaced with the name of the original rock in lower case or the word material, e.g. Extremely
Weathered granite or Extremely Weathered material. Residual Soil and Extremely Weathered material
should be described using soil descriptive terms.
2 Where it is not practicable to distinguish between Highly Weathered and Moderately Weathered rock
the term Distinctly Weathered may be used. Distinctly Weathered is defined as follows: Rock
strength usually changed by weathering. The rock may be highly discoloured, usually by iron staining.
Porosity may be increased by leaching, or may be decreased due to deposition of weathering products in
pores. There is some change in rock strength.
6.2.4.3 Degree of alteration (alteration intensity)

Where physical and chemical changes of the rock material are caused by hot gases or
liquids at depth the process is called alteration. The distinction between weathered material
and altered material is important because they are likely to have different distribution
patterns. For example, unlike weathered material, altered material may occur at any depth
and show no relationship to topography.
When altered materials are recognized, the terms presented on Table 21 should be used. If
alternative rock material alteration classification schemes are used, they shall be
documented.

45 AS 1726:2017
TABLE 21
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIAL ALTERATION
Term Abbreviation Definition
Material is altered to such an extent that it has soil
Extremely Altered XA properties. Mass structure and material texture and
fabric of original rock are still visible.
The whole of the rock material is discoloured, usually
by staining or bleaching to the extent that the colour
of the original rock is not recognizable. Rock strength
Highly Altered
HA is changed by alteration. Some primary minerals are
(Note 2)
altered to clay minerals. Porosity may be increased by
Distinctly Altered leaching, or may be decreased due to precipitation of
DA
(Note 2) secondary minerals in pores.
The whole of the rock material is discoloured, usually
Moderately Altered by staining or bleaching to the extent that the colour
MA
(Note 2) of the original rock is not recognizable but shows
little or no change of strength from fresh rock.
Rock is slightly discoloured but shows little or no
Slightly altered SA
change of strength from fresh rock.
NOTES:
1 The term Extremely Altered rock is misleading as the material has soil properties. The word rock should
be replaced with the name of the original rock or the word material, e.g. Extremely Altered basalt or
Extremely Altered material. Extremely Altered material should be described using soil descriptive terms.
2 Where it is not practicable to distinguish between Highly Altered and Moderately Altered rock the term
Distinctly Altered may be used. Distinctly Altered is defined as follows: Rock strength usually changed
by alteration. The rock may be highly discoloured, usually by staining or bleaching. Porosity may be
increased by leaching, or may be decreased due to precipitation of secondary minerals in pores. There is
some change of rock strength.
6.2.5 Description of defects

6.2.5.1 Generalized versus detailed defect description
The degree of defect description required shall be evaluated to suit project requirements.
For some projects it will be unnecessary to describe each individual defect in a rock mass.
Where multiple similar defects are present which are too numerous to log individually,
generalized descriptions should be used. The part of the rock mass to which this applies
shall be delineated. Generalized examples are as follows:
(a) Most defects between depth x and y are bedding partings.
(b) Joint spacing is typically 100 mm to 300 mm and most joint traces less than 1 m.
(c) Joints irregular, surfaces rough and stained with limonite.
Attention shall be paid to recognizing and describing individually all defects judged to be
particularly significant. For example, the following defects might be judged as significant:
(i) In-filled seams on a dam abutment.
(ii) Open, limonite stained joints near a pressure tunnel.
(iii) Crushed seams in an apparently unstable slope.
Regardless of whether specific defect descriptions are provided, a general description
outlining the number of defect sets within the rock mass and their broad characteristics
shall be provided where it is possible to do so.

AS 1726:2017 46
6.2.5.2 Defect type

The type of defect should be described using the terms defined in Table 22. If alternative
defect description schemes are used they shall be documented. Most defect types can be
identified and described at all scales of observation, although depending on their thickness,
identification of seams and sheared zones may not be practical where there is limited
opportunity to observe the entire feature.
Recognizing the origin of defects is extremely important in developing an understanding of
the geology and predicting engineering properties and behaviour for a rock mass. If it is not
possible to interpret the origin of a seam (i.e. whether it is an extremely weathered seam or
an infilled seam), it shall be described as a soil seam with soil properties, e.g. 30 mm bed of
weakly cemented sand.
Healed defects are those of any type outlined in Table 22 that have been re-cemented by
minerals such as chlorite or calcite. Healed defects generally possess some tensile strength
across the defect surface, but the re-cemented strength is less than that of the rock material.
Healed defects should be described using the same terms including the term healed
preceding the defect type; e.g. healed joints.
Where incipient fractures are observed, they should be described using the relevant rock
texture and fabric terms (see Clause 6.2.3.4).

47 AS 1726:2017
TABLE 22
ROCK DEFECT TYPES
Type Sub-type Definition Diagram
Parting A surface or crack across which the rock has little or
no tensile strength. Parallel or sub-parallel to layering
(e.g. bedding) or a planar anisotropy in the rock
material (e.g. cleavage). May be open or closed.
Joint A surface or crack with no apparent shear
displacement and across which the rock has little or
no tensile strength, but which is not parallel or sub-
parallel to layering or to planar anisotropy in the rock
material. May be open or closed.
Sheared Surface (refer to Note) A near planar, curved or undulating surface which is
usually smooth, polished or slickensided and which
shows evidence of shear displacement.
Sheared Zone (refer to Note) Zone of rock material with roughly parallel near
planar, curved or undulating boundaries cut by closely
spaced joints, sheared surfaces or other defects. Some
of the defects are usually curved and intersect to
divide the mass into lenticular or wedge-shaped
blocks.
Seams Sheared Seam Seam of soil material with roughly parallel almost
(refer to Note) planar boundaries, composed of soil materials with
roughly parallel near planar, curved or undulating

boundaries cut by closely spaced joints, sheared
surfaces or other defects. Some of the defects are
usually curved and intersect to divide the mass into
lenticular or wedge-shaped blocks.
Crushed Seam Seam of soil material with roughly parallel almost
(refer to Note) planar boundaries, composed of disoriented, usually
angular fragments of the host rock material which
may be more weathered than the host rock. The seam
has soil properties.
Infilled Seam Seam of soil material usually with distinct roughly
parallel boundaries formed by the migration of soil
into an open cavity or joint, infilled seams less than
1 mm thick may be described as a veneer or coating
on a joint surface.
Extremely
Weathered Seam Seam of soil material, often with gradational
boundaries. Formed by weathering of the rock
material in place.
Seam
NOTE: Sheared surfaces, sheared zones, sheared seams and crushed seams are generally faults in geological
terms.
6.2.5.3 Defect orientation

The maximum dip of the mean plane of the defect from the horizontal should be measured
and should be expressed in degrees as a two-digit number, e.g. 50. The azimuth of the dip
(dip direction) should be measured in degrees counted clockwise from true north and
expressed as a three-digit number, e.g. 240. The dip and dip direction should be recorded
in that order, with the two digit and three digit numbers separated by a slash, e.g. 50/240. If
alternative measurements are made, such as dip and strike or dip direction relative to
magnetic north this shall be documented. The relationship between dip, strike and dip
direction is given in Figure 6.

