Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Revision Record
Date Revision Description Author
version
2003-02-28 0.90 Initial transmittal Miao Jiashu
2003-03-28 1.00 Revision based on the review comments Miao Jiashu
Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Paging Area ..................................................................................................... 6
2 WCDMA Paging Mechanism ................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Paging Cause ..................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Paging Type 1 .............................................................................................................. 8
2.1.2 Paging Type 2 .............................................................................................................. 8
2.2 Structure of Paging Channel .............................................................................................. 8
3 WCDMA Paging Channel Capacity Calculation .................................................................... 11
3.1 CN_ID IMSI Paging .......................................................................................................... 11
3.2 CN_ID TMSI Paging ......................................................................................................... 11
3.3 UTRAN_ID Paging ........................................................................................................... 12
4 Analysis on Location Area Size for Mixture Service .............................................................. 12
4.1 Analysis on Calculation Method ....................................................................................... 12
4.2 Key Value Recommendations .......................................................................................... 16
5 Instance of Paging Area Cell Size in Typical Environment ................................................... 16
6 Precautions in the Paging Area Planning .............................................................................. 22
6.1 Paging Area Size Restriction ........................................................................................... 22
6.2 Geographic Distribution of Paging Area .......................................................................... 23
6.3 Paging Area Crossing MSCs and RNCs ......................................................................... 24
7 Summary of Pending Problems ............................................................................................. 25
List of Tables
Table 1 SRB parameters of PCCH channel .............................................................................. 8
Table 2 Corresponding relations between the bits and different IEs in PCCH ......................... 9
Table 3 Values of the four assumption conditions for paging area dimensioning .................. 20
Table 4 Location area dimemsion for paging based on CN ID of IMSI .................................. 21
Table 5 Location area dimemsion for paging based on CN ID of TMSI ................................. 21
List of Figures
Figure 1 CS service reference model ....................................................................................... 17
Figure 2 PS service reference model ....................................................................................... 17
Figure 3 Assumption conditions for the dimensioning of the dense urban area ...................... 20
Figure 4 Diagram of paging area dimensioning for paging based on CN ID of IMSI .............. 21
Figure 5 Diagram of paging area dimensioning for paging based on CN ID of TMSI ............. 22
Figure 6 Schematic diagram of location area division.............................................................. 24
Figure 7 Motorola test result ..................................................................................................... 26
LA Location Area
RA Routing Area
In the WCDMA system, there are many types of area concepts, such as BSC
area, RNC area, location area (LA), routing area (RA), MSC area, VLR area, SGSN
area, Zones for Regional Subscription (RSA), service area, group call area, UTRAN
registration area (URA), cell area and etc. Among which four area concepts are
mainly related to paging area: Location Area and Routing Area (corresponding to the
CN side), and Registration Area and Cell areas (corresponding to the UTRAN side),.
When the UE is in the RRC-IDLE state, for the CS domain service, the CN
identifies and pages the UE with the location area. In the protocol, location area
refers to an area that the mobile terminal can freely move without updating the VLR.
One location area can cover one or more cells. Therefore, when several MSCs
share one VLR, the location area can cross MSC areas. But in practice, one MSC is
bound with one VLR in most cases, so the LA can cross RNC areas instead of MSC
areas. That is, one LA can be controlled by one CN serving node (UMSC or
3G_MSC/VLR) only. Therefore one MSC area can contain one or more LAs.
When the UE is in the RRC-IDLE state, for the PS domain service, the CN
identifies and pages the UE with the routing area. RA refers to an area that the
mobile terminal can freely move without updating the SGSN under the specific
operation mode. One RA can contain one or more cells. The relation between the
routing area and the location area the same as the GSM, that is, a routine area can
equal to a location area in size, or can be a subset of a location area. Therefore, RA
is always contained in an LA. In addition, RA can cross RNC areas instead of SGSN
areas. That is, one RA can be controlled by one CN serving node (UMSC or
3G_SGSN) only.
URA is a set of a group of cells, and one cell can belong to multiple URAs, so
URAs and cells are in multiple-to-multiple relation. URA and LA do not have fixed
relation, nor do the URA and RA.
The 3GPP protocol specifies two paging types: PAGING TYPE 1 and PAGING
TYPE 2
Viewing from the paging cause, paging is to be initiated in the following cases:
CN Side: Before receiving the paging response of the UE, the CN is allowed to
initiate 5 times of paging to each UE (it is fixed in the program, which cannot be
modified). If the UE is assigned with a TMSI, the paging of the former two times will
be transmitted in the TMSI format, and the latter three paging will be transmitted in
2
the IMSI format. For the paging interval, it is (t-1) s for the former four times, and t
s for the last time. The upper limit of paging interval is 5s, and it is 3s by default.
