Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 84, No. 4, pp.

974-1002, August 1994

New Empirical Relationships among Magnitude, Rupture Length,

Rupture Width, Rupture Area, and Surface Displacement
by Donald L. Wells and K e v i n J. Coppersmith

Abstract Source parameters for historical earthquakes worldwide are com-

piled to develop a series of empirical relationships among moment magnitude
(M), surface rupture length, subsurface rupture length, downdip rupture width,
rupture area, and maximum and average displacement per event. The resulting
data base is a significant update of previous compilations and includes the ad-
ditional source parameters of seismic moment, moment magnitude, subsurface
rupture length, downdip rupture width, and average surface displacement. Each
source parameter is classified as reliable or unreliable, based on our evaluation
of the accuracy of individual values. Only the reliable source parameters are
used in the final analyses. In comparing source parameters, we note the fol-
lowing trends: (1) Generally, the length of rupture at the surface is equal to 75%
of the subsurface rupture length; however, the ratio of surface rupture length to
subsurface rupture length increases with magnitude; (2) the average surface dis-
placement per event is about one-half the maximum surface displacement per
event; and (3) the average subsurface displacement on the fault plane is less
than the maximum surface displacement but more than the average surface dis-
placement. Thus, for most earthquakes in this data base, slip on the fault plane
at seismogenic depths is manifested by similar displacements at the surface.
Log-linear regressions between earthquake magnitude and surface rupture length,
subsurface rupture length, and rupture area are especially well correlated, show-
ing standard deviations of 0.25 to 0.35 magnitude units. Most relationships are
not statistically different (at a 95% significance level) as a function of the style
of faulting: thus, we consider the regressions for all slip types to be appropriate
for most applications. Regressions between magnitude and displacement, mag-
nitude and rupture width, and between displacement and rupture length are less
well correlated and have larger standard deviation than regressions between
magnitude and length or area. The large number of data points in most of these
regressions and their statistical stability suggest that they are unlikely to change
significantly in response to additional data. Separating the data according to
extensional and compressional tectonic environments neither provides statisti-
cally different results nor improves the statistical significance of the regressions.
Regressions for cases in which earthquake magnitude is either the independent
or the dependent parameter can be used to estimate maximum earthquake mag-
nitudes both for surface faults and for subsurface seismic sources such as blind
faults, and to estimate the expected surface displacement along a fault for a
given size earthquake.

Introduction
Seismic hazard analyses, both probabilistic and de-
terministic, require an assessment of the future earth-
quake potential in a region. Specifically, it is often nec-
essary to estimate the size of the largest earthquakes that
might be generated by a particular fault or earthquake
source. It is rare, however, that the largest possible
earthquakes along individual faults have occurred during
the historical period. Thus, the future earthquake poten-

974
Empirical Relationships among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, Rupture Area, and Surface Displacement
tial of a fault commonly is evaluated from estimates of
fault rupture parameters that are, in turn, related to
earthquake magnitude.
It has been known for some time that earthquake
magnitude may be correlated with rupture parameters such
as length and displacement (e.g., Tocher, 1958: Iida,
1959; Chinnery, 1969). Accordingly, paleoseismic and
geologic studies of active faults focus on estimating these
source characteristics. For example, data from geo-
morphic and geologic investigations of faults may be used
to assess the timing of past earthquakes, the amount of
displacement per event, and the segmentation of the fault
zone (e.g., Schwartz and Coppersmith, 1986; Schwartz,
1988; Coppersmith, 1991). To translate these source
characteristics into estimates of earthquake size, rela-
tionships between rupture parameters and the measure of
earthquake size, typically magnitude, are required.
Numerous published empirical relationships relate
magnitude to various fault rupture parameters. Typi-
cally, magnitude is related to surface rupture length as
a function of slip type. Additional relationships that have
been investigated include displacement versus rupture
length, magnitude versus maximum surface displace-
ment, magnitude versus total fault length, and magni-
tude versus surface displacement times surface rupture
length (Tocher, 1958; Iida, 1959; Albee and Smith, 1966;
Chinnery, 1969; Ohnaka, 1978; Slemmons, 1977, 1982;
Acharya, 1979; Bonilla and Buchanon, 1970; Bonilla et
al., 1984; Slemmons et al., 1989). Other studies relate
magnitude and seismic moment to rupture length, rup-
ture width, and rupture area as estimated from the extent
of surface deformation, dimensions of the aftershock zone,
or earthquake source time functions (Utsu and Seki, 1954;
Utsu, 1969; Kanamori and Anderson, 1975; Wyss, 1979;
Singh et al., 1980; Purcaru and Berckhemer, 1982;
Scholz, 1982; Wesnousky, 1986; and Darragh and Bolt,
1987).
The purpose of this article is to present new and re-
vised empirical relationships between various rupture pa-
rameters, to describe the empirical data base used to de-
velop these relationships, and to draw first-order
conclusions regarding the trends in the relationships.
Specifically, this article refines the data sets and extends
previous studies by including data from recent earth-
quakes and from new investigations of older earth-
quakes. The new data provide a much larger and more
comprehensive data base than was available for previous
studies. Additional fault characteristics, such as subsur-
face rupture length, downdip rupture width, and average
fault displacement, also are included. Because the new
data set is more comprehensive than those used for pre-
vious studies, it is possible to examine relationships among
various rupture parameters, as well as the relationships
between rupture parameters and magnitude. An impor-
tant goal of this article is to present the observational
data base in a form that is sufficiently complete to enable
975
the reader to reproduce our results, as well as to carry
out subsequent analyses.
The following sections describe the observational data
base, present the statistical relationships developed be-
tween magnitude and fault rupture parameters, and then
evaluate the relationships in terms of their statistical sig-
nificance, relative stability, and overall usefulness.
Data Base
A worldwide data base of source parameters for 421
historical earthquakes is compiled for this study. The data
include shallow-focus (hypocentral depth less than 40 km),
continental interplate or intraplate earthquakes of mag-
nitudes greater than approximately 4.5. Earthquakes as-
sociated with subduction zones, both plate interface
earthquakes and those occurring within oceanic slabs,
are excluded. For each earthquake in the data base, we
compiled seismologic source parameters and fault char-
acteristics, including seismic moment, magnitude, focal
mechanism, focal depth, slip type, surface and subsur-
face rupture length, maximum and average surface dis-
placement, downdip rupture width, and rupture area.
In general, the data presented in this article are ob-
tained from published results of field investigations of
surface faulting and seismologic investigations. For many
earthquakes, there are several published measurements
of various parameters. One objective of this study is to
identify the most accurate value for each parameter, or
the average value where the accuracy of individual val-
ues could not be determined. Special emphasis is placed
on identifying the sources and types of measurements
reported in the literature (e.g., rupture area based on af-
tershock distribution, geodetic modeling, or teleseismic
inversion). All data are then categorized by type of mea-
surement, and the most accurate value is selected for fur-
ther analysis. The data selection process for each rupture
parameter is described in detail in the following sections.
From the larger data base, 244 earthquakes are se-
lected to develop empirical relationships among various
source parameters. For these earthquakes, which are listed
in Table 1, the source parameters are considered much
more reliable than the source parameters for the other
earthquakes. Earthquakes that are evaluated but ex-
cluded from further study because of insufficient infor-
mation or poor-quality data are provided on microfiche
(Appendix A). Each earthquake listed in Table 1 is iden-
tified by location, name (geographic descriptor or as-
sociated fault), and date of origin in Coordinated Uni-
versal Time (UTC). Each source parameter given in Table
1 is discussed below.
Slip Type
Past studies have demonstrated that the slip type or
style of faulting is potentially significant for correlating
earthquake magnitude and rupture parameters (e.g.,
976 D . L . Wells and K. J. Coppersmith