AS 1726:2017 48
B
350 20
40
N
60
80
270 W E 90

A 240
S 13 0
20 0 18 0
This Figure has been reproduced with modification from Figure 1, Clause 4.3.3.2, ISO 14689-1
Geotechnical investigation and testingIdentification and classification of rock
Part 1: Identification and description. Copyright for this figure remains with ISO.
LEGEND:
A Dip direction
B Strike (= dip direction 90)
Dip (dip angle) = 50
Dip direction (dip azimuth) = 240
- Plane of discontinuity = 50/240
FIGURE 6 DIAGRAM SHOWING DEFECT ORIENTATION MEASUREMENTS

In vertical boreholes the dip is generally measured relative to the horizontal plane. If the
borehole is inclined the dip is generally measured relative to the core axis as it simplifies
the assessment of the possible defect orientation.
Where the core has been drilled and defect orientation has been carried out by the use of a
core orientation device, e.g. a downhole camera or other suitable instrument, measurement
of the defect orientation angles should be carried out and recorded in a form suited to the
particular device being employed.
6.2.5.4 Defect roughness and shape
The characteristics of the defect surface that can be described are dependent on the scale of
observation as follows:
(a) Small scale (10100 mm) Surface roughness and shape with some limitation on the
latter due to the small scale.
(b) Medium scale (1001000 mm) Surface roughness and shape.
(c) Large scale (>1000 mm) Surface roughness, shape and waviness.

49 AS 1726:2017
Although the surface roughness of defects can be described at all scales of observation, the
overall shape of the defect surface can usually be observed only at medium and large scale.
For example, a defect which appears planar in a 50 mm diameter drill core may be
described as curved, undulating or stepped when observed in outcrop where more of the
defect is visible. The roughness and shape of defects combine to have a significant effect on
their shear strength, which is also affected by large scale features. Where it is necessary to
assess the shear strength of a defect, observations should be made at multiple scales.
Measurements should be taken as outlined by the following:
(i) Surface roughness At all scales of observation the defect surface roughness shall be
described using the following terms:
(A) Very rough Many large surface irregularities (amplitude generally more than
1 mm). Feels like, or coarser than very coarse sand paper.
(B) Rough Many small surface irregularities (amplitude generally less than 1 mm).
Feels like fine to coarse sand paper.
(C) Smooth Smooth to touch. Few or no surface irregularities.
(D) Polished Shiny smooth surface.
(E) Slickensided Grooved or striated surface, usually polished.
(ii) Surface shape At the medium scale of observation, description of the roughness of
the surface shall be enhanced by description of the shape of the defect surface using
the following terms, as illustrated in Figure 7:
(A) Planar The defect does not vary in orientation.

(B) Curved The defect has a gradual change in orientation.
(C) Undulating The defect has a wavy surface.
(D) Stepped The defect has one or more well defined steps.
(E) Irregular The defect has many sharp changes of orientation.
NOTE: Measurements should be made of the height of steps or irregularities, and the
amplitude and wavelength of undulations. Figure 8 shows a generalized guide to
measurements at medium scale, which may also be applied to the large scale of observation.
Alternatively, the surface roughness may be characterized by the joint roughness
coefficient (JRC) using the profiles provided in Figure 9.
(iii) Waviness Where large scale observations are possible, further measurement of the
parameters defining defect waviness shall be made.
NOTE: See Figure 10. i is the angle of the asperities relative to the overall dip angle of the
structure. This can be used in conjunction with the angle of friction of the rock surface to
assess the shear strength along the defect.

AS 1726:2017 50
Pl anar
Cur ve d
U n d u l at i n g
S te p p e d
Irre g ul ar
10 0 m m
FIGURE 7 DEFECT SHAPES ILLUSTRATED AT MEDIUM SCALE

51 AS 1726:2017
S tr ai g ht e d g e
Wave l e n g t h m m
As per it y am plitud e mm
Le n g t h over profil e m or m m a s a p p li c a b l e
FIGURE 8 MEDIUM TO LARGE SCALE MEASUREMENT OF DEFECT SHAPE
Typic al roughness profiles for JRC range:

1 0 2
2 2 4
3 46
4 68
5 8 10
6 10 12
7 12 14
8 14 16
9 16 18
10 18 20
0 5 10
cm S c al e
This figure is based on: Barton, N and Choubey, V. The Shear Strength of Rock
Joints in Theory and Practice. Rock Mechanics. Vol. 10 (1977), pp. 154.
With permission of Springer.
FIGURE 9 ROUGHNESS PROFILES AND CORRESPONDING RANGE
OF JRC VALUES ASSOCIATED WITH EACH ONE

AS 1726:2017 52
i an g l e
i an g l e
O ver all d i p of str u c ture
110 m
FIGURE 10 LARGE SCALE MEASUREMENTS OF DEFECT WAVINESS

6.2.5.5 Defect coatings and composition of seams
Many defects have a surface coating which could affect their shear strength. Description of
coating is generally possible for all scales of observation. Coatings shall be described using
the following terms:

(a) Clean No visible coating.
(b) Stained No visible coating but surfaces are discoloured.
(c) Veneer A visible coating of soil or mineral, too thin to measure; may be patchy.
(d) Coating A visible coating up to 1 mm thick. Thicker soil material shall be described
using defect terms (e.g. infilled seam). Thicker rock strength material shall be
described as a vein.
Where possible the mineralogy of the coating shall be identified.
The composition of seams shall be described using soil description terms as given in
Clause 6.1.
6.2.5.6 Defect spacing, length, openness and thickness
Spacing, aperture (openness) and seam thickness and composition shall be described
directly in millimetres and metres.
In general descriptions, half order of magnitude categories are often useful, e.g. joint
spacing typically 100 mm to 300 mm, sheared zones 1 m to 3 m thick.
Depending on project requirements and the scale of observation, spacing may be described
as the mean spacing within a set of defects, or as the spacing between all defects within the
rock mass. Where spacing is measured within a specific set of defects, measurements shall
be made perpendicular to the defect set.
Defect spacing and length (sometimes called persistence), shall be described directly in
millimetres and metres.
Where significant, the nature of the defect end condition (i.e. termination) should be
recorded in the context of the scale of the exposure. Each end of a defect may
(a) start and/or end outside the extent of the exposure;
(b) terminate within rock material; or
(c) terminate at an intersecting defect set.

