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Pronoun
A pronoun can replace a noun or another
pronoun.

Kinds of Pronoun
Personal Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
The Pronoun

Indefinite Pronouns
Prepared By: Demonstrative Pronouns
Ms. Andrea Lampas, MC
Interrogative Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Reciprocal Pronouns

Personal Pronouns Personal Pronouns

Stand in for What pronoun is
people, places, Subjective / I, You, She,
1st Person I, Me, My, used depends on
things and ideas. Nominative He, They,
Mine, We,
1st person refers to Us, Our, Ours the case Case We, It, Who
the speaker(s) or
writer(s) 2nd Person You, Your, Objective Me, You,
2nd person refers Yours Him, Her,
to the person or Them, Us,
people being 3rd Person He, Him, His, It, Whom
spoken or written She, Her, Possessive Mine, Yours,
to Hers, They, His, Hers,
3rd person refers Them, Their, Theirs,
to the person or Theirs, Its,
people being Ours, Its,
Who, Whom, Whose
spoken or written
Whose
about

Personal Pronouns Relative Pronouns

Example:
The boy hopes that someone will give
him a cookie from the table.
Does Jim think that he will be able to
attend the lecture.
Will Alexis donate her dresses to the
celebrity auction.
Who will be attending the reception?
A relative pronoun relates to another
noun preceding it in the sentence.
In doing so, it connects a dependent
clause to an antecedent (i.e., a noun that
precedes the pronoun)
Therefore, a relative pronoun acts as the
subject or object of the dependent
clause.

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Relative Pronouns
Consider the ff. sentence where the relative
pronoun is a subject:
The chef who won the competition
studied in Paris.
In this sentence, the relative pronoun is an
object in the dependent clause.
The shirt that Carl bought has a stain on
the pocket.
Relative Pronouns
Determining the case of relative pronouns:
When these relative pronouns are the
subject (initiating the action) of the
dependent clause, use the subjective
case: WHO, WHOEVER
Relative Pronouns
When these relative pronouns are the
object (receiving the action) of the
dependent clause, use the objective
case: WHOM, WHOMEVER.
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Relative Pronouns
Which relative pronoun to use is determined by
what the antecedent is and whether the
dependent clause is essential information in
relation to the independent clause.
When referring to people use these relative
pronouns:
(A person) Who, Who, Whoever, Whomever
These pronouns take a different case
depending on whether the relative pronoun is a
subject or an object in the dependent clause.
Therefore, it becomes critical to not only know
the subject and object of these pronouns but to
be able to identify how they are being used in
the dependent clause.
Relative Pronouns
E.g.
Negotiations were not going smoothly
between the two leaders, who made
no bones about liking each other.
Hilary Clintons staff said it was the first
lady who wasnt feeling well.
Most workers, whoever was not
employed by the auto manufacturer,
toiled at one of the millions of little
minnow companies.
Relative Pronouns
E.g.
Clinton knows that he is a polarizing
figure whom people either love or
hate.
This is the approach taken by
journalists, whom some consider to
objective.
The three representatives, whomever
the committee chooses, should be at
the meeting tomorrow,
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Relative Pronoun Relative Pronouns

Remember: Who and Whom can be When referring to a place, thing or idea
interrogative or personal pronouns
rather than relative pronouns. use these relative pronouns: WHICH, THAT
A relative pronoun must refer to a
noun preceding it.
E.g. Determining the correct relative pronoun:
The man whom he most admires will Use THAT (Restrictive Clause) when it is
be here tonight. necessary to define your subject
Whom does he most admire?
Use WHICH (Nonrestrictive Clause) when it
The candidate will choose who will act
as campaign director. adds information that isnt necessary to
define your subject.

Relative Pronouns Relative Pronouns

E.g.
Russian generals have delivered a
message that is difficult to ignore.
Clinton will continue to hammer out a
historic Mideast pact that bears his stamp.
There is another factor that obviously
boosts the reputation of both these men.
E.g.
The toughest intramural fight of all for the
Clinton was the North American Free
Trade Agreement, which he undertook a
full year before the 1994 election.
Clinton refused to head toward the
center on affirmative action and
abortion, which are the two most sacred
issues to the traditional liberal wing of the
party.

