CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

AND
KIRCHHOFFS LAWS

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2.1 Active Components

2.2 Passive Components
2.3 Node , Branch and Loop
2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws

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 2.1 Active Components

n Ideal independent voltage source

n Symbol and model
is =
is
is = 100 A
vs vs is =0A
is = -50 A
is = -

n It maintains a prescribed voltage independent of the

current through this source.
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2.1 Active Components

n Ideal independent current source

n Symbol and model
vs =
vs = 100 V
is vs = 0 V
is vs
vs = -50 V
vs = -

n It maintains a prescribed current independent of the

voltage across this source.
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 2.1 Active Components

n Ideal dependent voltage and current sources are

convenient for modeling transistors

n An ideal dependent (or controlled) voltage

source is an active element whose source
quantity is controlled by other voltage or
current.

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2.1 Active Components

n Symbol and model of dependent voltage source

voltage-
voltage-controlled voltage source
vs = vx (VCVS)

current-
current-controlled voltage source
vs = ix
(CCVS)

vx and ix are controlling parameter.

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 2.1 Active Components
n Symbol and model of dependent current source

voltage-
voltage-controlled current source
is = vx (VCCS)

current-
current-controlled current source
is = ix
(CCCS)

vx and ix are controlling parameter.

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2.1 Active Components

i

vs
+
v Rs 0 , p = vi
R
-

is Rs , p = vi

Ideal sources do not exist in real world.

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 2.2 Passive Components
(a) Resistance
n Symbol and model

v = Ri
i = Gv

R: resistance , in ohms ()
G: conductance , in siemens (S)
Ohms Law
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2.2 Passive Components

Georg Simon Ohm ???

1787-1854 19XX-20XX
Germany R.O.C. Taiwan
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 2.2 Passive Components
(b) Inductor
n Symbol and model di
v=L
dt
1 t
L
i= vd

1 0 1 t
= vd + vd
L L 0
1 t
= i0 + vd
L 0

L: inductance , in henry (H)

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2.2 Passive Components

(c) Capacitor
n Symbol and model dv
i=C
dt
1 t
C
v= id

1 0 1 t
= id + id
C C 0
1 t
= v0 + id
C 0

C: capacitance , in Farad (F)

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 2.2 Passive Components
(d) Coupling Inductor
n Symbol and model
v1 L1 M d i1
i1 i2 v = M L2 dt i2
2

v1 L1 L2 v2 i1 1 L2 M v1

t
i = L L M 2 M L1 v2
d
2 1 2

M: mutual inductance , in henry (H)

L1: primary self inductance , in henry (H)
L2: secondary self inductance , in henry (H)
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2.2 Passive Components

(e) Ideal Transformer
n Symbol and model
i1 i2 v2
=n
v1
v1 v2 i1
= n
i2

n: turn ratio , positive real number

n It is convenient for modeling practical transformers
or coupling inductors.
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 2.3 Node , Branch and Loop

n A branch represents a single two-terminal element.

n A node is a point where two or more elements join.

n A loop is a closed path in a circuit without passing

through any intermediate node more than once.

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2.3 Node , Branch and Loop

n Example

node : a , b , c , d , e , f 6 nodes
branch : V1 , V2 , R3 , R4 , R5 , R6 , R7 , R8 8 branches
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 2.3 Node , Branch and Loop
n Example

loop A : a => b => c => d => a

loop B : b => e => c => b
loop C : c => e => f => d => c
C.T. Pan loop D : a =>b =>e =>f =>d => a 17

2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws

n Kirchhoffs current law (KCL)
The algebraic sum of all the current leaving any
node in a circuit equals zero

, for any node

N : number of elements connected to this node

in : the nth element current leaving this node
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 2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws
n The algebraic sum of all the current entering any
node in a circuit equals zero

, for any node

n If N = LM , then

, for any node

L : set of n with in leaving this node

M : set of m with im entering this node
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2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws

n KCL is based on the law of

conservation of charge.

n KCL can be applied to a super node

(closed boundary)

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 2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws

n Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL)

The algebraic sum of all the element
voltage drops around any loop in a
circuit equals zero.

, for any loop

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2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws

n The algebraic sum of all the element

voltage rises around any loop in a
circuit equals zero.

