Mata Kuliah : Speaking II

Dosen : Mrs. Muliati Spd.,M.Hum

TUGAS SPEAKING II

OLEH:
ALAMANDA
4516013031
AKUNTANSI-A

PRODI AKUNTANSI
FAKULTAS EKONOMI
UNIVERSITAS BOSOWA MAKASSAR
TA 2016/2017
The Forms of To Be

The Greek sea god, Proteus, was (like the sea) capable of changing form in an
instant. In order to get any decent information out of him, you had to grab him and
hold on tight while he went through his various forms lion, wild boar, snake, tree,
running stream it wasn't easy. The verb To be is said to be the most protean of
the English language, constantly changing form, sometimes without much of a
discernible pattern. Considering that we use it so often, it is really too bad that the
verb To be has to be the most irregular, slippery verb in the language.

Present Tense

I am We are

You are You are

He/She/It is They are

Past Tense

I was We were

You were You were

He/She/It was They were

Perfect Form (past Progressive Form (present participle)

 participle) I am being, etc.

I have been, etc.

We must choose carefully among these various forms when selecting the
proper verb to go with our subject. Singular subjects require singular verbs; plural
subjects require plural verbs. That's usually an easy matter. We wouldn't write
The troops was moving to the border. But some sentences require closer
attention. Do we write The majority of students is (or are) voting against the
referendum"? Review carefully the material in our section on Subject-Verb
Agreement, and notice how often the choices we make require a familiarity with
these forms of the To be verb.

Simple Questions

We create simple yes/no questions by inverting the order of subject and the
To be verb.

Is your brother taller than you?

Am I bothering you?
Were they embarrassed by the comedian?

The same inversion takes place when To be is combined with verbs in the
progressive:

Am I working with you today?

Is it snowing in the mountains?
Were your children driving home this weekend?
The Linking and Existential 'To Be'

The verb To be most frequently works in conjunction with another verb:

He is playing the piano, She will be arriving this afternoon. Occasionally, though,
the verb will stand by itself, alone, in a sentence. This is especially true in simple,
brief answers to questions.

Who's going to the movies with me?

I am

Who's responsible for this mess in the bathroom?

She is.

In sentences such as these, the subject usually receives the intonation stress
and the voice falls off on the verb.

An auxiliary can be combined with the base form of To be to provide simple

answers to questions that use forms of to be.

Is Heitor in class this morning?

Well, he might be.

Is anyone helping Heitor with his homework?

I'm not sure. Suzanne could be.

The verb To be also acts as a linking verb, joining the sentence subject with
a subject complement or adjective complement. A linking verb provides no action
to a sentence: the subject complement re-identifies the subject; the adjective
complement modifies it. (For further information and additional vocabulary in
dealing with linking verbs, visit the hyperlinks in this paragraph.)

Professor Moriber is the Director of Online Learning.

Our trip to Yellowstone was fantastic!

In Passive Constructions

A form of the verb To be is combined with a past participle to form the

passive. Passive verb constructions are useful when the subject of an action is not
as important as what the subject did (the action of the sentence) or when the
subject is unknown. For instance, the police might report that The professor was
assaulted in the hallways because they do not know the perpetrator of this heinous
crime. In technical writing, where the process is more important than who is doing
the activity, we might report that Three liters of fluid is filtered through porous
glass beads. Regardless of the verb's purpose, only the auxiliary form of To be
changes; the participle stays the same. The To be will change form to indicate
whether the subject is singular or plural:

The foundation is supported by enormous floating caissons that keep

it from sinking into the swamp.
They were constructed by workers half submerged in the murky
waters.

Notice how the information about who did the action is frequently found in a
prepositional phrase beginning with by. Passive constructions do not always
include this information:
 Wooden caissons were used until fiberglass structures were
developed in the 1950s.
Caissons were also designed to function under water in the
construction of bridges.

The To be will also change to indicate the time of the action and the aspect
of the verb (simple, progressive, perfect).

Water is pumped out of the caisson to create an underwater work

chamber. (simple present)
Some caissons were moved to other construction sites. (simple past)
While the water was being pumped out, workers would enter the top
of the waterproof chamber. (past progressive)
Many other uses of caisson construction have been explored.
(present perfect)
Caissons had been used by the ancient Romans. (past perfect)
Other uses will be found. (future)

The To be verb can be combined with other modal forms (along with the
past participle of the main verb) to convey other kinds of information. See the
section on modals for the various kinds of information conveyed by modals
(advisability, predictability, guessing, necessity, possibility, etc.).

The wall joints may be weakened if the caissons can't be rebuilt.

