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commercial simulators until 2000. Figure 1 shows the average 100
100
number of grid blocks (cells) used for the earlier black oil 80
80 63
simulation studies. As shown, the number of blocks started in the
60
vicinity of 10,000 cells in 1988 and reached 150,000 by 2000.
The average grid block size varied between 1 km and 0.25 km 40
Fig. 3. Concept of effect of areal grid size on capturing reservoir heterogeneity. Fig. 4. Trends for giga-cell simulation.
EXAMPLES
Fig. 6. Near log scale vertical layering. Fig. 7. More cells between the wells results in fine grid models.
Fig. 9. Fine grid model with 166 million cells showing no gas cap breakthrough at
the horizontal well after 2 years of production.
Fig. 11. Largest offshore oil reservoir in the world simulated in over 1 billion cells.
Fig. 13a. Mega-cell simulation Saturations. Fig. 13b. Giga-cell simulation Saturations.
The giga-cell simulation, however, reveals that there will be Therefore, in this example, giga-cell simulation presents
unswept zones, which will have oil remaining if this production opportunities to recover more hydrocarbons.
scenario is to be applied. This example illustrates the clear
Next Stages
effect of numerical dispersion for the mega-cell simulation,
which is unrealistic. Giga-cell simulation shows less numerical Significantly more data will be available through online
dispersion. Based on the results of the giga-cell simulation, measurements and continuous monitoring. Voice recognition
additional oil pockets indicated by the simulator should be technologies are becoming smarter at understanding spoken
produced by in-fill drilling or sidetracking the wells. commands from people with different English language
accents. Better graphics technology will be available to render 1. Dogru, A.H., Sunaidi, H.A., Fung, L.S.K., Habiballah,
multibillion-cell images in real time. CPU technology will be W.A., Al-Zamel, N. and Li, K.G.: A Parallel Reservoir
complemented with Graphical Processing Units (GPUs) for the Simulator for Large-Scale Reservoir Simulation, SPE
computer intensive aspects of simulation and data analysis Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1,
that can benefit from parallel computation using hundreds of February 2002, pp. 11-23.
cores in parallel.
2. Pavlas, E.J.: MPP Simulation of Complex Water
Figure 14 presents a visionary prediction for the growth of
Encroachment in a Large Carbonate Reservoir, SPE paper
a black oil equivalent model size over the years. As shown,
71628, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference
present computers can easily deliver teraflops (10**12 FLOPS
& Exhibition, New Orleans, Louisiana, September 30 -
(Floating Point Operations per Second)). Only large computer
October 3, 2001.
centers can deliver petaflops (10**15 FLOPS) today; however,
3. Dogru, A.H., Fung, L.S.K., Middya, U., et al.: A Next
with rapid development of GPUs and other evolving computer
Generation Parallel Reservoir Simulator for Giant
technologies, eventually this will become available for smaller
Reservoirs, SPE paper 119272, presented at the SPE
systems housed in the office. Again, with the current
Reservoir Simulation Symposium, The Woodlands, Texas,
momentum, exaflop computers are on the horizon. All will
February 2-4, 2009.
impact the size of the simulation models. Saudi Aramco soon
will be changing algorithms and rewriting new codes to 4. Dogru, A.H., Fung, L.S.K., Shaalan, T.M., Middya, U. and
achieve tera-cell reservoir simulation models with petaflop or Pita, J.A.: From Mega to Giga-Cell Simulation, SPE
exaflop computers. paper 116675, presented at the SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, September
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 21-24, 2008.