, for any loop

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 2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws
n If M = K + J , then

M = set of k with Vk being a voltage drop in this loop

J = set of j with Vj being a voltage rise in this loop

n KVL is based on the law of conservation of energy.

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2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff ???

1824-1887 19XX-20XX
Germany R.O.C. Taiwan
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 2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws
n Example 1

i (leaving ) = 0 , KCL in time domain.

k
k

Node b : (-i1) + i7 + i2 = 0
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Node e : (-i7) + (-i4) + i5 = 0 25

2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws

n Example 1 (cont.)

Node b : i1 + (-i7) + (-i2) = 0

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Node e : i7 + i4 + (-i5) = 0 26
 2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws
n Example 1 (cont.)
Super Node

Node b : i7 + i2 = i1
Super Node :i5+i2=i1+i4
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Node e : i5 = i7 + i4 27

2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws

n Example 2
N

i (t ) = 0 , for any node

n =1
n

Assume in (t ) = I n cos(t + n )
= Re[ I n e j (t +n ) ]
= Re[ I n e jn e jt ] , n=1,2,3,,N
Re: real part
r jn
Define n = I n e = I n cos n + jI n sin n
I
r
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Then in (t ) = Re[ I n e jt ] 28
 2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws
n Example 2 (cont.)
N r
Re[ I
n =1
n e jt ] = 0

Q Re operator & operator

are commutative.
N uu
r
Re[( I n )e jt ] = 0
n =1
N uur
I n = 0 , complex equation
n=1

C.T. Pan KCL in phasor domain 29

2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws

n Example 3
N

i (t ) = 0
n =1
n , for any node

Let I n ( s ) @ 0
in ( t ) e-st dt
N
i ( t ) dt=0
Then
0 n
n=1

operator and operator

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are commutative 30
 2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws
n Example 3 (cont.)

i (t ) e
n=1
0 n
-st
dt =0

I ( s )=0 , scalar equation

n=1
n

KCL in s domain

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2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws

n Example 4

V (drop)=0
K
k , KVL in time domain
loop a,b,c,d,e,f,a
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V2 + V3 + V6 + (-V7)+ (-V8) + (-V4) = 0
 2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws
n Example 4 (cont.)

loop a,b,c,d,e,f,a
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(-V2) + (-V3) + (-V6) + V7+ V8 + V4 = 0

2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws

n Example 4 (cont.)

loop a,b,c,d,e,f,a
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V2 + V3 + V6 = V7+ V8 + V4
 2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws
n Example 5
M

v ( t ) ( drop )=0
k=1
k , for any node

Assume vk ( t )=Vk cos (t+k )

vk ( t )= Re Vk e jk e jt
uur
Let Vk =Vk e jk =Vk cos k + jVk sin k
uur
Then vk (t ) = Re[Vk e jt ]
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2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws

n Example 5 (cont.)
M uur jt
Then
Re V ke
=0
k=1

M uur jt
Re Vk e =0
k=1
M uur
Vk =0 , complex equation
k=1

KVL in phasor domain

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 2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws
n Example 6
N

v (t ) = 0
n =1
k

Define VK ( s ) = vk (t ) e st dt
0

M
v
0
k =1
k ( t ) e st d t = 0
M

k =1
0
v k ( t ) e st d t = 0
M

V
k =1
K ( s ) = 0 , sca la r eq u tio n
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K V L in s d o m a in

2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws

n Example 7 (Chapter Problem 2.33)
Design an electric wiring system to control a
single appliance from two or more locations.
A three-way switch
single pole double throw switch
()
2 2
1 1
3 3
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 2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws
n Example 7 (cont.)
A four-way switch
double pole double throw switch
()

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2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws

n Example 7 (cont.)
(a) Two three-way switches can be connected
between two locations.

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 2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws
n Example 7 (cont.)
(b) One four-way switch is required for each
location in excess of two.

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Summary

n Objective 1Understand ideal circuit components.

n Objective 2Be able to state and use component

models.

n Objective 3Be able to state and use KCL and KVL.

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 Assignment : Chapter Problems

n Problem 2.3
2.9
2.26
2.29

n Due within one week.

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