Perhaps the caissons should be replaced; I think they ought to be.
These ancient, sturdy structures might have been rotted by constant
exposure to water.
 Visit our section on the passive for advice on when to use the passive and
when to substitute more active verb forms.

When To be verbs are combined with modal forms in this manner, the
construction is called a phrasal modal. Here are some more examples:

Rosario was able to finish her degree by taking online courses.

She wasn't supposed to graduate until next year.
She will be allowed to participate in commencement, though.
She is about to apply to several graduate programs.
She is going to attend the state university next fall.

Sometimes it is difficult to say whether a To be verb is linking a subject to a

participle or if the verb and participle are part of a passive construction. In Certain
behaviors are allowed, is "are linking behaviors to "allowed" (a participle acting
as a predicate adjective) or is are allowed a passive verb? In the final analysis, it
probably doesn't matter, but the distinction leads to some interesting variations.
Consider the difference between

The jurists were welcomed.

and
The jurists were welcome.

In the first sentence, the participle welcomed (in this passive construction)
emphasizes the action of welcoming: the smiles, the hearty greetings, the slaps on
the back. In the second sentence, the predicate adjective welcome describes the
feeling that the jurists must have had upon being so welcomed.

Progressive Forms
 Progressive forms include a form of To be plus a present participle (an -
ing ending). Frodesen and Eyring categorize progressive verbs according to the
following functions:

to describe actions already in progress at the moment "in focus"

within the sentence, as in I was doing my homework when my
brother broke into my room, crying. or I will be graduating from
college about the same time that you enter high school.
to describe actions at the moment of focus in contrast to habitual
actions, as in We usually buy the most inexpensive car we can find,
but this time we're buying a luxury sedan.
to express repeated actions, as in My
grandfather is forever retelling the same story about his adventures
in Rangoon.
to describe temporary situations in contrast to permanent states, as
in Jeffrey goes to the University of Connecticut, but this summer
he is taking courses at the community college.
to express uncompleted actions, as in Harvey and Mark are working
on their deck.

Tag Questions with To Be

When we use To be verbs in a tag question, the basic formula follows: the
verb is combined with a pronoun and sometimes with not (usually in a contracted
form). Positive statements are followed by negative tags; negative statements by
positive tags.

Robert Frost was America's favorite poet, wasn't he?

 He wasn't widely accepted in this country at first, was he?
You were going to skip this poem, weren't you?
There were several typographical errors in this anthology, weren't
there? (Be careful here. It's not weren't they.)
I am not a very good reader, am I?
I'm a better reader than you, aren't I?

(Don't try to make sense of this last construction. It is acceptable.

In very formal text, you might write am I not instead. Ain't is not regarded as
acceptable except in text attempting to duplicate substandard speech.)

Order with Adverbs

Notice that adverbs of frequency normally appear after forms of the verb To
be:

As a student, he was seldom happy.

Arturo is always first in line.
They were never on time.

Notice that the adverb still appears after To be verbs but before other main verbs:

My brother-in-law still works for the bank.

He is still a teller after twenty years.

An adverb can be interposed between the infinitive To be and a participle, as in

the following sentences. The fear of splitting an infinitive is without grounds in this
construction.

This medicine has to be carefully administered.

 She turned out to be secretly married to her childhood sweetheart.

Unnecessary Uses of To Be

Even a casual review of your writing can reveal uses of the verb To be that
are unnecessary and that can be removed to good effect. In a way, the To be verb
doesn't do much for you it just sits there and text that is too heavily sprinkled
with To be verbs can feel sodden, static. This is especially true of To be verbs
tucked into dependent clauses (particularly dependent clauses using a passive
construction) and expletive constructions (There is, There were, it is, etc.).
Note that the relative pronoun frequently disappears as well when we revise these
sentences.

He wanted a medication that was prescribed by a physician.

She recognized the officer who was chasing the crook.
Anyone who is willing to work hard will succeed in this program.
It was Alberto who told the principal about the students' prank.
(Notice that the it was brought special emphasis to Alberto, an
emphasis that is somewhat lost by this change.)
A customer who is pleased is sure to return. A pleased customer is
sure to return. (When we eliminate the To be and the relative
pronoun, we will also have to reposition the predicate adjective to a
pre-noun position.)

An expletive construction, along with its attendant To be verb, can often be

eliminated to good effect. Simply omit the construction, find the real subject of the
sentence, and allow it to do some real work with a real verb.
 There were some excellent results to this experiment in social work.
(Change to . . . .) This experiment in social work resulted in . . . .
There is one explanation for this story's ending in Faulkner's diary.
(Change to . . . .) Faulkner's diary gives us one explanation for this
story's ending.

