METODE SEISMIK

REFLEKSI
Prior Knowledge
Jenis metode geofisika apa yang sudah saudara
ketahui/pelajari serta aplikasinya?
Apa yang saudara ketahui tentang metode seismik refleksi?
Definition
Reflection seismology (or seismic reflection) is a
method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles
of seismology to estimate the properties of the Earth's
subsurface from reflected seismic waves. (wikipedia)

Seismic reflection is the most important tool we have for

detailed imaging of approximately horizontal layering
within the Earth, in three dimensions if required. It can
reveal structural features such as folding and faulting.
It is extensively used by the oil and gas industry to
search for oil and gas fields, and to exploit them
successfully. (Looking into the earth)
Basic Principle of Seismic Wave
Y=A*sin (kx wt)
GELOMBANG SEISMIK
Gelombang seismik adalah gelombang yang
merambat dalam medium bumi.

Dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu

1. Gelombang Badan
2. Gelombang permukaan
GELOMBANG BADAN
Gelombang P (Primer/compressional/longitudinal)

gelombang yang gerakan partikelnya searah

dengan penjalaran gelombangnya
Gelombang S (Sekunder/shear/transversal)

gelombang yang gerakan partikelnya tegak

lurus terhadap penjalaran dari
gelombangnya (komponen SV dan SH)
 Compressional Wave (P-Wave) Animation

Deformation propagates. Particle motion consists of alternating

compression and dilation. Particle motion is parallel to the
direction of propagation (longitudinal). Material returns to its
original shape after wave passes.
 Shear Wave (S-Wave) Animation

Deformation propagates. Particle motion consists of alternating transverse

motion. Particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of propagation
(transverse). Transverse particle motion shown here is vertical but can be in
any direction. However, Earths layers tend to cause mostly vertical (SV; in the
vertical plane) or horizontal (SH) shear motions. Material returns to its original
shape after wave passes.
 Characteristics of Seismic Waves
Table 2: Seismic Waves

Type (and Particle Motion Typical Velocity Other Characteristics

names)

P,Compressiona Alternating VP ~ 5 7 km/s in P motion travels fastest in

l, Primary, compressions typical Earths materials, so the P-wave is the first-
Longitudinal (pushes) and crust; arriving energy on a
dilations (pulls) >~ 8 km/s in seismogram. Generally higher
which are directed in Earths mantle and frequency than the S and Surface-
the same direction as core; 1.5 km/s in waves. P waves in a liquid or gas
the wave is propagating water; 0.3 km/s in are pressure waves, including
(along the raypath); and air sound waves.
therefore,
perpendicular to the
wavefront
S, Shear, Alternating transverse VS ~ 3 4 km/s in S-waves do not travel through
Secondary, motions (perpendicular typical Earths fluids, so do not exist in Earths
Transverse to the direction of crust; outer core (inferred to be primarily
propagation, and the >~ 4.5 km/s in liquid iron) or in air or water or
raypath); commonly Earths molten rock (magma). S waves
polarized such that mantle; ~ 2.5-3.0 travel slower than P waves in a
particle motion is in km/s in (solid) solid and, therefore, arrive after the
vertical or horizontal inner core P wave.
planes
GELOMBANG PERMUKAAN
Gelombang Rayleigh
gelombang yang merambat pada permukaan bebas (free
boundary) medium berlapis maupun homogen dan
mempunyai gerakan partikel eliptik retrograde
Gelombang Love
gelombang yang merambat pada permukaan bebas
medium berlapis dengan gerakan pertikelnya seperti
gelombang SH
Seismic Rayleigh and Love wave propagation
(both are surface waves)
 Rayleigh Wave (R-Wave) Animation

Deformation propagates. Particle motion consists of elliptical motions

(generally retrograde elliptical) in the vertical plane and parallel to the
direction of propagation. Amplitude decreases with depth. Material
returns to its original shape after wave passes.
 Love Wave (L-Wave) Animation

