Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Asthma &
Anaphylaxis
International
Emergency Numbers
'
#
Dr Audrey Sisman
Contents
Essential First Aid Asthma & Anaphlaxis
Unconscious ........................................ ..2 Why Asthma is Dangerous .................. 34
DRSABCD ........................................... ..3 Asthma Medications & Devices ........... 34
Basic Life Support Flow Chart ............... 3 Asthma Facts & Information ................ 35
CPR ....................................................... 4 Allergy & Anaphylaxis Facts ................ 36
Choking / Positional asphyxia................ 6 About Anaphylaxis ............................... 37
Drowning ............................................... 7 Risk Assessment
Trauma Manage Anaphylaxis Risks.................. 38
Soft Tissue Injury & Fracture ................. 8 Anaphylaxis Action Plans .................... 39
Upper Limb Injury .................................. 9 Assessing Hazards & Minimise Risk ... 40
Lower Limb / Pelvic Injury.................... 10 Risk Assessment Matrix ...................... 40
Bleeding............................................... 12 Risk Rating Table................................. 41
Shock................................................... 14 Asthma Risk Assessment .................... 42
Crush Injury ......................................... 14 Asthma Action Plans............................ 43
Burns ................................................... 15 Education & Child Care
Electric Shock ...................................... 16 Regulations, Codes & Proceedures .... 44
Multiple Casualties/ Prioritising............ 16 National Child Care Legislation ........... 44
Chest ................................................... 17 Communication Plans & Privacy ......... 45
Abdomen ............................................. 18 Normal Clinical Values for Children ..... 46
Eye ...................................................... 19 AED for Child Care .............................. 46
Head Injury .......................................... 20 Understanding Child Care Law............ 47
Spinal Injury ......................................... 21
General First Aid
Medical Emergencies Principles of First Aid ........................... 48
Heart Conditions .................................. 22 Legal Issues ........................................ 48
Asthma ................................................ 23 Communication/ Reports ..................... 49
Croup/ Epiglottitis ................................ 24 Record Keeping / Self-Help ................. 49
Faint..................................................... 24 Safe Work Practices ............................ 50
Seizure/ Epilepsy ................................. 25 Needlestick Injury / Hygeine ................ 50
Febrile Convulsion ............................... 25 First Aid Kits Contents ......................... 50
Diabetes .............................................. 26 Basic Anatomy & Physiology ............. ..51
Stroke .................................................. 27 Casualty Assessment .......................... 52
Hyperventilation ................................... 27 Asthma/Anaphylaxis Managment Plan 53
Heat Exposure ..................................... 28 Risk Assessment Form ........................ 54
Cold Exposure ..................................... 29 First Aid Incident Report Form ............. 55
Bites and Stings................................... 30 World Map Inside Back Cover
Poisons ................................................ 32
Allergy/ Anaphylaxis ............................ 33
Emergency Numbers
2 | Essential First Aid
means call your countrys emergency number Essential First Aid | 3
A
Maintains a clear airway - allows the tongue to fall forward.
Facilitates drainage and lessens the risk of inhaling Airway
foreign material (eg saliva, blood, food, vomit).
Permits good observation and access to the airway.
Avoids pressure on the chest which facilitates Recovery position
breathing.
Provides a stable position and minimises injury to casualty.
Airway management
takes priority over
spinal injury
B NO Breathing or
abnormal breathing
Breathing
Normally
& monitor
Secondary Survey
CPR No Shock
30:2 Shock Advised
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Advised
Raise the casualtys furthest Stabilise the casualty by Carefully tilt the head
2 x Rescue Breaths
if able & willing
arm above the head. "# $%'* slightly backwards
Place the casualtys nearest when resting on the ground. and downwards. This AED
arm across the body.
Bend-up the casualtys nearest
leg.
Tuck the casualtys hand
under their armpit.
Ensure the casualtys
facilitates drainage of
saliva and/or stomach
contents and reduces
D
use AED
Analyses
Rhythm
or
With one hand on the shoulder head is resting on their the risk of inhalation
and the other on the knee, roll
casualty away from you.
outstretched arm. which may cause
pneumonia.
In an EMERGENCY CALL
4 | Essential First Aid
means call your countrys emergency number Essential First Aid | 5
Choking Inhalation of a foreign body can cause partial or complete airway obstruction. Drowning
Drowning is the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from immersion in liquid.
Partial Airway Obstruction (Effective cough): Interruption of oxygen to the brain is the most important consequence of drowning so early
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS FIRST AID rescue and resuscitation are the major factors in survival. Drowning can be fatal or non-fatal.
>
DO NOT attempt to save a
Z coughing SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
>
> O
drowning casualty beyond your
{@
$ Q
swimming ability.
]$ {]
$$; > $
^
!
Remove casualty from water as soon
> cough is effective
(blue skin colour)
> If blockage doesnt clear
$ as possible.
$Rescue Breathing in
A Drowning Victim water if trained to do so (requires a
Complete Airway Obstruction (Ineffective cough): "=#
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS FIRST AID impossible.
!$$ + {
$$;? Cardiac compressions in water are
speak or cough >
$;? $ @
Z
J {
? not be attempted.
>
$;?
><$
= $$;
FIRST AID
On land or boat:
Q
consciousness
obstruction not relieved.
> .
Call
Assess the casualty on the back with
+>Q (pg 4).
Back blows are delivered standing or {]
$
head and body at same level.
lying using the heel of the hand Do NOT routinely roll the casualty onto
internal injury.
between the shoulder blades. the side to assess airway and breathing.
Vomiting and regurgitation often occur during Commence CPR if required (pg 4)
Lay an infant face Chest thrusts are delivered standing or
resuscitation of a drowned casualty. After rolling Roll into recovery position if vomiting or
down across the lap.
; ;@
casualty onto their side to clear the airway, regurgitation occurs.
If after 5 back surface is required. Chest thrusts
are sharper and slower than chest reassess condition. If not breathing, promptly roll
blows the airway is still {]
distended
compressions (CPR). Check the casualty on to their back and continue with
obstructed, use chest thrusts. Check stomach by external compression.
airway after each chest thrust. resuscitation. Avoid delays or interruptions to
airway after each back blow. The aim Treat for Hypothermia (pg 29) - often
CPR. Do not attempt to expel
is to relieve the obstruction with each Chest Thrusts associated with immersion.
water "
accumulates in upper airway. oxygen if available and trained.
An obstruction in the airway will cause All immersion casualties, even if
resistance when giving Rescue Breaths. seemingly minor, must be assessed in
A foreign body in the airway can be hospital as complications often follow.
removed later, if it is blown further into Back blows
the airways during CPR. on infant
Positional Asphyxia Is where an airway is obstructed due to body position. If it is
Rescuing a Drowning Victim
+;@
person, the restrained person must be continuously monitored.
To prevent positional asphyxia
Avoid face-down restraint unless absolutely necessary and reposition as soon as possible.
" Never sit or lean on the abdomen.
Identify persons at risk: Psychosis and Drug over dose can lead to cardiac rhythm If conscious: throw a buoyant aid (life jacket, surf board) or drag from water using an
$$ @
?Obesity @
$ umbrella, rope, towel, stick.
face-down position. Physically disabled $ @
? If unconscious: Turn casualty face up and remove from water.
Pay close attention to a person saying they cant breathe, gurgling or gasping sounds, Consider possibility of spinal injury remove from water gently, maintaining spinal alignment
lips and face turning blue, increased resistance or sudden tranquility. as much as possible.
8 | Trauma
means call your countrys emergency number Trauma | 9
Shock Shock is a loss of effective blood circulation resulting in tissue/ organ Burns Burns may result from: heat<"++=+cold, friction,
damage and is life threatening. chemical (acid, alkali), electrical or radiation (sunburn, welders arc).
CAUSES FIRST AID
{]
$
?
Loss of blood volume:^"
DRSABCD
{]
$$?