On the other hand, expletive constructions do give us an interesting means of

setting out or organizing the work of a subsequent paragraph:

There were four underlying causes of World War I. First, . . . .

Fuzzy Verb Phrases with "Be"

Verb phrases containing "be" verbs are often merely roundabout ways of
saying something better said with a simple verb. Thus "be supportive of" for
"support" is verbose.

The following circumlocutory uses of "be" verbs are common in stuffy

writing. The simple verb (in parentheses) is usually better:

be abusive of (abuse) be in existence (exist)

be applicable to (apply to) be influential on (influence)
be benefited by (benefit from) be in possession of (possess)
be derived from (derive from) be in receipt of (have received)
be desirous of (desire or want) be in violation of (violate)
be determinative of (determine) be operative (operate)
be in agreement (agree) be productive of (produce)
be in attendance (attend) be promotive of (promote)
 be indicative of (indicate) be supportive of (support)
be in error (err)

Many such wordy constructions are more naturally phrased in the present-
tense singular: "is able to" ("can"), "is authorized to" ("may"), "is binding upon"
("binds"), "is empowered to" ("may"), "is unable to" ("cannot").
The Auxiliary Verb

Recognize an auxiliary verb when you see one.

Every sentence must have a verb. To depict doable activities, writers

use action verbs. To describe conditions, writers choose linking verbs.

Sometimes an action or condition occurs just oncebang!and it's over.

Nate stubbed his toe.

He is miserable with pain.

Other times, the activity or condition continues over a long stretch of time,
happens predictably, or occurs in relationship to other events. In these instances, a
single-word verb like stubbed or is cannot accurately describe what happened, so
writers use multipart verb phrases to communicate what they mean. As many as
four words can comprise a verb phrase.

A main or base verb indicates the type of action or condition, and auxiliary
orhelpingverbs convey the other nuances that writers want to express.

Read these three examples:

Sherylee smacked her lips as raspberry jelly dripped from

the donut onto her white shirt.

Sherylee is always dripping something.

Since Sherylee is such a klutz, she should have been
eating a cake donut, which would not have stained her
shirt.

In the first sentence, smacked and dripped, single-word verbs, describe the
quick actions of both Sherylee and the raspberry jelly.

Since Sherylee has a pattern of messiness, is dripping communicates the frequency

of her clumsiness. The auxiliary verbs that comprise should have been
eating and would have stained express not only time relationships but also
evaluation of Sherylee's actions.

Below are the auxiliary verbs. You can conjugate be, do, and have; the modal
auxiliaries, however, never change form.

Be Do Have

am
has
is does
have
are do
had
was did
having
were
being
 been

Modal Auxiliaries [Never Change Form]

can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would

Understand the dual nature of b e , d o , and h a v e

Be, do, and have are both stand-alone verbs and auxiliary verbs. When these verbs
are auxiliary, you will find them teamed with other verbs to complete the verb
phrase.

Compare these sentences:

Freddy is envious of Beatrices steaming bowl of squid

eyeball stew.

Is = linking verb.

Freddy is studying Beatrices steaming bowl of squid

eyeball stew with envy in his eyes.

Is = auxiliary verb; studying = present participle completing the verb phrase.

We did our homework for Mrs. Long.

Did = action verb.

Were not slackers! We did prepare our homework for Mrs.

Long.

Did = auxiliary verb; prepare = main verb completing the verb phrase.

Selena has twelve orange goldfish in her aquarium.

Has = action verb.

Selena has bought a catfish to help keep the tank clean.

Has = auxiliary verb; bought = past participle completing the verb phrase.

Form progressive tenses with the auxiliary verb b e .

All progressive tenses use a form of be.

Forms of Be
 am, is, are, was, were, being, been

Present Progressive

Present progressive follows this pattern:

AM, IS, OR ARE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE

Use the present progressive tense to convey an action or condition happening right
now or frequently.

I am baking chocolate-broccoli muffins today.

Am = auxiliary verb; baking = present participle completing the verb phrase.

Alex is sitting at the kitchen table, anticipating his first

bite.

Is = auxiliary verb; sitting = present participle completing the verb phrase.

Alex must wait a while longer because the muffins are

cooling by the window.

Are = auxiliary verb; cooling = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Impatient Alex is always waiting to taste whatever I cook.

Is = auxiliary verb; waiting = present participle completing the verb phrase.

Past Progressive

Past progressive follows this pattern:

WAS OR WERE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE

Use the past progressive tense to show either 1) an action or condition that
continued in the past or 2) an action or condition interrupted by another.

Naomi was hoping for an A in her organic chemistry class.

Was = auxiliary verb; hoping = present participle completing the verb phrase.