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982
Slemmons, 1977; Bonilla et al., 1984). To categorize
the dominant slip type for each earthquake in our data
base, we use a simple classification scheme based on the
ratio of the horizontal component of slip to the vertical
component of slip. The horizontal-to-vertical slip ratio
is calculated from all estimates of the components of slip,
including, in order of priority, surface displacement,
geodetic modeling of surface deformation, and the rake
from earthquake focal mechanisms.
Published earthquake focal mechanisms were re-
viewed to compare the nature of surface deformation,
such as surface fault displacements and regional subsi-
dence, uplift, or lateral deformation, with the seismo-
logic data for each earthquake. For some earthquakes,
there are several published focal mechanisms, including
those derived from waveform inversions, P-wave first
motions, and moment tensor inversions. Because focal
mechanisms derived from waveform inversion of long-
period P and SH waves usually are considered more rep-
resentative of the primary style of co-seismic slip than
are short-period P-wave first-motion solutions, the for-
mer generally are preferred (Aki and Richards, 1980).
Theoretically, because the nature and amount of slip at
the surface is at least partly controlled by the depth of
the focus and the nature of surface geologic conditions,
categorizing slip based solely on the slip components
measured at the surface may not correspond to the slip
type indicated by seismologic data. In practice, how-
ever, we find that the dominant sense of slip at the sur-
face is representative of the overall sense of slip mea-
sured from the rake of earthquake focal mechanisms.
Slip types for the earthquakes in Table 1 reflect the
following scheme, which is based on the ratio of hori-
zontal (HZ; strike slip, S) to vertical (VT; reverse, R,
or normal, N) slip:
HZ:VTSIip >2:1 2:ltol:l l:ltol:2 <1:2
Slip Type S S-R, S-N R-S, N-S R, N
In Table 1, the strike-slip component is characterized as
right lateral (RL) or left lateral (LL), depending on the
sense of horizontal displacement. For 60 oblique-slip
earthquakes, the subordinate sense of slip is listed after
the primary slip type. For the regressions, each earth-
quake is assigned to one of three slip types: strike slip,
normal, or reverse. Earthquakes having a horizontal-to-
vertical slip ratio greater than 1 to 1 are considered strike
slip; those having a horizontal-to-vertical slip ratio of 1
to 1 or less are considered normal or reverse, depending
on the sense of vertical displacement.
The earthquakes in Table 1 also are categorized by
other characteristics to evaluate potential differences in
rupture parameter correlations. Earthquakes are charac-
terized with respect to whether they occurred within a
compressional environment (one that is characterized by
D.L. Wells and K. J. Coppersmith
compressional or transpressional tectonics), or within an
extensional environment (one that is characterized by ex-
tensional or transtensional tectonics). Slemmons et al.
(1989) proposed a similar classification for their data base
and found no significant differences between regressions
developed for the two environments. The earthquakes
also are separated according to whether they occurred
within an active plate margin or within a stable conti-
nental region. Stable continental regions are regions of
continental crust that have no significant Cenozoic tec-
tonism or volcanism (Electric Power Research Institute,
1987; Johnston and Kanter, 1990); active plate margins
include all other regions in our data base.
Magnitude and Seismic Moment
Estimates of moment magnitude (M) and surface-
wave magnitude (Ms) are listed in Table 1. Most pre-
vious studies of earthquake source parameters compiled
M s estimates, because these are the most commonly cited
magnitudes for older instrumental earthquakes. There are,
however, several problems associated with using Ms to
analyze source parameter relationships. Because Ms is a
measure of seismic-wave amplitude at a specific period
(approximately 18 to 22 sec), it measures only the en-
ergy released at this period. Although Ms values gen-
erally are very stable between nearby stations, signifi-
cant variations in Ms may occur between distant stations.
These variations are related to azimuth, station distance,
instrument sensitivity, and crustal structure (Panza et al.,
1989). Furthermore, for very large earthquakes (Ms >
8.0), the periods at which Ms is measured become sat-
urated and no longer record large-scale faulting char-
acteristics (Hanks and Kanamori, 1979). A similar prob-
lem with saturation of measured seismic waves also occurs
for scales such as local or Richter magnitude (ML) and
body-wave magnitude (mb). For small earthquakes (Ms
< 5.5), 20-sec surface-wave amplitudes are too small to
be recorded by many seismographs (Kanamori, 1983).
Thus, traditional magnitude scales are limited by both
the frequency response of the Earth and the response of
the recording seismograph.
A physically meaningful link between earthquake size
and fault rupture parameters is seismic moment, M0 =
/~/9 A, where ~ is the shear modulus [usually taken as
3 1011 d y n e / c m 2 for crustal faults (Hanks and Kan-
amori, 1979)];/9 is the average displacement across the
fault surface; and A is the area of the fault surface that
ruptured. In turn, M0 is directly related to magnitude [e.g.,
M = 2/3 * log M0 - 10.7 (Hanks and Kanamori, 1979)].
Seismic moment (M0) also is considered a more ac-
curate measure of the size of an earthquake than are tra-
ditional magnitude scales such as Ms and mb because it
is a direct measure of the amount of radiated energy,
rather than a measure of the response of a seismograph
to an earthquake (Hanks and Wyss, 1972). It is com-
puted from the source spectra of body and surface waves
Empirical Relationships among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, Rupture Area, and Surface Displacement
(Hanks et al., 1975; Kanamori and Anderson, 1975) or
is derived from a moment tensor solution (Dziewonski
et al., 1981). Furthermore, there is a larger variability
in the value of Ms than of Mo measured at different sta-
tions. For any earthquake, Ms values from stations at
different azimuths may differ by as much as 1.5 mag-
nitude units, whereas Mo values rarely differ by more
than a factor of 10, which is equivalent to a variability
of 0.7 in M values. Thus, M is considered a more re-
liable measure of the energy released during an earth-
quake (Hanks and Kanamori, 1979).
For earthquakes that lack published M s estimates,
other measures such as Richter magnitude (NIL) or body-
wave magnitude (mb) are listed in Table 1. Because there
are several methods for calculating Ms, values calculated
by comparable methods are listed where possible. Ac-
cording to Lienkaemper (1984), Ms calculated by the
Prague formula, which is used for Preliminary Deter-
mination of Epicenters (PDE--U.S. Geological Survey
monthly bulletin), is directly comparable to MaR calcu-
lated by Gutenberg and Richter (1954). On the average,
Ms computed by Abe (1981), Gutenberg (1945), and
Richter (1958) differ systematically from Ms (PDE) and
MaR (Lienkaemper, 1984). Comparable Ms values listed
in this report are taken from the following sources, listed
in order of preference: Ms (PDE), M s (Lienkaemper,
1984), and MaR (Gutenberg and Richter, 1954). Addi-
tional sources for magnitudes are listed in the footnotes
to Table 1.
To arrive at a single estimate of seismic moment for
each earthquake in the data base, we calculate an av-
erage seismic moment from all published instrumental
seismic moments, including those measured from body
waves, surface waves, and centroid moment tensor so-
lutions. Noninstrumental estimates of seismic moment,
such as those based on estimates of rupture dimensions
or those estimated from magnitude-moment relation-
ships, are not used to calculate average seismic moment.
Moment magnitudes are calculated from the averaged
seismic moment by the formula of Hanks and Kanamori
(1979): M = 2/3 * log M0 - 10.7. The values of M
calculated from/140 are shown to two decimal places in
Table 1 to signify that they are calculated values; these
values are used for the regression analyses. When con-
sidering individual estimates of moment magnitude,
however, these values are considered significant only to
one decimal place, and should be rounded to the nearest