Loss of blood pressure: Heart/ pump failure Cool affected area with water for as long
{]
++
or abnormal blood vessel dilatation. as necessary - usually 20 mins.
powders (except hydrogel).
#$ Remove rings, watches, jewellery from
bleeding {]
X
affected area.
substances.
$
Cut off contaminated clothing do not
{]
\"
$
"
remove clothing contaminated with
(towels, tissues, cotton wool).
Y The total blood volume in the body is chemicals over the head or face.
Y
about 6 litres. Blood loss of >1 litre Elevate burnt limb if possible.
Seek medical help for:
> $
$
abnormal (20%) may result in shock. Rapid Cover burnt area with a loose, non-stick
#<= $
O
$
dilatation of blood loss leads to more severe dressing (sterile non-adherent dressing,
^J
Infant, child or elderly.
blood vessels shock. plastic cling wrap, wet handkerchief,
Burns to hands, face, feet, major joints, or
sheet, pillow case). genital area.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS {]
;
?
FIRST AID ^
Z
_?
++ >#$(pg 12) Hydrogel products are an alternative if Burns encircling limbs or chest.
O
>
+
water is not available. Burns associated with trauma.
Q+ ;$ ? lying down
-
/;''
<'%(pg 14)
]
J #$
>
Maintain body temperature
Q
? Reassure
Q+;
X(pg 52, 56).
Q+
$< $
<
internal abdominal bleeding). and/ or delay surgery).
NB. In early stages of blood loss, children
may have a normal pulse rate, but pallor is
the warning sign. If Unconscious: '*$' Partial Thickness Burn Full Thickness Burn
DRSABCD (pg 3) (1st degree) (2nd degree) (3rd degree)
Reddening (like sunburn) Red and Blistering White or blackened
Painful Very Painful Not painful
Crush Injury A heavy, crushing force to part of the body usually causing Flame:
+{Q+>Q+QGG
" ";
extensive tissue damage from internal bleeding, fractures, ruptured organs, or an impaired
blood supply.
$+
X>
Inhalation: (See also pg 32, Poisons) "
FIRST AID Crush Injury Syndrome: ;
;$;$
{]
{Q^>{
;? Is a complication of crush injury $
# ;
Q+
>
$?
usually involving a thigh or pelvis
(ie not a hand or foot).
G
>
#
#$>
>#$ (pg 12). Toxins released from damaged =+"
$
^
;
{]
(pg 12) to manage a crush tissue may cause complications $; ;{
$
$
;
injury.
X
?
but the risk of sudden death
>
following removal of a crushing Bitumen:^
; ;~'{]
>
? force is extremely small.
_$
; $+ $
X(pg 52, 56)
NB - the casualtys condition may deteriorate quickly
It is recommended to remove the
crushing force as soon as safe
;>
Electrical:^
;
due to extensive damage. and possible.
injuries (pg 16) Call
16 | Trauma
means call your countrys emergency number Trauma | 17
Electric Shock Chest Major chest injuries include fractured rib, <
(multiple rib fractures,
Electric shock may cause: "*
@
"=%@
"$'
"$=+sucking chest wound. A fractured
rib or penetrating injury may puncture the lung.
FIRST AID
]!QO
O!QGO]{ Fractured Rib/ FIRST AID
BYSTANDERS. Position casualty in position
>
;
<$
Flail Chest: of comfort; half-sitting, leaning
toward injured side, if other
box or main circuit breaker) SIGNS & SYMPTOMS injuries permit.
X
? Holding chest Encourage casualty to breathe
>>Q
(pg 4). Pain at site with short breaths.
@$
(pg 15). Pain when breathing Place padding over injured area.
Rapid, shallow breathing Bandage and sling may help to
Bruising immobilise the injury.
Tenderness If bandages increase discomfort,
^
<" loosen or remove them.
DO NOT touch casualtys skin before electrical source is disconnected.
punctured lung) Apply a Collar & Cuff sling to
BEWARE: Water"metal materials can conduct electricity from casualty to you.
Flail Chest section arm on injured side.
POWER LINES are in contact with a vehicle
or a person, there should be no attempt at removal or
of chest wall moves in
opposite direction during
Call for an ambulance
Monitor for internal bleeding/
breathing.
resuscitation of the casualty until the situation is declared shock (pg 13, 14)
(pg 14)
safe by electrical authorities. "If Unconscious: Recovery
Q10 m@<$+ position, injured side down.
pool of water, cable).
; Z
Protect yourself and others.
Sucking Chest Wound:
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS FIRST AID
Multiple Casualties/ Prioritising You may be faced with the
^ @
+
leaning toward injured side.
;
?; @+
;
$+$;
remember the goal is for the greatest good for the greatest number of people. In all
when casualty breathes. around the wound.
cases remember the principles of safety to yourself, bystanders and casualty. ^$
$$ ;
+;
PRIORITIES: }|+|; around wound when casualty pad taped on 3 sides: This allows air to escape
breathes. from pleural cavity and prevents lung collapse
1 G!]>]>!
@? ;
the casualty into the recovery position may be all thats required initially.
>
$
frothy sputum.
(pneumothorax).
> for an ambulance .
Moderate bleeding (< 1 litre) (pg 14). X$J (pg 13, 14).
$<}=
2 Crush injury 3 Spinal injury
Shock Multiple fractures
;
Burns (10-30% of body)
$;
Burns to 30% of body
4 \
Cervical
;
;"
? SIGNS & SYMPTOMS FIRST AID
{]
$? $?
${]
AIRWAY management takes priority of patient - leave this to the experts.
body.
?
over ALL injuries, including spine.
Spinal Column
]
$;? >
Thoracic
ALL cases of unconsciousness, even
if casualty was unconscious only !$?
?
$"+
$$? !? Q
?
If casualty didnt lose consciousness, (pg 14). X$
?
but later develops any of the following
signs and symptoms (below), urgent QUICK CHECK Conscious Casualty:
medical advice must be sought. >
;
@ Support the head and
Lumbar
Monitor all casualties closely for the me? neck in a conscious
@
? casualty with neck pain.
>
@? Do not remove helmet
All head injuries should be suspected
as a spinal injury until proven >
? and ask casualty to
otherwise. >
;
remain still.
and point them away?
{
; ?
FIRST AID
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS >
J?
Check DRSABCD (pg 3)
Headache or giddiness
Conscious: NB. If the casualty has neck or back pain-
Nausea or vomiting
_ $$? treat as a spinal injury. The pain may be
Drowsy or irritable
Q
+
? due to an unstable vertebral fracture which
Slurred speech
$"
+ may result in spinal cord damage if handled
Blurred vision
cover with a dressing (do not plug). incorrectly.
Confused or disorientated.
>$;
(pg 12). Unconscious casualty:
Loss of memory Suspect spinal injury with:
{]
? Turn casualty onto their side,
Swelling and bruising around eyes. motor vehicle accidents, motor bike and
{]
<
maintaining head, neck, and spinal
Bleeding into corner of eyes. cyclists, diving, falls from a height, minor
bleeding within skull). alignment. Maintain an open airway.
Bruising behind ears. falls in the elderly and sports injuries such
$$;+;? (Log roll technique). Use safe manual
;
"
$ as rugby and horse riding.
? handling techniques to avoid injuring yourself.
from nose or ear.
Unconscious: Unconscious: eg ask for assistance; bend your knees.
Loss of power in limbs.
Q;
? Any person found unconscious is potentially spinal injured until proven otherwise - turn
Loss of co-ordination.
Seizure
>
X}'<pg 52, 56).
casualty onto their side and maintain an open airway.
Unequal pupils REMEMBER, airway management takes priority over spinal injury.
>$;
?
G
+$"? Helmet Removal: Helmets could
J$ ? FIRST AID
;; $? be preventing further spinal or head Q;
Concussion: Brain Shake is a
temporary loss or altered state of
$? injuries. If a full-face (motorcycle)
helmet is impeding proper airway
>
X}'(pg 52, 56)
consciousness followed by complete Cerebral Compression: Brain swelling or bleeding management in an unconscious >$;
recovery. Subsequent decline within the skull shows deteriorating signs and casualty and/ or you intend to perform
J$
(see signs and symptoms above) symptoms (above). This is a serious brain injury and CPR, the helmet needs to be removed ;; $
suggests a more serious brain injury. could be life threatening.
