Load Factor

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Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor
OCTOBER 31, 2011 76 COMMENTS (HTTPS://ELECTRICALNOTES.WORDPRESS.COM/2011/10/31/DEMAND-FACTOR-

DIVERSITY-FACTOR-UTILIZATION-FACTOR-LOAD-FACTOR/#COMMENTS)
(1) Demand factor (in IEC, Max.Utilization factor (Ku)):
The word demand itself says the meaning of Demand Factor. The ratio of the maximum coincident demand of a system, orpart
of a system, to the total connected load of the system.
Demand Factor = Maximum demand / Total connected load
For example, an over sized motor 20 Kw drives a constant 15 Kw load whenever it is ON. The motor demand factor is then 15/20
=0.75= 75 %.
Demand Factor is express as a percentage (%) or in a ratio (less than 1).
Demand factor is always < =1.
Demand Factor is always change with the time to time or hours to hours of use and it will not constant.
The connected load is always known so it will be easy to calculate the maximum demand if the demand factor for a certainsupply
is known at dierent time intervals and seasons.
The lower the demand factor, the less system capacity required to serve the connected load.
Calculation:
(1) A Residence Consumer has 10 Nos Lamp of 400 W but at the same time It is possible that only 9 Nos of Bulbs are used at the
same time. Here Total Connected load is 1040=400 W. Consumer maximum demand is 940=360 W. Demand Facto of this Load
= 360/400 =0.9 or 90%.
(2) One Consumer have 10 lights at 60 Kw each in Kitchen, the load is 60 Kw x 10 = 600 KW. This will be true only if All lights are
Turns ON the same time (Demand factor=100% or 1)
For this Consumer it is observed that only half of the lights being turned ON at a time so we can say that the demand factor is 0.5
(50%). The estimated load = 600 Kw X 0.5 = 300 Kw.
Use of demand factors:
Feeder conductors should have sucient Ampere Capacity to carry the load. The Ampere Capacity does not always be equal to
the total of all loads on connected branch-circuits.
This factor must be applied to each individual load, with particular a ention to electric motors, which are very rarely operated at
full load.
As per National Electrical Code (NEC) demand factor may be applied to the total load. The demand factor permits a feeder
ampearcity to be less than 100 percent of all the branch-circuit loads connected to it.
Demand factor can be applied to calculate the size of the sub-main which is feeding a Sub panel or a xed load like a motor etc. If
the panel have total load of 250 kVA , considering a Demand factor of 0.8, we can size the feeder cable for 250 x 0.8= 200 kVA.
Demand factors for buildings typically range between 50 and 80 % of the connected load.
In an industrial installation this factor may be estimated on an average at 0.75 for motors.
For incandescent-lighting loads, the factor always equals 1.
1 of 19 7/14/17, 12:23 PM
Demand Factor For Industrial

Load
Text Book of Design of Elect. Installation- Jain
Electrical Load Demand Factor
1 No of Motor 1
Up to 10 Nos of Motor 0.75
Demand Factor
Text Book of Design of Elect. Installation- Jain
Utility Demand Factor
Oce ,School 0.4
Hospital 0.5
Air Port, Bank, Shops, 0.6
Restaurant, Factory, 0.7
Work Shop, Factory (24Hr 0.8

Shift)
Arc Furnace 0.9
Compressor 0.5
Hand tools 0.4
Inductance Furnace 0.8
Demand Factor
Saudi Electricity Company Distribution Standard
2 of 19 7/14/17, 12:23 PM
Residential 0.6
Commercial 0.7
Flats 0.7
Hotel 0.75
Mall 0.7
Restaurant 0.7
Oce 0.7
School 0.8
Common Area in building 0.8
Public Facility 0.75
Street Light 0.9
Indoor Parking 0.8
Outdoor Parking 0.9
Park / Garden 0.8
Hospital 0.8
Workshops 0.6
Ware House 0.7
Farms 0.9
Fuel Station 0.7
Factories 0.9
Demand Factor
Text Book of Principal of Power System-V.K.Mehta
Residence Load (<0.25 KW) 1
Residence Load (<0.5 KW) 0.6
Residence Load (>0.1 KW) 0.5
Restaurant 0.7
Theatre 0.6
3 of 19 7/14/17, 12:23 PM
Hotel 0.5
School 0.55
Small Industry 0.6
Store 0.7
Motor Load (up to 10HP) 0.75
Motor Load (10HP to 20HP) 0.65
Motor Load (20HP to 100HP) 0.55
Motor Load (Above 100HP) 0.50
(2) Diversity factor:
Diversity Factor is ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of the various sub circuit of a system to the maximum
demand of the whole system.
Diversity Factor = Sum of Individual Maximum Demands / Maximum Demand of

