A

PRESENTATION
ON
WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM
TAKEN
AT
PWD, GANGAPUR CITY (SWM)

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr. Himanshu Singh Sitaram Meena
(HOD, Deptt OF CE ) (12EJJCE099)
 I. INTRODUCTION

Provisionofadequatedrainageisanessentialpartof
pavement design.
Protectionofpavement structure
Improvesroad safety
Canbecategoricallystudiedinthree parts:
1. Surface Drainage
Drainageontheadjoininglandandroadway
surface
SideDrainageandCross Drainage
2. Subsurface Drainage
 I. INTRODUCTION
Effectsofwateronthepavement
structure
Presenceofmoisture causes:
o reductioninthestabilityofthesoil mass.
o considerablevariationinvolumeofsubgradeinclayey
soils.
o Wavesandcorrugationsfailureinflexible pavements.
o Strippingfailureinflexible pavements.
o Mudpumpingfailureinrigid pavements.
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Canbedividedintothree phases:
i. Estimationofthequantityofwaterthat can
reachanyelementofthe system.
ii. Hydraulicdesignofeachelement of the
system.
iii. Comparisonofalternativesystems and
materials
CriteriaLowestannualcost alternative
 II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

1 . Rainfall Intensity
Runoffisobtainedbyconsideringexpectedsever
storm.
Returnperiodof5 , 1 0 , 2 0 , 2 5 , 5 0 , and1 0 0
years
Quantityofrunoffdependsonintensityand duration.
Duration=Timeof Concentration
Thetimerequiredforwaterfromtheremotestplace
toreachaspecificpointonthedrainage system.
=T1+T2
T 1 = overlandflow time
T 2 = timeofflowinthelongitudinal drain
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS

Source:ERAManual,2 0 0 2
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE
DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS

Source:ERAManual,2 0 0 2
 II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

2 . Computationof Runoff
Rainwaterexpelledfromtheroad surface
i. Infiltration
ii. Runoff
iii. Evaporation insignificant
Infiltrationdepends on:
Typeandgradationof soil
Soilcovers,moisturecontentofthe soil
Presenceofimperviouslayersnearthe surface.
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Infiltration contd.
Rateofinfiltrationonbaresoilislessthanona
turfed soil.
Frozensoilis impervious
Rateofinfiltrationisassumedtobe constant
duringanyspecificdesign storm.
Runoffdepends on:
Natureoftheground,degreeofsaturation,and
slopeofthe surface
Rateofrunoffgreateronsmooth surfaces.
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

RationalFormula accuratewayofestimating
runoffuptoareasof0 . 5 km2

Q 0.00278 CIA
C 1 A1 C 2 A 2
C Ifthewatershade
A1 A 2
ismadeupof
different surfaces
= runoff(m3/sec)
C =coefficient,representingratioofrunoffto rainfall
I = intensityofrainfall(mm/hr)foradurationequaltothetime
of concentration
A = catchmentareatributarytothedesignlocation, ha
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

t c =distance/velocity
of flow
t c isthenusedto
determinetherainfall
intensity (I)
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Thischartcanalso
bealternativelyused
to determine c .
 III. DESIGN OF SIDE DITCHES AND OPEN
CHANNELS
THE MANNINGS FORMULA
Oncethequantityofrunoffisknown,thedesignof
ditchesandsimilarstructuresisbasedonthe
principlesofopenchannel flow.
Manningssformulaassumessteadyflowina
uniform channel.
1 2/3 1/2
V R S QV A
n
Where:
V = meanvelocity (m/sec)
R = hydraulicradius(m)=Area/wetted perimeter
S = s l o p e ofthechannel (m/m)
n=Manningsroughness coefficient
 III. DESIGN OF SIDE DITCHES AND OPEN
CHANNELS

