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Polygraphy
Is the scientific method of detecting deception with the aid/use of a polygraph instrument. This is the
new name of Lie Detection. (Scientific Diagnostic Instrument)
Polygraph
Is a scientific diagnostic instrument that simultaneously records changes in physiological processes
such as heartbeat, blood pressure, and respiration. Derived from two Greek words Poly means
many and Graphy means writing chart.
Polygraph, any various scientific recording devices designed to register a persons bodily responses
to being questioned.
Popularly known as a lie detector, the polygraph has been used chiefly in criminal investigations,
although it is also used in employment and security screening practices. Because no machine can
unerringly recognize when a person is lying, the polygraph results are used in conjunction with other
evidence, observations, and information.
Emotional stress reflected by this test, for instance, need not be due to lying. On the other hand, a
subject maybe a pathological liar and therefore show no measurable bodily responses when giving
false answers.
Ordinarily nervousness, individual physical or mental abnormalities, discomfort, excessive pretest
interrogation, or indifference to a question also affect test accuracy.
The polygraph can, however, provide a basis for an evaluation of whether or not the subjects
answers are truthful. This test has also been helpful in exonerating innocent persons accused of
crimes.
In one of these books, the Dharmasastra of Gautama, the judged permitted to rely implicitly
upon the testimony of witnesses and to adhere to the principle that no guilt is incurred in giving
false evidence in case the life of a man depends thereon. Also, the Vasistha Dharmasastra stated
that Men may speak on untruth when their lives are in danger or the loss of their whole property is
imminent.
Mans physiology was programs for truth. Lying is an aberration or abnormality. It is a struggle to
tell a lie. When a man lies, there are physiological reactions in him. Shifting eyes, dryness of the
mouth, undue movement of Adams apple, pale face, fidgeting, sweating, changes in voice, etc are
some of the physiological reactions.
It must be recognized that there is no such thing as an instrument that will detect lies. The popular
name Lie Detector, given to a collection of certain medical instruments, is somewhat misleading. No
collection of non-living objects including the very finest and complicated modern computers, can
detect lies on the part of any human being.
Trial by Combat
Originated from India and one of the examples of this: a rich man or accuser could hire somebody or
bigger one to fight the accused. After the fight the loser will be judged guilty of crime.
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Red Hot Iron Ordeal
This form of trial was used among the hill tribes of Rajhamal in the north of Bengal, India where
the accused was appropriate to be told to prove his innocence by applying his tongue to red hot iron
nine times (unless burned sooner). If burned, he was put to death. (Perhaps a sense of guilt made the
mouth dry)
Ordeal of Balance
This is the practiced of testing the sincerity of the accused by placing him on one scale of balance. It
merely this, in one scale the accused was in the other, a counterbalance. The accused then stepped
out of the scale, listened to a judge deliver an exhortation or to the balance, and got back in. If he
were found lighter than before, he was acquitted.
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Studied fear and its influence on the heart and his observations subsequently formed the basis for the
technique. Developed the sphygmomanometer and the scientific cradle, which he used in studying
fear on the heart.
c. Cesare Lombroso -1895 (Italian Scientist)
Employed the first scientific instrument to detect deception. This instrument known as
hydrosphygmograph; measures changes in pulse and blood pressure when suspects were
questioned about their involvement in or knowledge of a specific response. He published an account
of his works with the police to identify the criminal suspects through measurements of blood
pressure and pulse rate.
d. William Marston 1915
He dealt with the sphygmomanometer which was used to obtain periodic discontinuous blood
pressure readings during the course of an examination. He also experienced with the helped to
develop the pneumograph, which records breathing patterns, and the galvanometer which registers
changes in skin resistance. He developed his own method of reading systolic blood pressure and
diastolic blood pressure.
e. John Larson 1921
Developed the polygraph an instrument capable of continuously records blood pressure, pulse and
respiration, during the entire period of the test, which he conducted on criminal suspects and
reported successful research cases. The polygraph instrument that he developed was polygraphic
apparatus in a portable form.