UTRAN side The UTRAN supports paging message re-transmission at the air
interface. The re-transmission times is once by default, but can be modified to 0..k (k
is the upper limit 2, that is, the paging can be transmitted for three times at the
maximum) with the MML command. Please note that the re-transmission times is
1
Example: When the UE needs to transit the state of the UE from URA_PCH or CELL_PCH to CELL_FACH; or
the network side expects to release the RRC connection, it needs to initiate paging to transit the state of the UE
from URA_PCH or CELL_PCH to CELL_FACH, and then release the RRC connection.
2
This parameter should be set with care. It must be greater than the interval required for the paging response of
the UE in the normal case. Especially when NodeB is in the asynchronous work mode, the value of this
parameter should be greater.
For the UEs in the idle, CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state, the UTRAN transmits
PAGING TYPE 1 message through the PCCH channel to start the paging process.
Then these UEs will monitor the corresponding paging channel according to the
instruction of the PICH and DRX requirement.
As the PAGING TYPE 1 message is sent through the PCCH channel, and it is
specified in the protocol that each SCCPCH can contain only one PCH channel,
which corresponds to one PICH channel (The UE selects the suitable PICH channel
according to the algorithm specified in the protocol 25.304). Therefore, the paging
capability of the network will be restricted by the paging area size. On the other hand,
the paging area planning is mainly for reasonable dimensioning of LA, RA and URA
for PAGING TYPE 1.
For the UEs in the CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH state, the UTRAN transmits the
PAGING TYPE 2 message through the DCCH channel to start the paging process.
The logical channel for paging is PCCH, whose parameters are as follows
(Refer to 34.108 V340):
The above table shows that PCCH has two formats of 240bit/10ms TTI and
80bit/10ms TTI. Obviously, the paging capability of the former one is much greater
than the latter one. At present, Huawei can configure only one PCH paging channel
for each cell, and support the format of 240bit/10ms TTI only3.
According to the specification of the 25.331 protocol, the PCH paging channel
4
transfers three types of information only: paging list, BCCH modified information
and Extension mechanism for non-release99 information5. Where, only the paging
list is for storing universal paging message. After the above three types of
information are mapped to the 240bit of the PCCH, the sequence and the number of
occupied bits are specified definitely. The actual situation of the RNC is as follows:
Table 2 Corresponding relations between the bits and different IEs in PCCH
Number
Name Description
of bits
PCCH-MessageType 1 Indicates paging type 1 is selected
OPTIONAL(PagingRecordList) 1 Optional ID
OPTIONAL(BCCH-ModificationInfo) 1 Optional ID
OPTIONAL(Extension mechanism for non-
1 Optional ID
release99 information)
PagingRecordList ::=SEQUENCE(SIZE(1..MaxPage1))OF
PagingRecordList Index 3
PagingRecord, here, MaxPage1= 8
CN-DomainIdentity::= ENUMERATED {
CN-DomainIdentity 1
cs-domain, ps-domain }
3
It is known that NOKIA uses alt 80bit/10ms TTI in Hutchisons network in Hongkong.
4
BHCA-SIBchange. This is a paging request caused by system information update. For example, system
information block 7 has a parameter requiring fast update, that is, uplink interference. This parameter is used to
calculate the initial transmission power of the random access channel in the case of random access. The
requirement of this aspect depends on the update frequency of the uplink interference value.
The update requirement of other information block is less (including the dynamic parameter configuration at the
background and the dynamic parameter update by the RRM in the communication process).
The paging requirement caused by the system information update is defined to BHCA-SIBchange.
5
At present, this part is not processed in the practice, so the influence of this part is not necessary to be
considered.
6
CN ID is used when the CN initiates paging to the UE in the idle mode; UTRAN ID is used when the UTRAN
actively initiates paging or when the CN initiates paging to the UE in the connection (CELL_PCH or URA_PCH)
state.