? ; $
removal to the experts.
22 | Medical Emergencies
means call your countrys emergency number Medical Emergencies | 23
Heart attack and Angina are heart conditions $ <$ =
which present with similar signs and symptoms. Borrow an inhaler if necessary
Wheeze inaudible (no air movement)
If no improvement, repeat after 4 mins
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS+
Central chest pain$$>
Y
Cyanosis (blue lips)
Skin pale and sweaty Call if no improvement
#$<GJ=
Exhaustion
Breathlessness@
\ $ Anxious/ Distressed Keep giving 4 puffs every 4 mins until
Indigestion type pain in the upper abdomen (referred pain from the heart) Rapid pulse ambulance arrives or casualty improves
Pain spreading to the "_]"`"'%"
@? $each puff.
Collapse (respiratory arrest)
Heaviness or weakness in left arm If Collapse:
Dizzy Young Children may also demonstrate:
NB. Casualties having a heart attack may present with Severe coughing and vomiting Commence DRSABCD (pg 3)
Nauseous Stop eating or drinking
breathlessness alone while others may have heaviness
Pale and sweaty Restless or drowsy Rescue breaths may require more force
in the arm or believe they have indigestion.
Irregular pulse Muscles in throat and between ribs suck in
;;?;";
steady pressure until chest begins to rise.
Allow time for chest to fall during expiration.
FIRST AID
STOP and REST in position of comfort (usually sitting). Using Puffer - with spacer If no spacer available
Q
Are you on prescribed heart medication?
- Do you have angina? Can you take Aspirin?
$; $
treat as for @{@{{@=}"=~ "/@*
%
%"
prescribed heart medication<$
]=?
+give another dose of heart medication. SHAKE
1 PUFF
4 BREATHS
ANGINA should be relieved by rest and medication (tablets or spray). REPEAT X 4
3 doses of medication over 10 mins, the pain has not diminished, Reliever Medication: Shake inhaler, remove cap and Shake inhaler, remove cap. Put
then the condition should be considered a HEART ATTACK Blue - grey colour. put inhaler upright into spacer.inhaler between teeth and seal
Salbutamol puffers are the Place spacer between teeth with lips.
Warning signs: most common (eg Ventolin, and seal with lips. Administer 1 puff as casualty
{]_
given.
>
Warfarin (blood thinning medication) in emergency: follow
SMART action plan, Call if casualty does not
>
Asthma or Stomach ulcers Wait 4 mins and repeat if no
available from Asthma respond to medication. Say it
improvement
Foundation is an asthma emergency
24 | Medical Emergencies
means call your countrys emergency number Medical Emergencies | 25
Mild
]$ and lasts 3-4 days. Can also
<;$
blockage. ] ?
affect adults. taste, smell, sound or sight).
>Q
? {
>
?
Epiglottitis: Bacterial avoid injury.
" $
%
'
>
worse if child is upset. infection of the epiglottis {]
_
?
" =;'* (tonic phase lasts few secs).
? <"$ = QQ$?
;?
causing upper airway $< X(pg 52, 56).
EPIGLOTTITIS: Q
;
Severe
"
]] Call obstruction. It occurs in phase lasts few mins).
the 4 - 7 yr age group and ^
J supervision at end of seizure.
" '
%
'
"
]%
>+
? has a rapid onset over 1-2 # if:
Z
?
G hrs.
$
$
"
Z
;?
"
*
' care until ambulance This is an emergency stained saliva.
arrives. and requires urgent G$$;? >
$?
" <'% Z
;?
ambulance transport to ^
the hospital. Z
@ ?
_@Z
?
{@ {; ;? >
_
$?
@
A person known to have epilepsy may not require
ambulance care and may get upset when one is called.
differentiate
between ~='*
and ~*
- further tests are
usually required.
Call
not sure
if you are
Stroke
{$$$;
$? The blood supply to part of the brain is disrupted, resulting in damage to brain tissue.
$
Hypoglycaemia (Low blood sugar) or Hyperglycaemia This is caused by either a blood clot blocking an artery (cerebral thrombosis) or a ruptured
(High blood sugar). Both conditions, if left untreated, result in altered states of artery inside the brain (cerebral haemorrhage).
consciousness which are medical emergencies. The signs and symptoms of a stroke vary, depending on which part of the brain is damaged.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS - Both conditions share similar signs and symptoms: SIGNS & SYMPTOMS FIRST AID
"@**
;%'%]
'%
%/
' >
Z
FAST tests, act
"*%;
"*%*'"' Y
!
Z
fast and Call
HYPOglycaemia (LOW) HYPERglycaemia (HIGH)
^
Q
DIFFERENCES
SEA
Ants Red Back Spider {Q^>{Q
;Call
Q
{
$$
O; VINEGAR~'
TYPE FIRST AID
CREATURES rinse with seawater (NOT freshwater)
+>Q
Sea Snakes
Blue-Ringed Octopus Pressure Immobilisation Technique (PIT) Non-Serious Bite/ Sticks:
(see next page for PIT)
Cone Shell Fish stings: $$
;
^;
;
FATAL
Tropics
VINEGAR Liberally apply vinegar for 30 secs (vinegar neutralises Red Back Spider:$]
stinging cells) then pick off tentacles. If no vinegar available,
$-_X
Bee/Wasp/ Ant/ Tick:G<$
=Q
'%\_X
SEAWATER. Do not use fresh water because it can cause stinging
cells to discharge.
+; #(pg 33)
Bluebottles {
O
;? Q
Fish Stings: Stingray HOT WATER - Use cold compress if no pain relief with
+
hot water Pressure Immobilisation Technique (PIT): This method is used to treat a variety of
: Bullrouts $O
;$^
>
Potentially Fatal Bite/ Sting:
1. Apply a pressure
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: similar for all 4 species with death from Respiratory Arrest
within minutes to hours.
bandage over the bite area 2. Apply a second 3. Splint the bandaged
<@
]
bandage@ limb, including joints either
Painless bite{^
{@
;; @$; toes extending upwards side of bite site.
^ @
$]
Y bandage and skin). covering as much of limb as Q
$?
J
$
;>
> DO NOT wash bite site possible. DO NOT elevate limb.
X\$ ^ ^
(If only one bandage pants/ shirts as undressing >
(pg 11)
FIRST AID:
{Q^>{ {]
; $<= available: start from causes unnecessary DO NOT remove bandage
{]
$ @J; movement and splint once it has been
Q
>
$
{]
$
{]
(pg 12)
far up limb as possible
covering the bite).
X\$ applied.
Poisons A poison is any substance which causes harm to body tissues. Allergy/ Anaphylaxis Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction
A toxin is a poison made by a living organism (eg animal, plant, micro-organism). which can be triggered by nuts (especially peanuts), cows milk, eggs, wheat, insect
A venom#; $<++@ =? stings/bites (bee, wasp, ant, tick), and certain drugs (eg Penicillin).
13 11 26 - Poisons Information Centre Free Call, 24/7, Australia wide. The airways rapidly swell and constrict, interfering with breathing, and the blood vessels
widen, leading to shock (pg 14). Casualties need an immediate injection of adrenaline.
Poisons can be ingested (swallowed), absorbed, inhaled or injected. The effect of a People who know they are at risk may wear a medical alert bracelet and carry their own
poison will depend on what the substance actually is and how much has been absorbed. injectable adrenaline. FIRST AID
Ingested: Swallowed substances can be broadly categorised into corrosive eg dish SIGNS & SYMPTOMS G
"+;?$
washer detergents, caustics, toilet/ bathroom cleaners and petroleums or non-corrosive @
;
Can be highly variable and
eg plants, medications (tablets/ liquids) and illicit drugs. Some drugs make people drowsy <;=
may include:
or unconscious, others can cause panic or aggression others cause dangerous dehydration.