Unfortunately, Naomi's lab reports were missing the

nutritional data on chocolate-broccoli muffins.

Were = auxiliary verb; missing = present participle completing the verb phrase.

While Naomi was obsessing about her grade, Jason shared

the data that she needed.

Was = auxiliary verb; obsessing = present participle completing the verb phrase.

Future Progressive
Future progressive looks like this:

WILL + BE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE

Use the future progressive tense to indicate an action that will continue in the
future.

I will be growing broccoli in the backyard this spring.

Will, be = auxiliary verbs; growing = present participlecompleting the verb phrase.

Soon, Alex will be eating organic chocolate-broccoli

muffins!

Will, be = auxiliary verbs; eating = present participle completing the verb phrase.

Form passive voice with the auxiliary verb b e .

You can make any transitive verban action verb that can take a direct object
passive with the auxiliary verb be.

Forms of Be
 am, is, are, was, were, being, been

Active voice looks like this:

SUBJECT + VERB + DIRECT OBJECT .

Here are some samples:

Frank devoured a bacon double cheeseburger.

Everyone envied his enjoyment.

Passive voice makes these changes:

DIRECT OBJECT AS SUBJECT + FORM OF BE + PAST

PARTICIPLE + BY + SUBJECT AS OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION .

Now read these revisions:

The double bacon cheeseburger was being devoured

by Frank.

His enjoyment was envied by everyone.

Notice how wordy and clunky passive voice is! Now you know why English teachers
tell you to avoid it!

Form perfect tenses with the auxiliary verb h a v e .

All perfect tenses use a form of have.

Forms of Have

has, have, had, having

Present Perfect

Present perfect follows this pattern:

HAS OR HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

Use the present perfect tense to convey an action or condition that began in the
past but continues [or is finished] in the present.
Marge has bought earplugs to drown out her husband's
snoring.

Has = auxiliary verb; bought = past participle completing theverb phrase.

The earplugs have saved Marge's marriage to George.

Have = auxiliary verb; saved = past participle completing the verb phrase.

Past Perfect

Past perfect follows this pattern:

HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE

Use the past perfect tense to show that one action in the past occurred before
another.

Because Marge had purchased the earplugs, she no longer

fantasized about smothering George with a pillow.

Had = auxiliary verb; purchased = past participle completing the verb phrase.

Future Perfect

Future perfect follows this pattern:

WILL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

Use the future perfect tense to indicate that an action will be finished in the future.

This Sunday, Marge will have gotten an entire week of

uninterrupted sleep.

Will, have = auxiliary verbs; gotten = past participle completing the verb phrase.

Form emphatic tenses with d o .

When you use a form of do as an auxiliary verb, you form the emphatic tense. This
tense is useful for asking questions or emphasizing an action.

Forms of Do

does, do, did, doing

The patterns look like these:

FORM OF DO + MAIN VERB

 FORM OF D O + S U B J E C T + M A I N V E R B ... ?

Read these samples:

I did not eat your leftover pizza!

Did = auxiliary verb; eat = main verb completing the verb phrase.

Do you always accuse the first person you see?

Do = auxiliary verb; accuse = main verb completing the verb phrase.

Doesn't the evidence point to Samuel, who still has a bit

of black olive stuck to his front tooth?

Does = auxiliary verb; point = main verb completing the verb phrase.

Understand the job of modal auxiliary verbs.

Modal auxiliary verbs never change form. You cannot add an ed, ing, or s ending to
these words. They have only one form.

Modal Auxiliaries [Never Change Form]

 can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would

You can use modal auxiliary verbs in these patterns:

MODAL + MAIN VERB

MODAL + BE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE

MODAL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

With modal auxiliaries, you can indicate necessity or obligation:

To lose her orange glow, Yvonne should eat fewer

carrots.

John must remember his wife's birthday this year.

If Cecilia wants a nice lawn, she ought to be

raking the leaves.

Or you can show possibility:

Fred might share his calculus homework if you offer

him a slice of pizza.
 Ann could have run the half marathon if she had
started to train four months ago.

Modal auxiliaries also show willingness or ability:

Nicole will babysit your pet iguana for a reasonable

fee.

Jason can pass chemistry this semester if he stops

spending his study time at the arcade.
Pronouns

Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns.

Every pronoun must have a clear antecedent (the word for which the pronoun
stands).