IMSI-GSM-MAP,
TMSI-GSM-MAP,
cn-pagedUE-Identity Choice 3 P-TMSI-GSM-MAP,
IMSI-DS-41,
TMSI-DS-41
utran-Identity
part( used when
PagingRecord
Choice is
cn-Origina
selected) Enumerated(Terminating Conversational Call,
tedPage-c
onnected Terminating Streaming Call,Terminating Interactive
Mode-UE PagingCause 3 Call,Terminating Background Call, Terminating High
Priority Signalling,Terminating Low Priority
Signalling,Terminating cause unknown)
CN-DomainIdentity ::= ENUMERATED {
CN-DomainIdentity 1
cs-domain, ps-domain }
PagingRecordTypeID ::= ENUMERATED {
pagingRecordTypeID 2 imsi-GSM-MAP, tmsi-GSM-MAP-P-TMSI,
imsi-DS-41, tmsi-DS-41 }
BCCH-Modificati MIB-ValueTag 3 MIB-ValueTag ::= INTEGER (1..8)
onInfo BCCH-ModificationTime 9 BCCH-ModificationTime ::= INTEGER (0..511)
nonCriticalExtensions
None This item is not processed in practice.
The IEs appear in the sequence specified in the table above. Consulting to the
protocol, we can learn that all the IEs corresponding to the OP item or expansion
item in the protocol will reserve a bit for identification, indicating this item is selected
or not. The details of this OP item or expansion item will be displayed only when this
item is selected.
Table 2 shows that the paging based on different ID items generate different
paging overheads. For example:
One case for paging based on CN_ID: The CN_ID is selected when the CN
initiates paging, and the paged UE is in the connectionless state.
When the IMSI-GSM-MAP varies, the paging capacity can be calculated in the
same method as above, with the numeral of 15 in the equation changed to the
corresponding length value. This is not detailed here.
7
It is shown in table 2 that BCCH modified information has 12 bits only, occupying 5% information bits in the
whole 240-bit 10ms TTI.
In the analysis, for the service that may occupy paging channel, we suppose as
follows:
1. Suppose the ratio of service callers to callees is A:B (which may vary with
different services).
2. Suppose (1-C) percent of the MSs give response at the first time of paging,
and C percent of the MSs give response at the second time of paging. The
MSs giving response at the third time of paging or later are ignored.
3. Suppose the ratio of the paged UEs in the idle state in the PS to those in
the CELL_PCH &URA_PCH state is D:E. The UEs in the CELL_FACH and
CELL_DCH state of the CS and PS is ignored.8.
4. Suppose the ratio of the paging initiated by the UTRAN actively to the
paging initiated by the CN to the UEs in the connection state is F:G.
We can work out the number of busy hour paging requests generated when the
UEs using a certain type of CS service: Equation Section 4
Bi
Paging_Num_CS j =(k+1) 1+C%) BHCAi Penetrationi % User _ Contributioni (4.1)
Ai +Bi
With the same analysis method as the CS service, we can get the number of
busy hour paging requests generated when the UEs using a certain type of CS
service.
Bi
Paging_Num_PS j =(k+1) 1+C%) BHPC _ Numi Penetrationi % User _ Contributioni (4.2)
Ai +Bi
8
This is the worst case, with the maximum occupation the paging channel.
Under the traffic model condition, Mmix is the number of users supported by the
paging channel within 10ms:
240 (1 1 1 1 3)
M mix = (4.5)
an b D b E F G
M 1 ( ) (M 3 M 4 )
b an b an D E b an D E F G F G
Paging Occasion={(IMSI div K) mod (DRX cycle length div PBP)} * PBP + n *
DRX cycle length + Frame Offset;
The RNC maps the paging message to different CFNs according to the same
algorithm. We can learn from the equation that the location of the paging message is
the corresponding paging block position that the IMSI of the UE modulo the DRX
cycle length. Therefore, a UE can occupy only one paging block within a DRX cycle.
On the other hand, the paging messages of different UEs will be arranged to the
same paging block as long as the IMSI modulo results are identical. In this case, for
a specific paging block, when the number of paging message exceeds Mmix, the
paging block will suffer from blocking. At present, the RNC discards the excessive
paging messages instead of buffering them, and then transmits the paging message
within the next DRX cycle or waits for the CN re-transmits it according to the
re-transmission parameters of the UTRAN.
For the point of time of a certain CFN, the paging message termination rate is
distributed based on poission distribution. For a specific paging block, when the
number of messages NmessageperTTI exceeds the value of Mmix, the excessive ones
M mix
e H ( H ) k
then 1 Poutage (4.7)
k 0 k!
With the formula above, we can work out the value of H , which indicates
the traffic supported by a specific paging block within a DRX cycle.
Based on the traffic model, the traffic generated by the UE within a DRX cycle is
as follows:
H L%
N RA (4.9)
N
Erlang PerDRXCycleLengthInN RA celluser
2k
Where, L% is the paging margin reserved for the future development of network.
