DIPLOMA IN PHYSIOTHERAPY

HDP 112
Anatomy & Physiology II

SEP 2016
QUIZ 2(CA2)
Total : 25 marks

1. Describe briefly on layer of heart.

(5 marks)
2. Write short notes on specialised cell of conduction system of heart.

(5 marks)

3. Writes a notes on movement of rib cage during breathing.

(5 marks)

4. Describe effect of exercise on respiratory system.

(5 marks)

5. a) What is neuron? (1 marks)

b) With the help of labelled diagram, explain structure of neuron. (4 marks)
 KUALA LUMPUR METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
HDP 112 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2
SOLUTION

1
Layers /Coverings of the heart
The heart is surrounded by an outer layer called 5 marks
PERICARDIUM. (1m)
The pericardium contains two layers

Fibrous Serous
pericardium pericardium
(1m)
Serous pericardium has two layers
- Visceral layer
- Parietal layer
(1m)
Pericardial fluid is present between these two layers
helps in reducing friction between the pericardial
membranes when the heart moves within them
The middle layer of the heart is made up of
cardiac muscle fibers and is called the
MYOCARDIUM. (1m)
The inner layer of the heart is called
ENDOCARDIUM (1m)

2 The conduction system is made up of the specialised 5 marks 5 marks

cell:

- Sino-atrial node(SA node)

- Atrio-ventricular node(AV node)
- Bundle of His
- Purkinje fibers

SA Node
The impulses for cardiac contraction
start from the SA Node.
Therefore it is called the pacemaker of
the heart.
It lies at the opening of the superior
vena cava into the right atrium.
Hence, impulses generatedfrom the SA
Node first pass through the atria.

AV node
After the impulses travel through the
 atria, they pass through the atrio-
venticular node.
The AV Node lies in the upper part of
the atrioventricular septum.
From here the impulses are directed
through the bundle of His

The bundle of His

It is a special bundle of nerves that
originates from the AV Node and passes
through the interventricular septum.
On the upper end of the septum it
divides into the right and left bundle
branches.
The right bundle causes contraction of
right ventricle and left bundle causes
contraction of the left ventricle.
Within the myocardium itself these
bundles break up into fine fibers called
the Purkinje fibers

Hence.. The AV Node + the bundle of

His + the Purkinje fibers together cause
the contraction of the heart from the
AV node to the Apex of the heart
(contraction of both the ventricles)
3
1ST Rib-During inspiration, the 1st rib elevates 5 marks
and moves superiorly and posteriorly at c
ostovertebral joints and pushes the manubrium
superiorly
2nd -6th Ribs-
During inspiration, the upper half of the ribs moves
superiorly and anteriorly ,increasing the A-P
diameter of the thorax. (Pump-Handle movement)
7th-10th Ribs
During inspiration, the lower half of the ribs moves
superiorly and laterally.
Increasing the Lateral diameter of the thorax.
(Bucket-Handle movement)

11th-12th Ribs- They can move in any direction

because they dont have any attachment with
sternum.

4 Effect of exercise on lung structure: 5 marks 5marks

The respiratory muscles (the

diaphragm and intercostals) get
 stronger (1m)
More air can be inspired, therefore
increasing vital capacity. (1m)
In the long-term, regular exercise
strengthens the respiratory system.
(1m)
Gas exchange can now take place more
quickly. Therefore endurance(stamina)
increases.(1m)
breathing rate increases and also
becomes more deep. (1m)
5 5 marks 5 marks