53 AS 1726:2017
6.2.5.7 Block shape

Where it is considered significant, block shape should be described using the terms given in
Table 23.
TABLE 23
BLOCK SHAPE TERMS*
Term Figure Description
Irregular discontinuities without arrangement

Polyhedral blocks
into distinct sets, and of small persistence.
1
1 1 One dominant set of parallel discontinuities (1),
for example bedding planes, with other non-
Tabular blocks
continuous joints; thickness of blocks much less
than length or width.
1
Two dominant sets of discontinuities (1 and 2),
approximately orthogonal and parallel, with a

Prismatic blocks 1 third irregular set; thickness of blocks much less
2 than length or width.
1 3
2 Three dominant sets of discontinuities (1, 2
Equidimensional 1 and 3), approximately orthogonal, with
blocks occasional irregular joints, giving
1 equidimensional blocks.
3
2
1 3 1
3
2 Three (or more) dominant, mutually oblique, sets

2
Rhomboidal blocks of joints (1, 2 and 3) giving oblique-shaped,
2 equidimensional blocks.
1
5 Several, usually more than three sets of

1
continuous, parallel joints (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) usually
Columnar blocks 2
crossed by irregular joints; lengths much greater
3 4 than other dimensions.
* This table has been reproduced from Table 10, ISO 14689-1 Geotechnical investigation and testing
Identification and classification of rockPart 1: Identification and description. Copyright for these
figures remain with ISO.

AS 1726:2017 54
6.2.6 Stratigraphic unit

Rocks should be assigned to a stratigraphic unit. Where there is doubt, the terms possibly
or probably shall be used.
6.2.7 Geological structure
After describing the rock material and the defects and observing exposures and/or
excavations and/or cores the geological structure of the rock mass should be interpreted and
documented. This may include the preparation of borehole logs, maps, sections and/or
stereographic projection of defect information to assess the type and distribution of strata,
the defect sets and their orientation and the presence of any structures such as dipping
strata, folds, faults, and features such as unconformities and weathering profiles.
6.2.8 Examples of rock description and classification
To illustrate the application of the provisions of Clause 6.2, the following examples are
provided:
(a) ANDESITE, grey-blue, Very High Strength, Slightly Weathered, joint spacing 300 to
3000 mm, vertical columnar joints, sub-horizontal joints with about 5 to 10 m
persistence and Extremely Weathered Seams (50 mm of Clayey Sand), columnar
joints planar and rough. Triassic Mount Byron Volcanics.
(b) SANDSTONE, grey, Medium Strength, Slightly Weathered, bedding and joint
spacing 20 to 100 mm; interbedded with MUDSTONE, grey green, Very Low
Strength, Distinctly Weathered, laminations spaced 1020 mm. Ordovician Eildon
Formation.
6.2.9 Parameters related to core drilling
6.2.9.1 General
There are a number of parameters that may be measured during core drilling (of both soil
and rock), and which may provide useful investigation data. The measurements that define
these parameters should be taken during the drilling process, when drill core is relatively
undamaged.
6.2.9.2 Total core recovery
Total core recovery (TCR) is defined as:
Length of core recovered
TCR 100%
Length of core run
Depth intervals where core is not recovered should be designated No Core on drilling
records and logs. Where there is doubt about the specific depth interval over which core
was not recovered, usual practice is to assign the No Core zone to the end of the core run.
6.2.9.3 Defect spacing or fracture index
The frequency of defects within drill core should be measured as either
(a) the spacing between successive defects, or the mean spacing for relatively broken
core; or
(b) the Fracture Index, which is the number of defects per metre of core.
Under some circumstances it may be useful and practical to record the spacing between
defects within specific defect sets.
6.2.9.4 Rock quality designation
A measure of defect spacing in drill core is rock quality designation (RQD).
NOTE: This measurement was originally developed by Deere et al. (1989) (refer to
Bibliography).

55 AS 1726:2017
RQD is expressed as:

Length of sound core pieces 100 mm in length
RQD = 100%
Length of core run
Only core lengths of rock strength material delineated by natural defects shall be measured.
If the core is broken by handling or by the drilling process, the broken pieces shall be fitted
together and counted as one piece. Figure 13 shows the measuring process used to calculate
RQD. Length measurements shall be taken along the central axis of the core.
L = 25 0 m m
L = 0
E x tremely weat hered
25 0 + 19 0 + 20 0 d o e s n ot m e et
RQD = 10 0%
120 0 s o u n d n e s s r e q u ire m e nt
= 5 3%
L = 0
c e ntre lin e
C o r e r u n tot a l l e n g t h = 1. 2 m
p i e c e s < 10 0 m m
and ex tremely
weat h ere d
L = 19 0 m m
L = 0
< 10 0 m m
M e c hani c al break
c ause d by dr illing L = 20 0 m m
pro c es s
L = 0
N o re c over y
FIGURE 13 RQD MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE

AS 1726:2017 56
RQD should be employed only for core of N size or larger (i.e. about 50 mm diameter or
greater), as smaller core could bias the results.
RQD was originally intended to be measured only over a full core run. There may be valid
applications of RQD where it is measured over a specific length, or within specific rock
mass units. If such deviations to the original calculation method are made they shall be
explained with the reported RQD values.
6.2.10 Classification of the rock mass
6.2.10.1 Weathering grades
Where a weathering profile is exposed in an outcrop or an excavation the degree of
weathering of the rock mass should be classified using the terms and grades in Table 24. If
an alternative rock mass weathering scheme is used it shall be documented.
TABLE 24
ROCK MASS WEATHERING GRADES
Grade Descriptive term

IA Fresh; no visible sign of rock material weathering
IB Fresh except for staining on major defect surfaces
II Some to all of the rock mass is discoloured by slight weathering
III Less than 35% of the mass is weathered to a soil
IV More than 35% of the mass is weathered to a soil with rock present as a
discontinuous framework or corestones
V Virtually all of the rock mass is weathered to a soil but the original mass
structure still largely intact
6.2.10.2 Duricrust grades

Where a duricrust has developed in a weathering profile and is exposed in outcrop or
excavation, the degree of development of the duricrust may be classified. The terms in
Table 25 should be used. If alternative duricrust classification schemes are used they shall
be documented.