For the definitions and values of M1, M2, M3 and M4, refer to Chapter 3.
With the same analysis method, we can work out Mmix, the number of users
supported by the paging channel within 10ms:
240 (1 1 1 1 3)
M mix = (4.10)
an b D b E F G
M 2( ) (M 3 M 4 )
b an b an D E b an D E F G F G
M mix
e H ( H ) k
Then 1 Poutage (4.11)
k 0 k!
Based on the traffic model, the traffic generated by the UE within a DRX cycle is
as follows:
H L%
N RA (4.13)
N
Erlang PerDRXCycleLengthInN RA celluser
2k
L parameter: (1-L)% is the paging margin reserved for the future development
of the network. Since the RNC supports modifying the paging area of the existing
cells by means of dynamic data configuration, the value of L mainly depends on the
special network construction requirement of the carrier. Generally speaking, to avoid
the paging area IDs of other existing cells are to be modified caused by the capacity
expansion of partial areas or individual sites, so we recommend the value of L is 80,
corresponding 20% of the paging margin.
DRX parameter: It is the k parameter is The DRX cycle length shall be MAX(2k,
PBP) frames. Its value is 8 at present.
b
or b (for PS services), for example, n M mix = 0.5 . To avoid the location
a
update flow caused by a too-small NRA, it is recommended that when NRA is less
than 50, the value of n can be decreased properly to make its value greater than 50.
Other parameters: The values are set according to the actual network
construction objective and traffic model together with the opinions of the carrier.
Here we take a typical traffic modeling of the dense urban area in the radio
network calculation tool as the example to dimension the paging area based on the
result in Chapter 4.
CS traffic modeling
Busy
Busy Busy
hour
Average hour hour
Active thruput
Service type Penetrance BHCA AHT (s) bitrate traffic / thruput
factor rate /
kbit/s user / user
user
(Erl) (kbit)
(kbit)
AMR Voice 100 % 1 90 0.5 8 0.025 360 100
VideoPhone 100 % 0.1 54 1 64 0.0015 345.6 96
PS traffic modeling
BHSA
BHSA
type Penetrance packet thruput Penetrance packet thruput Penetrance packet thruput
call / user call / user call / user
Num (kbit) Num (kbit) Num (kbit)
Email 10 % 0.10 0.20 24.576 20 % 0.20 0.40 49.152 30 % 0.30 0.60 73.728
WWW 30 % 0.18 0.90 86.4 30 % 0.24 1.20 115.2 20 % 0.30 1.50 144
Game,
25 % 0.10 0.20 2.304 15 % 0.20 0.40 4.608 5% 0.30 0.60 6.912
ICQ
Content
25 % 0.10 0.20 47.616 15 % 0.20 0.40 95.232 10 % 0.30 0.60 142.848
DL, FTP
Video
0% 0.00 0.00 0 10 % 0.10 0.10 320.4 20 % 0.20 0.20 640.8
Stream
SMS 50 % 0.50 0.50 0.64 100 % 0.80 0.80 1.024 100 % 0.60 0.60 0.768
EMS /
50 % 0.50 1.00 122.88 100 % 0.80 1.60 196.608 100 % 0.60 1.20 147.456
MMS
User contribution
Mophology Economical Normal VIP Total
Dense
60 % 25 % 15 % 100 %
Urban
In the above data service reference model, only the three services of Email9,
SMS and MMS will occupy the paging channel, other data services do not involve
paging process, as the user initiates and terminates service actively.
9
At present, the realization mode is to notify the users with SM every time the network receives an email.
Tx power config
Max power of Tx 20 W
Tx power usage
80 %
threshold
Common channel
26.78 %
power allocation
Noise parameter
UE noise figure 7.0 dB
Margin for background
4.0 dB
noise
Coverage Info.
Mophology Dense Urban
1
Channel type TU3(3km/h)
2
Site type 3 Sectors2
Antenna height of UE 1.5 m
Antenna height of BS 30 m
Uplink Frequency 1950 MHz
Downlink Frequency 2140 MHz
UL service info.