Adverse drug experience - (bad trip) indicated by FIRST AID
Mild to moderate Allergic Call
" Administer oxygen if available
reaction:
confusion, hallucination, overcome by crowds, possibly
;++ $
violent. Keep yourself safe, seek assistance. To help: (from container/ bottle). @
(pg 23)
Y <+ =
Stay calm yourself and talk calmly Reassure the person $ ? Further adrenaline should be given if no improvement
Rest the person Reduce stimuli, move slowly, take to a {]
unless advised. after 5 mins
Abdominal pain, vomiting
quiet placeEncourage happy, positive, simple thoughts. {]
give anything by mouth
(severe if reaction to insects) >
DRSABCD (pg 3).
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS of a corrosive unless advised. Severe Allergic Reaction If in doubt give the autoinjector
substance:
J$ Drinking too much water can cause (Anaphylaxis):
^
J
]
J serious problems Mild allergy may not precede anaphylaxis Use adrenaline when symptoms become severe. EpiPen
{@
$ ; and Anapen are auto-injecting pens containing a measured
{@
J$
FOR ALL POISONING: dose of adrenaline (Epinephrine). It can take only 1- 2 mins
Unconscious Z
{Q^>{ for a mild allergic reaction to escalate to anaphylaxis.
{@
J
$
+;; Y;X
contamination from around the mouth. Swelling/tightness in throat
>>
!
$?
{]
use Syrup of Ipecac to induce
advice or Call
X(pg 52, 56)
Persistent dizziness
"<
=
vomiting unless advised by Poisons J
>
Information Centre. notes with casualty to hospital. Swelling
Absorbed: ;
How to Use an EpiPen: How to Use an Anapen:
hospital. 1.
Chemical splash from eg pesticide, weed killer. 2.
FIRST AID 1. 2.
{]
$
;++ ?
?
O;
;
Pull off Black needle Pull off grey safety cap
Inhaled: Toxic fumes from gas, burning solids or liquids. Inhaled poisons include: shield. from red button.
carbon monoxide (car exhausts); methane (mines, sewers); chlorine (pool chemicals,
cleaning products); fumes from paints, glues, and industrial chemicals. 3. 4.
FIRST AID O@
Push orange end hard into
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS X
EpiPen and pull off outer thigh so it clicks and
^ $Y G blue safety-release. hold for 10 secs
]
{ZZ>
Remove Epipen and
#$
>
Injected: As a result of a bite or sting (pg 30, 31) or may be injected with a needle.
massage injection site for
10 secs @ Press red button so it
against outer mid-thigh clicks and hold for 10secs.
The most common type of drug overdose via injection are narcotics which cause respiratory (with or without clothing)Remove Anapen and
depression (slow breathing), respiratory arrest (no breathing) or unconsciousness. Seek NB. When the orange needle end is withdrawn from massage injection site for
urgent medical assistance if breathing is slow or abnormal. The most common injection the thigh, the needle is automatically protected. 10secs
++$;+$;@?]^?]
$ BEWARE of needle protruding from end after use.
carriers of Hepatitis B, C, and/ or HIV (AIDS).
34 | Asthma & Anaphylaxis
means call your countrys emergency number Asthma & Anaphylaxis | 35
Asmol A
Accuhaler
^
O#+
++ "In shower or bath. Maintain client in bath or shower (on seat if
Names possible) support sitting up. Empty the bath water. Keep client
Alvesco, Tilade, Intal Forte, Singulair
Speed Slow acting. Can take weeks for full effect. warm. Preserve clients dignity - cover.
NOT FOR EMERGENCY
Speed Slower acting than relievers. About 30 minutes. Exercise Induced Asthma (EIA)
Purpose Relax airway muscles lasts up to 12 hours. At rest breathing is mostly through the nose. During exercise, air
A
Device Turbuhaler, Accuhaler is breathed through the mouth and air that enters the lungs
'!
Preventer plus a Symptom Controller +
@?
Name Seretide asthma attack.
Purple
Speed
Red & White
Purpose Prevention plus control of symptoms Children may need a Managing EIA
Device
$
X{<
=? spacer with a mask Take reliever 5-20 minutes before exercise Warm-up before exercise Warm-
Symbicort may be used for casualties over 12,
$
down after exercise Always carry blue reliever medication in case needed
CAUTION when prescribed. Max 6 doses at a time. Max in-breath. This may not Tips for coaches: ! \
<If symptoms occur
12 doses per day of Symbicort#. be possible in emergency
#
during match: Stop playing & take reliever. Resume activity if symptom free. If
SMART action plan for Symbicort use as a reliever is
symptoms recur: take reliever, do not play again on same day.) ;
available from Asthma Foundation Note: Spacers are for single person use only.
Spacers to warm-up / warm-down @Display
Help medication to reach the lungs. asthma posters and brochures in club rooms Check with Australian Sports Anti-
replaced. Used spacer can be given to casualty.
Protect the throat from irritation. Doping Authority 1 for info on banned medications
Personal spacers should be washed every month.
Help coordinate breath with puff. Use warm soapy water; air dry; do not rinse. 1
Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) http://www.asada.gov.au/substances/
36 | Asthma & Anaphylaxis
means call your countrys emergency number Asthma & Anaphylaxis | 37
Allergy/Anaphylaxis Facts
" + There are two basic categories of anaphylaxis:
Ige mediated and idiopathic. Ige mediated
Anaphylaxis is the most severe form of allergic reaction. Anaphylaxis can cause
symptoms such as swelling of the tongue and throat and this can lead to breathing anaphylaxis is a result of the immune system releasing large quantities of histamine and
@
? Many substances can cause anaphylaxis, but the most common are Food, other chemicals which causes the typical signs of anaphylaxis. Idiopathic anaphylaxis is not
Medicine and Insects. Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency. fully understood, but also causes severe life threatening reactions.
What happens in an anaphylactic reaction?
Causes of death from anaphylaxis Allergens Ige antibody
Anaphylaxis Facts - Australia " {
an allergy prone person runs across an
60% medications Allergies in Australia are very common, affecting allergen (peanuts for example), their immune system
20% insects about 1 out of 5 people. produces large amounts of peanut Ige antibody. As a
10% unknown Death from anaphylaxis is rare. result of this their body is sensitised to peanuts.
5% food About 12 die each year from anaphylaxis These Ige molecules attach themselves to mast cells.
5% other (latex, hair dye, etc) X]
$
???
" The second time this person comes into contact with
Medications: IF anaphylaxis is fatal then death usually occurs very peanuts, the peanut Ige antibodies trigger the mast cells
soon after contact with the trigger. to release granules of powerful chemical mediators, such
< 5 min after injected medication as histamine and cytokines into the blood stream
< 15 min after insect stings These chemical mediators (histamine etc) cause
< 30 min after food Histamine etc
Vasodilation
What does adrenaline do? Fluid loss into tissues
Adrenaline: Smooth muscle contraction
Reverses vasodilation Increased mucus secretion
Insect stings/ticks: Reduces swelling This causes the common anaphylaxis signs & symptoms
Ants, Bees and Wasps are the most likely Increases heart output Redness, rashes and welts
insects to cause anaphylaxis. Ticks also $ @
Anaesthetics and injected medications cause anaphylaxis in some people; most ;+ $ @
such as antibiotics are the most Prevents mast cells from Shock
reactions to tick occur when attempting to
common drugs to cause anaphylaxis. remove the tick. releasing chemicals Cardiac arrest
Some over-the-counter medications such Give Adrenaline Early
"(NSAIDS) If the mast cell response is slowed down quickly, with early use of
can cause anaphylaxis. Some alternative adrenaline, the amount of histamine and mediators released by the
and complementary medicines are based mast cells is greatly restricted, to the point where adrenaline can
$
"; effectively reverse the effects these chemicals have.
known allergens. ; $<"
See ASCIA for info on ticks: www.allergy.org.au
leaking into the tissues) can result in severe shock leading to
Food: Food is the most common cause of anaphylaxis in children cardiac arrest.