the System.
Diversity Factor = Installed load / Running load.
The diversity factor is always >= 1.
Diversity Factor is always >1 because sum of individual max. Demands >Max. Demand.
In other terms, Diversity Factor (0 to 100%) is a fraction of Total Load that is particular item contributed to peak demand. 70%
diversity means that the device operates at its nominal or maximum load level 70% of the time that it is connected and turned
ON.
It is expressed as a percentage (%) or a ratio more than 1.
If we use diversity value in % than it should be multiply with Load and if we use in numerical value (>1) than it should be
divided with Load.
Diversity occurs in an operating system because all loads connected to the System are not operating simultaneously or are not
simultaneously operating at their maximum rating. The diversity factor shows that the whole electrical load does not equal the
sum of its parts due to this time Interdependence (i.e. diverseness).
In general terms we can say that diversity factor refers to the percent of time available that a machine. 70% diversity means that
the device operates at its nominal or maximum load level 70% of the time that it is connected and turned ON.
Consider two Feeders with the same maximum demand but that occur at dierent intervals of time. When supplied by the same
feeder, the demand on such is less the sum of the two demands. In electrical design, this condition is known as diversity.
Diversity factor is an extended version of demand factor. It deals with maximum demand of dierent units at a time/Maximum
demand of the entire system.
Greater the diversity factor, lesser is the cost of generation of power.
Many designers prefer to use unity as the diversity factor in calculations for planning conservatism because of plant load growth
uncertainties. Local experience can justify using a diversity factor larger than unity, and smaller service entrance conductors and
transformer requirements chosen accordingly.
The diversity factor for all other installations will be dierent, and would be based upon a local evaluation of the loads to be
applied at dierent moments in time. Assuming it to be 1.0 may, on some occasions, result in a supply feeder and equipment
rating that is rather larger than the local installation warrants, and an over-investment in cable and equipment to handle the rated
load current. It is be er to evaluate the pa ern of usage of the loads and calculate an acceptable diversity factor for each
particular case.
Calculation:
4 of 19 7/14/17, 12:23 PM
One Main Feeder have two Sub feeder (Sub Feeder A and Sub Feeder B), Sub Feeder-A have demand at a time is 35 KW and Sub
Feeder-B have demands at a time is 42 KW, but the maximum demand of Main Feeder is 70 KW.
Total individual Maximum Demand =35+42=77 KW.
Maximum Demand of whole System=70 KW
So Diversity factor of The System= 77/70 =1.1
Diversity factor can shoot up above 1.
Use of diversity factor:
The Diversity Factor is applied to each group of loads (e.g. being supplied from a distribution or sub-distribution board).
Diversity factor is commonly used for a complete a coordination study for a system. This diversity factor is used to estimate the
load of a particular node in the system.
Diversity factor can be used to estimate the total load required for a facility or to size the Transformer
Diversity factors have been developed for main feeders supplying a number of feeders, and typically 1.2 to 1.3 for Residence
Consumer and 1.1 to 1.2 for Commercial Load. 1.50 to 2.00 for power and lighting loads.
Note: Reciprocal of the above ratio (will be more than 1) also is used in some other countries.
Diversity factor is mostly used for distribution feeder size and transformer as well as to determine the maximum peak load and
diversity factor is always based on knowing the process. You have to understand what will be on or o at a given time for
dierent buildings and this will size the feeder. Note for typical buildings diversity factor is always one. You have to estimate or
have a data records to create 24 hours load graph and you can determine the maximum demand load for node then you can
easily determine the feeder and transformer size.
The diversity factor of a feeder would be the sum of the maximum demands of the individual consumers divided by the
maximum demand of the feeder. In the same manner, it is possible to compute the diversity factor on a substation, a transmission
line or a whole utility system.
The residential load has the highest diversity factor. Industrial loads have low diversity factors usually of 1.4, street light
practically unity and other loads vary between these limits.
Diversity Factor in distribution Network
(Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers by Fink and Beaty)
Elements of System Residential Commercial GeneralPower Large Industrial
Between individual 2.00 1.46 1.45

users
1.30 1.30 1.35 1.05
Between transformers
1.15 1.15 1.15 1.05

Between feeders
1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10

Between substations
From users to 2.00 1.46 1.44

transformers
2.60 1.90 1.95 1.15
From users to feeder
From users to 3.00 2.18 2.24 1.32

substation
From users to 3.29 2.40 2.46 1.45
generating station
Diversity Factor for Distribution

Switchboards
5 of 19 7/14/17, 12:23 PM
Number of circuits Diversity Factor in % (ks)
Assemblies entirely tested 2 and 3 90%
4 and 5 80%
6 to 9 70%
10 and more 60%
Assemblies partially tested in every case 100%

choose
Diversity Factor as per IEC 60439
Circuits Function Diversity Factor in % (ks)

Lighting 90%
Heating and air conditioning 80%
Socket-outlets 70%
Lifts and catering hoist
For the most powerful motor 100%
For the second most powerfulmotor 75%
For all motors 80%
Diversity Factor for Apartment

block
Apartment Diversity Factor in % (ks)
2 To 4 1
5To 19 0.78
10To 14 0.63
15To 19 0.53
20To 24 0.49
25To 29 0.46
30 To 34 0.44
35 To 39 0.42
40To 40 0.41
6 of 19 7/14/17, 12:23 PM
50 To Above 0.40
Diversity Factor
Text Book of Principal of Power System-V.K.Mehta
Area Residence Ltg Commercial Ltg Ind. Ltg
Between Consumer 3 1.5 1.5
Between 1.3 1.3 1.3