Bear Length of Reading
BH thruput /
Service type Bear type proportion Eb/N0 (dB) BLER session time in
user (kbit)
% (byte) session (s)
Voice AMR12.2
1 100.0 % 360.00 5.4 0.01 - -
VideoPhone LCD64 3 100.0 % 345.60 2.7 0.10 - -
Email LCD64 3 50.0 % 7.25 2.7 0.10 30,720 320
Email UDD64 7 50.0 % 7.25 2.4 0.10 30,720 320
WWW UDD64 7 70.0 % 28.51 2.4 0.10 60,000 1648
WWW UDD1448 28.0 % 28.51 1.9 0.10 60,000 1648
WWW UDD3849 2.0 % 28.51 1.6 0.10 60,000 1648
Video Stream LCD64 3 75.0 % 8.71 2.7 0.10 128,160 0
Video Stream LCD1444 25.0 % 8.71 2.3 0.10 128,160 0
Content DL, FTP UDD64 7 75.0 % 12.86 2.4 0.10 59,520 5
Content DL, FTP UDD1448 25.0 % 12.86 1.9 0.10 59,520 5
Location LCD64 3 100.0 % 0.57 2.7 0.10 2,880 8
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
DL service info.
Bear Length of Reading
BH thruput /
Service type Bear type proportion Eb/N0 (dB) BLER session time in
user (kbit)
% (byte) session (s)
Voice AMR12.2
1 100.0 % 360.00 7.79 0.01 - -
VideoPhone LCD64 3 100.0 % 345.60 5.90 0.10 - -
Email LCD64 3 50.0 % 7.25 5.90 0.10 30,720 320
Email UDD64 7 50.0 % 7.25 4.60 0.10 30,720 320
WWW UDD64 7 70.0 % 28.51 4.60 0.10 60,000 1648
WWW UDD1448 28.0 % 28.51 3.80 0.10 60,000 1648
WWW UDD3849 2.0 % 28.51 4.40 0.10 60,000 1648
Video Stream LCD64 3 75.0 % 8.71 5.90 0.10 128,160 0
Video Stream LCD1444 25.0 % 8.71 5.00 0.10 128,160 0
Content DL, FTP UDD64 7 75.0 % 12.86 4.60 0.10 59,520 5
Content DL, FTP UDD1448 25.0 % 12.86 3.80 0.10 59,520 5
Location LCD64 3 100.0 % 0.57 5.90 0.10 2,880 8
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
Figure 3 Assumption conditions for the dimensioning of the dense urban area
Here are the values of the four assumption conditions required for paging area
dimensioning:
Table 3 Values of the four assumption conditions for paging area dimensioning
A B C D E F G M1(bit)
72
AMR Voice 60% 40% 25 M2(bit)
40
10
The version of the dimensioning tool is V1.2.
L 80
Poutage 0.1
DRX parameter 8
Based on the assumption condition above and the formula deducted in Chapter
4, the calculation result is as follows:
n
H Erlang PerDRXCycleLengthInNRA
RA LA
Mmix
1 3 1.738624042 0.002592996 133 133
2 3 1.741614489 0.003616996 95 190
3 3 1.74665366 0.004640996 74 222
4 3 1.744911078 0.005664996 61 244
5 3 1.745096566 0.006688996 51 255
6 3 1.745372494 0.007712996 44 264
7 3 1.745680526 0.008736996 39 273
8 3 1.745680526 0.009760996 35 280
9 3 1.746014764 0.010784996 32 288
10 3 1.746024614 0.011808996 29 290
350
300
250
200 RA
150 LA
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
n
H Erlang PerDRXCycleLengthInNRA
RA LA
Mmix
1 5 3.156601287 0.002592996 242 242
2 5 3.156601287 0.003616996 173 346
3 5 3.156601287 0.004640996 135 405
4 5 3.156601287 0.005664996 110 440
5 5 3.156601287 0.006688996 93 465
6 5 3.156601287 0.007712996 81 486
7 5 3.156601287 0.008736996 71 497
8 5 3.156601287 0.009760996 64 512
9 5 3.156601287 0.010784996 58 522
10 5 3.156601287 0.011808996 53 530
600
500
400
RA
300
LA
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
According to the value formula for the n value in Chapter 4, we can work out
that n=1, that is, NRANLA.
Note: For the tools used, refer to WCDMA RNP Paging Area Planning Tool.
As a paging message of the network paging mobile station will be sent in many
cells, the coverage of the paging area will be too large, which will lead to overload of
the paging channel, and increase the signaling flow at the Iub interface. In addition,
the excessive paging messages will be discarded in the case of re-transmission
failure within the specified re-transmission times. This will result in paging failure to
the active UEs within the service area (that is the UE is out of service). The upper
limit of the paging area (the number of cells that can be supported by the area) is
limited by the bandwidth of the paging channel. The analysis in the above chapters
is mainly to determine the upper limit of the paging area.