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In 1949, the Keeler Polygraph added a galvanometer for recording a psycho-galvanic skin reflex or
electro dermal response.
b. John E. Reid 1945
He contributed a new devise for recording unobserved muscular activities of the arms, thighs, and
feet. The present 4-recording channel polygraph by Reid is an excellent instrument for detecting
deceptions because, not only it has the recording pens for the Cardio-Pneumo-Sphygmo-Galvano
components, but also it has the muscular movement recording pens for both arms and thighs. Reid
that based in his theory that once a lie has been made by the subject, muscular contractions and
pressures in the arms and thighs may occur due to constant pressure of blood volume causing them to
contract or relax especially when the subjects are emotionally affected by the gravity of the offense
charged.
c. Sir James Mackenzie 1906
- He said that polygraph was already existing as early as 1906, Sir Mackenzie, the famous English
heart specialist, described his instrument in an article the Ink Polygraph on 1908, British Medical
Journal, as a device for reproducing writings resulting from his experiments on heart actions and pulse-
beats, whereby inked impressions amplified through the pen maybe recorded permanently on charts. Its
invention, however, has not for lie detection purpose, but for medical researches and polygraphs.
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The RS is responsible for the taking of air into the lungs and also expelling carbon dioxide here from
and the rest of our body. This system, like the nervous and circulatory is equally important to lie
detection. We know well that we can live for 40 days or more without food; we can survive for 3
days without water, but we die within minutes without oxygen. Its function is automatic, it consist of
the following major parts;
a. The Respiratory tract, which comprises the nose and mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
and lungs.
b. The bony-cage, which includes the thoracic vertebrate, the ribs and the breast bone or the
sternum;
As for the inspiration breathing pattern, the chest capacity is increase from front and back, from side
to side, and in the vertical plane that is the forward direction, the lateral direction and the downward
direction.
Most of the test are not reliable to be true and thus the information gathered are not admissible
in court as evidence but only important to be used for further investigation.
Reasons why the results of a lie detector test are inadmissible as evidence:
1. Not standardized as to the qualifications of the examiner;
2. Not standardized as to the procedures; and
3. Not standardized as to the instrumentation.
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This is detecting deception method using narcotic or anesthetic drug in order to get information
from the subject. The following are drug used (truth serum) Hyocine hydro-bromide; Sodium amytal;
Penthotal; Seconal and other barbiturates; Methedrine; Methyl phenidate; Droperidol; Scopolamine;
Trichloroethylene (anesthetic drugs); etc.
The use of this method in criminal interrogation is not advisable because of the following:
Administration of the drugs is dangerous. If not properly administered it may kill the subject or
damage the brain or spinal cord in such manner that the subject will be turned like vegetable.
Unreliable results. The information gathered from the subject is not reliable to be true. If the subject
gave false information under narcosis.
The information taken from the subject under narcosis is not admissible in court as evidence.
Although not admissible, it is quite useful for further investigation.
It deprived the subject of his own freewill to speak freely.
Very few doctors agree in the use of these drugs for criminal investigation unless use for diagnosis
and treatment.
5. Use of Hypnotism
The hypnotism finds its way in criminal investigation by hypnotizing the subject and then questions
will be asked when the subject is under hypnosis. The subject is under the control and influence by
the hypnotist and therefore the information gathered is devoid of the subjects own freewill to speak
making it not admissible in court.
Psychology of Lying
Remember that a lying person fears detection and possible exclusion by the offended community.
He/she may feel that once detected, he/she could not but to accept the bitter results of being
penalized. This placing his/her whole life at stake since fear reaction carries emotional responses due
to detection, he/she may now exhibit external or internal response within him, such that these
changes occur beyond his/her defensive power to control or repress them. These changes, on the
other hand are recorded by the polygraph instrument and diagnosed by the examiner.
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Kinds of Lie
1. Benign or White Lie This kind of lie, the most common of all, which is intended to protect or maintain
harmony of friendship, at home, in the office or elsewhere.