@ # ?
It is very important to give the adrenaline autoinjector if the signs
Any food can cause anaphylaxis but and symptoms of the casualty suggest anaphylaxis.
If you are in doubt - give the autoinjector.
these 9 Foods are the most common
Peanuts Dairy O O " Call . The reaction could return when the effects of adrenaline
]
wear off after about 20 minutes
Eggs What is an autoinjector? Autoinjectors contain a pre-measured dose
? +@
medication is pushed out. Each Autoinjector can only be used once.
EpiPen & Anapen are different BRANDS of autoinjector. Both brands contain
What does all this mean? Most allergic reactions do not cause death. However when adrenaline. Each brand has different operating instructions! It is much better to
anaphylaxis is life threatening it develops very rapidly and requires immediate treatment take a few seconds to read the instructions and administer the medication correctly than
with adrenaline. First Aiders and carers must learn to identify signs of anaphylaxis and be to rush and make mistakes in a panic. In the past rescuers have injected themselves.
prepared to act quickly Dont make the same mistake. %
'
38 | Risk Assessment
means call your countrys emergency number Risk Assessment | 39
Manage Anaphylaxis Risks Anaphylaxis Action Plans ASCIA has Action Plans and many
other resources: www.allergy.org.au
There are four sectors that need to consider the risks of anaphylaxis.
ASCIA is a professional medical organisation, comprised mostly of scientists and specialist
1. Children in care.
+G{>++ +
@
?
Y
><Y=+O{>?
2. Schools. Primary and Secondary ASCIA provide useful information Personal Action Plans should be stored with medication.
3. Workplaces. All workplaces, including the workers in child care employment. and resources about Allergy and They contain:
4. Voluntary organisations, especially those working with minors. This includes Anaphylaxis and also produce " Individuals details - name, age
>
$+
>
+
J
+^>
$? ASCIA Anaphylaxis Action " Emergency contact details
Each of these sectors should have an anaphylaxis policy and an anaphylaxis Plans. Action plans provide " Extra instructions
management plan (pg 53) and communication plan (pg 45) in place. For the Child Care important information to help all " General signs and symptoms
sector there are stringent legal requirements that impose obligations on the child care stakeholders reduce the risks of " Doctors signature - this is a medical document
centres, the employees and the parents. anaphylaxis. " Instructions for using either Anapen or EpiPen
Case study. Action Plans must be supplied to child care centres and schools$
Voluntary Organisations - Duty-of-Care who is diagnosed with Anaphylaxis.
Billy, was a member of a local football
In a workplace, although it is not compulsory to provide an action plan in a workplace
club and known to be allergic to wasps.
duty-of-care responsibility when running environment it is strongly recommended and employers should encourage workers to inform
While playing football away from the
activities. @;$
#
home ground, some wasps were
When a duty-of-care relationship exists there ;
@$?
attracted to a plate of cut up oranges.
is responsibility to
Billy was stung on the hand when he ate BDUJPO!QMBO!GPS
1. Do what a reasonable person would do Child details
2. In similar circumstances
one of the pieces of orange.
Billys adrenaline autoinjector was in his
Date of birth www.allergy.org.au B o b qi zm b yjt This is a sample
Anaphylaxis
3. With the same level of training For use with EpiPen adrenaline autoinjectors
sports bag, in the dressing room. action plan for
Name:
Date of birth: ! N J M E ! U P ! N P E F S BU F ! B M M F S H J D ! S F B D U J P O!
An ambulance was called, and Billy was Child photo Swelling of lips, face, eyes Epipen.
Hives or welts
rushed to hospital. Tingling mouth
Abdominal pain, vomiting (these are signs of a severe allergic
The subsequent investigation revealed What child is Photo
reaction to insects)
BDUJPO
the football club anaphylaxis policy Allergic to
!
For insect allergy, flick out sting if visible. Do not remove ticks. What to do for
helped Billy survive. Stay with person and call for help
Locate EpiPen or EpiPen Jr mild reaction
Parent/carer Give other medications (if prescribed) ....................................
Confirmed allergens:
Dose: ..........................................................................................
Details Phone family/emergency contact
A communication plan was developed which included an awareness program. for 10 seconds. EpiPen Jr is generally prescribed for children aged 1-5 years.
*Medical observation in hospital for at least 4 hours is recommended after anaphylaxis.
EpiPen Action Plan and
Information posters for conditions like anaphylaxis, asthma, epilepsy and diabetes an Anapen Action Plan is
Instructions are also on the device label
and at www.allergy.org.au/health-
Additional information
Note: This is a medical document that can only be completed and signed by the patient's
individuals and their
set of signs and
professionals/anaphylaxis-resources
were on the clubroom notice boards and articles were printed in the club newsletter.
treating medical doctor and cannot be altered without their permission.
the instructions on how
The communication plan made sure
%
% were to use each device symptoms.
all aware that Billy was anaphylactic and they were all properly trained. A copy of the Action Plan should be stored with medication.
The policy required that an Anaphylaxis trained person was present at every activity. Throughout this book the word parent includes legal guardian
40 | Risk Assessment A sample Risk Assessment Plan is
available from www.acacqa.gov.au means call your countrys emergency number Risk Assessment | 41
Consequence
Consequence score 3. Read Risk from table.
Likelihood
Likelihood
Type
Risk
Risk
In schools and child care strategies must be
No. Activity Hazard developed in consultation with parents. Name Done
#1 BYO Lunches Children share lunches. Possible Develop and implement No Sharing policy. Eat inside under
Room
contamination. 3 5 VH
2 3 M
Child Day Care Centre
Coordinator
Individual Anaphylaxis Plan in room. Send info in newsletter.
2 Cooking activity Exposure to allergen. Hidden ingredient.
Accidental cross contamination of ingredients parents to determine safe ingredients/brands. Separate utensils Activity
3 5 VH 1 3 L
for different foods. Correct labelling & storage of ingredients. Coordinator
Develop and initiate cleaning policy. Invite parents to assist.
3 Excursion Exposure to trigger, communication Advise all workers of childs allergy. Ensure medication and Activity
@
+ 4 5 VH
copy of emergency action plan is with child. Take mobile
2 5 H Coordinator/
medication.
!
Manager
immediately available. Approved by Parent and Manager.
4 Catering for Accidental cross contamination of food Use only approved caterer. Advise caterers to prepare food Activity
function platter, supplied by caterers for in-service 3 3 H separately, supplied on labelled platters. Nominate person to 2 4 H Coordinator/
training receive food. Advise all participants of risk and precautions. "
#
Workplace
#5 Outdoor worker
<= Uniform protects ankles. Inspect meters before approaching. Safety
working alone works alone as a meter reader 2 5 H
Carry mobile phone / radio as required. Establish monitored
2 5 H @
default SMS reporting. Utilise GPS monitoring. Carry
medication on person. Wear medi-alert. Supervisor
6 Power line tree Worker allergic to bees Advise all co-workers. Medication immediately available.
"
#
clearing 2 5 H
$
%
2 5 H
Manager
present. Establish alternative communication path if required.