tenth of a magnitude unit.
Previous studies of the relationship between Ms and
M indicate that these magnitudes are approximately equal
within the range of Ms 5.0 to 7.5 (Kanamori, 1983). Our
data set shows no systematic difference between Ms and
M in the range of magnitude 5.7 to 8.0 (Fig. 1). In the
range of magnitude 4.7 to 5.7, Ms is systematically smaller
than M, in agreement with the results of Boore and Joy-
net (1982). The standard deviation of the difference be-
983
tween each pair of Ms and M values in Figure 1 is ap-
proximately 0.19. This standard deviation is less than
the standard deviation of 0.28 calculated by Lienkaem-
per (1984) for residuals of all single-station Ms estimates
for individual earthquakes. Based on these standard de-
viations, the difference between the magnitude scales (Ms
and M) is insignificant for the earthquakes of magnitude
greater than 5.7 listed in Table 1.
For regressions of magnitude versus surface rupture
length and magnitude versus maximum displacement,
previous studies excluded earthquakes with magnitudes
less than approximately Ms 6.0 (Slemmons, 1982; Bon-
ilia et al., 1984; Slemmons et al., 1989). These authors
noted that earthquakes of Ms less than 6.0 often have
surface ruptures that are much shorter than the source
length defined by aftershocks, and that possible surface
ruptures for these earthquakes may be less well studied
than those for earthquakes of larger magnitude. Fur-
thermore, surface faulting associated with earthquakes
of magnitude less than 6.0 may be poorly expressed as
discontinuous traces or fractures, showing inconsistent
or no net displacement (Darragh and Bolt, 1987; Bon-
illa, 1988). We evaluate regression statistics for mag-
nitude versus surface rupture length and magnitude ver-
sus surface displacement for earthquakes of magnitude
less than 6.0 (Ms or M), and conclude that elimination
of the magnitude cutoff expands the data sets without
significantly compromising the regression statistics. Thus,
several well-studied surface-rupturing earthquakes of
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Moment Magnitude (M)
Figure 1. Surface-wave magnitude (Ms) ver-
sus moment magnitude (M) for historical conti-
nental earthquakes. Segmented linear regression
shown as solid line, with segment boundaries at
M 4.7, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, and 8.2. Short
dashed lines indicate 95% confidence interval of
regression line. Long dashed line indicates equal
magnitudes (1 to 1 slope).
984
magnitude less than 6.0 (e.g., 1979 Homestead Valley
and 1983 Nunez-Coalinga, California) are included in
the data base.
For the regressions on subsurface rupture length and
on rupture area, the lower bound of magnitude is set at
M 4.7 because aftershock sequences for earthquakes of
lower magnitude rarely are the subject of detailed in-
vestigations. Aftershocks and source parameters of nu-
merous recent earthquakes of moderate magnitude (M
4.7 to 6.0) have been studied in detail (e.g., 1984 North
Wales, England; 1986 Kalamata, Greece; and 1988 Pas-
adena and 1990 Upland, California). It is appropriate to
use these moderate-magnitude earthquakes to evaluate
subsurface rupture length, rupture width, and rupture area
relationships, because the use of subsurface character-
istics eliminates the problems associated with the incom-
plete expression of rupture at the surface usually asso-
ciated with moderate-magnitude earthquakes (Darragh
and Bolt, 1987).
Instrumentally measured magnitudes (Ms or M) do
not exist for all the earthquakes listed in Table 1. For
these earthquakes, magnitudes are estimated from re-
ports of felt intensity (MI), or are estimated from the rup-
ture area and displacement using the definition of seis-
mic moment [M0 = /x/5 A (Hanks and Kanamori, 1979)].
The earthquakes that lack instrumental magnitudes are
included for use in displacement-to-length relationships,
which do not require magnitude.
Surface Rupture Length
The length of rupture at the surface is known to be
correlatable with earthquake magnitude. This study re-
views and reevaluates previously published surface rup-
ture lengths for historical earthquakes and expands the
data set to include recent earthquakes and new studies
of older events. Published and unpublished descriptions
of surface rupture are reviewed to evaluate the nature
and extent of surface faulting for 207 earthquakes. Rather
than relying on values reported in secondary data com-
pilations, we reviewed original field reports, maps, and
articles for each earthquake.
Rupture lengths measured from maps and figures are
compared to the lengths reported in descriptions of sur-
face faulting. Descriptions of surface faulting also are
reviewed to evaluate whether the ruptures are primary or
secondary. Primary surface rupture is defined as being
related to tectonic rupture, during which the fault rupture
plane intersects the ground surface. Secondary faulting
includes fractures formed by ground shaking, fractures
and faults related to landslides, and triggered slip on sur-
face faults not related to a primary fault plane (e.g., slip
on bedding plane faults or near-surface slip on adjacent
or distantly located faults). Because identifying primary
tectonic rupture is particularly difficult for smaller-mag-
nitude earthquakes (less than approximately Ms or M 6.0),
these events are included in regression analyses only when
D.L. Wells and K. J. Coppersmith
the tectonic nature of the surface rupture is clearly es-
tablished (e.g., the 1966 Parkfield, California, earth-
quake, but not the 1986 Chalfant Valley, California,
earthquake). Discontinuous surface fractures mapped be-
yond the ends of the continuous surface trace are con-
sidered part of the tectonic surface rupture and are in-
cluded in the calculation of surface rupture length.
Major sources of uncertainty in reported measure-
ments of surface rupture length are as follows. (1) In-
complete studies of the rupture zone. Less than the entire
surface rupture was investigated and mapped for any of
various reasons, such as inaccessibility, discontinuity of
the surface trace along strike so the entire rupture was
not identified, or the fault trace was obscured before
postearthquake investigations were undertaken. Consid-
erable uncertainty in the extent of rupture is assessed for
investigations completed years to decades after an earth-
quake. (2) Different interpretations of the nature and ex-
tent of surface deformation. Interpretations may differ
on the extent of primary surface rupture, the differentia-
tion of primary and secondary surface rupture, and the
correlation of surface rupture on different faults to in-
dividual earthquakes for multiple event sequences. (3)
Unresolvable discrepancies between lengths reported by
different workers. These discrepancies are related to level
of effort in field investigations, method of measuring fault
traces, or lengths reported in text versus the lengths drawn
on maps.
Earthquakes are selected for regression analyses in-
volving surface rupture length if the data met all of the
following criteria: (1) uncertainty in the rupture length
does not exceed approximately 20% of the total length
of the rupture; (2) at least one estimate of the amount of
surface displacement is reported; and (3) the lengths of
ruptures resulting from individual events in multiple
earthquake sequences are known.
Subsurface Rupture Length, Downdip Width,
and Rupture Area
Subsurface source dimensions, both rupture length
and rupture area (length times downdip width), are eval-
uated for more than 250 earthquakes. Wyss (1979) com-
piled a smaller data base of rupture areas for continental
and subduction zone earthquakes, and Darragh and Bolt
(1987) compiled subsurface rupture lengths for moder-
ate-magnitude strike-slip earthquakes. We expand the data
base and relate these rupture parameters to moment mag-
nitude.
The primary method used to estimate subsurface
rupture length and rupture area is the spatial pattern of
early aftershocks. Aftershocks that occur within a few
hours to a few days of the mainshock generally define
the maximum extent of co-seismic rupture (Kanamori and
Anderson, 1975; Dietz and Ellsworth, 1990). Because
the distribution of aftershocks may expand laterally and
vertically following the mainshock, the initial size of the
Empirical Relationships among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, Rupture Area, and Surface Displacement 985