57 AS 1726:2017
TABLE 25
DURICRUST MASS GRADES
Graphic log Structure term Grade Description
More than 90% of the ground consists of

Massive or hardspan DI duricrust rock material which forms a
continuous framework.
Between 50% and 90% of the ground

consists of duricrust rock material which
Vuggy or patchy DII forms a continuous framework around soil
materials (vuggy) or rock materials
(patchy).
Less than 50% of the ground consists of

gravel and cobble sized nodules (rounded
Nodular or
DIII or subrounded) or fragments (angular or
fragmental
subangular) of duricrust rock material and
it is described as a soil.
NOTE: Cavities or vugs within the rockmass should be described in terms of size, frequency and continuity.
6.2.10.3 Rock mass classification schemes

Rock mass classification schemes may be used to develop a model of the characteristics of
a rock mass. They require the systematic collection of information including the description
and classification of rock, soil and water, which is transformed into numerical or ranked
information that may be used to support engineering design. A large variety of
classification schemes have been developed ranging from simple to complex. All of the
schemes are limited in their application. For example, classification schemes that have been
developed to predict tunnel support requirements are seldom relevant to slope stability
issues and vice versa. Many rock mass classification systems assume that the rock mass is
isotropic, which is rarely the case.
If a particular rock mass classification scheme is to be adopted for design, the required
inputs should be recognized prior to commencing work so that all relevant information is
collected during the geotechnical site investigation.

AS 1726:2017 58
6.3 Surface water and groundwater observations

6.3.1 Surface water
Observations shall be made of evidence of surface water flows, seepages, ponding, past
flooding and any tidal influences in and around the project site. Where there is evidence of
surface water flow, this shall be recorded.
Information on past rainfall shall be collected.
6.3.2 Groundwater
Movement of groundwater can be inferred from signs indicating discharge zones (such as
seeps, vegetation and precipitation of salts) or inflow zones (such as sinkholes or flow into
seepage areas) and such areas shall be mapped.
Groundwater inflows and outflows encountered during subsurface investigations shall be
recorded where feasible. Records of inflow and outflow during borehole drilling shall
include the depth and an indication of the magnitude of the flow volume.
Groundwater levels encountered during subsurface investigations shall be measured, where
feasible, together with the time at which water level measurements are made and additional
measurements should be carried out at the beginning and end of each shift.
The construction method of any piezometers and standpipes shall be recorded.
A survey level of the collar of the monitoring well or surveying the level of points of
emergence of seepage shall be measured.
As groundwater levels can vary with time, multiple and ideally continuous groundwater
level measurements should be made.
6.3.3 Groundwater quality
Observations of turbidity, colour, temperature, or odour should be made. Groundwater
should not be tasted due to the risk of contamination by toxic substances. Strong odour can
also be an indication of contamination by volatile substances and protective measures shall
be employed where there is any suspicion of a risk to field personnel.
Groundwater sampling methods shall be adopted that ensure the representativeness of
samples and preserve the integrity of samples.
6.4 Gases
Hazardous gases such as methane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, can pose risks for
the geotechnical site investigation and project development and may be a health and safety
hazard which needs consideration. The possible presence of hazardous gases may be
inferred from site history.
Where required, procedures for detecting and monitoring these gases shall be implemented.
BS 8576:2013 provides guidance on the investigation for hazardous ground gases.

59 AS 1726:2017
APPENDIX A
GEOTECHNICAL SITE INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES
(Informative)
A wide variety of techniques and tests are available for geotechnical site investigations.
Listed below are examples of techniques that are commonly considered. Reference should
be made to the relevant Australian Standard or other test method for requirements such as
sample condition and size.
(a) Geological studies, including:
(i) Regional geological mapping.
(ii) Geological mapping of excavations and outcrops.
(iii) Geomorphological mapping.
(iv) Borehole logging.
(v) Detailed logging of test pits, excavations and exposures.
(b) Geophysical investigations, including:
(i) Magnetic methods.
(ii) Seismic methods using refraction, reflection and surface waves.
(iii) Ground penetration radar.

(iv) Electrical resistivity measurement.
(v) Electromagnetic methods.
(vi) Geophysical borehole logging, involving seismic, electrical, gravimetric and
radiometric logging and sonic testing, and cone penetration testing with the
measurement of shear wave velocity and electrical resistivity or conductivity.
(c) Drilling and sampling used to locate specific targets, to determine the vertical profile
and lateral variability of the ground, including the groundwater conditions, to collect
soil and rock samples, to perform in situ tests to determine mechanical properties of
the ground, and for borehole imaging. Common methods include:
(i) Trial pits and trenches.
(ii) Boring and drilling using rotary core drilling, auger boring and percussion
drilling.
(d) In situ probing to enable the assessment of engineering parameters of the ground,
including:
(i) Plate bearing test.
(ii) California bearing ratio.
(iii) Light weight deflectometer.
(iv) Density measurement.
(v) Standard penetration test.
(vi) Dynamic penetration tests, such as the dynamic cone penetrometer (refer to
AS 1289.6.3.2) or the Perth sand penetrometer (refer to AS 1289.6.3.3).
(vii) Specialized cone penetration tests, such as the static cone, piezo cone, electrical
conductivity cone, and seismic cone.

AS 1726:2017 60
(viii) Full flow penetrometers (ball, T-bar and plate).