Indefinite Pronouns
Relative Pronouns Refer to an Singular Plural Singular/
Plural
When referring to more than one unknown or One, both, All, Most,
place, thing or idea use these relative undetermine someone, many None,
pronouns: (Compound) WHATEVER, d person, anyone, few, Some
WHICHEVER everyone,
several,
E.g. place or no one,
all
somebody
The three approaches, whichever thing. , anybody,
works is fine, produce a more everybody
ambiguous picture of a man. , nobody,
Any excessive profits, whatever something
exceeded accepted limits, would , each,
attract the notice of representatives. every,
anything,
etc.

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Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns

Stand in for a person, place, or thing As a subject:
that must be pointed to or singles out
This has been a difficult decade for the
what you are talking about.
U.S. Presidency.
They may function as subjects, objects
or objects of the preposition. That is whom you should meet at the
When referring to a singular place, dinner at the Corcoran Gallery.
thing or idea use these demonstrative
pronouns:
(Singular demonstrative pronoun THIS,
THAT

Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns

As a direct object: When referring to a plural place, thing or
Would you deliver this? idea use these demonstrative pronouns:
The demands on the Presidents time Plural demonstrative pronouns THESE,
had knocked that off the schedule. THOSE

As an object of the preposition:

Does the shirt you bought go with this?
Steve will put the a new coat of paint
on that if necessary.

Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns

As a subject: As a direct object:
These are the preferred pens in this Will Alan find these in time?
department. Beth donated those to the team

Those attempting to purchase handguns

must wait seven days. As an object of the preposition:
Please climb over those before you
continue the course.
Chris can work with those.

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Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns

Remember: When they stand alone in
place or nouns ---PRONOUNS
When they are used to modify a noun
rather than stand in for it. ---ADJECTIVES
E.g.
This will lead us to the car.
This path is taking us in the wrong
direction.
That is not the best approach.
That approach will not work.

Demonstrative Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns

E.g.
Those will work just fine.
Those plants were damaged by the frost.
These look edible.
These berries are delicious.
Introduce questions
When they are not acting as interrogative
pronouns, some may act as relative
pronouns. It depends on their function in
the sentence.

Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronoun are always found in E.g.
questions: Who saw the future clearly?
(Interrogative pronoun) WHO, WHOM, Who embraced it?
WHICH, WHAT, WHOSE Whom did she choose from Carter White
House?
Which would you prefer from your
Remember: Who = Subject
President?
Whom= Object The interrogative pronoun stands in for the
answer to the question

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Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns

E.g.
The man whom she chose will do a
wonderful job.
The Grand Canyon, which is
remarkable, is Eldons favorite place to
visit.
Our guy next door, who is on trial,
never did fit into the neighborhood.
The same words are relative pronoun
E.g.
You will need to decide which is the best
product.
Frank will decide whom the animals will
work with.
We all decided who will lead the parade.
The same words are personal pronoun

Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns

reflect nouns or pronouns or to provide
emphasis.
Reflexive pronouns always act as OBJECTS
not subjects, and they require an
interaction between the subject(s) and
an object.
E.g.
Because she was not hungry when the
cake was served, Ellen save herself a
piece.
In the independent clause, ELLEN is the
subject and HERSELF is a reflexive pronoun
acting as the indirect object.

Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronoun Person Singular E.g.
Nor is she shy about
E.g. giving herself credit
Wilson and myself are going to the movie. 1st Myself for it.
WILSON and MYSELF are the subjects. I like to describe
REFLEXIVE pronouns cannot be subjects. myself as the first
2nd Yourself
post-Cold War
President, Clinton
3rd Himself, said.
Herself

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Reflexive Pronouns
Person Plural E.g. Reciprocal Pronouns
We gave ourselves a
second chance to The reciprocal pronouns are each
1st Ourselves complete the course. other and one another. They are
convenient forms for combining ideas.
Did they lock
themselves out of the If Bob gave Alicia a book for Christmas
2nd Yourselves
house again? and Alicia gave Bob a book for
Christmas
Give yourselves a pat
We can say that they gave each other
on the back for a job
3rd Themselves
well done. books (or that they gave books to
each other).

Reciprocal Pronouns Reciprocal Pronouns

E.g.
My mother and I give each other a hard
time.
Ifmore than two people are involved (let's
say a whole book club), we would say
that they gave one another books.
Reciprocal pronouns can also take
possessive forms:
They borrowed each other's ideas.
The scientists in this lab often use one
another's equipment.