Kinds of Pronouns

A. Personal Pronouns:

SINGULAR PLURAL
Subjectiv objectiv possessive subjectiv objectiv possessive
e e e e

1st person I me my, mine we us our, ours

2nd perso You you your, your you you your, yours
n s

3rd person he him His they them their, their

s
she her her, hers

it it its

Personal pronouns have the following characteristics:

1. three persons (points of view)

 1st person - the one(s) speaking (I me my mine we us our ours)
2nd person - the one(s) spoken to (you your yours)
3rd person - the one(s) spoken about (he him his she her hers it its they their theirs)

Examples

2. three genders

feminine (she her hers)

masculine (he him his)
neuter (it its they them their theirs)

Examples
3. two numbers

singular (I me my mine you your yours he him his she her hers it its)
plural (we us our ours you your yours they them their theirs)

Examples
4. three cases

subjective (I you he she it we they)

possessive (my mine your yours his her hers our ours their theirs)
objective (me you him her it us them)

Examples - subjective case

Examples - possessive case

Examples - objective case
 NOTE: Because of pronoun case, the pronoun's form changes with its function in the sentence.
Follow this link to pronoun case for more information.

B. Demonstrative Pronouns:

Demonstrative pronouns can also be used as determiners.

Example:

Hand me that hammer. (that describes the noun hammer)

Demonstrative pronouns can also be used as qualifiers:

Example:
 She wanted that much money? (that describes the adjective much)

C. Reflexive / Intensive Pronouns : the "self" pronouns

These pronouns can be used only to reflect or intensify a word already there in the
sentence.

Reflexive / intensive pronouns CANNOT REPLACE personal pronouns.

Examples:

I saw myself in the mirror. (Myself is a reflexive pronoun, reflecting the pronoun I.)

Ill do it myself. (Myself is an intensive pronoun, intensifying the pronoun I.)

Note: The following words are substandard and should not be used:

theirselves theirself hisself ourself

D. Indefinite Pronouns

Singular:
One someone anyone no one everyone

Each somebody anybody nobody everybody

(n)either something anything nothing everything

Examples:

Somebody is coming to dinner.

Neither of us believes a word Harry says.

Plural:

Examples:

Both are expected at the airport at the same time.

Several have suggested canceling the meeting.

Singular with non-countables / Plural with countables:

 Examples:

Some of the dirt has become a permanent part of the rug.

Some of the trees have been weakened by the storm.

Indefinite pronouns use apostrophes to indicate possessive case.

Examples:

The accident is nobodys fault.

How will the roadwork affect one's daily commute?

Some indefinite pronouns may also be used as determiners.

one, each, either, neither, some, any, one, all, both, few, several, many, most

Note the differences:

Each person has a chance.

(Each is a determiner describing person.)

Each has a chance.

(Each is an indefinite pronoun replacing a noun.)

Both lawyers pled their cases well.

(Both is a determiner describing lawyers.)

 Both were in the room.

(Both is an indefinite pronoun replacing a noun.)

E. Interrogative Pronouns:

Interrogative pronouns produce information questions that require more than a

yes or no answer.

Examples:

What do you want?

Who is there?

F. Relative Pronouns:

Relative pronouns introduce relative (adjectival) clauses.

Note: Use who, whom, and whose to refer to people.

Use that and which to refer to things.

ACTIVE / PASSIVE VOICE

Active voice

In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action
denoted by the verb.

These examples show that the subject is doing the verb's action.

Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences
are said to be in the active voice.

Passive voice

One can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with
a direct object) so that the subject is no longer active, but is, instead, being acted
upon by the verb - or passive.
 Note in these examples how the subject-verb relationship has changed.

Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is passive), such sentences are said to
be in the passive voice.

NOTE: Colorful parrots live in the rainforests cannot be changed to passive voice
because the sentence does not have a direct object.

To change a sentence from active to passive voice, do the following:

1. Move the active sentence's direct object into the sentence's subject slot

2. Place the active sentence's subject into a phrase beginning with

the preposition by
 3. Add a form of the auxiliary verb be to the main verb and change the main
verb's form

Because passive voice sentences necessarily add words and change the normal doer-
action-receiver of action direction, they may make the reader work harder to
understand the intended meaning.

As the examples below illustrate, a sentence in active voice flows more smoothly
and is easier to understand than the same sentence in passive voice.
It is generally preferable to use the ACTIVE voice.
To change a passive voice sentence into an active voice sentence, simply reverse the
steps shown above.

1. Move the passive sentence's subject into the active sentence's direct object
slot

2. Remove the auxiliary verb be from the main verb and change main verb's form
if needed

3. Place the passive sentence's object of the preposition by into the subject slot.
Because it is more direct, most writers prefer to use the active voice whenever
possible.

The passive voice may be a better choice, however, when

the doer of the action is unknown, unwanted, or unneeded in the sentence

Examples

the writer wishes to emphasize the action of the sentence rather than the
doer of the action

Examples

the writer wishes to use passive voice for sentence variety.