2. Black Lie A lie which accompanies pretensions and hypocrisies, intriguing to cause dishonor or
discredit ones good image.
3. Red Lie This involves political interests and motives because this is part of communist propaganda
strategy. This lie is prevalent in communist countries or communist infested nations. Lies of this kind
purport to destroy other ideologies by means of propaganda brain washing and black mail via espionage and
treason.
4. Malicious Lie or Judicious Lie This is very pure and unjustifiable kind of lie, this is intended purely to
mislead justice. The probable result would by all means be perjury and pure dishonesty to obstruct justice.
Some liar lawyers and false witnesses fall under this category.
5. Pathological Lie This is a lie made by persons who cannot distinguish right from wrong. It must be said
those persons are mentally sick, or of low mental caliber. In polygraph, impairment of the mind must be
establish first before conducting any lie detector test, otherwise the whole test will be useless. The
pathological liars are among those classified as barriers and obstacle to lie detection with the aid of the
polygraph.
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A test will not be given until the accusations have been explained to the subject.
No attempt to use polygraph for mental or physical evaluation of any person.
No examination can be conducted to an unfit subject.
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Should not depend on mass screening of possible suspects to produce the guilty party when no
reasonable amount of investigation had produced a likely suspect.
Should not stop the investigation when the polygraph tests is deferred or temporarily delayed.
Should not think that the investigation is over if the test indicated that subject lied or confessed.
Should not use the polygraph as a prop, ruse or trickery to secure confession or for the evaluation of the
mental state of the subject.
Should never tell anyone that the polygraph will determine the guilt or innocence of the subject. The
court makes that decision.
Observe or at least be available during every polygraph examination.
Do not be afraid to say I do not know to the examiner, and never misled or deceit the examiner.
Pneumograph Component
This component is responsible in recording the changes in breathing of the subject. It is made up of
two units, the pneumograph chest assembly and the recording unit. The pneumograph assembly is
composed of the rubber-convoluted tube and banded chain tubing.
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Attached to the chest area of the subject and is locked by a beaded chain. Pneumograph tube is
around 10 inches long; one end of which is sealed and the other end is connected to the instrument
by a rather thick walled rubber tube considerably in diameter than the pneumograph tube itself.
The pneumograph recording unit consists of a frame, brass bellows, crank shaft, counter shaft,
adjustable fulcrum, bearing with adjusting screw pen travel, vent limiting screw, pen cradle, and pen
centering control volume changes of the chest caused by breathing transmitted by the chest assembly
to the recording unit.
Galvanograph Component
The galvano component is to record the skin resistance of the subject to a very small amount of
electricity. It is composed of the finger electrode assembly, amplifier unit, and the galvanometer-
recorder unit. The finger electrode connects the subject to the instrument in such a manner that his
skin resistance is a circuit element of the polygraph.
It consists of finger electrode plate with retainer bonds and connecting flog.
It has 7-inch recording pen. It records the changes in the skin resistance of the subject, amplify these
changes and record it on the chart.
Cardiograph Component
The cardiograph component is to record the changes of the blood pressure and pulse rate of the
subject. It is composed of the blood pressure cuff assembly, sphygmomanometer (BP) vent, and
resonance control and recording unit. The blood pressure cuff to the right arm of the subject
transmits impulse from the brachial artery. The pump bulb assembly inflates the system and a hose
connects the blood pressure cuff through which the blood pressure changes and passed into the
recording unit.
The recording unit records the pulse rate and blood pressure changes on the chart paper through a 5-
inch recording pen.
Kymograph Component
Kymograph component is a motor that pulls or drives the chart paper under the recording pen
simultaneously at the rate of 6 to 12 inches per minute. It also a chart or paper feed mechanism. The
parts composed of the paper well writing table, paper guide rails, paper roll assembly with sprockets,
chart feed switch, AC power input connector and all 5 volt GC cycle synchronous motor.
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3. Cardiograph or pulse-blood pressure unit.
4. Stimulus signal unit.
All units are functionally similar to those in the Keeler Polygraph.