42 | Risk Assessment
means call your countrys emergency number Risk Assessment | 43
changes; moving from hot to cold. overtime, plan for unexpected delays. Preheat rooms. Wheeze
You ma
y or ma
y
Date: ___
__/___
__/___
___
ths by
your loca
l doctor
Cough
ugh m
A dry co
temperatures. Can be present in garden ION PLAN
6 mon
wed in
ASTHMA AC ID label
Scheduled cleaning of bathrooms, commercial laundries; Name / IEVER
To be revie
ASTHMA ACT
TION PLAN h
Name:
Stop REL UHM[LY
TLKPJH[PV^LSS Chest tig
ILPUNdoctoH`Z
r chil
Continu
e chest pa
CONTA CT DETAIL
S
in
When We H[PVU! VENTER
Shortnes
EMERG ENCY
Feel Good Orange : Sho TLKPJ
;,9nd
rt Wi
PRE
S CT DETAIL
,=,5 DOCTO RS CONTA Name
Take 79
Red: Bad
ing
ei
"Animal dander and saliva Consult with parents before introducing a pet day. Cats, t no short win Short Wind Short Wind NAME Phone
Feels lik
Improv
d ise: Relationship
Increase
DATE
t no cough t tight chest Bad Short Wi fore exerc DUE
nd Be
A CHECK -UP
NEXT ASTHM e
Continu
dogs, horses, rodents, even insects, can trigger asthma. t no whistle
breathing t whistle brea
t short wind
thing (wheeze) t short wind
t fast
all the time
cough (se
e back
of page
)
(almost no sympto
ms)
RELIEVER U ALWAYS
TLKPJH[PV[V
CARRY YOUR cking
Su
RELIEVER WITH
"Chemicals & cosmetics Develop a dress code policy. Avoid highly scented
.............................
s, trigger avoidanc
r) medic ter is:__________
..................................
e
My medicati t cannot talk ue puffe Your preven __
(e.g. other medicine
Continu
rug
..................................
.................................. )
(NAME & STRENGTH ..................................
..................................
.......................
Danger Pla
Take __ ______ with your inhaler ..................................
The ch
deodorant. Include cleaning staff in communication plan. day. ................................. .................................. ......................
Use a spacer
ncer 3 to 4 times a __Your__relieve
..................................
______
..................................
Myys S
Alwa t sit ____r is: ..................................
..................................
(NAME) ..................................
..................................
ym
use 4 puffs when up
............... .................
ab .................................. .................................. ......
spa TER: __ .................................. ..................................
Aserthwith
spac ic
m your ort needed e PREVEN Take
puffs
NAME g or shortness
of breath
DOCTORS CONTACT DETAILS EMERGENCY CONTACT DETAILS
.................................
..................................
................. ..................................
..................................
Continu
..................................
on Pla with your blue puffe s of blue puffer When: You have DATE Name
waking up with
asthma,
Symbic
r wait a short time and htness, ath, NEXT ASTHMA CHECK-UP DUE 3 times per week, Use a spacer
with your inhaler
as neces
MCFT
U1&' you@@@@ still have LIEVER day) blets
..................................
.........................
..................................
____for_
4ZNC @@@@ Your preventer is: OTHER INSTRUCTIONS ................. ................. ...................................................................................................................................
every 3
.................................. .....
THM @@@@ .................................. ..................................
______ puffs/tablets
(NAME & STRENGTH)
puffsJDPSUpuffs with your inhaler
spacer proving see yo
@@ @@@@ ................................. ..................................
A TR
Asth t keep@@usin least Use a spacer
(e.g. other medicines, trigger avoidance, what to do before exercise)
______ Your
you feel better QIPOpuff
...............
SU
puffs are
IS: ..................................
F @@ er until RELIEVE
(1 Use a spacer with your inhaler .................................. .................
................................................................................................................................................................................
@@ STEROID:
.................
H @@@@ ................. .................
MY RE
IF OV
-up
puffs
or the hea @@@@ Take @@ @@@@ roids use Your puffs
@@@@oral ste Take
reliever is: .................................
..................................
...... ..................................
.......................................................................................................................................
..................................
..................................
GULA
R TR ER A wor ker lth@@@@@@@@@@@@ While taking @@@@ ..................................
(NAME)
................. ................................................................................................................................................................................
A
Allow time for people to warm up AND warm down. Aim Use Sy FWFSZ ld: AN AS
struggli it ) more symptoms than usual, (e.g. other medicine ng this
s, when to stop
.................
mb EBZ FMJFWFS t4ZN THM ter:.................................. (NAME Y. Wa & STRENGTH asthma is interfering with usual activities)
Keep taking preven
MEDIATEL bri
ico $POUJO QUPNT A EM e lips day
for re
lief puffs rt 1
of my inhala puffs VFUP t&YUS HFUUJO blu
ERGE ffe r) IM oth.........
.................................. er times every Prednis Please olone/predniso
h you wh
ne: en
Peak ow* (if used) for .................................. and
g between
.. days
nutes. If e...................................................................
Symb LJOH Use a spacer ..................................
DPVST WFSO U MBUJPO GSPN
blu ..................................
DOCT k or.................
................................................................................................................................................................................
MY AS
THM
icort
Turbuh $POUBD FPGQ
SFEOJTP
FFEF
E T 4ZNC
JDPSUfor 4 mi to yourYour reliever
Use
to spyoureainhaler .................
is:a.................
spacer with
le
(NAME)
............. ..................................
..................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................
.......................
t*DB A IS aler IF I HA d go ab ..................................
OUBL
FQBSU
STAB
LE IF:
UNZE
PDUPS MPOF VE 4 puffs
an
breTake e, un
ath................. Your reliever
................ puffs LY
is: '000'
ON.................
.................
lance,
.......................................................................................................................................
................. ..................................
2003
.................
October 96475
..................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
XJUIP JOOP I SHOU ANY OF ng to GE NT am bu (NAME)
..................................
......
..................................
.................................. MIU
......
VUBT COUR gli NCE Take UR ................................. an ................. ..................................
If strug
THE .................
"/% UINBT SNBM SE
S
LD DI ABOV
BULA itin puffs g for .................
..................................................................................................................... ..................................
.................
ZNQUP QIZTJDBMB
................. ...............................................................................................................................................................................
E OF SAY A
AL 00 wa
.................................. . ..................................
P ED
PR I AM 0 FO E DA
call an AM ..................................
r or wh ile nu tes ..................................
ry 4 mi
blue pu
VTFP BL
BLET ILE
GBTUI UOJHIUPSJO UBCMFU
TQFS
S TS:
S: ST
S
LE
LE I AM AM W ASTH
MA AT ANDOn
E
giv e breathing proble
ms,
NB UIFN EBZG TA
AR AI e to ency (severe
reliever has
. continu
OTHE ____ PS N
NHHQ RT T MY TING TACK Asthma emerg very quickly,
R INST PSOJO ____ QSSF
FEEO ASTH FO ms get worse
H ____ OJT
JTP t4JUV MA FIR R THE AM IF SYMPTOMS GET WORSE Asthma is severe (needing reliever again within 3 hours, increasing difculty breathing,
Child care centre has three children with asthma enrolled. The Asthma management
____ IONS ____ ____ UBOE ST AI BULA
____ : ____ __ t5
t5BL T
TUBZDB D PL NCE below:
____ ____ ____ F
FJO
JOIB MN AN: Peak ow (if used) Peak ow* (if used) between and
____ ____ ____ ____ MBUJPO Keep taking preventer:......................................................................................................................
____ ____ ____ *GUIF
____
____
____
____ ____ __ SFJTOP 4Z
PG
NCJDP
(NAME & STRENGTH)
nce immediately OTHER INSTRUCTIONS ;asth Contact your doctor
ma.org.autoday
____
DIAL 000 FOR
____ JNQS Call an ambula onal
____ ____ PG4Z SU8B Take ................................. puffs/tablets............................................................ timesemerge every day ncy (e.g. other medicines, when to stop taking
www.nati extra medicines)
plans supplied to the centre identify triggers: grass pollens; hair spray, cosmetics and food
SU VQ r as often as
needed Prednisolone/prednisone:
AMBULANCE
____ ED M t*G
t
*GP
PO UPB LFBO JOVUFT taking relieve
____ INHA ORE OMZ
MZ7F
7FOUP NB YJNVN PUI FSJOIB ................................................................................................................................................................................
Keep
330
33
330
301_E
301 __ LATION THAN
PGUFO MJOJTB PG MBUJPO
Use a spacer with your inhaler Take ........................................................................ each morning for .................................... days
1
_EN
ENG
NG_Ac
_A I mus S (TOT 12 SY BTOF WBJMBCMF JOIBMB
Actition
Ac
Acttitiio
tio ion t AL) IN MBICO FEFE UJPOT Your reliever is:
the sa see my do
onPl
nP
n .......................................................................................................................................