Verbs

What is a verb?

A verb is one of the main parts of a sentence or question in English.

In fact, you cant have a sentence or a question without a verb! Thats how
important these action parts of speech are.

The verb signals an action, an occurrence, or a state of being. Whether

mental, physical, or mechanical, verbs always express activity.

Physical Verbs Definition

Physical verbs are action verbs. They describe specific physical actions. If you
can create a motion with your body or use a tool to complete an action, the word
you use to describe it is most likely a physical verb.

Physical Verb Examples

The physical verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.

Lets run to the corner and back.

I hear the train coming.
Call me when youre finished with class.

Mental Verbs Definition

 Mental verbs have meanings that are related to concepts such as
discovering, understanding, thinking, or planning. In general, a mental verb refers to
a cognitive state.

Mental Verb Examples

The mental verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.

I know the answer.

She recognized me from across the room.
Do you believe everything people tell you?

States of Being Verbs Definition

Also known as linking verbs, state of being verbs describe conditions or situations
that exist. State of being verbs are inactive since no action is being performed. These
verbs are usually complemented by adjectives.

States of Being Verb Examples

The state of being verbs in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.

I am a student.
We are circus performers.
Please is quiet.
Types of Verbs

How many types of verbs are there? In addition to the main categories of
physical verbs, mental verbs, and state of being verbs, there are several other types
of verbs. In fact, there are more than ten different types of verbs that are grouped
by function.

List of all Verb Types

Action Verbs
Action verbs express specific actions, and are used any time you want to show
action or discuss someone doing something.

Transitive Verbs
Transitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities. These verbs
always have direct objects, meaning someone or something receives the action of
the verb.

Intransitive Verbs
Intransitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities. No direct
object follows an intransitive verb.

Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary verbs are also known as helping verbs, and are used together with a main
verb to show the verbs tense or to form a question or negative.

Stative Verbs
Stative verbs can be recognized because they express a state rather than an action.
They typically relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of being,
and measurements.

Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are used to express abilities, possibilities,
permissions, and obligations.

Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs arent single words; instead, they are combinations of words that are
used together to take on a different meaning to that of the original verb.

Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs are those that dont take on the regular spelling patterns of past
simple and past participle verbs.

Nouns

What is a Noun?

Of all the parts of speech, nouns are perhaps the most important. A noun is a
word that identifies a person, animal, place, thing, or idea. Here, well take a closer
look at what makes a noun a noun, and well provide some noun examples, along
with some advice for using nouns in your sentences.

Identifying a Noun
 A noun is a part of speech that denotes a person, animal, place, thing, or
idea. The English word noun has its roots in the Latin word nomen, which means
name. Every language has words that are nouns. As you read the following
explanations, think about some words that might fit into each category.

Person A term for a person, whether proper name, gender, title, or

class, is a noun.
Animal A term for an animal, whether proper name, species,
gender, or class is a noun.
Place A term for a place, whether proper name, physical location, or
general locale is a noun.
Thing A term for a thing, whether it exists now, will exist, or existed
in the past is a noun.
Idea A term for an idea, be it a real, workable idea or a fantasy that
might never come to fruition is a noun.

Noun Examples

When we first start to learn the parts of speech, trying to identify different words
can seem like a challenge. This process gets easier with practice. Here are some
noun examples to help you get started. The nouns in each sentence have been
italicized.

Person He is the person to see.

Person John started to run.
Person Plato was an influential Greek philosopher.
 Person Sharon admires her grandfather.
Person My mother looks a lot like my grandmother, and I look very
much like them.

Animal The dog barked at the cat.

Animal Elephants never forget.
Animal Sophie is my favorite horse.

Place The restaurant is open.

Place Lets go to the beach.
Place Look over there.
Place Come here.
Place Harvard and Yale are two famous universities.
Place Look! Theres the Eiffel Tower.

Thing Throw the ball.

Thing Please close the door and lock it.
Thing Use words properly to be understood.
Thing The lamp sits on a table next to the sofa.
Thing Money doesnt grow on trees.

Idea Follow the rules.

Idea The theory of relativity is an important concept.
 Idea Love is a wonderful emotion.

How Nouns Function

Nouns have several important functions. While its impossible to list them all here,
well go over the most important jobs nouns are tasked with.