6. The Reactograph
This is one of the recent developed instruments described by Bernard H. Higley, psychologist, as
having a good range of sensitivity, which will permit satisfactory records to be made at cuff pressures
as low as 10 t0 20 mm.. Below the diastolic blood pressure.
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Dr. Higley, who works with children in the prevention field at AWL Children Center in Columbia,
Ohio, helped to perfect the reactograph, and reports they run hour-long test with 9 to 12 old children
with perfect comfort to the subject.
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Paper Tear Bar provides cutting edge for convenient removal of charts
Foam Pen Hold Down keeps pens in place when instrument is being transported
Attach Compartment storage for all forms and supplies.
Accessory Storage and optional Calibration Checking Fixture slightly smaller in executive
Ultra-Scribe Stoelting Polygraph
Subject Connections stylish grouping provides neat professional appearance.
Mechanical Pneumo Module recording part of mechanical pneumo channel.
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) Module recording part of GSR channel.
Multi-function Module selectable recording module. Can be used as:
a. Electronic pneumo channel
b. Electronic cardio channel
c. Cardio activity monitor (CAM)
d. Cardio tach or other accessories
Mechanical Cardio Module recording part of mechanical cardio channel
Paper Storage Compartment holds two spare rolls of chart paper on other supplies
AC Power receptacle power connects here
Power Switch and Circuit Breaker applies power to instrument
Chart Drive Roller Lever lifts chart drive roller for paper changes and chart removal
Power Analyzer automatically indicates whether wall outlet is properly wired and grounded or
proper instrument operation and subject safety
Stimulus Marker (optional) marks significant events on the chart
Sphygmomanometer Dial reads operating pressure of cardio channels
Pneumograph 1 pneumatic connection for upper (thoracic) pneumograph. Not connected in
instrument with only one pneumo channel
Pneumograph 2 pneumatic connection for lower (abdominal) pneumograph
Cuff pneumatic connection for cardio channel subject cuff tubing
Pump pneumatic connection for hand pump used to inflate subject cuff
Mechanical Cardio Switch disengages mechanical cardio module from pneumatic system for low
pressure electronic cardio operation
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presence of investigators or other spectators in the room itself would induce disturbances and
distractions that in turn would distort the various physiological recordings and seriously interfere
with a satisfactory polygraph diagnosis.
Whenever it is feasible to do so a specially equipped and furnished room should be set aside for
polygraph examinations. Such a room should be very conservative as to painted walls and furniture.
It contains no ornaments, pictures, or other objects that would in any way distract the attention of the
person being examined.
It is important that the examination room be adequately ventilated, with an even comfortable
temperature.
If available facilities permit, there should be an observation room adjoining the examination
room, in the wall of which there is inserted a one way mirror, a panel of glass chemically treated
so as to permit someone from outside the examination room to see into the lighted examination room
without being seen.
The examination room should be equipped with a concealed microphone so that a person/s outside
the examination room may hear as well as see what occurs in the examination room.
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c. To afford the examiner to make an observation and evaluation of the subject in order to be able to
determine the type of test technique best applicable on the case.
d. For the examiner to be able to establish rapport with the subject.
e. For the examiner to determine whether the subject voluntarily submits himself to the test.
4. Post-test Interview/Interrogation
This phase includes consideration that bears on the examination just after the instrument is turn off.
If the polygraph test indicates deception the examiner will then proceed to conduct short
interrogation. The purpose of which is to obtain confession. However, if the polygraph indicated the
subject is innocent, the examiner just releases the subject cordially and thanks for his cooperation. If
the subject is cooperative, just say thank you for your cooperation.
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j. Must refer to only one element of an offense.
Example:
Did you steal the computer of jeff?
2. Weak Relevant
a. A question concerning some secondary element of the crime or problem being considered.
b. Guilty knowledge, partial involvement, type questions.
Example:
Did you ever steal anything before you were 18 years of age?
3. Irrelevant Question
a. Does not relate to the matter under investigation.
b. Must deal with a known fact about which the subject cannot lie.
c. Designed to absorb the initial response as the question sequence starts.
d. Should produce little or no emotional change in the subject.