(ix) Flat dilatometer tests.
(x) Vane shear test.
(xi) Pressuremeter test.
(xii) Borehole impression packer.
(xiii) Core orientation device.
(xiv) Video visual inspection (e.g. borehole periscope, TV, and photography).
(e) In situ methods for obtaining relatively undisturbed samples that enable the
evaluation of engineering properties in the laboratory, including block sampling and
tube sampling using push-tube and piston samplers.
(f) In situ rock testing in excavations and galleries, including:
(i) Direct shear tests.
(ii) Plate bearing test.
(iii) In situ stress measurement.
(iv) Point load strength test.
(g) Slope and excavation stability monitoring, including the use of:
(i) Inclinometer.
(ii) Extensometer.
(iii) Piezometers (e.g. vibrating wire piezometers).
(iv) Surface markers and settlements plates.
(v) Earth pressure cells.
(vi) Tilt sensors.
(h) Blasting tests and vibration monitoring.
(i) Topographic studies, including satellite and aerial imagery and remote sensing.
(j) Groundwater studies and sampling, including:
(i) Packer tests.
(ii) Rising head, constant head and falling head tests.
(iii) Pumping tests.
(iv) Groundwater level measurement.
(v) Chemical and microbiological water quality.
(vi) Soil vapour.
(vii) Water sampling with lysimeters.

61 AS 1726:2017
APPENDIX B
LABORATORY EXAMINATION AND TESTING
(Informative)
Laboratory testing provides a means of identifying and classifying soil and rock properties.
In Table B1, the letter X indicates some of the commonly considered laboratory tests.
Reference should be made to the relevant Australian Standard or other test method for such
requirements as sample condition and size.
TABLE B1
LIST OF LABORATORY TESTS
Material type
Pavement materials
Recycled masonry
and concrete
Aggregates
Water
Test/Examination
Rock
Soil
Visual examination Consistency, structure and particle size X X X X X

Colour, inclusions, and accessory materials X X X X X
Geological description X X X X X
Defects and weathering X X X X
Classification Moisture content X X X X X
Particle size distribution X X X X
Hydrometer analysis X X X
Liquid limit, plastic limit and linear X X X
shrinkage
Emerson class number X
Pinhole dispersion X
Hole erosion test X
Material density In situ density X X X X X
Particle density X X X
Dry density/moisture relationship X X X
Min/max density of cohesionless materials X
Aggregate bulk density and unit mass X X X
Deformation Consolidometer/oedometer X
Shrink/swell index X
Soil suction measurement X
Modulus and Poissons ratio X X
(continued)

AS 1726:2017 62
TABLE B1 (continued)
Material type
Pavement materials
Recycled masonry
and concrete
Aggregates
Water
Test/Examination
Rock
Soil
Strength/Durability Unconfined compression X X
Triaxial compression (drained or undrained) X X
Direct shear X X
Triaxial extension X X
Point load strength index X X
California bearing ratio X X X X
Aggregate crushing value X X
Sodium sulfate soundness X X
Los Angeles abrasion X X
Aggregate polishing value X X
Alkali silica reactivity X X

Wet/dry strength variation X X X
Organic matter X X X X X
Brazilian indirect tensile strength X
Slake durability X X X
Abrasivity X
Seismic velocity X
Porosity/water absorption X X X X
Cerchar abrasion index X
Goodrich drillability X
Cuttability X
Deval attrition X X
Chemical tests pH X X X
Cation exchange capacity X X
Anion/cation balance X X
Total dissolve solids X X X
Sulfate X X X X X X
Chloride X X X X X X
Organic matter X X X X X X
Acid sulfate X X X
Total salinity and acidity X X
Electrical conductivity X X
(continued)

63 AS 1726:2017
TABLE B1 (continued)
Material type
Pavement materials
Recycled masonry
and concrete
Aggregates
Water
Test/Examination
Rock
Soil
Mineralogical tests Petrographic analysis X X
X-ray diffraction X X
Hydraulic tests Falling head permeability X
Constant head permeability X
Triaxial permeability X X
Thermal properties X X

AS 1726:2017 64
APPENDIX C
GROUNDWATER CONSIDERATIONS
(Informative)
Investigation of groundwater in the context of geotechnical site investigation is typically
associated with identification of groundwater head distribution, groundwater flow direction,
response to rainfall, response to other factors (such as pumping, tidal variation and
changing river levels) and hydraulic properties of water bearing soil and rock. Groundwater
chemistry can have a significant impact on in-ground infrastructure in contact with
groundwater. The presence of iron, manganese and calcium precipitates of hydroxides and
carbonates that can clog drainage systems and elevated acidity and elevated chloride or
sulfate concentrations can cause durability problems.
Assessment of the presence of contamination as a result of previous site usage can also be
important, although this is not addressed in this Standard.
An important part of any geotechnical site investigation is the identification of the
groundwater level and of any artesian pressures. The variation of groundwater level or
pressure over a given period of time may also require evaluation. Reliable information on
groundwater levels within the depth proposed for excavations and pile borings and within
the zone of influence of foundation pressures is vital to many aspects of foundation design
and construction.
Changes to groundwater conditions associated with a project have the potential to affect
groundwater levels and quality at a distance from the site. This zone of potential influence
on groundwater can be much wider than for soil and rock excavation. In addition,
groundwater effects may take considerable time to develop or may be relevant only during
extreme conditions such as during flooding or high rainfall events.
A conceptual groundwater model should be developed as part of the overall geotechnical
model where groundwater is a relevant consideration to the investigation. This is a
simplified representation of the groundwater system and its behaviour in a form useful to
the project. The conceptual model could range from a brief description of the salient
features to a detailed presentation incorporating hydrogeological sections illustrating
interpreted flow paths, recharge sources and discharge areas.
Consideration of potential groundwater impacts associated with a project should occur at
each stage of development of the geotechnical site investigation beginning with the desk
study.
Planning of geotechnical site investigations should include but not be limited to
consideration of the following groundwater related factors:
(a) Groundwater levels.
(b) Groundwater flow directions.
(c) Hydraulic properties of geological horizons.
(d) Existing and potential beneficial use of local groundwater.
(e) Location and type of neighbouring groundwater users.
(f) Nearby groundwater dependent ecosystems.
(g) Surface and groundwater bodies within the likely zone of influence.
(h) Rainfall and groundwater response to rainfall.
(i) Groundwater chemistry.

65 AS 1726:2017
(j) Contamination.
(k) Recharge and discharge processes.
(l) Site drainage.
(m) Legislative requirements.