Nouns are subjects. Every sentence has a subject, which is a noun that
tells us what that sentence is all about. John swung the baseball bat.
Nouns are direct objects. These nouns receive action from verbs. John
swung the baseball bat.
Nouns are indirect objects. These nouns receive the direct object. Brad
threw John the ball.
Nouns are objects of prepositions. These nouns follow the
prepositions in prepositional phrases. John swung the baseball bat at
Greg.
Nouns are predicate nominatives. These nouns follow linking verbs
and rename the subject. John is a baseball player.
Nouns are object complements. These nouns complete the direct
object. They named their dog Max.
This is just the beginning. Be sure to dig deeper and explore more for
additional information about nouns and even more noun examples.

Adverb

What is an Adverb?
 An adverb is a word that is used to change or qualify the meaning of
an adjective, a verb, a clause, another adverb, or any other type of word or phrase
with the exception of determiners and adjectives that directly modify nouns.
Traditionally considered to be a single part of speech, adverbs perform a wide
variety of functions, which makes it difficult to treat them as a single, unified
category. Adverbs normally carry out these functions by answering questions such
as:

When? She always arrives early.

How? He drives carefully.
Where? They go everywhere together.
In what way? She eats slowly.
To what extent? It is terribly hot.
This is called adverbial function and may be accomplished by adverbial
clauses and adverbial phrases as well as by adverbs that stand alone.

There are many rules for using adverbs, and these rules often depend upon
which type of adverb you are using. Remember these basics, and using adverbs to
make sentences more meaningful will be easier for you.

Adverbs can always be used to modify verbs. Notice that the second of
these two sentences is much more interesting simply because it
contains an adverb:
The dog ran. (You can picture a dog running, but you dont really know
much more about the scene.)
The dog ran excitedly. (You can picture a dog running, wagging its tail,
panting happily, and looking glad to see its owner. You can paint a
 much more interesting picture in your head when you know how or
why the dog is running.)
Adverbs are often formed by adding the letters -ly to adjectives. This
makes is very easy to identify adverbs in sentences. There are many
exceptions to this rule; everywhere, nowhere, and upstairs are a few
examples.
An adverb can be used to modify an adjective and intensify the
meaning it conveys. For example:
He plays tennis well. (He knows how to play tennis and sometimes he
wins.)
He plays tennis extremely well. (He knows how to play tennis so well
that he wins often.)
As you read the following adverb examples, youll notice how these
useful words modify other words and phrases by providing information
about the place, time, manner, certainty, frequency, or other
circumstances of activity denoted by the verbs or verb phrases in the
sentences.

Examples of Adverbs

As you read each of the following adverb examples, note that the adverbs have
been italicized for easy identification. Consider how replacing the existing adverbs
with different ones would change the meaning of each sentence.

1. She was walking rapidly.

2. The kids love playing together in the sandbox.

3. Please come inside now.

 4. His jokes are always very funny.

5. You dont really care, do you?

Adverbs List

There are many different words that function as adverbs. The following list is
broken down into segments which list adverbs by function. After reading, you will be
able to think of additional adverbs to add to your own list after all, there are
thousands.

Many adverbs end in -ly. This makes it very easy to spot the adverbs in most
sentences.

Abruptly Naughtily

Boldly Openly

Carefully Poorly

Deliberately Quickly

Excitedly Sadly

Financially Terribly

Horribly Willingly

Mildly Yearly
Some adverbs tell us where the action happened. These are known as adverbs of
place.

Everywhere There

Here Underground

Inside Upstairs

Certain adverbs let us know when or how often the action happened. These are
known as adverbs of time and adverbs of frequency.

After Now

Always Today

Before Yesterday

Later

Many adverbs tell us the extent of the action.

Almost Too

Enough Quite

So Rather
Very

Some adverbs are used as intensifiers.

Absolutely Heartily

Certain Really

Completely

Certain adverbs called adverbs of manner tell us about the way in which
something was done.

Briskly Randomly

Cheerfully Willingly

Expectantly

Some groups of words serve the same functions as adverbs. These are known
as adverb clauses. Be sure to read the adverb clause section to learn new ways to
make your sentences even more interesting.
Adjectives

What is an adjective?

Adjectives are words that describe or modify other words, making your
writing and speaking much more specific, and a whole lot more interesting. Words
like small, blue, and sharp are descriptive, and they are all examples of adjectives.
Because adjectives are used to identify or quantify individual people and unique
things, they are usually positioned before the noun or pronoun that they modify.
Some sentences contain multiple adjectives.

Adjective Examples

In the following examples, the highlighted words are adjectives:

1. They live in a big, beautiful

2. Since its a hot day, Lisa is wearing a sleeveless

3. The mountaintops are covered in sparkling

4. On her birthday, Brenda received an antique vase filled with fragrant

Types of Adjectives

Remember that adjectives can modify as well as describe other words, and
youll find it much easier to identify different types of adjectives when you see them.
Articles

There are only three articles, and all of them are adjectives: a, an, and the. Because
they are used to discuss non-specific things and people, a and an are called
indefinite articles. For example:

Id like a
Lets go on an
Neither one of these sentences names a specific banana or a certain
adventure. Without more clarification, any banana or adventure will
do.

