Remedial cementing

Remedial cementing is undertaken to correct issues with the primary cement job of a well. Remedial
cementing requires as much technical, engineering, and operational experience, as primary cementing but
is often done when wellbore conditions are unknown or out of control, and when wasted rig time and
escalating costs have the potential to force poor decisions and high risk. Good planning and risk
assessment is the key to successful remedial cementing.

Contents
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1 Squeeze cementing
o 1.1 Squeeze techniques
1.1.1 Running squeeze
1.1.2 Hesitation squeeze
1.1.3 High-pressure squeeze
1.1.4 Low-pressure squeeze
1.1.5 Packer/retainer squeeze
1.1.6 Bradenhead squeeze
2 Plug cementing
o 2.1 Factors to consider for a plug job
o 2.2 Application of plugging
2.2.1 Abandonment
2.2.2 Directional drilling/sidetracking
2.2.3 Lost-circulation control
2.2.4 Well control
2.2.5 Zonal isolation/conformance
2.2.6 Formation testing
2.2.7 Wellbore stability
3 References
4 Noteworthy papers in OnePetro
5 External links
6 See also

Squeeze cementing
Squeeze cementing is a correction process that is usually only necessary to correct a problem in the
wellbore. Before using a squeeze application, a series of decisions must be made to determine

1. If a problem exists
2. The magnitude of the problem
3. If squeeze cementing will correct it
4. The risk factors present
5. If economics will support it.

Most squeeze applications are unnecessary because they result from poor primary-cement-job evaluations
or job diagnostics.

Squeeze cementing is a dehydration process. A cement slurry is prepared and pumped down a wellbore to
the problem area or squeeze target. The area is isolated, and pressure is applied from the surface to
effectively force the slurry into all voids. The slurry is designed specifically to fill the type of void in the
wellbore, whether it is a small crack or micro-annuli, casing split or large vug, formation rock or another
kind of cavity. Thus, the slurry design and rate of dehydration or fluid loss designed into the slurry is critical,
and a poor design may not provide a complete fill and seal of the voids.

Squeeze techniques
The following techniques are the six commonly recognized squeeze applications.
Running squeeze
A running squeeze is any squeeze operation in which continuous pumping is used to force the cement into
the squeeze interval. This technique is sometimes referred to as a walking squeeze when low pump rates
and minimal graduating pressure is used. Although the running squeeze is easier to design and apply, it is
probably the most difficult to control because the rate of pressure increase and final squeeze pressure are
difficult to determine.

As running-squeeze pressure builds, the pump rate should be reduced, creating a walking squeeze.
Running squeezes may be applied whenever the wellbore can be circulated at a reasonable pump rate
(approximately 2 bbl/min). When applied correctly, most running squeezes are low-pressure applications;
however, they often turn into high-pressure applications because of:

Unknown formation characteristics

The quality of slurry used
Lack of job control

Hesitation squeeze
This technique is often used when a squeeze pressure cannot be obtained using a running technique
because of

The size of the void

Lack of filtrate control
When the squeeze must be performed below a critical wellbore pressure

During a hesitation squeeze, the pumping sequence is started and stopped repeatedly, while the pressure
is closely monitored on the surface. Cement is deposited in waves into the squeeze interval, and the slurry
is designed to increase resistance (gel-strength development and fluid-leakoff rate) until the final squeeze
pressure is reached. Operators must thoroughly design and test the cement slurry to understand how its
properties will change with frequent shutdowns and to safely approximate the shutdown period between
pumping cycles. The slurry volume should be clear of all downhole tools before the hesitation cycles begin.
For many otherwise large and expensive conventional squeeze applications, a hesitation squeeze can be a
safer, less expensive, and effective technique.

High-pressure squeeze
A high-pressure squeeze is an application performed above formation fracturing pressures when fracturing
is necessary to displace the cement and seal off formations or establish injection points between channels
and perforations. Slurry volumes and leakoff vary with the size of the interval.

Block squeezing is the process of squeezing off permeable sections above and below a production zone,
which requires isolation of the zone with a packer and retainer, using high pressure to force cement slurry
(fracture) into the zone. Cement slurry will not invade a formation unless it is fractured away, creating a
large crack to accommodate the entire slurry. Otherwise, dehydration occurs and only the filtrate enters the
zone. High pressure is usually required to force all wellbore fluids into the formations ahead of the cement
slurry. This technique is often referred to as bullheading.

Low-pressure squeeze
A low-pressure squeeze, the most common technique, is any squeeze application conducted below the
fracturing pressure. This method can be applied whenever clean wellbore fluids can be injected into a
formation, such as permeable sand, lost-circulation interval, fractured limestone, vugs, or voids. Filtrate
from the cement slurry is easily displaced at low pressures, and the dehydrated cement is deposited in the
void. Whole cement slurries will not invade most formations unless a fracture is readily open or is created
during the squeeze process.