Example:
Are you studying in Ateneo?
4. Symptomatic Question
a. Designed to detect and evaluate the presence of outside issues, which may suppress responses to
relevant questions.
Examples:
Are you completely convinced that I will not ask you a question on this test that has not already been
reviewed?
Is there something else you are afraid I will ask you a question about; even though I told you I would
not?
5. Probable Lie (Control Questions)
a. General
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a.1. It is designed to produce a response in the innocent subject.
a.2. Serves as basis for evaluating the subjects perceptual set.
b. General Formulation Rules
b.1. The examiner must condition and stimulate the subject in the pre-test interview causing
the subject to believe that test questions are important to the procedure and final test results.
b.2. The theory of the control question must not be discussed with the subject because
subject will not respond if he understands the theory.
b.3. Control questions are generally broad in scope and time. It must not, however, include
the offense under investigation that is three to five years prior to the current offenses.
Examples:
Before you were 18 years of age, did you ever steal anything?; or
Do you remember stealing anything before you were 18 years of age?; or
Besides what you have told me about, did you ever steal anything else before you were 18?; or
Besides what you have told me about, have you ever stolen any money from a former employer?
6. Sacrifice Relevant Question
a. A question of standard format designed to absorb the response normally generated by the
introduction of the relevant question.
Example:
Regarding the stolen money, do you intend to answer truthfully each question about that?
7. Guilt Complex Question
a. The guilt complex question acts as a safeguard against mistaking the relevant question response of
the guilt complex reactor for deception responses, that is it acts as a specialized control question.
b. Rules to follow:
b.1. Based on the fictitious crime situation constructed by the examiner.
b.2. The fictitious crime should be specific rather than general.
b.3. The fictitious crime situation should closely parallel with the actual crime under
investigation and should be equal in weight.
b.4. The examiner, prior to approaching the subject concerning the crime situation, must be
certain the fictitious crime was never actually committed.
b.5. The situation must be constructed so that the subject could be considered a logical
suspect, that is it must cover a period of time for which the subject does not have an alibi.
b.6. the details of the fictitious crime must be specific enough that the guilt subject can be
sure he did not commit this particular offense.
Examples:
Did you steal the money from the house at Manahan Street?; or
Did you forcibly have sexual intercourse with the nurse wearing white uniform at the General
Hospital?
8. SKY Question
a. A series of three questions used only on the third chart of Backster Zone Comparison test (BZCT)
designed to conform the previous two charts and detect indirect involvement or guilty knowledge.
Examples:
Do you SUSPECT anyone in particular of stealing Ginas money?
Do you KNOW for sure who stole Ginas money?
Did YOU steal Ginas money?
Sequence of GQT
1Q - Irrelevant Question
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2Q - irrelevant Question
3Q - Weak Relevant Question
4Q - Irrelevant Question
5Q - Strong Relevant Question
6Q - Control Question
7Q - Irrelevant Question
8Q - Evidence Control Question
9Q - Knowledge Question
10Q - Secondary Control Question
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6Q Probable Lie (Control)- Other than what you told me about, have you ever stolen other things?
7Q Strong Relevant - Did you steal the watch of Mary?
8Q Symptomatic- Is there something else you are afraid that I will ask you a question about; even though I
told you I would not?
9Q Guilt Complex - Did you steal the computer?
10Q Weak Relevant - Do you known the name brand of that stolen computer?
11Q S (Suspect)- Do you SUSPECT anyone in particular of having stolen the watch of Mary?
12Q K (Know)- Do you KNOW for sure who stole the watch of Mary?
13Q Y (You)- Do YOU steal the watch of Mary?
Chart Marking
Is a very important part of a polygraph technique. An examiner may have the best training, use the
most advanced methods and run mile as of chart tracings, but none of these are of any value without
with proper chart markings. Merely one of two seconds off on chart markings can easily create
misinterpretation, and, as we have learned, misinterpretation presents the ever present potential of
tragic consequence.