TheMannings Formula
III. DESIGN OF SIDE DITCHES AND OPEN
CHANNELS

CapacityofaTrapezoidal Channel
III. DESIGN OF SIDE DITCHES AND OPEN
CHANNELS

Examples:
1 . The maximum quantity of water expected in one of the
open longitudinal drains on clayey soil is 0 . 9
m3/sec. Design the cross section and longitudinal
slope of trapezoidal drain assuming the bottom
width of the trapezoidal section to be 1 . 0 m and
cross slopes to be 1V:1.5H. The allowable velocity
of flow in the drain is 1 . 2 m/sec and Mannings
roughness coefficient is 0 . 0 2 .
III. DESIGN OF SIDE DITCHES AND OPEN
CHANNELS
Examples:
2 . The surface water from road s ide is drained to the
longitudinal side drain from across one half a bituminous
pavement surface of total width 7 . 0 m, shoulder and adjoining
land of width 8 . 0 m one side of the drain. On the other side of
the longitudinal drain, water flows across from reserved land
with grass and 2 % cross slope towards the side drain, the
width of this strip of land being 2 5 m. The run off coefficients
of the pavement, shoulder and reserve land with grass surface
are 0 . 8 , 0 . 2 5 , and 0 3 5 respectively. The length of the
stretch of land parallel to the road from where water is
expected to flow to the side drain is about 4 0 0 m. Estimate
the quantity of runoff flowing in the drain assuming 2 5 years
period of frequency.
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
1. LoweringofWater Table
Highestlevelofwatertableshouldbebelowthe
subgrade.
Practically1 . 0 to1 . 2 mbelow subgrade
Relativelypermeable soil
Longitudinaldrainsaremainly used
Impermeable soils
Transversedrainsmaybenecessaryinaddition
tolongitudinal drains
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
1 . LoweringofWater Table

Fig. Symmetrical longitudinal drains used to lower the

groundwater table and to collect water infiltrating the
pavement.
 IV.SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
LoweringofWater Table

Longitudinal
Drain

Transverse
Drains

Fig.Loweringofwatertableusing
TransverseDrains(Plan View)
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
2. SeepageControl
Ifseepagezoneisatadepthless than
0 . 6 to0 . 9 mbelowsubgrade level,
Use longitudinal pipedrain in
trench withfiltermaterialto
intercepttheseepage flow.
This phenomenon can be
explained using figures.
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
2 . SeepageControl

Fig.Longitudinalinterceptordrainusedtocutoff
seepageandlowerthegroundwater table.
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
2 . Seepage Control
Groundwater seeps through the slope where the
water table intersects the land slope, and
Groundwater flows beneath the pavement while
also entering the pavement foundation materials.

Fig.(A)Illustrationofgroundwaterflowalongasloping
imperviouslayertowarda roadway.
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
2 . SeepageControl

Fig.(B)Illustrationofinterceptordrainonthedrawdownof
thegroundwater table.
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
2 . SeepageControl

Fig.Longitudinalcollectordrainusedtoremove
waterseepingintothepavementstructural
section.
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
3. ControlofCapillary Rise
Capillaryrisecanbecontrolled by
Usingalayerofgranularmaterialofsuitable thickness.
Usingalayerofimpermeablecapillary cutoff.
Capillarywatershouldnotriseabovethethicknessofthe
granular layer

Granular material

Capillaryrise

Highest water
Fig.Gtraabnleularcapillary
cutoff
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
3. ControlofCapillary Rise
Bituminouslayerorothergeotextilescanbeused
asanimpermeable layer.

Impermeable layer

Capillary rise

Highestwater table
Fig.Impermeablelayercapillary cutoff
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
4. DesignofFilter Material
Properfiltermaterialshouldbeused for:
Subsurfacedrainagesystemandbackfillingthe
drainagetrenches and
Criteria:
Permeabilityand Piping
D15 offilter
5 Permeability criteria
D15 of foundation

D 15 of filter
5 Piping criteria
D 85 of foundation
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
4. DesignofFilter Material
D P =sizeofperforationindrain pipe
D 8 5 Filter= 2D P
10
0
80
2D P Theareabetween
thetworedcurves
60 Foundation represents the
soil filler material.
Filter
Percent

40
passing

Material
20
5D 8 55 D1
0. 5
0 1. 1.0 0. 0.0 0.00
0 Particlesiz1e(mm),l1og scale 1
Fig.DesignofFilter Material
 R EFERENCES:
1. HighwayEngineering,7 th Ed.PaulH.Wrightand Karen
K.Dixon.Wiley (2004)
2. HighwayEngineering,8 th Ed.S . K . KhannaandC.E.G.
Justo. (2001)
THANK YOU!