AS 1726:2017 66
APPENDIX D
PROBLEMATIC MATERIALS
(Informative)
A number of different materials may pose particular problems or issues when encountered
during geotechnical site investigation or construction.
The degree to which a soil or rock may be problematic is a function of

(a) the nature of the soil (mineralogy, fabric, geotechnical and geochemical properties);
(b) the geological processes that caused it to be formed; and
(c) current processes (e.g. weathering, erosion, human activity).
Past and present climate play a major role in the development of soil profiles. Human
activity is also an important factor in determining soil behaviour. Site investigation
techniques should take these factors into account, and field and laboratory tests carried out
to establish the existence and engineering properties of problematic soils.
Some of the more common examples are described briefly below:

(i) Acid generating rocksnaturally occurring rocks that contain an abundance of
sulfides mainly in the form of pyrite (FeS2 ). These materials may oxidize to create
acids, resulting in acid rock drainage when the acid is dissolved in surface or
groundwater. Acid rock drainage occurs naturally within some environments as part
of the rock weathering process but is exacerbated by large-scale earth disturbances
characteristic of mining and other large construction activities.
(ii) Acid sulfate soilsnaturally occurring soils that contain iron sulfides mainly in the
form of pyrite (FeS2 ). The oxidation of pyrite and other sulfides to sulfates can occur
during earthworks construction and dewatering, where the soils may be disturbed and
exposed to air. While the reactions can be complex the overall result is the conversion
of pyrite to iron hydroxides and sulfuric acid, potentially leading to pH values as low
as 2 or 3. The effects can pose a significant risk to human health and the environment,
in particular groundwater resource contamination by acid, arsenic and heavy metals.
Other effects may include ground-heave and the corrosion of buried concrete and
steel structures.
(iii) Arid soilsformed when evaporation exceeds rainfall and there is a soil-moisture
deficit. The soils may have unusual engineering properties due to extreme
desiccation, the presence of precipitated salts, high void ratio, mechanical and
chemical weathering, etc. Diurnal temperature changes may cause accelerated
disintegration of materials and lithification to occur.
(iv) Collapsible soilseither naturally occurring or formed through human activities. An
open metastable structure is a prerequisite and is developed via bonding mechanisms
which may include capillary forces (suction) or cementing agents such as clay,
sesquioxides, and salts. Collapse may occur when nett stresses due to loading and
saturation exceed the yield strength of the bonding materials.

67 AS 1726:2017
(v) Degradable rocksgeological materials or formations that in their in situ form may
be assigned names or appearances that imply rock-like behaviour. However, once
disturbed, some of these materials retain the character of rock, but others may
degrade to soil-size particles and exhibit soil-like strength and stiffness. In geological
terms, all of the soils and rocks in the earths crust are degradable in a time frame
that is relevant to the long-term performance of engineering projects. Sedimentary
rocks constitute the bulk of degradable rocks worldwide, with shale being a prime
example, but weathered igneous and metamorphic rocks may also fall into this
category.
(vi) Dispersive soilssoils which, by the nature of their mineralogy and their pore water
chemistry, are susceptible to separation of individual clay particles through fine
fissures or cracks under seepage flows. The dispersivity of a soil is directly related to
its clay mineralogy. Soils with montmorillonite tend to be dispersive, while kaolinite
and related minerals (e.g. halloysite) are non-dispersive, and illite is moderately
dispersive. The pore water chemistry affects the diffuse double layer geometry and
electrical charge. Low electrolyte (pore water) salt concentrations lead to a large
diffuse double layer and higher dispersivity (e.g. percolation of a saline soil with
fresh water can lead to dispersion). Cation exchange (e.g. Ca++ exchanged for Na+)
leads to a smaller double layer and lower dispersivity.
Dispersive soils may be identified from laboratory testing including Emerson class
number, pinhole test, and various chemical tests on the soil pore water (e.g. sodium
adsorption ratio and exchangeable sodium percentage).
(vii) Expansive soilschange in volume in response to changes in moisture content.

Changes in moisture content may be induced by seasonal variation or human activity.
Such activities can include changes to site drainage, establishment or removal of trees
and vegetation, and leakage from tanks or pipes. Shrink-swell behaviour is a function
of clay mineralogy and clay content, and the soil-moisture deficit pertaining to the
site.
(viii) Glacial soilscan vary from sheared basal layers to unsorted mixtures of boulders,
gravel, sand, silt and clay. Deposition occurs via a process of pressure and shear
beneath the glacier as it advances, and may also be deposited as the ice melts. These
processes can lead to spatially very variable soil conditions that contain features that
can impact on the mass behaviour thus making the selection of geotechnical design
parameters difficult.
(ix) Liquefiable soilssoils capable of undergoing continued deformation at constant low
residual stress, or no residual resistance, due to the build-up and maintenance of high
pore-water pressures. This behaviour may be due to either static or cyclic stress
applications.
(x) Mudstonethe general name given to fine-grained very low strength sedimentary
rocks such as claystone, siltstone and shale that consist of clay and/or silt sized
particles that are cemented to form a rock material that often transitions to a hard soil.
Depending on their composition and mode of formation, particularly with regard to
the clay mineralogy, they may display a range of problematic engineering behaviours
such as low strength, poor durability, volume change, and a propensity to slake or
disaggregate in water. Such behaviours may be due to the combined effect of natural
weathering processes and the impact of engineering works. Mudstones often contain
iron oxides and hydroxides, and the iron sulfide mineral pyrite. The pyrite can be
problematic due to the generation of acid on oxidation and additional oxides and
hydroxides and gypsum (resulting in ground heave).

AS 1726:2017 68
(xi) Non-engineered fillsmaterials that have been placed or deposited by human