Pllan
Pl
Pla
la
a
an
an_
n_FA
n_FFA.in RT t4
t
4UBSUB VOUJ
UBLF
under 12 years. (NAME) ................................................................................................................................................................................
Workplace; $$ "?
UINBB UPSJN RVJDL
NFEJB MZ
UUBDL UFMZB Asthma emergency (severe breathing problems,
GUFSB
DANGER SIGNS symptoms get worse very quickly, reliever has
YY?
$(pg 41) @ 11/11/
DIAL 000 FOR
AMBULANCE
Call an ambulance immediately
Say that this is an asthma emergency
Peak ow (if used) below:
management must both approve the strategies before work can proceed.
09 9:1
5:5 Keep taking reliever as often as needed www.nationalasthma.org.au
6 AM
* Peak
P k flow
fl nott recommended
d d ffor
or children
hild under
d 12 years
years.
Example of Risk Assessment for Asthma Risk Rating Residual Risk Person responsible
Consequence
Consequence
Refer page 40
Likelihood
Likelihood
Strategy
Activity,
(pg 40)
(pg 40)
Type
Risk
Risk
No. infrastructure or Hazard Name Done
In schools and child care facilities, strategies must be
environment
developed in consultation with parents
1 Lawn Mowing Grass pollens known trigger 4 3 H Arrange for gardening to be conducted on weekends. 2 3 M Manager
Child Care
2 Hair spray, cosmetics, Child care workers trigger asthma in sensitive children Perfume and cosmetics policy. Communication plan to ensure
3 2 M 1 2 L Manager
deodorant, perfumes
3 MSG, sulphites, Snack foods and lunches may contain ingredients that Food policy, no sharing policy. Treat alternatives provided by Coordinator/
4 3 H 2 5 H
salicylates trigger asthma parents. Communication plan. Manager
4 Employees triggered Cleaning and vacuuming disturb dust. Communicate with cleaners. Arrange cleaning to be done after Manager/
4 4 VH 2 4 H
Work
by dust work. Budget for carpet replacement with alternative coverings. "
#
5 " %
4 Occupational asthma caused by wood dust "
#
5 4 VH Dust extraction system. PPE. Positive pressure masks. 2 4 H
Supervisor
44 | Education & Child Care
means call your countrys emergency number Education & Child Care | 45
Principles What is First Aid? Its the immediate care of an injured or Communication
of First Aid suddenly sick casualty until more advanced care arrives.
@
?
X
$
+
@
{
%
+ culturally appropriate ways of communicating that are courteous and clear. It may sometimes
Preserve life This includes the life of rescuer, bystander and casualty. be necessary to communicate through verbal and non-verbal communication and you may
Protect from further harm Ensure the scene is safe and avoid harmful intervention.
"
?
@
Prevent condition worsening Provide appropriate treatment. needs to maintain respect for privacy and dignity and pay careful attention to client consent
Promote recovery Act quickly, provide comfort and reassurance, get help, call
Helping at an emergency may involve:
. @?
>
Reports
@ While waiting for help and if time permits, make a brief written report to accompany the
;
+$
@
? casualty to hospital. This will reduce time spent at the scene for ambulance crew and further
Reasons why people do not help: assist medical and nursing staff with initial patient management. A report can be written on a
O ;O!$
spare piece of paper and should include the following:
]
<$++$
$
= Date, time, location of incident
of bystanders (embarrassed to come forward or take responsibility) Casualty details]+{^+? The back inside page
~X
@%*
$?{@ Contact person for casualty - Family member, friend. Form, which can be torn
@?
;$@
+
What happened - Brief description of injury or illness.
%'%
%
appropriate care, even if you dont know what the underlying problem is. Remember, at an First aid action taken What you did to help the casualty. incident.
emergency scene, your help is needed. Other health problems Diabetes, epilepsy, asthma, heart problems, operations.
Getting Help: Medications/ allergies Current tablets, medicines.
Call
$
+@? from a mobile phone fails, call 112.
$
_;
; #location
When casualty last ate or drank Tea, coffee, water, food.
Observations of Vital Signs - Conscious state, pulse, breathing, skin state, pupils.
First aiders name/ phone number in case medical staff need any further information.
phone number from which you are calling?>_
What has happened?How many casualties?>
<=
?
;
; @
Record Keeping
dispatch the ambulance and paramedics. DO NOT hang-up until you are told to do so or In the workplace, it is important to be aware of the correct documentation and record
@?$
you that the call has been made and that the location is exact.
+
@;
@
?
Every organisation has its own procedures and documentation so familiarize yourself with
the correct process.
Legal Issues All documentation must be legible and accurate and must contain a description of the illness
No Good Samaritan or volunteer in Australia has ever been successfully sued for the or injury and any treatment given. Thorough and accurate medical records are essential in
?_ any court case or workers compensation issue.
_;
#@ ;?Duty of care: In addition:
In a workplace there is an automatic duty of care to provide help to staff and customers, <=]
"
which means you are required to provide help to your best ability at your work place. In the @
+
$@?Consent: Where
$+;
$@?
78"9;
refuses help, you must respect that decision. When the casualty is a child, if feasible seek Each person reacts differently to traumatic events and in some instances strong emotions
J
? J
@ may affect well being and work performance. Symptoms may appear immediately or
sometimes months later after an event and may develop into chronic illness.
aid should be given. In a child care situation, parents must notify the centre if the child has
There is no right or wrong way to feel after an event. It is important for all people who have
any medical conditions and also provide medications and instructions. Consent forms are been involved in an incident take part in a debrief. Workplaces must provide opportunity
signed at enrolment. In an emergency, parents or a doctor can also provide authorisation $@?
over the phone. (see also reg 94 on pg 44) =%
+ Personal information about the +
$$@
;
@?
?+$$
@
and treatment provided. First aiders should only disclose personal information when performance may assist with self-improvement and prepare you better for any future events.
handing-over to medical assistance eg paramedics. Currency requirements @ Some Reactions/ Symptoms>{@
skills & knowledge$;
?@@ {@
{$${ {
candidate was assessed as competent on a given date. The accepted industry standard #
#
OJ#$
@
% and 1 year for
O;O $Y $Y
CPR.
;@
? X
50 | General First Aid
means call your countrys emergency number General First Aid | 51
Safe Work Practices and Manual Handling Basic Anatomy and Physiology
<+
=_ @ The Skeleton protects vital organs,
Anatomy: The science of the structure of the body
aider protects him/herself from injury eg using correct manual handling techniques; bending provides anchor points for muscles,
Physiology: The science of the functions of the body
the knees and using leg muscles to protect against back injury. Knowing your own skills and and a structure to the body. Bone
limitations and asking for help when required will help prevent injury. Always adhere to safe Normal breathing is breathing in and out regularly
marrow is an important source of
;
? ;<
; @= about every 3-5 seconds. If a person is not
blood cell production. Fractures
there is a legal obligation to use supplied Personal Protection Equipment (PPE). breathing normally, their body will not have enough
of major bones can cause major
Needle Stick Injury FIRST AID oxygen to supply the brain and other organs
internal bleeding and impair blood
The risk of catching a serious infection (Hepatitis B, C
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? cell replacement
and HIV) from needle stick injury is very low. ; ;$?
Reduce the risk of needle stick injury: ?
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] bottle or sharps container.
;
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hospital for analysis.
; $J$"
<% $
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, Sternum
Hygiene Minimise the risk of cross infection to yourself, bystanders and casualty by Liver Ribs
taking standard precautions to control infection:
Stomach
Prior to treatment: During treatment: After treatment:
; ! J >
+
Large intestines
and water, or rinse with mask, if available immediate vicinity.
antiseptic. when performing
+
>
resuscitation. bandages and disposable gloves
Small intestines
with a waterproof dressing {]
+
;
before putting on gloves. sneeze or breath and water, even if gloves were used.