Transformer
Between Feeder 1.2 1.2 1.2
Between S.S 1.1 1.1 1.1
(3) Load factor:
The ratio of the Actual Load of equipment to Full load of equipment.
Load Factor=Actual Load / Full Load
It is the ratio of actual kilowa -Hours used in a given period, divided by the total possible kilowa -hours that could have been
used in the same period at the peak KW level.
Load Factor = ( energy (kWh per month) ) / ( peak demand (kW) x hours/month )
In other terms Load factor is dened as the ratio of Average load to maximum demand during a given period.
Load Factor= Average Load / Maximum Demand during given Time Period
The Load factor is always <=1.
Load Factor is always less than 1 because maximum demand is always more than average demand.
Load Factor can be calculated for a single day, for a month or for a year.
Load factor in other terms of eciency.
It is used for determining the overall cost per unit generated.
Higher the load factor is GOOD and it will more Output of Plan, lesser the cost per unit which means an electricity generator can
sell more electricity at a higher spark spread, Fixed costs are spread over more kWh of output. A power plant may be highly
ecient at High load factors.
Low load factor is a BED. A low load factor will use electricity ineciently relative to what we could be if we were controlling
our peak demand. A power plant may be less ecient at low load factors.
For almost constant loads, the load factor is close to unity.
For Varying Load Factor is closed Zero.
Load Factor is a measure of the eective utilization of the load and distribution equipment, i.e. higher load factor means be er
utilization of the transformer, line or cable.
A high load factor means power usage is relatively constant. Low load factor shows that occasionally a high demand is set. To
service that peak, capacity is si ing idle for long periods, thereby imposing higher costs on the system. Electrical rates are
designed so that customers with high load factor are charged less overall per kWh.
Sometimes utility companies will encourage industrial customers to improve their load factors.
Load factor is term that does not appear on your utility bill, but does aect electricity costs. Load factor indicates how
eciently the customer is using peak demand.
Calculation:
Motor of 20 hp drives a constant 15 hp load whenever it is on.

The motor load factor is then 15/20 = 75%.
7 of 19 7/14/17, 12:23 PM
Demand Factor & Load Factor
Introduction to Power Requirement for Building J. Paul Guyer,
Utility Demand Factor(%) Load Factor (%)
Communications buildings 60-65 70-75
Telephone exchange building 55-70 20-25
Air passenger terminal building 65-80 28-32
Aircraft re and rescue station 25-35 13-17
Aircraft line operations building 65-80 24-28
Academic instruction building 40-60 22-26
Applied instruction building 35-65 24-28
Chemistry and Toxicology 70-80 22-28

Laboratory
Materials Laboratory 30-35 27-32
Physics Laboratory 70-80 22-28
Electrical and electronics laboratory 20-30 3-7
Cold storage warehouse 70-75 20-25
General warehouse 75-80 23-28
Controlled humidity warehouse 60-65 33-38
Hazardous/ammable storehouse 75-80 20-25
Disposal, salvage, scrap building 35-40 25-20
Hospital 38-42 45-50
Laboratory 32-37 20-25
K-6 schools 75-80 10-15
7-12 schools 65-70 12-17
Churches 65-70 5-25
Post Oce 75-80 20-25
Retail store 65-70 25-32
Bank 75-80 20-25
Supermarket 55-60 25-30
8 of 19 7/14/17, 12:23 PM
Restaurant 45-75 15-25
Auto repair shop 40-60 15-20
Hobby shop, art/crafts 30-40 25-30
Bowling alley 70-75 10-15
Gymnasium 70-75 20-45
Skating rink 70-75 10-15
Indoor swimming pool 55-60 25-50
Theatres 45-55 8-13
Library 75-80 30-35
Golf clubhouse 75-80 15-20
Museum 75-80 30-35
(4) Coincidence factor (in IEC, Factor of simultaneity (ks)):
The reciprocal of diversity factor is coincidence factor