Packer/retainer squeeze
Squeeze tools are often used to isolate the squeeze interval and place the cement as close to the squeeze
target as possible before applying pressure. Retainers or bridge plugs are used to create a false bottom
and are set just below the squeeze target inside the casing or tubing. This procedure seals off the open
wellbore below the target (which may be several thousands of feet) and reduces the volume of cement
needed for the squeeze. A packer can be run into the wellbore and set above the squeeze interval,
between two intervals, or below an interval. Packers allow circulation of the wellbore until the cement slurry
is pumped; then the packer is set, which seals off the annulus so the cement can be squeezed through
tubing below the packer or down the backside between the tubing/casing annulus above the packer. The
following can be more accurately determined and controlled using squeeze tools:

Cement volumes
Squeeze pressures
Squeeze targets

Bradenhead squeeze
This technique is often applied when the problem occurs during drilling (lost circulation) or soon after a
primary cement job (weak casing shoe). A Bradenhead squeeze is performed when squeeze tools are
unavailable or cannot be run in the hole, or when the operator feels he can successfully control the problem
without pulling the drillstring, tubulars, etc. out of the wellbore.

Whether during drilling or completion, a Bradenhead is performed by circulating cement slurry down to the
squeeze interval, then pulling the workstring above the top of the cement column. The backside of the
wellbore is closed in, and pressure is applied through the workstring to force cement into the squeeze
interval. A hesitation squeeze is sometimes used to more effectively pack off the cement into all voids.
Most coiled-tubing (CT) squeeze applications are performed using this technique.

Plug cementing
In oil-gas-well construction, a plug must prevent fluid flow in a wellbore, either between formations or
between a formation and the surface. As such, a competent plug must provide a hydraulic and mechanical
seal.

Factors to consider for a plug job

Each plugging operation presents a common problem in that a relatively small volume of plugging material,
usually a cement slurry, is placed in a large volume of wellbore fluid. Wellbore fluids can contaminate the
cement, and even after a reasonable water/oil contact (WOC) time, the result is a weak, diluted,
nonuniform or unset plug. In addition, plugging situations frequently present unique issues that require
sound engineering design and judgment. For these reasons, both mechanical and chemical technologies
are necessary for successful plugging.

In addition to the issues that are normally considered for a primary cement job, other factors must be
carefully considered for a plug job, such as:

Displacement efficiency
Slurry stability
Fluid compatibilities

Application of plugging
Plugging operations are difficult because the work string from a heavier balanced cement plug must be
removed from its position above a lighter wellbore fluid. Some of the varied reasons for performing plugging
operations are discussed next.

Abandonment
To seal off selected intervals of a dry hole or a depleted well, operators can place a cement plug at the
required depth to help prevent zonal communication and migration of any fluids that might infiltrate
underground freshwater sources.

Directional drilling/sidetracking
When sidetracking a hole around a non-retrievable fish, such as a stuck bottomhole assembly (BHA) or
changing the direction of drilling for geological reasons, it is often necessary to place a cement plug at the
required depth to change the wellbore direction or to help support a mechanical whipstock, so the bit can
be guided in the desired direction.

Lost-circulation control
When mud circulation is lost during drilling, lost returns can sometimes be restored by spotting a cement
plug across the thief (lost-circulation) zone and then drilling back through the plug. Efforts should be made
to identify the source and reason for lost returns when planning a plugging job. Factors that can contribute
to lost circulation include:

Drilling-induced fractures
Chemically induced formation instability
Natural fractures
Vugs
High permeability

Well control
Plugs, typically made of cement, are sometimes placed in a wellbore when the well has reached a critical
state in which no margins remain between pore and frac pressures and no other options exist. In fact, the
drillstring is sometimes intentionally cemented in place because it cannot be pulled without risk of inducing
an uncontrolled flow to the surface or a crossflow from a high-pressured zone into a weak or low-pressured
zone.

Zonal isolation/conformance
One of the more common reasons for plugging is to isolate a specific zone. The purpose may be:

To shut off water

To recomplete a zone at a shallower depth
To protect a low-pressure zone in an openhole before squeezing

In a well with two or more producing intervals, abandoning a depleted or unprofitable producing zone may
be beneficial. A permanent cement plug is used to isolate the zone, helping to prevent possible production
losses into another interval or fluid migration from another interval. The integrity of such plugs is frequently
enhanced mechanically by placing them above bridge plugs or through and above squeeze retainers.
Other methods involve combining the spotting of plugging fluids with the remedial squeeze process of
injecting a polymer plugging material into the formation matrix, followed by a small volume of cement slurry
to shut off perforations.

Formation testing
Plugs are occasionally placed in the open hole below a zone to be tested that is a considerable distance
off-bottom, where other means of isolating the interval are not possible or practical. Although cement is the
most commonly used plug material, the following may also serve as plugging agents:

Barite
Sand
Polymers

Wellbore stability
At times during drilling, placing a plugging material across an unstable formation can be beneficial.
Polymer, resins, cements, or combinations of these materials can be used to consolidate formations and
alter the near-wellbore stresses and formation integrity. A balanced cement plug is sometimes placed to
simply backfill a severely washed out or elliptical hole section. In such cases, the plug is subsequently
drilled out, leaving a cement sheath in place to reduce or prevent further wellbore enlargement and to help
return the wellbore to its original diameter and circular shape for improved annular velocities.