Deformation propagates. Particle motion consists of alternating transverse

motions. Particle motion is horizontal and perpendicular to the direction of
propagation (transverse). To aid in seeing that the particle motion is purely
horizontal, focus on the Y axis (red line) as the wave propagates through it.
Amplitude decreases with depth. Material returns to its original shape after
wave passes.
 Characteristics of Seismic Waves
L, Love, Transverse horizontal VL ~ 2.0 - 4.5 km/s Love waves exist because of the
Surface waves, motion, perpendicular in the Earth Earths surface. They are largest at
Long waves to the direction of depending on the surface and decrease in
propagation and frequency of the amplitude with depth. Love waves
generally parallel to the propagating wave are dispersive, that is, the wave
Earths surface velocity is dependent on frequency,
with low frequencies normally
propagating at higher
velocity. Depth of penetration of
the Love waves is also dependent
on frequency, with lower
frequencies penetrating to greater
depth.

R, Rayleigh, Motion is both in the VR ~ 2.0 - 4.5 km/s Rayleigh waves are also dispersive
Surface waves, direction of in the Earth and the amplitudes generally
Long waves, propagation and depending on decrease with depth in the
Ground roll perpendicular (in a frequency of the Earth. Appearance and particle
vertical plane), propagating wave motion are similar to water waves.
and phased so that
the motion is generally
elliptical either
prograde or retrograde
Akusisi Data Seismik
Apa saja langkah-langkah dalam akusisi data seismik
yang saudara ketahui? Jelaskan!
Seismic Operation
Seismic Operation
Seismic Operation
Land Acquisition
Source
Receiver
Recording operation
 Land Acquisition - Source

Drilling / Casing Loading / Filling Shooting / Recording

Source - Drilling
Source - Drilling
Source - Drilling
Source - Casing
Source Loading / Filling
Source Shooting / Recording
Shooting Blow out
 Berapa kedalaman optimal untuk penanaman dinamit?
Source - Vibroseis
Source - Vibroseis
Source - Vibroseis
Source - Vibroseis
Receiver - Geophone
Receiver - Geophone
Recording Operation
Recording Operation
Recording Operation
Recording Operation
Recording Operation
Seismic Recording Principal
Seismic Recording Principal
Seismic Recording Principal
Seismic Recording Principal
Seismic Operation
Seismic Operation
Marine Acquisition
Source
Receiver
Recording operation
Source Airgun
Source Airgun Bubble Effect
Source Airgun Bubble Effect
Receiver Streamer
Receiver Streamer
Receiver Hydrophone
Seismic Recording
Seismic Recording
Seismic Recording
Seismic Recording
Seismic Recording
Seismic Recording
Seismic Recording
Seismic Recording
Environment Issue - Earthquake

Indonesia
(06/07/2008)
Environment Issue Bad Weather

Swell Noise
Environment Issue Animal?
Environment Issue ?
Outline
Introduction to Seismic Field Operation
Land Seismic Operation
Marine Seismic Operation
Transition Zone / Shallow Water Seismic Operation
2D and 3D Geometry
Exercise
Seismic Operation
Seismic Operation
Shallow Water / Transition Zone
Shallow Water / Transition Zone
Shallow Water / Transition Zone
Shallow Water / Transition Zone

Receiver Lay-out

Position Checking
Shallow Water / Transition Zone

Shooting
Shallow Water / Transition Zone
Shallow Water / Transition Zone
 Geometri seismik refleksi marine
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6
S1

Animasi penembakan of end

 Geometri seismik refleksi marine
S2 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6

Animasi penembakan of end

 Geometri seismik refleksi marine
S3 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6

Animasi penembakan of end

 Geometri seismik refleksi marine
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6
S4

Animasi penembakan of end

 CDP GATHER
R1 R3 R5
S3 S2 S1

Animasi penembakan of end

 Geometri seismik refleksi Land
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12
S1

Animasi penembakan seismik split spread

 Geometri seismik refleksi Land
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12

