6.
Progressivism dominated by the technological
PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION
What is Philosophy?
Is the science that seeks to organize and
systemize all fields of knowledge as a means of
understanding and interpreting the totality of
reality.
Systematic and logical explanation of the
nature, existence, purpose and relationships of
things, including human beings in the universe.
Main Branches of Philosophy
1. Metaphysics deals with the first principles, the
origin an essence of things, the causes and end of thing.
- It is the science of existence.
2. Epistemology deals with knowledge and with ways
of knowing.
- Conceptua
- Perceptual
Intuitive
3. Axiology deals with purposes and values.
- Ethics
4. Logic deals with the correct way of thinking.
Major Philosophies of Education
1. Idealism (Platonic) Reality consists of
transcendental universal, form, or ideals which are the
object of true knowledge.
(DECS order No. 13 s 1998 Revised rules and
regulation on the teaching of religion in public
elementary and secondary schools)
2. Naturalism This opposed to idealism. This is the
view that the whole of reality is nature.
3. Pragmatism a tendency, movement, or more
definite system of thought in which stress is place upon
critical consequence and values as standard for
explicating philosophic concept, and as a test of truth
lies in its practical consequence and that the purpose of
conduct.
- James
- Chiller
- Dewey
4. Supernaturalism has a purpose to educate the
individual for his life here on earth and to prepare for
the life beyond.
Humanism places human being over in above worldly
things.
5. Realism universals are independent of antecedent
to and more real than the specific individual instances in
which they manifest.
experimental advancement which have so powerfully
shaped our modern culture.
(DECS order No. 57 s 1998 Clarification on the
changes in the Social Studies Program, WH for 3rd year
(2)and Economics for 4th year)
(DECS order No 91 s. 1998 Changes in the program of
the NSEC)
Some important features of Progressivism
1. The child as the centre of the educational process.
2. It emphasizes learning by doing.
Advocates of Progressivism =John Dewey and William
Kilpatrick
7. Existentialism
- Puts emphasis on the uniqueness of the individual.
- Existence precedes, that is, essence is created by
existence.
- Human nature is a product of existence.
- Holds the view that human existence, or the human
situation is the starting point of thinking.
It emphasizes concreteness of the individual.
- It values the freedom of choice, individual dignity,
personal love, and creative effort.
(DECS order no. 65 s. 1998 revised Guidelines on the
selection of honor students in secondary level)
(DECS order no. 10 s. 1998 Revised system of rating
and reporting of student performance for secondary
schools)
Freedom of choice is an important value of
existentialism and is determined or affected to a large
extent several factors among which are the following:
1. Influence of the family especially the parents.
2. Influence of peers and associates.
3. Religious orientation
4. Social approval
5. Cultural patterns
6. Financial status
7. Psychological traits
8. Sex
9. Health and physical fitness
10. Education
8. Positivism- a philosophical movement characterized
by an emphasis upon science and scientific method as
the only source of knowledge.
9. Relativism- a doctrine of relationism or relativity a
theory that knowledge is relative to the limited nature
of the mind and the condition of knowing.
10. Materialism- it maintains that all events are not
true to the nature of independent reality and that holds
that absolutely true knowledge is impossible.
11. Empiricism- it spouses that legitimate human
knowledge arises from what is provided to the mind by
the senses or by introspective awareness through
experience.
-hence it believes on education through
12. Romanticism- it questioned the notions of the
enlightenment that had dominated Europe in the early
18th century.
13. Epicureanism
- Philosophical teaching about nature and ethics that
was derived from the writing of Epicurus.
- This philosophy base its knowledge on sense
perception, asserting that sensations are invariably
good.
(3)
14. Hedonism
- it centers on pleasure
- learning is pleasurable
15. Utilitarianism
- it believes that any moral theory that value of human
actions, policies, and institutions by their
consequences in mens experience or by general
welfare of all person affected by them.
16. Communism
- disregard basic human rights and educates the young
for subservience to the state.
17. Fascism
conceives that the state is an absolute.
18. Progressivism
- It emphasizes that educational concern must be on the
child interest, desires, and the learners freedom as an
individual rather than the subject matter.
19. Essentialism
- It ascribes ultimate reality to immense embodied in a
thing perceptible to the senses.
The Educational Philosophies of Frontier Thinkers of
Education
1. SOCRATES
a. The end of life is knowledge.
b. Knowledge is virtues
c. Know thyself
2. PLATO
a. Each person should devote his life to that which he is
best fitted to do.
b. The function of education is to determine what each
individual is by nature fitted to do.
c. Social justice (Give what is due to whom it is due)
d. Intellectual aristocracy (The rule of the intellectual
elite)
3. ARISTOTLE
a. Virtue is not possession of knowledge but state of
the will.
b. The end of education is knowledge alone, but the
union of the intellect and the will or knowledge
express in action.
c. Reality, not ideas but the performance, is the highest
function.
d. Adaptation of education to the form of government.
e. Objective and scientific not introspective method of
education
4. Comenius
a. Development of the whole life.
b. Follow the order of nature.
c. Training for character.
d. Both sexes should be included in education.