processes without appropriate treatment. They may consist of natural material
(soil/rock) and artificial material such as building waste, domestic waste, mining and
quarry waste, and industrial waste. These materials may settle variably, have poor
bearing capacity and may undergo significant movements due to causes other than
imposed loading. Other problems associated with some wastes include contamination,
spontaneous combustion and emission of gas.
(xii) Organic peat soilshighly compressible and exhibit creep behaviour. Other
properties include low bulk density and low undrained shear strength. Their
engineering behaviour is dependent on their moisture content and organic content and
these are the most important index tests. Surcharging is a commonly used technique
to manage settlement of roads and structures, with the design criterion usually being
to build out sufficient settlement during construction to cover both primary and
secondary settlement expected over the design life.
(xiii) Sensitive soils (clays)those which lose a portion of their strength and stiffness when
remoulded. This is mainly due to reorientation of particles into less favourable
positions during the remoulding process. A thixotropic soil is one that regains a
portion of its strength with time, usually following some initial mechanical
disturbance.
(xiv) Soluble geomaterialssuch as carbonate soil and rock (limestone and dolomite),
gypsum, salt and varieties of these can be dissolved to form cavities leading to ground
failure and surface subsidence. Sinkholes (or dolines) commonly occur in the soil
cover overlying fissured and cavernous limestone, and can range in size from 1 m to
100 m in diameter and depth. Karst is a term that describes the suite of landforms
associated with soluble rocks and karst conditions are probably the most variable
encountered and difficult to investigate.
(xv) Tropical soilsformed primarily by in situ weathering processes and occur in
tropical regions where temperatures and rainfall are high, leading to chemical
weathering of primary minerals, and increased penetration of weathering agencies.
Weathering is initiated within the joints of the parent rock and gradually penetrates
into the rock mass. A common feature of tropical soils is the presence of iron and
aluminium oxides (often referred to as sesquioxides), which are released by
weathering and are not dissolved hence remaining in situ. These oxides are important
because they have an increasing effect on soil stiffness and strength and may provide
a curb on soil reactivity. When testing for Atterberg Limits, the clays in certain
tropical soils may permanently aggregate under oven and even air drying. This can
result in particle size distributions misleadingly indicating sand sized classifications.
However, in situ and where protected from desiccation, they would classify as silts or
clays. Similarly, such aggregation may also adjust Atterberg Limits to give false
classifications, e.g. SILT when the true in situ classification should be CLAY.

69 AS 1726:2017
APPENDIX E
SYMBOLS
(Informative)
E1 GEOLOGICAL BOUNDARIES AND STRUCTURES MAPPING SYMBOLS

Suggested mapping symbols for geological boundaries and structures are provided in
Figure E1. Additional or alternative symbols should be used as necessary.
O b ser ve d g e o l o g i c al b o u n d ar y, p o s it i o n k n ow n
O b ser ve d g e o l o g i c al b o u n d ar y, p o s it i o n a p prox im ate
? ? ? G e o l o g i c al b o u n d ar y, inter prete d or inferre d
B e d d in g 25 Cleavag e A nt i c li n e, F1
25
Fo li at i o n J o i nt S y n c l i n e, F2
25 25
Plu n g e of fo l d, or d er an d Plun g e of
t y p e in d i c ate d w it h l i n e at i o n
25 a p pro pr i ate sy m b o l s 25 on plane
Fault or fault zo n e, s h eare d zo n e
U U U Un c o nfor mit y
FIGURE E1 MAPPING SYMBOLS FOR GEOLOGICAL BOUNDARIES

AND STRUCTURES
E2 GEOLOGICAL SOIL AND ROCK MAPPING SYMBOLS

Suggested mapping symbols for soils and rocks are provided in Figure E2. Additional or
alternative symbols should be used as necessary.

Standards Australia
AS 1726:2017
RO CKS
SOILS
SEDIMENTARY M E TAM ORPHIC IGNEOUS
B oul d er s an d c o b b l e s L i m e s to n e C o ar s e g r a i n e d C o ar s e g r a i n e d
Gravel C o n g l o m er ate Medium grained Medium grained
Sand Bre c c ia Fine grained Fine grained
WE ATHERED PROFILES
Silt S a n d s to n e
AN D DURICRUSTS
70
Weat h ere d
Clay S i l t s to n e profile
Peat M u d s to n e D ur i c r u s t
Coal FILL
NOT E: C omp osit e soi l t y p e s
m ay b e sig n i f ie d by c ombi ne d
sy mb ol s, e.g.
Tu f f Fill
www.standards.org.au
Gy p sum,
Silty sand Ro c ks alt etc.
FIGURE E2 GEOLOGICAL MAPPING SYMBOLS FOR SOILS AND ROCKS

71 AS 1726:2017
E3 GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAPPING SYMBOLS

Suggested geomorphological mapping symbols are provided in Figure E3. Additional or
alternative symbols should be used as necessary.
S h ar p
C o n c ave
Rounded
Break of slo p e
S h ar p
C o nvex
Rounded
S l o p e an g l e S c ar p
10 of fac et
Clif f T Te n s i o n c r ac k
T
Inter m it te nt fl ow C o nt in u o u s f l ow
O ut fl ow Infl ow
S t a n d i n g water Dam p - re e d s
S pr in g
L an d s li d e Ro c k fall M u d s li d e
FIGURE E3 GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAPPING SYMBOLS

AS 1726:2017 72
APPENDIX F
COMMENTARY
(Informative)
F1 INDUSTRY SURVEY
In 2011, the Australian Geomechanics Society (AGS) issued a survey to its members and
stakeholders that considered the possibility of revising AS 17261993. The survey
comprised a total of 25 questions, 17 pertaining to the technical content of a revised
Standard. This edition of the Standard has been informed by the results of that survey.
F2 CHANGES FROM PREVIOUS REVISION

There are a number of changes and updates in this revision, and details of the most
significant changes and additions between the editions of AS 1726 are summarized in
Table F1 below.
TABLE F1
MAJOR REVISIONS
Content in AS 17261993 Changes in this edition Comment
General The main body of the document is The main document now provides
normative. There are now six informative requirements for the execution of
Appendices. effective geotechnical site
investigations and provides a
standardized system for the
description and classification of soils
and rocks.
Appendix ADescription Material descriptions, which were The process for describing soils and
and classification of soils informative, are now normative. rock is now largely normative and
and rocks for geotechnical has been moved to the main body of
purposes text.
The boundary defining the change from In the revised Standard a behavioural
coarse to fine grained soil was previously approach has been adopted when
set at 50% of soil by weight greater than identifying, naming and classifying
or finer than 0.075 mm particle size. This soil.
assessment is now made according to
whether the total dry mass of coarse
fractions exceeds 65% (a coarse soil) or
the total dry mass of fine fractions
exceeds 35% (a fine soil) (refer to
Clause 6.1).
The means of describing carbonate rocks A need for a classification and
has been revised and the means of description system for these material
describing and classifying duricrusts types was identified.
have now been included (refer to
Clause 6.1).
The description of rock materials, rock A need for a normative classification
defects and rock masses has been and description system for rocks and
significantly revised (refer to rock masses was identified.
Clause 6.2).
(continued)