The coincidence factor is the ratio of the maximum demand of a system, or part under consideration, to the sum of the individual
maximum demands of the subdivisions
Coincidence factor = Maximum demand / Sum of individual maximum demands
Expressed as a percentage (%) or a ratio less than 1.
The Confidence Factor is always <=1.
Usually Condence Factor will decrease as the number of connected customers increases.
The factor ks is applied to each group of loads (e.g. distribution or sub-distribution board).
The determination of these factors is the responsibility of the designer, since it requires a detailed knowledge of the installation
and the conditions in which the individual circuits are to be exploited. For this reason, it is not possible to give precise values for
general application.
(5) Maximum demand:
The maximum demand of an installation is the maximum rate of consumption expressed in amperes, kW or kVA. It is generally
taken as the average rate of consumption over a period of time. Example the 15-minute maximum kW demand for the week was
150 kW. Maximum demand does not include motor starting currents or other transient eects. Fault currents and overload
currents are also excluded. Maximum demand in KW is relevant only for metering/tari purposes.
Maximum demand (often referred to as MD) is the largest current normally carried by circuits, switches and protective devices. It
does not include the levels of current owing under overload or short circuit conditions.
Maximum Demand is a greatest of all demands that occur during a specic time
The major disadvantage of allocating load using the diversity factors is that most utilities will not have a table of diversity factors
and sometime it is not viable to determine accurate Diversity Factor. In this situation Maximum Demand is very helpful to
calculate size of Feeder or TC.
The kVA rating of all distribution transformers is always known for a feeder. The metered readings can be taken to each
transformer based upon the transformer rating. An allocation factor (AF) can be calculate.
Allocation Factor= Metered Demand (KVA) / Total KVA.
9 of 19 7/14/17, 12:23 PM
Equipment Demand= AF x Total KVA of Equipments
Calculation:
Actual Loading or Size of TC-1 and TC-2.
(h ps://electricalnotes.les.wordpress.com/2011/10/11.jpg)
Total Load on TC-1 =10+11+12+08= 41 KW.

Maximum Diversity Demand of TC-1= 41 / 1.1 = 37.3 KW.
Total Load on TC-2 =4+3+12+02= 21 KW.
Maximum Diversity Demand of TC-2= 21 / 1.2 = 17.5 KW.
Total Load= 37.3 + 17.5 =54.8 KW.
Allocating Factor (AF)= M.D / Total Load
Allocating Factor (AF)= 0.27.
Actual Load on TC-1=0.2737.3 = 1.20 KW.
Actual Load on TC-2=0.2717.5 = 4.8 KW.
Assessment of maximum demand is very easy for Resistive Load , For example, the maximum demand of a 240 V single-phase 8
kW shower heater can be calculated by dividing the power (8 kW) by the voltage (240 V) to give a current of 33.3 A. This
calculation assumes a power factor of unity, which is a reasonable assumption for such a purely resistive load.
Lighting circuits pose a special problem when determining MD. Discharge lamps are particularly dicult to assess, and current
cannot be calculated simply by dividing lamp power by supply voltage. The reasons for this are Control gear losses result in
additional current, the power factor is usually less than unity so current is greater, and Chokes and other control gear usually
distort the waveform of the current so that it contains harmonics which are additional to the fundamental supply current.
So long as the power factor of a discharge lighting circuit is not less than 0.85, the current demand for the circuit can be calculated
from:
current (A) = (lamp power x 1.8) / supply voltage (V)
For example, the steady state current demand of a 240 V circuit supplying ten 65 W uorescent lamps would be: I = 10X65X1.8A /
240 = 4.88A
Switches for circuits feeding discharge lamps must be rated at twice the current they are required to carry, unless they have been
specially constructed to withstand the severe arcing resulting from the switching of such inductive and capacitive loads.
Where to use Demand and Diversity factor:
There is generally confusion between Demand factor and Diversity factor. Demand factors should be ideally applied to
individual loads and diversity factor to a group of loads.
When you talk about diversity, there are naturally more than one or many loads involved.
Demand factor can be applied to calculate the size of the sub-main, which is feeding a Sub panel or a xed load like a motor etc,
individual Load.
Demand factors are more conservative and are used by NEC for service and feeder sizing.
If the Sub panel have total load is 250 kVA , considering a Demand factor of 0.8, we can size the feeder cable for 250 x 0.8= 200
kVA.
The Diversity Factor is applied to each group of loads (e.g. being supplied from a distribution or sub-distribution board), size the
Transformer.
Demand factors and diversity factors are used in design. For example, the sum of the connected loads supplied by a feeder is
multiplied by the demand factor to determine the load for which the feeder must be sized. This load is termed the maximum
demand of the feeder. The sum of the maximum demand loads for a number of sub feeders divided by the diversity factor for the
sub feeders will give the maximum demand load to be supplied by the feeder from which the sub feeders are derived.
Calculate Size of Electrical Switchgear by Demand & DiversityFactor:
10 of 19 7/14/17, 12:23 PM
The estimated electrical demand for all feeders served directly from the service entrance is calculated by multiplying the total
connected loads by their demand factors and then adding all of these together. This sum is divided by the diversity factor
(frequently assumed to be unity) to calculate the service entrance demand which is used to determine ampacity requirements
for the service entrance conductors.
When used Diversity and Demand Factor in an electrical design it should be applied as follows, the sum of the connected loads
supplied by a feeder-circuit can be multiplied by the demand factor to determine the load used to size the components of the
system.
The sum of the maximum demand loads for two or more feeders is divided by the diversity factor for the feeders to derive the
maximum demand load.
Example-1: Calculate Size of Transformer having following details:
Feeder Breaker-1 Demand Load= Feeder Breaker-1xDemand Factor.
Feeder Breaker-1 Demand Load=20000.7=1400 KVA