Animasi penembakan seismik split spread

 Geometri seismik refleksi Land
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12

Animasi penembakan seismik split spread

 Geometri seismik refleksi Land
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12

Animasi penembakan seismik split spread

 Geometri seismik refleksi Land
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12

Animasi penembakan seismik split spread

 Geometri seismik refleksi Land
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12

Animasi penembakan seismik split spread

 Geometri seismik refleksi Land
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12

Animasi penembakan seismik split spread

 Geometri seismik refleksi Land
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12

Animasi penembakan seismik split spread

 Geometri seismik refleksi Land
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12

Animasi penembakan seismik split spread

 Geometri seismik refleksi Land
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12

Animasi penembakan seismik split spread

 Geometri seismik refleksi Land
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12

Animasi penembakan seismik split spread

 2D Marine Geometry
near group
no. far group
number

perpendicular
inline offset
offset
source separation cable separation

group interval

Geometry definition merupakan tahapan awal penting dalam processing 2D Marine. Tahapan ini dibutuhkan
sebelum kita melakukan multi-trace processing.
Informasi yang dibutuhkan dalam mendefinisikan geometry:
Number of group
Near and far group number
Group interval
Shot interval
Near offset
Number of Shot point along the seismic line
 2D Marine Geometry
near group
no. far group
number

perpendicular
inline offset
offset
source separation cable separation

group interval

Output yang dihasilkan dari geometry definition:

Offset value
CDP numbering and distribution
Fold
 2D Marine Geometry

Offset, distance between shot and receiver, either

in common shot order or in CMP order. This
information is needed to do multi trace processing.

Fold, number of repetition within 1 cdp or number

of traces within one cdp.
For 2D marine data, this information is not really
important, but it become so much important in 3D
marine data since we are deal with binning
process.
Offset

CDP numbering, the relation between CDP

and shot point.
 2D Marine Geometry (Calculation)
Informasi yang dibutuhkan dalam kalkulasi geometry:
Group Interval (GI)
Shotpoint Interval (SP)
Near Offset (D)
Number of Group/Channel (N)
CDP interval (CI) = GI/2
Shot Move-up (M) = SP/CI
Offset = D + (N-1).GI
Full Fold (F) = (N x GI)/(2 x SP)
First CDP full fold (FF) = (N M) +1
CDP number at particular SP (CDP) = (SS-1).M + D/GI + N
SS = first Shot point number
Number of CDPs in seismic line (nCDP) = (nS 1).M + N
nS = total number of shot point within seismic line

Offset Increment within CDP (DI) = M x GI

 2D Marine Geometry (Exercies)

First Shot = 851

Last Shot = 1501
 2D Marine Geometry (Exercise)
What is the mid-point spacing?

What is the nominal (full) fold achieved using this configuration?

Assuming the first mid-point on the line is numbered as 1001, at which mid-point
is the nominal (full) fold reached?

What is the offset increment within mid-point?

What is the total number of mid point in the line?

How many traces within mid-point for the full-fold CDP?

 2D Marine Geometry (Homework)
Near trace number 1
far trace number 96
shot interval 25m
group interval 25m
near trace offset 85m
first shot = 101, last shot = 1001
first cdp = 1

The same question with this configuration.

2D Marine Geometry (Stacking Diagram)

Example of stacking diagram

2D Marine Geometry (Data Sorting)

Example of stacking diagram

 2D Marine Geometry (Stacking Diagram)
Create a stacking diagram for the following geometry:
SP = 25 m
Trace Interval (GI) = 25 m
8 traces per shot, off end spread
Near trace = 8
Near trace interval/Near offset = 50 m
First shot = 101
Last shot = 115
 2D Marine Geometry (Exercise)
Question from stacking diagram:
What is the maximum fold?
Label the trace numbers for each trace in CMP
What is the offset increment (DI)?
How many offset type?
Raypath seismik refleksi
Latihan