73 AS 1726:2017
TABLE F1 (continued)
Content in AS 17261993 Changes in this edition Comment

Appendix B Field test An informative Appendix A lists the Examples of common testing
methods (Informative) most common geotechnical site methods have been provided, but the
investigation techniques, replacing the list is not intended to be exhaustive.
former Appendix B.
Appendix E Commentary The former informative Appendix mainly The majority of items in the former
provided guidance for the execution of Appendix E are now included in the
geotechnical site investigations. main body of the Standard, with most
now being mandatory.
A3.4 Condition of rock The Uniaxial Compressive Strength
material Table A8 augmented by the Point Load Strength
Index has been used to classify rock
material strength (refer to
Clause 6.2.4.1).
Table A9 Rock material The terms highly weathered (HW) and
weathering classification moderately weathered (MW) have been
included (Table 17).
New addition A description of geotechnical models and To comply with modern practice the
the process to be followed in their development of geotechnical models
development have now been introduced was included.
(refer to Clause 5.2).
New addition Guidance in relation to groundwater In the 1993 Standard there was little
aspects of geotechnical site discussion of groundwater.

investigations is provided.
New addition A new clause was added regarding the This was in recognition of the current
need to comply with work health and working environment of geotechnical
legislation (refer to Clause 5.3.1). professionals.
New addition Description of the geological origin of This was included for consistency
soil is now mandatory (refer to with the practice of developing a
Clause 6.1). geological model.

AS 1726:2017 74
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Informative referenced documents

AS
1289 Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes (series)
1289.5.6.1 Mehtod 5.6.1: Soil compaction and density testsCompaction control test
Density index method for a cohesionless material
1289.6.3.1 Method 6.3.1: Soil strength and consolidation testsDetermination of the
penetration resistance of a soilStandard penetration test
(SPT)
penetration resistance of a soil9 kg dynamic cone
penetrometer test
penetration resistance of a soilPerth sand penetrometer test
static cone penetration resistance of a soilField test using a
mechanical and electrical cone or friction-cone penetrometer
3798 Guidelines on earthworks for commercial and residential developments
ISO
14689 Geotechnical investigation and testingIdentification and classification of

rock
14689-1 Part 1: Identification and description
BS
8576 Guidance on investigations for ground gas. Permanent gases and Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Related documents
Attention is drawn to the following related documents:
1 Casserly, Ann-Marie. Guidelines for the Preparation of the Ground Report.
Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists. 26 July 2003.
2 CRIA, Site investigation manual. Special Publication SP 25. CRIA, London. 1983.
3 Dearman, WR. Engineering Geological Mapping. Butterworth-Heineman. 1991.
4 Deere, DU and Deere, DW. Rock Quality Designation (RQD) After Twenty Years.
Contract Report GL-89-1. Army Corps of Engineers. Washington DC, 1989.
5 Deere, DU, Hendron, AJ Jr. Patton, FD and Cording, EJ. Design of Surface and Near
Surface Construction in Rock, Failure and Breakage of Rock, Fairhurst, C. (Ed.),
Soc. of Min. Eng. AIME, New York. 1967. pp. 237302.
6 Essex, Randall, J. Geotechnical Baseline Reports for Construction: Suggested
Guidelines. American Society of Civil Engineers. 2007.
7 Matula, M. Recommended symbols for engineering geological mapping report by the
IAEG Commission on Engineering Geological Mapping. Bulletin of the International
Association of Engineering Geology. Volume 24, Issue 1. December 1981. pp. 227
234.

75 AS 1726:2017
8 Matula, M. Rock and soil description and classification for engineering geological
mapping report by the IAEG Commission on Engineering Geological Mapping..
Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology. Volume 24, Issue 1.
December 1981. pp. 235274.
9 Munsell, AH. A Colour Notation. Geo. H. Ellis Co. Boston. 1905.
10 Parry, S et al. Engineering Geological Models: An Introduction, IAEG
Commission 25. Bulletin of the Engineering Geology and the Environment. Online
publication. 18 February 2014.
11 Ulusay, R (ed.). The ISRM Suggested Methods for Rock Characterization, Testing
and Monitoring: 20072014. ISRM, Springer. 2015.
12 Ulusay, R and Hudson, JA. The Complete ISRM Suggested Methods for Rock
Characterization, Testing and Monitoring: 19742006. ISRM Turkish National
Group, Turkey. April 2007.

AS 1726:2017
76
NOTES
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For further information visit www.standards.org.au
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Geotechnical site investigations

The following are represented on Committee CE-015:

Australasian Tunnelling Society

Keeping Standards up-to-date

Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to

Geotechnical site investigations

6.2 Rock identification, description and classification............................................... 36

This Standard does not cover the following:

Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

4.3 Carbonate soil

www.standards.org.au Standards Australia

Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

5 OVERVIEW OF GEOTECHNICAL SITE INVESTIGATIONS

www.standards.org.au Standards Australia

D efin e t h e pur p o se of t h e inve st i g at i o n an d

Carr y out the g e ote c hni c al

Refine the G e ot e c hni c al M o d e l a n d

FIGURE 1 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONOVERVIEW

Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

5.1.3 Purpose of investigation

www.standards.org.au Standards Australia

(d) Expected groundwater levels.

(viii) Potential occurrence of hazardous gases.

Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

(g) Geohazard maps.

(d) structures or services which could affect or be affected by the investigation;

www.standards.org.au Standards Australia

5.5.2 Selection of investigation methods

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(d) Sample location and depth.

Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

5.6.3 Geotechnical interpretive report

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6 SOIL, ROCK AND GROUNDWATER

(b) Condition of soil The description shall include the following:

www.standards.org.au Standards Australia

Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

Can any of t h e m ater i al b e

Use s o il d e s c r i pt i ve ter m s for D e s c r i b e p ar t i c l e s l ar g er

Cal c are o u s o r c ar b o n ate

C oar se gr ain e d s o il: a m ix ture

GR AVEL SAN D PE AT SILT CL AY

www.standards.org.au Standards Australia

6.1.4.4 Soil name

GRAVEL if gravel exceeds sand.

Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

FIGURE 3 DIAGRAM OF VARIOUS PERCENTAGES OF GRAINS

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6.1.4.8 Peat soils

Material Organic content % of dry mass

6.1.4.9 Carbonate soils

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6.1.4.10 Plasticity and behaviour (fine grained soils)

Non-plastic Not applicable Not applicable

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6.1.4.11 Particle characteristics (coarse grained soil)

(b) Poorly gradedwith one or more intermediate sizes poorly represented.

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FIGURE 4 PARTICLE SHAPES

Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

mixtures and excess of plastic fines are as clay