REDES DE COMPUTADORES

Tema 2. Modelo OSI

Alberto Arellano A. Ing. Msc.
aarellano@espoch.edu.ec
CCNA CCNP - CCSP
36
OSI Reference Model

The Open System Interconnect (OSI)

reference model is a model,
developed by the International
Standards Organization (ISO), which
describes how data from an
application on one computer can be
transferred to an application on
another computer. 37
OSI Reference Model

38
TCP/IP Model
The Internet Protocol Suite is framework that defines a set of general design
guidelines and implementations of specific networking protocols to enable
computers to communicate over a network. RFC 1122 describes the Internet
Protocol Suite architectural model which commonly is referred as
the TCP/IP Suite Model.

39
Comparing the two models

40
Data Encapsulation
Each layer adds its own header to the data supplied by the
higher layer

Encapsulation: the process of putting headers (and sometimes

trailers) around some data
The
Physical
Layer

The OSI physical layer provides the means to transport the bits that
make up a data link layer frame across the network media.
Purpose of the Physical Layer
Physical Layer Media

The physical layer produces the representation and groupings of bits

for each type of media as:
Copper cable: The signals are patterns of electrical pulses.
Fiber-optic cable: The signals are patterns of light.
Wireless: The signals are patterns of microwave transmissions.
Fundamental Principles of Layer 1
Bandwidth
Bandwidth is the capacity of a medium to carry data.
Typically measured in kilobits per second (kb/s) or megabits per
second (Mb/s).
Fundamental Principles of Layer 1
Throughput

Throughput is the measure of the transfer of bits across the media

over a given period of time.
Due to a number of factors, throughput usually does not match the
specified bandwidth in physical layer implementations.
https://www.timewarnercable.com/en/support/speed-test.html/
http://ipv6-test.com/speedtest/
Transmission Media
In data communications, the transmission medium is usually
free space, metallic cable, or fiber-optic cable. The information
is usually a signal that is the result of a conversion of data from
another form.
Copper Cabling
Characteristics of Copper Media

1 2

4
3

Signal attenuation - the longer the signal travels, the more it

deteriorates - susceptible to interference
Crosstalk - a disturbance caused by the electric or magnetic fields
of a signal on one wire to the signal in an adjacent wire.
Copper Cabling
Copper Media
Unshielded Twisted Pair Shielded Twisted Pair

Coaxial Cable
Physical Media

Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable is a
copper-cored cable
surrounded by a heavy
shielding and is used to
connect computers in a
network.
Outer conductor shields
the inner conductor from
picking up stray signal Category Impedance Use
from the air.
RG-59 75 Cable TV
High bandwidth but lossy
channel. RG-58 50
Thin
Ethernet
Repeater is used to
regenerate the weakened Thick
RG-11 50
signals. Ethernet
Copper Cabling
Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Cable
UTP Cabling
UTP Connectors
UTP Cabling
Types of UTP Cable
Copper Cabling
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Cable - Connectors
UTP Cabling
Testing UTP Cables
Fiber Optic Cabling
Properties of Fiber Optic Cabling
Fiber Optic Cabling
Types of Fiber Media
Fiber Optic Cabling
Network Fiber Connectors
Fiber Optic Cabling
Testing Fiber Cables OTDR
Fiber Optic Cabling
Fiber versus Copper
Implementation issues Copper media Fibre-optic

Bandwidth supported 10 Mbps 10 Gbps 10 Mbps 100 Gbps

Relatively short Relatively High

Distance (1 100 meters) (1 100,000 meters)

High
Immunity to EMI and RFI Low
(Completely immune)

High
Immunity to electrical hazards Low
(Completely immune)

Media and connector costs Lowest Highest

Installation skills required Lowest Highest

Safety precautions Lowest Highest

Wireless

60
Wireless Media
802.11 Wi-Fi Standards
Maximum Backwards
Standard Frequency
Speed compatible

802.11a 54 Mbps 5 GHz No

802.11b 11 Mbps 2.4 GHz No

802.11g 54 Mbps 2.4 GHz 802.11b

802.11n 600 Mbps 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz 802.11b/g

1.3 Gbps 2.4 GHz and 5.5

802.11ac (1300 Mbps) GHz
802.11b/g/n

7 Gbps 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz and

802.11ad (7000 Mbps) 60 GHz
802.11b/g/n/ac