aftershock zone is considered more representative of the mainshock (Mendoza and Hartzell, 1988; Dietz and Ells-
extent of co-seismic rupture than is the distribution of worth, 1990). This observation suggests that even the
aftershocks occurring within days to months of the rupture area defined by early aftershocks may be slightly
mainshock. Furthermore, detailed studies of aftershocks larger than the actual co-seismic rupture zone (Mendoza
of several recent earthquakes (such as the 1989 Loma and Hartzell, 1988).
Prieta, California) suggest that early aftershocks occur We estimate subsurface rupture length using the length
at the perimeter of the co-seismic rupture zone, and that of the best-defined aftershock zone. The accuracy of the
the central part of this zone is characterized by a lack of size of the aftershock zone depends on the accuracy of
seismicity for the first few hours to days after the the locations of individual aftershocks, which depends,
in turn, on the azimuths and proximity of the recording
stations and the accuracy of the subsurface structure ve-
10~ ........ I ........ t' ' ..... ~.
locity model. The largest uncertainty typically is in-
/ curred in calculating the depths of the hypocenters rather
E o Strike Slip /
than the areal distribution of epicenters (Gubbins, 1990).
[] Reverse /
Earthquakes are excluded from regression analysis if only
t- '~ Normal ,,co
/ a few aftershocks were recorded, or if the aftershock lo-
C~ 53 EQs .~ cations were very uncertain.
100
._J Alternative but less satisfactory methods to assess
oJ the extent of subsurface co-seismic rupture include con-
-I,m sidering the surface rupture length, geodetic modeling of
Q_
surface displacement, and modeling of the earthquake
Q~
10 source time function. Comparisons for this study suggest
that the surface rupture length provides a minimum es-
C~
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k_