Total Feeder Breaker Demand=1400+900+500=2800KVA
Transformer Demand Load= Total Feeder Breaker Demand / Diversity Factor.
Transformer Demand Load=2800/1.1 =2545 KVA
If we Calculated Total Load on Transformer without any Demand & Diversity=2000+1500+1000=4500KVA.
But after Calculating Demand & Diversity Factor Total Load on Transformer =2545 KVA
Example-2: Calculate Size of Main Feeder of Main Transformer having following Details:
Sum of Maximum Demand of Customer on TC-1 =10 KWx0.65 =6.5 KW

Sum of Maximum Demand of Customer on TC-2 =20 KWx0.75 =15 KW
Sum of Maximum Demand of Customer on TC-3 =30 KWx0.65 =19.5 KW
As Diversity of Consumer Connected on TC-1 is 1.5 so,
Maximum Demand on TC-1 =6.5 KW/1.5 = 4 KW.
Maximum Demand on TC-2 =15 KW/1.1 = 14 KW
11 of 19 7/14/17, 12:23 PM
Maximum Demand on TC-3 =19.5 KW/1.5 = 13 KW.

Individual Maximum Demand on Main Transformer =04+14+13= 31 KW.
Maximum Demand on Main Feeder =04+14+13 / 1.3 =24 KW
Significance of Load Factor and Diversity Factor
Load factor and diversity factor play an important part in the cost of the supply of electrical energy. Higher the values of load
factor and diversity factors, lower will be the overall cost per unit generated.
The capital cost of the power station depends upon the capacity of the power station. Lower the maximum demand of the power
station, the lower is the capacity required and therefore lower is the capital cost of the plant. With a given number of consumers
the higher the diversity factor of their loads, the smaller will be the capacity of the plant required and consequently the xed
charges due to capital investment will be much reduced.
Similarly higher load factor means more average load or more number of units generated for a given maximum demand and
therefore overall cost per unit of electrical energy generated is reduced due to distribution of standing charges which are
proportional to maximum demand and independent of number of units generated.
Thus the suppliers should always try to improve the load factor as well as diversity factor by inducing the consumers to use the
electrical energy during o peak hours and they may be charged at lower rates for such schemes.
FILED UNDER UNCATEGORIZED
About Jignesh.Parmar
Jignesh Parmar has completed M.Tech (Power System Control), B.E(Electrical) from Gujarat University. He has more than 14 years
experience in Power Transmission-Power Distribution-Electrical energy theft detection-Electrical Maintenance-Electrical
Projects(Planning-Designing-coordination-Execution). He is Presently associate with one of the leading business group as a Deputy
Manager at Ahmedabad,India. He is Freelancer Programmer of Advance Excel and design useful Excel Sheets of Electrical
Engineering as per IS,NEC,IEC,IEEE codes. He is technical Author for Electrical Mirror and Electrical India Magazines. He is
Technical Blogger and Familiar with English, Hindi, Gujarati, French languages. He wants to Share his experience & knowledge and
help technical enthusiasts to nd suitable solutions and updating themselves on various Engineering Topics.
76 Responses to Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor
Manish says:
October 31, 2011 at 4:14 pm
Thank you very much for such a good and detailed article.
Your blog posts are always quite good !
Reply
Dieter says:
November 9, 2011 at 10:55 am
As a junior E&I Engineer, I herewith thank you for your kindness of sharing your knowledge.
I look foreward to more of your work.
Reply
S.SAMBATH says:
November 29, 2011 at 1:36 pm
Sir,
The informations are very useful like me as Electricity Board Engineer. Thank u and I expect more.
s.sambath
Reply
12 of 19 7/14/17, 12:23 PM
zaheer kha ak says:

May 30, 2012 at 7:15 am
dear sir, thanks a lot both of u i am electrical engineer and i m working in consultancy rm in pakistan
i mostly design high rise ocial and residential building. i want to share and gain some important knowledge about
designing for All of u and every one how help me.
thanks
Zaheer kha ak
shaz consultant Peshawar Pakistan
available on Facebook
chemie says:
me from malaysia u are great sir.. thanks a lot
Reply
Md.Samiuddin says:
December 7, 2011 at 8:58 am
Dear Mr. Jignesh Parmar,
The details provided by are very useful. Excellent!
I need a small help. I am an Indian, native of Andhra Pradesh. I am a mechanical engineer, handling a new project in Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia.
The details in the power summary report are:
Connected Power Usage = 1290KWH
After multiplying by power factors and maximum utilization factors individually to each equipment the sum is = 535 KWH.
Example: Crane connected power = 95 kwh; power factor = 0.6; Max. Utlzn. Factor= 0.75 gives 95kwh X 0.6 X 0.75 = 42.75kwh
Now, If I want buy the generators (OR) to ask for electricity dept. what power should I ask? Will it be 1290KWH or 535 KWH?
Please clarify and explain me to improve my awaeness in this perticular topic because always I come across with such incidents.
Please reply to me to my email: (or)
Thanks for your support in advance.
Best Regard
Md.Samiuddin
Plant manager
MIM Co.,
Jeddah
KSA
Reply
Mansour A, says:
January 15, 2012 at 7:08 pm
Thank u very much Mr. Parmar, I really get use and understand these factors which were confused to me. I have set this site in
favourities looking foreward to read your good activities.
Reply
francis azumah says:
February 18, 2012 at 2:49 pm
am very greatful for the explanatory notes, i say well done but needs more of that. thank you
Reply
Rahman says:
February 27, 2012 at 11:49 am
very useful link thank you
Reply
opeyemi says:
March 17, 2012 at 6:32 am
Great answer,it really meet my demand
Reply
ranx says:
March 23, 2012 at 6:57 pm
Thank for your kindness, your explanation very useful and very understadble to us.
Reply
ranx says:
March 23, 2012 at 6:58 pm
13 of 19 7/14/17, 12:23 PM
Thanks for the sharing of your knowledge this s very useful to my design
Reply
anam says:
April 25, 2012 at 1:03 pm
can i have the denition of growth factor?
Reply
goldwincs says:
June 18, 2012 at 2:42 pm
great post! can you explain about peak diversity factor?
Reply
ahmed nazmi says:
July 19, 2012 at 9:05 am
what the dierence between diversity factor and diversity factor (ks) and where i will use :diversity factor , diversity factor (ks)
and demand factor
Reply
daniel says:
August 8, 2012 at 5:45 pm
great, please do more post and detailed explanation
Reply
my name is okekhian stanley. says:
August 16, 2012 at 2:34 pm
Thank you for your knowledge. This will be of help in my eld work.
Reply
kwame says:
August 16, 2012 at 2:57 pm
Thanks very much, I am really enlightened alot.
Reply
Jose Antonio Martins says:
September 28, 2012 at 6:06 pm
Dear Mr. Jignesh Parmar,
The details provided about this issue are very useful.
Would you mind informing me about the origin of the table: Diversity Factor for an apartment block?
Please answer me by email.
Thanks for your support in advance.
Reply
Jose Antonio Martins says:
December 19, 2012 at 8:21 pm
I have already found the referred table in the French Standard NF C 14-100 (2008): Low-voltage mains installations.
Please consider the corrections:
where is 40To 40 should be 40 to 49
where is 50 To Above, ks = 0.40 should be 50 to Above, ks = 0.38.
Reply
dhananjay Prasad says:
October 12, 2012 at 2:18 am
Thank you sir
Reply
salman p says:
thank u sir
Reply
tiger says:
Very good article , but these calculation derived from which Code or standard ??? specially table (Demand Factor & Load Factor
according to Type of Industries) , because these values is varied and depend on the practice wise
Reply
Jignesh.Parmar says:
14 of 19 7/14/17, 12:23 PM
Yes. Agree with you. This is just reference Value .This Value vary according to its users Prole.
We can not predict the actual value but this table value helpful us to calculate more realistic assumption.
I got this Table from one Book or Manual. If it is more valuable for You than I will deantly convey its Reference Source.
Reply
tiger man says:
Many thanks for your reply , and i hope to send to me this reference or book it will be a kind from you
Samer says:
January 2, 2013 at 9:10 am
Can you please provide me with the reference source? It is very important to me.
Thank you for the great article.
Regards.
Ron Cha erji says:

I am from US. My name is Ron. I want to talk with you on something. Please tell me what phone # I can call and time. I will call
you after ge ing your 3
Reply
I am available on Email.
My Email Id is jiguparmar@yahoo.com
Reply
Mohammed says:
Dear Jignesh, i need the references of your diversity , demand and coincidence factros tables. are they as per any
international / national codes. Your kind reply will bne helful in studying a project.
M.A.Bari
Shakil says:
July 6, 2013 at 2:49 am
Jignesh.Parmar,I need your help.I am fm Bangladesh.Iam also a electrical engineer.I saw that you have most experience in
power sector.In15th july,a Bangladeshi power generation company call a interview.I am also a candidate for that
interview.Sir please give some materials and tell me how can i got that job.I like to inform you that,I have no experience to
work any power plant.I am a fresher electrical engineer
Ron Cha erji says:

I need your phone # and the time/date
Reply
minhaz says:
exellent
Reply
saad says:
thanks dear
Reply
Mark Jason Acopio Obordo says:
January 17, 2013 at 2:08 pm
thanks!!now i know.:)
Reply
colin challinger says:
Hi I have an appartment block with 12 ats to cost and they are all electrily heated toal pot divesity equals 22.4 Kva
ref to (ks) will this factor still apply to the incoming main?
Reply
Percy Makhuvha says:
Thank you very much know I am happy
Reply
Allan Sanjose says:
15 of 19 7/14/17, 12:23 PM
March 18, 2013 at 12:32 am