Stimulus Mark
Are short vertical lines placed normally about one-eight of an inch below a descending stroke of the
cardio tracing at exactly the beginning and the end of a stimulus (asking a question) insertion.
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General Considerations and Marking Symbols
1. Starting the test=X
a. Inform the subject that the test is about to begin.
b. Wait for 15 to 20 seconds before asking the first question in order to record the normal pattern of
the subject.
2. When the first question is asked, a stimulus mark is placed on the chart.
a. Place a vertical line below the cardio tracing pen point.
b. When each question is asked, a double stimulus mark will be used to indicate the beginning and
end of the question.
3. Numbering of questions.
a. Placing the number on the chart can be done between the stimulus vertical lines, or either below
the stimulus markings, or to the right.
b. Extreme care should be taken to insure that the correct question number is used in identifying the
question asked, to prevent misinterpretation of the test charts.
4. Answer to questions=Plus (+) sign for Yes; Minus (-) sign for No.
a. No sign when the subject fails to answer or when Silent Answer Test (SAT) is conducted.
b. Signs are placed below or right side of the number of the question as subject answers.
5. Time interval between questions.
a. 15 to 20 seconds interval is considered sufficient time to permit reaction curve.
b. The intervals between questions should be approximately the same length to prevent anticipatory
reactions.
6. Ending the test= XX
a. Inform the subject that the test is about to end by giving the following instructions. Sit properly
still. The test is about to end. I will release the pressure in the arm cuff in just one moment.
7. Talking by the subject other than the normal Yes or No=T
8. Talking instructions=TI
9. Coughing=C
10. Movements=M
11. Movement instructions=MI
12. Mechanical adjustments.
a. Indicate by an arrow either pointing up or down, adjacent to respective pattern where the
adjustment is made.
13. Clearing of the throat=T
14. Outside noise=OSN
15. Sigh. (Long breath)=S
16. Sniff. (Forcibly breathing)=SN
17. Sneeze. (Expel breath)=SZ
18. Burp. Expel breath from the stomach to the mouth)=B
19. Laugh=L
20. Yawn= Y
21. Change voice of subjects answer=VC
22. Involuntary movement=IM
24. Breathing instructions=BI
25. Repeat of question=R
26. Paper jam=PJ
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e. To be written above the pneumo pattern near the beginning of the chart.
2. Identifying signature of subject.
a. At the completion of the examination the subject will be required to sign across the three recorded
graph.
b. Done for the purpose of positive identification of each chart.
Chart Probing
Shall be done every after the taking of each chart. The examiner shows the recorded result to the
subject with a brief explanation as to the significance of the recorded reactions.
He points out the dissimilarities between reactions accompanying irrelevant and relevant questions.
The examiner informs the subject that the probing being is necessary in order for the test to be
objective.
Chart Interpretation
Accuracy of Instrumental Detection of Deception
The accuracy of instrumental detection of deception is dependent upon the examiners ability to
diagnose truth or deception by reading and interpreting the chart of the subject.
A smart examiner would want to be right in his interpretation of chart tracings. He must be right, law
objectivity goes out of the window and subjectivity reigns.
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Meaning of Norm
To the polygraph examiner, NORM generally means the type of cardio, pneumo and galvo tracings
produced by the subjects body on a moving chart prior to the insertions of relevant question or
stimulus.
Stimulus That Can Cause Changes in the Cardio Tracings and Such Change Requires an Explanation
a. Question stimulus
b. Extraneous stimulus
c. Subject discomfort, mental or physical illness.
d. Mechanical adjustment
e. Subject movement
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Tracings breaks caused by subject movement have to be weighed in term of whether or not their
occurrence contains deception criteria. Such interpretation will be based on origin, repetition, where
repeated, frequency, as well as subjects explanation. We refer primarily to movements caused by:
a. Cuff discomfort
b. Physical pain, internal or external
c. Rib-cage expansion where subjects chest touches cuff
d. Poor cuff wrap
e. Examiner writing too heavily on chart paper
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i. Never make any promise particularly with regards to protection, reward or clemency.
j. Inform the investigator what the examiner gathered, and let him take the necessary formal
statement.