/ 53 earthquakes for which data on both surface and sub-

C/)
,/ surface rupture length are available, surface rupture length
I 1 i J I i i i[ I i i i I i ;IJ ; , I i I
averaged about 75% of subsurface rupture length (Fig.
10 100 103 2). However, the ratio of surface rupture length to sub-
Subsurface Rupture Length ( k m ) surface rupture length appears to increase with magni-
tude (Fig. 3). Thus, we conclude that surface rupture
Figure 2. Surface rupture length versus sub- length is a more reliable estimator of subsurface rupture
surface rupture length estimated from the distri- length as magnitude increases.
bution of early aftershocks of historical continen- Estimates of rupture length calculated from geodetic
tal earthquakes.
modeling of vertical and horizontal changes at the ground
surface, or from corner frequencies of seismograms
(source time functions for circular, unilateral, or bilat-
1.4 I I r I eral ruptures) also are compiled from the literature. For
t-
53 Earthquakes some earthquakes, rupture lengths estimated from these
1.2
methods are much shorter than rupture lengths measured

d
from the distribution of aftershocks (Mendoza and Hart-
1 le o %, zell, 1988). Thus, these measures of rupture length may
o
t RiO not represent the extent of co-seismic rupture in the same
~"-
k_ .8 way that aftershocks do. In this study, estimates of sub-
~o o
surface rupture length based on geodetic modeling or
r~
:s .6 ". . ~ " o~O source time functions are accepted for regression anal-
(/3
ysis only when independent estimates of rupture length
OJ
U
.4 are available for corroboration.
~c0 Downdip rupture widths are estimated from the depth
~ .2 distribution of the best-defined zone of aftershocks. Where
the downdip width of rupture is unknown from the dis-
0 a I i I i I i I tribution of aftershocks, it is estimated from the depth
4 5 6 7 8 (thickness) of the seismogenic zone or the depth of the
M a g n i t u d e (M) hypocenter and the assumed dip of the fault plane. For
most earthquakes of magnitude 5 1/2 or larger, the
Figure 3. Ratio of surface to subsurface rup- mainshock typically occurs at or near the base of the
ture length versus magnitude. seismogenic zone (Sibson, 1987). Estimates of rupture
986
width based on hypocentral depth of the mainshock or
width of the seismogenic zone are used to calculate rup-
ture area only for earthquakes for which detailed infor-
mation on regional seismicity is available, or for which
detailed studies of the hypocentral depth and focal mech-
anism have been performed.
Major sources of uncertainty for measuring subsur-
face rupture parameters are as follows: (1) accuracy of
aftershock locations in three dimensions; (2) interpreta-
tion of the initial extent (length and downdip width) of
the aftershock sequence; (3) temporal expansion of the
aftershock zone; (4) interpretation of the length of mul-
tiple earthquake rupture sequences; (5) identification of
the strike and dip of the rupture plane from aftershocks;
and (6) reliability of geodetic and seismologic modeling.
Earthquakes are selected for regression analyses in-
volving subsurface rupture length, rupture width, and
rupture area if the data met the following criteria: (1)
subsurface rupture length and width are measured from
an aftershock sequence of known duration; and (2) af-
tershocks were recorded by a local seismograph net-
work, or many aftershocks were recorded at teleseismic
stations. In cases where information on aflershock dis-
tribution is lacking, the earthquake is included in the
analysis if (1) consistent subsurface rupture lengths are
calculated from at least two sources such as geodetic
modeling, source time functions, or surface rupture length,
and (2) rupture width can be estimated confidently from
the thickness of the seismogenic zone or the depth of the
mainshock hypocenter.
Maximum and Average Surface Displacement
Observational data from field studies of faults as well
as theoretical studies of seismic moment suggest that
earthquake magnitude should correlate with the amount
of displacement along the causative fault. In contrast to
the published information on surface rupture length, dis-
placement measurements for many earthquakes often are
poorly documented. In this study, we attempted system-
atically to compile information on the amount of co-seis-
mic surface displacement and to identify the maximum
and the average displacement along the rupture.
The most commonly reported displacement mea-
surement is the m a x i m u m observed horizontal and/or
vertical surface displacement. We reviewed published
measurements of displacement, including components of
horizontal and vertical slip to calculate a net maximum
displacement for each earthquake. Because the majority
of displacement measurements reported in the literature
were measured weeks to years after the earthquake, these
displacement estimates may include post-co-seismic slip
or fault creep. For events where displacements were
measured at several time periods, we generally select the
first measurements recorded after the earthquake to min-
imize possible effects of fault creep. For several recent
events in our data base (such as 1992 Landers, Califor-
D.L. Wells and K. J. Coppersmith
nia), we note that little or no postearthquake creep was
observed. Thus, displacement measurements recorded
several weeks or longer after the earthquake may rep-
resent the actual co-seismic slip, except for a few regions
where post-co-seismic slip has been documented (e.g.,
Parkfield and Imperial Valley regions of California).
The net displacement is calculated from the vector
sum of the slip components (horizontal and vertical)
measured at a single location. Commonly, the maxi-
mum horizontal displacement and the maximum vertical
displacement occur at different locations along a rupture.
In those cases, unless the subordinate component is re-
corded at the sites of the maxima, a net slip vector can-
not be calculated. Furthermore, it is difficult to recog-
nize and measure compression and extension across a
fault, even for the more recent, well-studied earth-
quakes.
Average displacement per event is calculated from
multiple measurements of displacement along the rup-
ture zone. For most earthquakes, the largest displace-
ments typically occur along a limited reach of the rupture
zone. Thus, simple averaging of a limited number of dis-