5. LOCKE
a. Tabula rasa or blank paper theory
a child is born with a blank mind (neither good or
bad)
b. Education can shape the pupil according to the will
of the teacher.
c. Formal discipline
Training gained in one area can be applied in another
area.
6. Rousseau
a. Development of the child according to his nature.
b. Man should live a simple life.
c. The child, the important
d. Use of instinctive tendencies as the starting point of
education
7. Peztalozzi
a. Education as the process of organized growth.
b. All education should be founded upon laws of
natural development of the child.
c. Use of object in teaching.
d. Emphasis on method and technique of teaching.
8. HERBART
a. Doctrine of apperception
b. Education should be specific.
c. Mind is a unity, possessing but one power, that of
entering into relation with its environment.
9. FROEBEL
a. Self-activity as the means of development.
b. Play, spontaneous activity, manual and industrial
development are utilized to promote self-realization.
c. Process of education determined by the nature of the
child.
10. Spencer
Knowledge that is best for use in life is also best for the
development of power.
Emphasis on physical education.
Importance of science in the curriculum.
11. WILLIAM JAMES
Mental activity is functional.
Knowledge is instrumental.
It is consequences that make the choice good or bad.
12. JOHN DEWEY
Education is life
Education is growth
Education is a social process
Education is a continuous reconstruction of
experiences.
13. JESUS CHRIST
Right relationship with God should precede all kinds
and types of education.
But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and His
righteousness, and everything shall be added unto you
(Matthew 6:33)
Education should be used for service.
Give thyself is the philosophy of service of Jesus.
FUNCTION OF PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION
1. Provide guidelines in the formulation of the
educational policies and programs and in the
construction of curricula.
2. Provide direction toward which all educational effort
should be exerted.
3. Provide theories and hypothesis which may be tested
for their effectiveness and efficiency.
4. Provide norms or standards for evaluation purposes.
Importance of Philosophy of Education to the Teacher
(5)
1. Provides the teacher with basis for making his
decision concerning his work.
2. Help the teacher develop a wide range of interest,
attitudes, and values concomitant to his professional
life as teacher.
3. Makes a teacher more aware of his own life and
work, and makes him more dynamic, discriminating,
critical and mentally alert.
4. Philosophy of education saves time, money and
effort
Philosophical Foundation of Education
A. Hinduism
(Dharma), characterized by honesty courage, service,
faith, self-control, purity, and non-violence
Dharma can be achieved through Yoga
Believes that one should be able to control and regulate
his desires, not to devote life to sensual pleasure
success.
Religion should be practical.
God is truth and the best way to seek the truth is by
practicing non-violence (Ahimsa)
B. Buddhism
Believes that personal gratification is the root of
suffering in the world.
The teaching of Buddha centered on four noble truths:
1. All life is suffering, pain, and misery
2. Selfish craving and personal desire.
3. Suffering can cease.
4. Way to overcome this misery is through following the
Eight Fold Paths
2. Chinese Philosophies
Confucianism,
- an essentially optimistic system of belief, argued that
those who were naturally virtuous should, while
behaving with loyalty and respect, help to govern their
country by maintaining their independence and
criticizing their rulers if necessary: The government
served its citizens, rather than the reverse.
Taoism,
- by contrast, taught that humans should withdraw from
culture and society, devoting themselves to
meditation and, like water, adapt themselves to natural
forces.
3. Japanese Philosophy
Zen Buddhism
- No savior/s paradise, faith on God, no scriptures.
-The third eye helps one to see things in addition to
what our two eyes show us, and should be attuned
to the things around us.
Emphasizes silent meditation, aiming to awaken the
mind in each person.
4. Muslim Philosophy
Islam
- Emphasized a total commitment in faith obedience,
and trust to one and only God.
Koran, its sacred book is the word of God.
Each person will be tried on the judgment when Allah
will judge all souls.
Believes in paradise, an oasis of flowing water, pleasant
drinks, food and sensual delights.
 Five Pillars of Islam:
1. Belief in one God
2. Prayer
3. Fasting
4. Alms giving
5. Pilgrimage to Mecca
5. Christian Philosophy
God is the Creator of all things
Jesus is the Messiah, Christ, Son of God
Human being is a sinner who requires redemption
Jesus came down to earth to redeem mankind
Baptism is necessary for salvation
There is life after death

Facebook Group:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/teacherlicensureexa
m/
Website: http://www.teacherph.com/