Types of Drugs
1. Basically, there are three types of drugs, such as:
a. Stimulants increase physiological activity
b. Depressants decrease physiological activity
c. Irritants affect cell growth and nutrition, therefore, are no consequence to the polygraphist
2. The degree of increase or decrease in physiological activity depends upon the dosage of the drugs, the
amount of food in the persons stomach at the time the drug was taken, and the body tolerance to that
particular drug.
3. The two types of stimulant drugs that concerns polygraphist are those that affect the
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:
a. Amphetamines
b. Cocaine
c. Antidepressants
d. Caffeine and parnate
4. Drugs that affect the heart (cardiac), such as:
a. Adrenaline
b. Nitroglycerin
c. Digitoxin
5. Depressant drugs fall into six common categories:
a. Alcohol
b. Antihistamines such as Diphenhydramine (Benadryl), Promethzine (HCI), Chloropheniramine (all
require prescriptions)
c. Tranquilizers such as Chlorodiazepozide HCI, Diazepam (Valium), Meprobamate (Deprol)
d. Anticonvulsants such as Phynetoin Sodium (Dilantin), and Mephenytoin (Mesantoin)
e. Barbiturate such as Pentobarbital Sodium (Nembutal), Secobarbital Sodium (Seconal)
f. Narcotics such as Opium, Morphine, Heroin, Codeine, Mepedrine, Hydrochloride (Demerol),
Hydromarphine (Diluadid), and Hydrochlorides of opium alkaloids
NOTE: the effect of the drugs are constant throughout the chart, therefore, it can be disregarded as a norm
Physiological Changes Caused by Drugs and Their Effects on Tracings and Charts
1. Stimulants cause the following physiological changes:
a. Increase in respiratory rate
b. Increase in blood pressure
c. Increase in pulse rate
d. Slows salivatory gland reaction causing dryness
e. Dilate the pupils of the eye
f. Increases perspiration
g. Inhibits digestive processes
2. Depressants cause the following physiological changes:
a. Decrease in respiratory rate
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b. Decrease in blood pressure
c. Decrease or slows the pulse rate
d. Increase salivatory gland action
e. Constrict the pupils of the eye
f. Decrease perspiration rate
g. Stimulates digestive processes
3. Effects of Stimulant Drugs on the Pneumograph Tracings:
a. Increase in rate
b. Increase in amplitude
c. Increase in amplitude and rate
d. Possible serrated or notched tracing
4. Effects of stimulant Drugs on the Galvanograph Tracings:
a. Increase activity because of increase perspiration
b. All reaction will be very pronounced because of the stimulation
5. Effects of Stimulant Drugs on the Cardiograph Tracings:
a. Increase in blood pressure
b. Increase in pulse rate
c. Increase in amplitude
d. deceptive subject will probably show a sharp rise in blood pressure to relevant question
6. Effects of depressant drugs on the Pneumograph Tracings:
a. Decrease in rate
b. Shallow breathing
Legal Status
a. Polygraph test is an invaluable aid in investigation. If a subject agrees to voluntarily submit to take
the test and it is properly conducted, his rights are not violated.
b. No polygraph test can be effectively employed on a unwilling subject. The charts derived there
from would be indicative more of bodily movements, silence and anger rather than an objective basis for an
opinion of lying; hence, voluntary consent is essential.
c. Generally, the opinions rendered by the polygraph examiner on the test charts are not acceptable as
evidence particularly if standing alone. The examiner may however testify on the voluntariness of any
statement, admission or confession obtained after an individual agreed to the test.
d. Rejection of the lie detector test is not based upon the inaccuracy of the instrument but rather
towards the weakness of the examiner and the subject as well, as to the query whether the test questions are
sound or not.
e. The question as to whether the polygraph is perfect is equivalent as to whether a clinical
thermometer, stethoscope, x-ray machine or compound microscope is perfect. A trained scientist maybe
mistaken in what he sees or hears by any of these devices. Like the thermometer and the stethoscope, the
polygraph is simply an instrument for recording physiological reactions and it is possible for the examiner to
be mistaken in his interpretation of the recording. Even in the best of clinics, the interpretation is not 100%
accurate, but that does not imply that the machine should not be used. The same can be said for the
polygraph.