placement measurements is unlikely to provide an ac-
curate estimate of the true average surface displacement.
The most reliable average displacement values are cal-
culated from net displacement measurements recorded
along the entire surface rupture. Figure 4 shows a sur-
face displacement distribution for the 1968 Borrego
Mountain, California, earthquake, a relatively well-stud-
ied event. The average displacement may be calculated
by several graphical methods, including a linear point-
to-point function, a running three-point average, or an
enveloping function that minimizes the effects of anom-
alously low or high displacement measurements (D. B.
Slemmons, 1989, personal comm.). The average-dis-
placement data base reported in this study includes events
examined by Slemmons using graphical techniques, and
I-- 400 '~
350 ~
300 -
250 -
~ 200-
LU 150 -
<1~ 100 -
50-
o
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
H O R I Z O N T A L D I S T A N C E (km)
=~i----Central Break ---}=~outh Break-oq
North B r e a k
Figure 4. Distribution of right slip measured
in April 1968 for the 9 April 1968 Borrego Moun-
tain, California, earthquake. Dashed line indicates
estimated displacement for April 1968 (modified
from Clark, 1972).
Empirical Relationships among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, Rupture Area, and Surface Displacement
events for which data were obtained from the published
literature or calculated from individual measurements of
displacement for these earthquakes. Specifically, we in-
clude estimates of average displacement that we calcu-
late from a minimum of 10 displacement measurements
distributed along the surface rupture, or were reported
from extensive studies of the entire surface rupture.
For the average-displacement data set, the maximum
surface displacement is about twice the average surface
displacement, although the ratio of average to maximum
surface displacement ranges from about 0.2 to 0.8 (Fig.
5). In addition, for a subset of earthquakes with pub-
lished instrumental estimates of seismic moment, the ra-
tio of average to maximum displacement does not vary
systematically as a function of magnitude (Fig. 5).
A matter of interest is the relationship of co-seismic
surface displacement to "subsurface" displacement that
occurs on the fault plane within the seismogenic crust
(as given in the definition of seismic moment). To eval-
uate the relationship of surface displacement to average
subsurface displacement, we calculate an average dis-
placement from the seismic moment and the rupture area
for all earthquakes having acceptable estimates of max-
imum and average surface displacement, seismic mo-
ment, and rupture area. The calculated values of sub-
surface displacement are compared with the observed
maximum and average surface displacements in Figures
6 and 7. The ratio of average subsurface displacement
to maximum surface displacement ranges from 0.14 to
7.5; the ratio of average subsurface displacement to av-
erage surface displacement ranges from 0.25 to 6.0. These
ratios do not appear to vary as a function of magnitude
(Figs. 6a and 6b).
To evaluate the distribution of data, we calculate re-
I I I I
E erage surface slip) are known; (2) slip occurred primarily
.8
o
c/) O go
.6
oetdb
E
o05, ,oB
E I
x ,4 - eeO%
O0
oqllJ
QO
.2 go
57 Earthquakes
0 , J , I , I ,
4 5 6 7
Magnifude (M)
Figure 5. Ratio of average surface to maxi-
mum surface displacement versus magnitude.
987
siduals for the ratios and find that the distribution is con-
sistent with a normal distribution of data. Because of this
and because of the large range of data, we believe that
the mode provides an appropriate measure of the distri-
bution of ratios. For 44 earthquakes for which we have
estimates of both maximum displacement and subsurface
displacement, the mode of the distribution of the ratios
of average subsurface displacement to maximum surface
displacement is 0.76 (Fig. 7a). This indicates that for
most earthquakes, the average subsurface displacement
is less than the maximum surface displacement. For 32
earthquakes for which we have estimates of both average
displacement and subsurface displacement, the mode of
the distribution of the ratios of average subsurface dis-
placement to average surface displacement is 1.32 (Fig.
7b). Thus, for the earthquakes in our data set, average
subsurface displacement is more than average surface
displacement and less than maximum surface displace-
ment. Furthermore, for these earthquakes, most slip on
the fault plane at seismogenic depths is manifested at the
surface.
The major sources of uncertainty in the displace-
ment data set reflect the following: (1) documentation of
less than the entire fault rupture trace; (2) lack of suitable
features (e.g., stratigraphy, streams, or cultural features)
for measuring displacement; (3) distribution of displace-
ment along multiple fault strands, or distributed shearing
over a broad fault zone; (4) modification of the fault scarp
by landsliding or erosion; (5) increase in displacement
due to afterslip; (6) inadequately documented locations
of slip measurements; and (8) measurements of slip on
geomorphic features displaced by repeated earthquakes
or postearthquake creep.
Earthquakes are selected for regression analyses in-
volving displacement if the data met all of the following
criteria: (1) type of displacement (strike slip, reverse,
normal) and nature of measurement (maximum or av-
on a single fault, or the total slip across a zone of faults
is known; (3) net maximum displacement is calculated
from horizontal and vertical components of slip mea-
sured at a single locality; and (4) the measured displace-
ment can be attributed uniquely to the most recent earth-
quake. In addition, for average displacement, the estimate
is calculated from the sum of numerous contempora-
neous displacement measurements, or was reported in
literature by researchers who investigated the entire length
of the surface rupture.
Regression Models
I
8 Numerous regression models exist for evaluating the
relationship between any pair of variables, including
models for linear or nonlinear relationships and normal
(Gaussian) or nonparametric distributions of data. Most
previous studies of fault rupture parameters used a sire-
988 D . L . Wells and K. J. Coppersmith

