S C I E N C E S C O M PA S S

65 on theories of high-Tc superconductivity. A hole superconductivity (8), pairing gives References

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Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on March 17, 2015

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41
40 P E R S P E C T I V E S : PA L E O C L I M AT E
39 data (and data from Mann et al.) are inter-
38 preted as indications of true annual tem-
37
36
Blowing Hot and Cold peratures, incorporating both warm season
and cold season signals. All records in the
35 Keith R. Briffa and Timothy J. Osborn figure have been calibrated assuming that
34 they portray annual warmth. It is possible,
33 iding behind a rather dry title, Es- The curve from Esper et al. (pink line) however, as Esper et al. state, that their
32
31
30
H per et al., on page 2250 of this is-
sue, provide a new and important
vision of the detailed course of changing
shows a pronounced cold phase in the 17th
century, in qualitative agreement with the
other records and especially with a record
tree-growth data are more influenced by
summer than winter conditions. This af-
fects not only their own record but also a
29 temperatures throughout the last millenni- of borehole temperature data (see the fig- number of the tree-ring series used in oth-
28 um (1). Their analysis is based exclusively ure) (9), more so when the latter are first er reconstructions shown in the figure.
27 on tree-ring records from 14 locations gridded to reduce bias due to regional con- To place their record on an absolute scale
26 spread over much of the northern extra- centrations of these records. The borehole and allow direct comparison of past temper-
25 tropics. Though virtually all previous
24 Northern Hemisphere temperature recon- 0.2
Overpeck97 Jones98 Mann99 Crowley00 Briffa00 Briffa01 Esper02 Obs
23 structions use at least some tree-ring data,
22 the authors use many new data and a pro- 0.0 Annual (JanDec)
Temperature anomaly

21 cessing technique that provides a largely

(C wrt 196190)

20 independent history of widespread tree- 0.2

19 growth variations, which they scale
18 against modern temperature observations 0.4
17 to estimate the relative magnitude of past
16 temperature changes. 0.6
15 The new record differs in several re-
14 spects from that highlighted in the Synthesis 0.8
13 of the Third Assessment Report of the Inter-
12 governmental Panel on Climate Change 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
11 (IPCC) (2), which focused on the 1000-year Year (AD)
10 reconstruction of Mann et al. (see the purple Records of past climate. Solid colored lines indicate seven reconstructions of Northern Hemi-
9 line in the figure) (3). This record has a sphere climate: yellow, (4); red, (5); purple, (3); orange, (6); green, (7); blue, (8); and pink (1). All
8 smaller amplitude of century-to-century records were re-calibrated with linear regression against 18811960 mean annual temperature ob-
7 variability and is consistently at, or near, the servations averaged over land areas north of 20N, and the results smoothed with a 50-year filter.
6 upper limit of the range of alternate records The black dotted line shows the estimate that would be made if the predictor was observed warm-
5 produced by other researchers (48). season temperatures from the same region, highlighting the difference between warm-season and
4 annual temperature changes during the observed record. Black solid line: smoothed observations,
3 The authors are in the Climatic Research Unit, Univer- truncated in 1993 when the record of Esper et al. ends. Gray lines: annual temperature changes es-
2 sity of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom. timated from Northern Hemisphere borehole temperature profiles [dotted line, unweighted aver-
1 E-mail: k.briffa@uea.ac.uk and t.osborn@uea.ac.uk age of many sites (9); solid line, records gridded before averaging].