Your rst statement regarding demand factor is always less than one.
if your demand factor is 100% that is equal to one.
Philippines
Reply
March 18, 2013 at 2:25 pm
Please carefully Read Denition First !!!
Demand Factor = Maximum demand of a system / Total connected load on the system.
Your max demand never goes beyond connected load so D.F is always less than 1.
Hope this clarication may clear your dough.
Reply
Rahul says:
March 21, 2013 at 5:22 pm
Dear sir,
I came across another formula like
Maximum normal running plant load = 100% sum of all continuously operating loads + 30% sum of all intermi ent loads.
Where 100% and 30% are considered as the diversity factors of continuous and intermi ent loads respectively
Sir do you know which industry is this formula commonly used. can you explain this formula..
I hope you will reply to my question
Reply
Khwaja Salim says:
April 3, 2013 at 9:36 am
Thank You Mr. Jignesh Parmar. It is very useful in designing of electrical installtion.
Reply
John says:
May 11, 2013 at 2:52 pm
Dear Sir, I would like to learn about the reference for this info.Thank you very much for your kind help.
Reply
avtar singh says:
May 27, 2013 at 10:44 am
Dear sir, one confusion is that if my conected load is 450 kw and consumption is 307 kwh then what the rating of incomming
transformer please tell me brief.
Reply
Bala says:
September 22, 2013 at 5:56 am
Thank You Mr.Jignesh Parmar.
Reply
prit chitroda says:
October 3, 2013 at 6:04 pm
very usefull things u have given, thanks,
Reply
saad says:
thank you very much.
Reply
a test says:
this is a test
Reply
aki says:
thank uuu
Reply
haseebullha says:
16 of 19 7/14/17, 12:23 PM
nice and simple information thanks for your eort
Reply
irdan ray bodiongan says:
January 17, 2014 at 8:44 am
what is the demand factor and load factor for drafting room?
Reply
Alberto Gasmen says:
Basically, these data for the DEMAND and DIVERSITY factors are excellent info for a fast estimation of POWER SUPPLY, CABLE
/ WIRE SIZES, many thanks
Reply
souvik says:
March 22, 2014 at 8:56 am
thanks for the article.. it helped me. thanks
Reply
S P Sarathy says:
March 23, 2014 at 12:46 pm
Your eort is laudable. We stand to gain with your sharing in a simple way.
Reply
ashok chaudhary says:
thanks for useful And applicable kno
wlge
Reply
Harish Kumar Johri says:
Thank you Mr. Jignesh! Nice explanations of these Electricity factors in one Article.
Harish Kumar Johri, L&T Faridabad.
Reply
Raq says:
September 21, 2014 at 5:55 pm
Thanks for this note, hopefully can i know what is your reference for this Im glad to knowthanks in advance
Reply
Godfrey says:
Am appreciation for this provision of the infomatiom about diversity factor bcause its always dicult to nd reliable notes for
this topic.
Reply
Daramola Dele says:
your article is always edifying my studies. May God Bless you more and more
Reply
Daramola Dele says:
how can get this paper
Reply
Mahmoud Elghazaly says:
thank you very much for such valuable informations
Reply
Rajesh says:
January 19, 2015 at 12:12 pm
Very simple explanation and really valuable .
This is an antibiotic for my knowledge
Reply
zak says:
March 2, 2015 at 12:57 pm
dear Jignesh
i have a small question regarding the transformers.
17 of 19 7/14/17, 12:23 PM
i need to know according to NEC what is the percentage to be loaded for the capacity of a transformer.
As a practice we always consider 80% of total kva of a transformer.
ex. if we have 1600 kva t/r then we can use 1600*80% = 1280 kva.
we can use only 1280kva instead of 1600 kva. supoose your total load is 1400 kva then you have to go to higher size that is 2000
kva.
Reply
usman says:
April 2, 2015 at 7:12 am
nice eort for making it understandable to non technical also..
Reply
RAJNISH KUMAR says:
April 22, 2015 at 9:30 am
Sir ,thanks for providing useful information as it helps in preparation of amie
Reply
monaco del pasao says:
June 16, 2015 at 5:38 am
great notes but alot of spelling mistakes
Reply
avnish kumar says:
July 6, 2015 at 9:41 am
i am plant engineer(electrcial).dis concept always we r using, so undestand the LF,DF etc..
Reply
thong raty says:
August 4, 2015 at 8:46 am
Dear sir,
Actually sir, Could you please more detail for me about what is the Ku and What is the Ks cos i still confuse with what you
showed above.
Best regard,
Reply
8463838172 says:
August 22, 2015 at 2:55 pm
sir i am electrical engg. student i want to write research paper on rural electricity so could you help me
Reply
sourabh vishwakarma says:
thank you for this information but i have an Question :- if i have 2000kw connected load than how much kva transformer we
should use either higher from 2000kw or below. according to your calculation it give very low capacity capacity of transformer.
please reply.
Reply
kimdongmin says:
Thank you for sharing your knowledge!!
Reply
Nandakumar.R says:
Dear Mr.Jignesh.Parmar
Thank you for your idea and implementation of sharing your experience & knowledge and help technical enthusiasts to learn
more.
GREAT THINKING; GREAT JOB!
Reply
says:
+32.thanks very good site ,thank for help
Reply
Chandrakant Ghan says:
Chandrakant Ghan:
Dear Mr.Parmar, A very useful article and clears many doubts about the factors in Electrical isntalltion.
18 of 19 7/14/17, 12:23 PM
Thanks for such article.
Regards
Reply
sunny says:
May 12, 2016 at 5:52 am
what is the capacity of transformer for 33000sq feet area pls suggested
Reply
Aboderin Sulaiman says:
June 1, 2016 at 3:33 pm
Dear Mr Parmar
We are currently working on a project for Lagos State Ministry of Housing- a total of 53blocks. Each block is a four oors
comprises of 8Nos -1 bedroom at (2 nos per oor) on a wing and 8Nos -2 bedroom at (2Nos per oor) on the other wing. The
total load for each block is 478.4KW and for all the 53 blocks, the total load was 25,355.2KW i.e 25.355MW.
Selecting Transformers for the Estate:
A diversity factor of 0.8 (1.25) was apply for each block and a load factor of 0.3 was used for the entire estate , en block
The total utility factor applied for the entire Estate is 0.8 multiply by 0.3 = 0.24
Total estimated load for selection of Transformer is 25.355MW X 0.24 = 6.085MW
Applying power factor of 0.8, estimated load in KVA = 7,606KVA
Number of Transformer required (Assumed each selected Transformer is of (500KVA) = 7,606/500No = 15.2 say 16No of 500KVA
will be required for the Estate.
I need your advice and I want to know if there is a Regulation that conrm the above application factor for nal load (Estimated)
as done above.
I want to know if I am on the right track considering your denition of diversity factor, load factor etc.
Base on the above calculation what is the size of the main injection substation that will supply the entire estate. Thank you.
Thank you as I expect to hear from you soonest.
Reply
Deepak M.R. says:
July 28, 2016 at 6:38 am
Thanks a lot Sir. These information were very useful.
Reply
venkat says:
August 26, 2016 at 11:51 pm
I like to read your answers i would like to Size of Generator for my new Plant. Pl advice how to arrive correct size of DG set.
similarly, if i want to do same from running plant, pl specify the same also.. thanks..venkat
Reply
19 of 19 7/14/17, 12:23 PM