pie linear regression model such as ordinary least squares. 1987). Thus, because we are interested in predicting pa-
Other models considered for this study included least- rameters to evaluate seismic hazard, and to make our
normal squares and reduced major axis (Troutman and new empirical relationships comparable to previously
Williams, 1987). These models have the advantage of determined relationships, we use an ordinary least-squares
providing a unique solution regardless of which variable regression model for all analyses.
is chosen to be the dependent variable. Although this A further consideration in selecting a regression model
unique solution provides the best fit to all the data, and is how it treats uncertainties in the data. Based on their
thus the most accurate interpretation of the relationship detailed analysis of the "measurement" uncertainties as-
between variables, it does not minimize the error in pre- sociated with magnitudes (Ms), surface rupture lengths,
dicting any individual variable. An ordinary least-squares and maximum displacements, Bonilla et al. (1984) noted
model, however, calculates a nonunique solution that that for any given earthquake, the stochastic variance
minimizes the error in predicting the dependent variable (earthquake-to-earthquake differences) in these rupture
from the independent variable (Troutman and Williams, parameters dominates errors in measurement. Specifi-

, , i I , i , , j , , , , ,, , , , i , ,
' ' ' ' ' ' I

(a) (b)
o o
oo o
o Ooe
o o
o
o o o oo
7 o o oo
o
o
0
o Oo~D o o
0 ~ go
0
o o o o o
o 0008
0 O 0 0 0 0

0 0 0
o
0 o

44 Earthquakes 32 Earthquakes
i i i i i i i i J i i i i i i i i I I i i i i i J i i i i i i i

0 -I 1 1010 -1 1 10

Ave Subsurface/Max S u r f a c e Disp Ave S u b s u r f a c e / A v e Surface Disp

Figure 6. (a) Ratio of average subsurface to maximum surface displacement

versus magnitude. (b) Ratio of average subsurface to average surface displace-
ment versus magnitude. Average subsurface displacement is calculated from the
seismic moment and the rupture area.

20

18

16

14

12
.Q
E 10

z 8

2
0
10 -1 1 1010 -1 1 10

Ave S u b s u r f a c e / M a x S u r f a c e Disp Ave S u b s u r f a c e / A v e S u r f a c e Disp