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f. In every case not substantiated by a valid confession, or other definite evidence, any conclusion
based solely upon the analysis of the polygraph charts, constitutes an opinion and in direct proportion to the
expertise and integrity of the examiner.
g. Those who will oppose the use of the examiners report in the courtroom do so mainly on the
question of its accuracy. Aside from the certain psychological considerations, they blame this inaccuracy of
the failure of examiners to used uniform procedures in the conduct of the test.
h. It is the experience of most courts that the great majority of trials on issue of guilt or innocence;
turn on the credibility of the witness. Perjury is prevalent and the oath taken by the witness has little effect to
deter false testimony. The principal role of the trier of facts is the search for truth and any reasonable
procedure or method to assist the court in this search must be employed.
i. Police, prosecutors and polygraph examiners, feels that the results of polygraph examination
should be admitted only insofar as they tend to prove or disprove the credibility of witness. The examiner
should not be allowed to testify as the guilt or innocence of the subject, but limit his testimony to the issue of
credibility based upon the subjects body responses to the questions asked.
j. Polygraph test results and expert testimony relating thereto can be admissible upon stipulation to
corroborate other evidences of a defendants participation to the crime charged or to corroborate or impeach
his own testimony under the following conditions:
j.1. The counsel of both parties and the subject, will sign a written stipulation providing for
subjects submission to the test and for the subsequent admission at the trial of the graphs and the
examiners opinion thereon, on behalf of either the defendant or the state.
j.2. That the admissibility of the test results is subject to the discretion of the trial judge. If the
trial judge is not convinced that the examiner is qualified or that the test was conducted under improper
conditions, he may refuse to accept such evidence.
j.3. If the graphs and examiners opinion are offered in evidence, the opposing party shall
have the right to cross- examine the examiner respecting among others, the following:
j.3.a. The examiners qualification and training.
j.3.b. The conditions under which the test was administered.
j.3.c. The limitations of and possibilities for error in the technique, and
j.3.d. Other matters deemed pertinent to inquire at the discretion of the trial judge.
k. The polygraph now enjoys general acceptance among authorities including psychologists,
physiologists, researchers in these fields as well as polygraph examiners, because it now possess a high
degree of reliability and validity as an effective instrument and procedure for detecting deception.
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
1. Lie Detector it is the popular but misleading name of the polygraph. In Greek, polygraph means many
writing and the instrument were so named because it make various ink recordings of a persons body
functions.
2. Truth Verifier other name of the polygraph, since statistics show that in the vast majority of the
instances the instrument verifies an innocent persons truthfulness.
3. Fear is an emotional response to scientific danger that appears to beyond a person defensive power.
4. Stimuli is a force or motion reaching the organism and excise the deceptions. In short, is a force that
arouses the organism or any part to activity.
5. Reaction it is actions in mental attitude evoke by external influences.
6. Deceptions is an act of deceiving or misleading usually accompanied by lying.
7. Detection is an act of discovery existence, pressure or fact of something hidden or obscure/unknown.
8. Lying is an uttering or conveying falsehood, creating a false or misleading impression with the intention
of affecting wrongfully, the acts through the opinion or affection of another.
9. Response is any activity or division of the previous activity of an organism or as effect organ, or part of
the organism resulting from stimulation. (Internal Response and External Response)
10. Chart or Polygrams refers to the composite records of the pneumograph, galvanograph, and
cardiograph tracings recorded from series questions.
11. Subject refers to a person being examined.
12. Polygraph Examiner is one who conducts or administers polygraph test or examination.
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13. Psychology means is the study of human behavior.
14. Heredity - is the transmission of physical and mental traits to offspring.
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