The word the is called the definite article. Its the only definite article, and it is used
to indicate very specific people or things:

Please give me a banana. Id like the one with the green stem.
Lets go on an adventure. The Grand Canyon mule ride sounds perfect!

Possessive Adjectives

As the name indicates, possessive adjectives are used to indicate possession. They
are:

My Its
Your Our
His Their
Her
Possessive adjectives also function as possessive pronouns.

Demonstrative Adjectives

Like the article the, demonstrative adjectives are used to indicate or demonstrate
specific people, animals, or things. These, those, this and that are demonstrative
adjectives.

These books belong on that

This movie is my favorite.
Please put those cookies on the blue plate.

Coordinate Adjectives

Coordinate adjectives are separated with commas or the word and, and
appear one after another to modify the same noun. The adjectives in the
phrase bright, sunny day and long and dark night are coordinate adjectives. In
phrases with more than two coordinate adjectives, the word and always appears
before the last one; for example: The sign had big, bold, and bright letters.
Be careful, because some adjectives that appear in a series are not
coordinate. In the phrase green delivery truck, the words green and delivery are not
separated by a comma because green modifies the phrase delivery truck. To
eliminate confusion when determining whether a pair or group of adjectives is
coordinate, just insert the word and between them. If and works, then the
adjectives are coordinate and need to be separated with a comma.
Numbers Adjectives

When theyre used in sentences, numbers are almost always adjectives. You can tell
that a number is an adjective when it answers the question How many?

The stagecoach was pulled by a team of six

He ate 23 hotdogs during the contest, and was sick afterwards.

Interrogative Adjectives

There are three interrogative adjectives: which, what, and whose. Like all
other types of adjectives, interrogative adjectives modify nouns. As you probably
know, all three of these words are used to ask questions.

Which option sounds best to you?

What time should we go?
Whose socks are those?

Indefinite Adjectives

Like the articles a and an, indefinite adjectives are used to discuss non-
specific things. You might recognize them, since theyre formed from indefinite
pronouns. The most common indefinite adjectives are any, many, no,
several, and few.

Do we have any peanut butter?

Grandfather has been retired for many
There are no bananas in the fruit bowl.
 I usually read the first few pages of a book before I buy it.
We looked at several cars before deciding on the best one for our
family.

Attributive Adjectives

Attributive adjectives talk about specific traits, qualities, or features in other

words, they are used to discuss attributes. There are different kinds of attributive
adjectives:

Observation adjectives such as real, perfect, best, interesting,

beautiful or cheapest can indicate value or talk about subjective
measures.
Size and shape adjectives talk about measurable, objective qualities
including specific physical properties. Some examples include small,
large, square, round, poor, wealthy, slow and
Age adjectives denote specific ages in numbers, as well as general
ages. Examples are old, young, new, five-year-old, and
Color adjectives are exactly what they sound like theyre adjectives
that indicate color. Examples include pink, yellow, blue, and
Origin adjectives indicate the source of the noun, whether its a
person, place, animal or thing. Examples include American, Canadian,
Mexican, French.
Material adjectives denote what something is made of. Some
examples include cotton, gold, wool, and
 Qualifier adjectives are often regarded as part of a noun. They make
nouns more specific; examples include log cabin,
luxury car, and pillow cover.
 Tugas Percakapan
1. A: What is your name?
B: My name is B, and you?
A: I am A.
B: Where do you live?
A: I live in Korea, and you?
B: I live in Prancis.
A: Nice to meet you.
B: Nice to meet you too.

2. A : hi B are you free now?

B : yes, i am free. Whats up?

A : i have a problem about solving some question.

B : what question? Is it about our homework?

A : yes, could you help me?

B : i am willing to help you, but theres a little problem, i cant solve it myself.

A : hmm.. I have an idea, come to my home tonight to discuss it together. How a

bot that?

B : yes of course, it will be easier if we work together.

A : okay, see you in my home tonight.

B : yeah.. I will be there

3. B: Hi A, what are you reading?
A: Hi B, Im reading novel Dear Nathan.
B: I even read that. Thats good novel.
A: I think so.
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

The following information is taken, with permission, from Garner's Modern

American Usage by Bryan Garner. Copyright 2003. Published by Oxford University
Press.

http://www.gingersoftware.com

https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/activepass.htm

http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/auxiliaryverb.htm

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/Grammar/to_be.htm