On the contrary, if the paging area is too small, the UE will encounter frequent
location update in the traveling process, which increases the signaling flow of the
system. In the initial stage of network construction, the number of paging requests
are small, it is not necessary to plan the RA in a small size, but with the n being 1
instead. With the ever evolution of the network, the demands for PS serviced
increases. In this case, the size of the RA can be cut down. Of course, if the RA is
too small, the paging area update in the traveling process will be frequent, which will
enlarge the signaling overhead of the network side, and will shorten the standby time
of the mobile phone.
In addition, the equipment of higher version may support one cell being
configured with multiple PCCH paging channels. To ensure the balance of paging
load, the cells with the same paging channel numbers should be divided into the
same paging area (with the precondition that the cells with the same paging channel
numbers are in the same geographical area).
The geographic distribution for the paging area is very important. Making the
best of the geographic distribution and behaviors of the mobile subscribers can lower
the location update frequency at the border of the paging area.
When the suburb is not covered within a continuous area with the urban area,
the location of the mobile phone cannot be updated when the periodical location
update time comes. After the protection time is time-out (set in the MSC), the system
will take that the IMSI is separated from the mobile phone. Suppose the mobile
phone travels the urban area, whose LAC is consistent with that of the suburb area,
some mobile phones will not perform normal location update immediately. In this
case, the mobile phone can receive signal but out of service. Therefore, for the
division of location area, the suburb area (county area) will be put into a location
area separate from the urban area. The location area distribution is similar to
concentric circles (the inner urban area may be set with several location areas due
to the capacity factors. The inner circle can adopt the fragmentation mode, or
inner-outer ring mode, or mixed mode), which can avoid the above problem
effectively. It is proved by practice that such a division can not only reduce the
out-of-service problem, but also greatly improve the connection completion rate and
the call completion rate.
On the other hand, if more than two location areas exist in a city with
high-volume traffic, they can be divided by the geographic factors such as mountain
and river, for minimizing the overlap between different cells in the two location area.
If such a geographic factor is not available, the border between two areas should be
oblique crossing with a street instead of parallel or vertical with the street. Moreover,
the border should not be a street or the place with high-volume traffic (like
department store). In the intersection of the urban area and suburb, the border
between urban area and suburb area should be put at the base station of the
periphery instead of the intersection with high-volume traffic, so as to avoid frequent
location update in the intersection.
It is described in the first chapter that when several MSC shares one VLR, and
the location area/routing area can cross MSC/SGSN areas. But in practice, one
MSC is bound with one VLR in most cases, so the LA/RA can cross RNC areas
instead of MSC/SGSN areas.
system. The primary conclusion is: the location area/routing area should be set
within the RNC without crossing RNCs.
For the traffic modeling independent paging, the load analysis is quite
complicated with many uncertain factors, requiring further analysis on the
influence on the paging. The primary analysis result is:
1. For location service: As the usage frequency of location service is not
high, the impact on the paging capacity will be small. At present, the
scheme is one RNC supports a maximum of 400 users at the same time
(queuing supported, with the maximum queuing time of 5s).
2. For the paging caused by the security mode command, as the CN will
not frequently update the encryption or the completeness protection
parameters, the impact on the paging capacity is small.
3. The system message update occupies a small signaling load, so the
impact can be ignored.
4. Cell update will be caused by downlink data transmission or release of
RRC connection by the CN side. The former cause is considered in the
traffic modeling, and the latter one seldom occurs, so the impact can be
ignored.
5.
The PCCH has two formats: 240bit/10ms TTI and 80bit/10ms. Obviously,
the paging capability of the former one is greater than the latter one. But, it
is necessary to analyze the advantage of the latter one (for example,
whether the demodulation success rate is higher than the former one). This
is responsible by the link emulation working team.
List of reference:
[1] Location Area Capacity Planning Guideline, GSM Network Planning Department 2002/04,
internal document
[2] CDMA1X Location Area Planning Guideline Shenzhen Subdivision of Radio Network
System Department, 2003/01, Internal document
[3] Concepts about Area in the PLMN Architecture Tai Xiaomei 2001/12 Internal document
[4] 23.121,23.002,23.003,25.331,25.413 3GPP 2002/06 Internet
[5] WCDMA Paging Area Analysis Report Zhang Jingrong 2001/05 Internal document
[6] LOCATION AREA DIMENSIONING GUIDELINE CME 20 R6 Ericsson 1996/12
Unknown
[7] WCDMA-Dimensioning-tool Gu Jufeng 2003/01 Internal document