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{
Bladder
=
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%
Hip joint the linings of
object when wearing ; $"
? from Worksafe Vic Compliance code
gloves . {]
(ball and socket) the lungs (the
^@ 1 The Skeletonpleura) causes a
! more than one^@ 1
eye protection. casualty without Bronchioles pneumothorax -
Disposable gloves 2
> washing hands are small tubes collapsed lung
Individually wrapped sterile adhesive strips 10
likely to produce infection. and changing Windpipe that carry air into
gloves. Large sterile wound dressings 1
(Trachea) the lungs
Medium sterile wound dressings 1
First Aid Kits Non-allergenic tape 1 The Heart has four
G@workplaces, vehicles
Plastic bags for disposal 2 chambers. Valves
and in the home in a clean, dry, dust-free
Resuscitation mask or shield 1 inside the heart control
location.
X
@accessible and Rubber thread or crepe bandage 2 ;$";?
The heart is located
signage clearly indicates their location. Safety pins 5 Heart The aorta is the main
near the centre of the
Check kits regularly for completeness and Scissors 1 artery taking blood
chest.
valid dates. Small sterile wound dressings 1 out to the organs and
>;vary depending on the number of Sterile coverings for serious wounds 1 Diaphragm tissues.
employees, and the industry you work in. High Sterile eye pads (packet) 2 When we breathe-in the diaphragm contracts and
risk industries may need extra modules. Sterile saline solution 15 ml 2 the muscles between the ribs contract. To breathe- Coronary arteries. A
List
%
in workplace kits. Triangular bandages 2 out we relax these muscles. If there is pressure on heart attack is caused
!State and Territory legislation@ Tweezers
aid kits are required in all workplaces.
1 the abdomen (eg a person sitting on abdomen), by the coronary
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this can prevent air exhaling when the person arteries becoming
relaxes. This can cause positional asphyxia blocked
52 | General First Aid
Casualty Assessment When dealing with a person who is ill or Asthma/Anaphylaxis Management Plan
injured, you need a clear Plan of Action:
School/Employer:
Radial pulse 1.Start with a Primary Survey (DRSABCD), (pg 3)
Phone:
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life-threatening conditions. Student/Employee name:
2.If there are no life-threatening conditions which Date of birth Age: Year level/Department:
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Severely allergic to:
response) then proceed to Secondary Survey.
7! 7= is a systematic check of the casualty involving J
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"-
"='X% to help identify any problems that may have Storage Location of Medication:
been missed. Parent/carer/next-of-kin information 1 Parent/carer/next-of-kin information 2
If the casualty is unconscious, the secondary survey is conducted in the recovery
Name: Name: a
position. You may need to look for external clues and ask bystanders some questions. apted to
Relationship: ationship:
Relationship: la n c a n be ad
conscious start with questions followed by examination. Remember to gement
p
clude:
introduce yourself, ask for consent to help and ask their name. is mana and should in
Thphone:
Home phone: Home
me p la c e rk p la c e
work n of wo en
Questions Examination Work phone: Locatio work undertak
ork phone:
Work
y p e o f la c e
T rkp
What happened? Vital Signs: are indicators of body function and provide ut of wo on ce
Mobile: Layo tion of medicati ency assistan
Mobile:
Do you feel pain or numbness a guide to the casualtys condition and response to L o c a
it y o f e merg lone
abil ga
anywhere? treatment. Address: Avail hood of workin
Address:
Can you move your arms and Likeli
Conscious State: There are 3 broad levels
legs? >
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Do you have any medical
|
++ Medical practitioner contact: Phone:
conditions? confused, drowsy.
Do you take any medications? Emergency care to be provided at school/work: Q?
Pulse: The carotid pulse in the neck is the best pulse
Do you have any allergies? to check. Feel for rate, rhythm, force, irregularities.
When did you last eat? Normal pulse rates: Adults: 60-80 /min The anaphylaxis management plan has been put together with my knowledge and input
(Bystanders may be helpful) Children: 80-100/min Communication plan actioned: Review date:
External Clues Breathing: Look, listen and/or feel for breathing rate,
depth and other noises eg wheezing, noisy breathing. Signature of parent/employee: Date:
Medical Alert: casualties
with medical conditions such Normal breathing rates: Adults 16-20 breaths/min Signature of principal/supervisor: Date:
as diabetes, epilepsy or severe Children: 25-40 breaths/min
allergy usually have a bracelet, (Check pulse/ breathing for 15 secs then x by 4 to RISK
Q
remove the risk if possible: otherwise reduce the risk Y
pendant or card to alert people of get rate/min. Use a watch) Music Music teacher to be aware, there should be no sharing of wind instruments. e.g. Music
their condition. Skin State: Look at face and lips. recorders. Speak with the parent about providing the childs own instrument. teacher
Medications: People on Red, hot skin fever, heat exhaustion, allergy Canteen Staff (or volunteers) trained to prevent cross contamination of safe foods Canteen
regular medication usually carry Cool, pale, sweaty shock, faint, pain, anxiety Child having distinguishable lunch order bag manager
^
<=;$
+ +" Restriction on who serves the child when they go to the canteen
it with them. Photos of the at risk children in the canteen
chest, collapsed lung, heart failure, hypothermia Encourage parents of child to view products available
Carotid pulse Pupils: Unequal, reactive to light {J >{
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Head to Toe: Sunscreen Parents of children at risk of anaphylaxis should be informed that sunscreen is Principal
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offered to children. They may want to provide their own.
begin. Excursions Plan an emergency response procedure prior to the event. Excursion
G$
+
+
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? planner
areas. Distribute laminated cards to all attending teachers, detailing the following:
;;? Location of event, Map reference (Melway), Nearest cross street.
#
;
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Procedure for calling ambulance advise: allergic reaction; requires adrenaline.
Prior to event, check that mobile phone reception is available and if not,
stage eg Im just going to move your arm. consider other form of emergency communication eg radio.
NB. The pulse is not checked
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during CPR hurt when I move your arm? This and other resources available from: http://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/health/Pages/anaphylaxisschl.aspx
Risk Assessment Form First
means call your countrys emergency number
Aid Incident Report Form
Date
responsible
(Complete this form as best as you can and give copy to paramedic and keep record in accordance with WHS procedures)
Person
J
Name Date: / / Time: Location:
Date:
Residual
Risk
use matrix
Risk
Signature:
Position:
Risk
use matrix
Comments:
Rating
Risk
Consequence
Likelihood Ambulance called: yes Time: Referred to:
Current Medications:
describe what could go wrong
no
no Diabetes yes
Known Allergies:
Epilepsy yes
Venue and safety information reviewed: yes
Attached: yes
Hazard
Asthma yes
Anaphylaxis yes Last ate or drank: What?
(pg 40)
location
cut here
-
Casualty Examination: mark location of injuries on diagram and
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+$
++;+$
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Observations
of Vital Signs:
Time
Conscious State
Fully Conscious
Drowsy
Unconscious
Pulse rate:
description:
Breathing rate:
description:
Skin State Colour:
Temp:
Dry/Clammy:
Pupils
R L
Name:(Print)__________________________________________________
Phone: Signature:
cut here
ABC of First Aid Asthma &
Anaphylaxis is divided into
seven main colour coded sections:
ABC of
1. Essential First Aid
2. Trauma First Aid
Asthma &
3. Medical Emergencies
4. Asthma & Anaphlaxis
5. Risk Assessment
6. Education & Childcare
7. General First Aid
Anaphylaxis
In conjunction with an approved
emergency situations.
guidelines and is written for Australian
conditions.
competency units:
HLTAID001: Provide CPR
HLTAID002: Provide Basic Emergency
Life Support
HLTAID003: Provide First Aid
HLTAID004:
aid response in an
education and care setting
22024VIC: Course in Emergency
Management of Asthma in
22099VIC: Course in First Aid
Management of Anaphylaxis