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Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | Elect... https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demand-factor-divers...

Electrical Notes & Articles

Sharing Abstracts,Notes on various Electrical Engineering Topics.

Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor

OCTOBER 31, 2011 76 COMMENTS (HTTPS://ELECTRICALNOTES.WORDPRESS.COM/2011/10/31/DEMAND-FACTOR-

(1) Demand factor (in IEC, Max.Utilization factor (Ku)):

Demand Factor = Maximum demand / Total connected load

Demand factor is always < =1.

Use of demand factors:

Demand Factor For Industrial

Text Book of Design of Elect. Installation- Jain

Electrical Load Demand Factor

Up to 10 Nos of Motor 0.75

Up to 20 Nos of Motor 0.65

Up to 30 Nos of Motor 0.6

Up to 40 Nos of Motor 0.5

Up to 50 Nos of Motor 0.4

Text Book of Design of Elect. Installation- Jain

Utility Demand Factor

Oce ,School 0.4

Air Port, Bank, Shops, 0.6

Restaurant, Factory, 0.7

Work Shop, Factory (24Hr 0.8

Arc Furnace 0.9

Hand tools 0.4

Inductance Furnace 0.8

Saudi Electricity Company Distribution Standard

Utility Demand Factor

Common Area in building 0.8

Public Facility 0.75

Street Light 0.9

Indoor Parking 0.8

Outdoor Parking 0.9

Park / Garden 0.8

Ware House 0.7

Fuel Station 0.7

Text Book of Principal of Power System-V.K.Mehta

Utility Demand Factor

Residence Load (<0.25 KW) 1

Residence Load (<0.5 KW) 0.6

Residence Load (>0.1 KW) 0.5

Small Industry 0.6

Motor Load (up to 10HP) 0.75

Motor Load (10HP to 20HP) 0.65

Motor Load (20HP to 100HP) 0.55

Motor Load (Above 100HP) 0.50

(2) Diversity factor:

Diversity Factor = Sum of Individual Maximum Demands / Maximum Demand of

Diversity Factor = Installed load / Running load.

The diversity factor is always >= 1.

Use of diversity factor:

Diversity Factor in distribution Network

(Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers by Fink and Beaty)

Elements of System Residential Commercial GeneralPower Large Industrial

Between individual 2.00 1.46 1.45

1.15 1.15 1.15 1.05

1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10

From users to 2.00 1.46 1.44

From users to 3.00 2.18 2.24 1.32

Diversity Factor for Distribution

Number of circuits Diversity Factor in % (ks)

Assemblies entirely tested 2 and 3 90%

10 and more 60%

Assemblies partially tested in every case 100%