www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 295 22 MARCH 2002 2227

 S C I E N C E S C O M PA S S
65 ature changes with 20th century observa- tween annual and summer climates (and tured in the shorter Mann et al. record and is
64 tions, Esper et al. scale their series by match- hence between summer and winter). The re- warmer than in any previous reconstruction.
63 ing the magnitude of its multidecadal trends lationship was stationary over the Esper et Even accepting the knotty issue of re-
62 to those in Northern Hemisphere mean (land al. calibration period, but over other periods construction uncertainty, the curve of Es-
61 and marine) annual temperatures from 1900 it may vary: summer warming of extra- per et al. provides evidence for greater cli-
60 to 1977. After smoothing to remove year-to- tropical land has progressed at a slower rate mate swings in the last 1000 years than
59 year fluctuations, the records can be matched than winter warming in the Northern Hemi- has yet been generally accepted. We need
58 closely with either the annual or summer sphere (by about 0.6C since 1860, see dot- more independent reconstructions like
57 mean temperatures, because their trends over ted line in the figure) and this is predicted, this, based on improved proxy records, and
56 this period are very similar. on the basis of climate model experiments, we need to know why it was once so warm
55 For the early 17th century, annual tem- to continue over the next century at least. and then so cool, before we can say
54 perature estimates from Esper et al. differ Whatever the true degree of cold in the whether 21st-century warming is likely to
53 by about 0.7C from those of Mann et al. 17th century, a surprising aspect of the re- be nearer to the top or the bottom of the
52 [see figure 3 of (1)]. However, when we re- sults of Esper et al. is the indication of equal- latest IPCC range of 1.4 to 5.8C (2).
51 gressed the record of Esper et al. against ly cold conditions throughout the 12th, 13th,
50 nonsmoothed data (see the figure), this dif- and 14th centuries, where their reconstructed References and Notes
49 ference was reduced to about 0.4C. Recal- temperatures are consistently well below 1. J. Esper, E. R. Cook, F. H. Schweingruber, Science 295,
2250 (2002).
48 ibrating both curves against year-by-year those indicated by all other records. On the 2. R. T. Watson et al., Eds., Climate Change 2001: Syn-
47 warm season temperatures (10) reduces evidence of this new series, the last millenni- thesis Report (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge and
46 this difference further to about 0.35C. um was much cooler than previously inter- New York, 2001).
3. M. E. Mann, R. S. Bradley, M. K. Hughes, Geophys. Res.
45 The results of calibrating any proxy data preted. The warming of the 20th century is Lett. 26, 759 (1999).
44 depend on whether raw or smoothed seen more clearly as a continuation of a 4. J. Overpeck et al., Science 278, 1251 (1997).
43 records are used and on the chosen seasonal trend that began at the start of the 19th cen- 5. P. D. Jones et al., Holocene 8, 455 (1998).
6. T. J. Crowley, T. S. Lowery, Ambio 29, 51 (2000).
42 temperature predictand. Reconstructions of tury, not the early 20th, and an early period 7. K. R. Briffa, Quat. Sci. Rev. 19, 87 (2000).
41 annual temperature records with predictors of warmth in the late 10th and early 11th 8. K. R. Briffa et al., J. Geophys. Res. 106, 2929 (2001).
40 that are strongly influenced by summer centuries is more pronounced than in previ- 9. S. P. Huang, H. N. Pollack, P. Y. Shen, Nature 403, 756
(2000).
39 conditions, assume stationary relationships ous large-scale reconstructions. This warmth 10. K. Briffa, T. Osborn, data not shown.
38 between proxy and summer climate and be- also peaks slightly earlier than could be cap- 11. T.O. was supported by the UK Met Office (PB/B3539).
37
36 PERSPECTIVES: SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
35 These transmembrane domains were closely
34 associated with gating the channel. Using re-
33
32
Hot and Cold TRP Ion Channels verse transcriptasepolymerase chain reac-
tion, they identified the TRPM8 channel in
31 David E. Clapham dorsal root ganglia and showed that it was ac-
30 tivated by cooling in the 15 to 22C tempera-
29 ipping a cold mint julep on a hot sum- The two papers take very different routes ture range, and by menthol. Both studies
28
27
26
S mers day evokes several different plea-
surable sensations in the nervous system.
Recent papers from McKemy et al. (1) and
to arrive at the same conclusion. McKemy
and colleagues have previously identified
and extensively characterized the hot pep-
showed that menthol slightly raises the tem-
perature threshold for TRPM8 activation.
McKemy et al. also extensively characterized
25 Peier et al. (2) lift some of the mystery sur- per (capsaicin)/heat (>43C) sensor, called the pharmacological response of trigeminal
24 rounding these sensations. These two groups TRPV1 [VR1 (3)], and a related channel sensory neurons to menthol and its more po-
23 identify an ion channel that is opened (gated) TRPV2 [VRL1 (4)], which responds to tent relative icilin.
22 by both cold temperature and menthol, a cool- burning heat (>52C) (5). On the basis of The mammalian TRP channel family is
21 ing agent from the mint plant. This ion chan- published data, and their own experiments defined primarily by structural homology
20 nel belongs to the transient receptor potential on trigeminal ganglia, they hypothesized within the transmembrane-spanning domains,
19 (TRP) superfamily first identified in the pho- that an unidentified protein sensed both cold but overall sequence identities between mem-
18 toreceptor cells of the fly. The new channel and menthol. Expression cloning has been bers can be quite low. The TRP family were
17 opens in response to mildly cold temperatures the key to identifying receptors that mediate initially classified by Harteneck et al. (7) into
16 (15 to 25C), admitting Na+ and Ca2+ ions in- other senses such as smell and taste. Al- short (TRPC), osm-9related (TRPV, vanil-
15 to sensory neurons, which then become depo- though laborious, the method is robust in loid), and long (melanostatin-related, TRPM)
14 larized. The sensory neurons that express the that it correctly identifies the protein per- channels (8, 9). A 25amino acid TRP do-
13 new channel are in the mouth, projecting to forming a known function. Using this main of unknown function and containing a
12 the brains trigeminal ganglia, and in the skin, method, McKemy et al. discovered that a TRP box (Glu-Trp-Lys-Phe-Ala-Arg) is pre-
11 projecting to the dorsal root ganglia of the protein previously identified in prostate can- sent in the carboxyl terminus of all TRPC
10 spinal cord (see the figure). Turn on the hot or cer cellsand variously called TRPM8, channels, but not in all TRP channels. The
9 cold tap, and out pours hot or cold water. Turn CMR1 (for cold and menthol receptor 1) or amino-terminal cytoplasmic domains of
8 on the TRP channels in nerve cells with heat Trp-p8 (6)was also present in dorsal root TRPC and TRPV channels contain ankyrin
7 or cold, and Ca2+ ions dribble into the neurons. ganglia and trigeminal ganglia of mice, and repeats, whereas the TRPC and TRPM car-
6 responded to both cold and menthol. boxyl termini contain proline-rich regions.
5 Realizing that a cold sensor exists in dor- Like most of the characterized TRPs that
4 The author is at the Howard Hughes Medical Insti- sal root ganglia, Peier et al. identified a express measurable currents, TRPM8 is rela-
tute, Cardiovascular Division, Childrens Hospital, De-
3 partment of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School,
known gene with domains that have homolo- tively nonselective for cations and allows a
2 Boston, MA 02115, USA. E-mail: dclapham@ gy to the fourth and sixth transmembrane do- smaller inward than outward current (8). In-
1 enders.tch.harvard.edu mains of the hot pepper/heat receptor TRPV1. terestingly, the TRPM8 cold sensor, 1104

2228 22 MARCH 2002 VOL 295 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org

 Blowing Hot and Cold
Keith R. Briffa and Timothy J. Osborn
Science 295, 2227 (2002);
DOI: 10.1126/science.1069486

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