Overview of MEMS and Microsystems

1. MEMS & Microsystems:

What is MEMS?
Abbreviation of MicroElectro Mechanical System.
Contain components of sizes in 1 micrometer (m) to 1 millimeter (mm).
Use the lithographic and other microfabrication technologies to create
miniaturized sensors, actuators, and structures.
In fabrication processes, the addition, subtraction, modification, and
patterning of materials are typically done using techniques originally
developed for the integrated circuit (IC, ) industry.

Two principal components of MEMS:

A sensing or actuating element and a signal transduction unit.
MEMS as a microsensor:

* Example: a pressure sensor

- Input signal:
- Microsensing element:
- Transduction unit:
- Output signal:
pressure
a silicon diaphragm
piezoresistors (for resistance change), plus a
Wheatstone bridge circuit
voltage change

* an aneroid pressure sensor:

The basic operating principle is to couple the pressure to-be measured to one
surface of a membrane and to measure its deflection (knowing the pressure-to-
deflection transfer function). (Kovacs, 2000)

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 MEMS as a microactuator:

* Example: a microgripper

Microsystems:

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 A microsystem is an engineering system that contains MEMS components
that are designed to perform specific engineering functions.
3 components (Madou, 1997): micro sensors, actuators, and a processing
unit.
Example: an airbag deployment system

An intelligent microsystem:
Incorporate signal processing and closed-loop feedback control systems into
a microsystem.

2. MEMS & Microsystem Products:

2.1 Microgears

LIGA toothed wheel (Ruprecht et al., 1997)

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p.s. LIGA: come from the German terms Lithography (Lithographie), electroforming
(Galvanoformung), and molding (Abformung).

2.2 Micro mixer

Polymer micro mixer (Protron Mikrotechnik)

2.3 Ink-jet Printing Head

Principles of Ink-jet Printing:

Drops are shot out from generator G.

Drops receive a charge in charging unit C .
The electic field E deflects the motion of the drop.
The drop lands at the position on the paper.

Fig. The essential features of an ink-jet printer. (Halliday et al., 2000)

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A thermal-bubble-actuated droplet generator (Allen et al., 1985):

An improved droplet generator (Tseng et al., 1998):

Comparison of printing results:

HP 51626A Printhead Microinjector (Tseng, 1998)

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2.4 Micro-lens

micro-lens (Heckele et al., 1998)

2.5 Micromirrors ()

(a)

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 (b)
Fig. Electrostatic Combdrive-Actuated Micromirrors () for Laser-Beam
Scanning and Positioning (Kiang et al., 1998)

3. Microfabrication
3.1 Definition
The technologies used to produce minute components is called microfabrication
technologies, or micromachining.

3.2 Material removal & deposition

Removal:
The 3-dimensional microstructures can be produced by removing part of
the base material by a physical or chemical etching process.
Deposition:
Thin-film deposition techniques are used to build layers of materials on
the base material.

3.3 Evolution
The significant amount of microfabrication processes were developed
for the microelectronics industry in the past 50 years.
- In 1947, transistors () were invented.
- In 1955, a monolithic ( ) circuit (i.e., using germanium or
silicon to build an entire circuit) was produced at RCA.
- In 1958, the first IC was produced by Jack Kilby at Texas

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 Instruments.
- Today, ultra large scale integration (ULSI) can contain 10 million
transistors and capacitors on a chip.

4. Microsystems and Microelectronics

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5. The Multidisciplinary Nature of Microsystem Design and Manufacturing

7 natural science areas are involved:

I. Electrochemistry (): ex. electroplating (; in the
LIGA process); fuel cell ().
II. Electrohydrodynamics
III. Molecular biology ()
IV. Plasma physics ()
V. Scaling laws
VI. Quantum physics ()
VII. Molecular physics (): molecular dynamics (
)

p.s.: 1. Quantum physics: for example, study the movement of electrons in

semiconductor materials.

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 2. Electrohydrodynamics involves the driving of an ionized fluid by the
application of electric fields.

5 engineering areas:
I. Mechanical engineering
II. Electrical engineering
III. Chemical engineering
IV. Material engineering
V. Industrial engineering

6. Microsystems and Miniaturization

Benefits of miniaturization:
I. Tend to move faster.
II. Encounter few problems in thermal distortion and vibration.
III. Make them more suitable for applications in medicine and
surgery and in microelectronic assemblies.
IV. Desirable in satellites and spacecraft engineering.
V. Suitable for telecommunication systems.

Examples:
- Computers: advanced in 50 years from the vacuum-tube technology to
the IC technology. smaller size, but better performance.
- Bio-chips: shorter time for disease or virus detection (plus much less
samples required).

Reference:
1. Halliday, D., Resnick, R., and Walker. J., Fundamentals of Physics: Extended
Version 6th ed, Wiley, John & Sons Incorporated, 2000.
2. Hsu, Tai-Ran, MEMS & Microsystems Design and Manufacturing, McGraw-Hill,
2002.
3. Kiang, M.-H., Solgaard, O., Lau, K.Y., and Muller, R.S., 1998, Electrostatic
combdrive-actuated micromirrors for laser-beam scanning and positioning,
Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, Vol. 7, Issue 1, pp. 27 37.
4. Kovacs, George T. A., Micromachined Transducers Sourcebook, MaGraw-Hill

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Companies, Inc., 2000.

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