F i g u r e 7. (a) Histogram of the logarithm of the ratio of average subsurface

to maximum surface displacement. (b) Histogram of the logarithm of the ratio
of average subsurface to average surface displacement. Average subsurface dis-
placement is calculated from the seismic m o m e n t and the rupture area.
Empirical Relationships among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, Rupture Area, and Surface Displacement 989

cally, they observed that a weighted least-squares model, binned data sets for each set of residuals. We compute
which incorporates estimated measurement errors as a the optimum number of bins for each data set using the
weighing factor, provides no better correlations than does method of Benjamin and Cornell (1970). The X 2 tests
an ordinary least-squares regression model. Similarly, indicate that the distribution of residuals for all data sets
Singh et al. (1980) analyzed the effects of data errors on is consistent with a normal distribution of data at a 95%
solutions from linear and quadratic regressions. They significance level. We also examine the distribution of
concluded that there are significant difficulties in esti- residuals for each data set to evaluate the fit of the data
mating the errors in source parameters, and that includ- to the regression model. Because the distribution of re-
ing estimated errors did not significantly improve the siduals shows no obvious trends, a linear regression model
statistical correlations. provides a satisfactory fit to the data (Fig. 8).
Although earthquake-specific uncertainties in the One significant change from the methods and results
measured data are not listed in Table 1, the uncertainty of most previous studies is that our analyses present
in each listed parameter falls within the limits of ac- regressions based on moment magnitude (M) rather than
ceptability defined by the selection criteria, except for surface-wave magnitude (Ms). During preliminary anal-
those parameters shown in parentheses. The parameters ysis of the regression relationships, we observed that the
shown in parenthesis are excluded from the regression standard deviation of magnitude is consistently smaller
analyses because the uncertainties in the values are too for relationships based on M than for relationships based
large; however, these values are included in the data set on Ms. In addition, the correlation coefficient generally
for the sake of completeness. Thus, we consider the is slightly higher for M relationships than for Ms rela-
measurement uncertainties during the data selection pro- tionships. One advantage, however, to using Ms-based
cess, but not for the regression analyses. For the 244 relationships is that the number of events in each rela-
earthquakes included in the analyses, the uncertainties tionship is increased. We consider the smaller standard
in measurements for any given earthquake are consid- deviations and generally improved correlations for M-
ered much smaller than the stochastic variation in the based relationships more important than increasing the
data set as a whole. size of the data set. We present only regressions based
One assumption of ordinary least-squares models is on M; for different applications, however, Ms-based re-
that the residuals have a normal distribution. Because lationships may be calculated from the data set.
many geologic and seismologic variables do not have a
normal distribution, it is necessary to transform the data Regression Results and Statistical Significance
to a logarithmic form; this transformed data typically has
a normal distribution (Davis, 1986). To test the as- Ordinary least-squares regression analyses (Tables
sumption that the data sets have a (log) normal distri- 2A and 2B) include regression of M and lOgl0 of surface
bution, we calculate residuals between the empirical data rupture length, subsurface rupture length, downdip rup-
and the predicted independent variable from each regres- ture width, rupture area, maximum surface displace-
sion equation. We complete X2 tests for binned and un- ment, and average surface displacement as a function of

i i iJiill I r , ,,,,,~ , , , ,i,,, O~ ,rlrrJ I i i ,,i,iJ r , , r~fl,r n I ~ ,,,IT 1

- (a)
2 - J o (b)/
_
o. . . o . . 1
1
~ ~V r J
1/1
- I' ~o Ooo eeo _e ee~ ee 1

- I o~'Jn~ 1 . t
..... - - - - 0 ' - ~ -2..-~, -%"-. . . . . . . . -1
......... = .......... t
r~ . ..o: o I ; oI ~ . Z* l
-I

_
w gO
I&
FOg
_J
/
........:.
-2

-3
J , J ,ll,,f
ee
r ,

, ,,,,,J
77 EQs

, t i t tttttl
] i i Illl,,I , I ,~lHI I IllIHd
148 EOs
I I ,,,,,,i
/
-!

10 100 103 10 100 10 ~ 104

Surface Rupture Lengfh (kin) Rupture Area (kin 2)

Figure 8. (a) Residuals for surface rupture length regression versus observed
surface rupture length. (b) Residuals for rupture area regression versus observed
rupture area.
990 D . L . Wells and K. J. Coppersmith

slip type. Regressions of surface rupture length and max-
imum and average displacement also are presented (Ta-
ble 2C). Regression descriptors include number of events,
regression coefficients (a and b), standard error of the
coefficients, standard deviation of the dependent vari-
able (s), correlation coefficient (r), and data range. The
empirical relationships have the form y = a + b * log
(x) or log (y) = a + b * log (x), where y is the dependent
variable and x is the independent variable. Two plots are
presented for each pair of parameters. The first shows
the data, the "all-slip-type" regression line (i.e., the
regression fit to all of the data), and the 95% confidence
interval (Figs. 9a through 16a). The second shows the
regression lines for individual slip types (Figures 9b
through 16b). The length of the regression line shows
the range of data for each empirical relationship.
We calculate t statistics for the Correlation coeffi-
cient to evaluate the significance of each relationship. A
t distribution estimates a probability distribution based
on the size of the data set. We use a t test to calculate
critical values of t, then compare these values to critical
values of t for a selected significance level. We evaluate
significance levels for a two-tailed distribution, because
the correlation may be positive or negative. All rela-
tionships are significant at a 95% probability level, ex-
cept for the reverse-slip relationships for maximum and
average displacement. These relationships are not sig-
nificant because the position of the regression line is poorly
constrained by the data; they are shown in brackets in
Table 2 because they are not considered useful for pre-
dicting dependent variables. Furthermore, we exclude
them from comparisons to regression lines for other re-
lationships. The results of our analyses indicate a poor
correlation between surface displacement and other rup-
ture parameters for reverse-slip earthquakes. The re-
verse-slip relationships excluded from further analysis
include maximum displacement versus magnitude, av-
erage displacement versus magnitude, surface rupture

Table 2A
Regressions of Rupture Length, Rupture Width, Rupture Area, and Moment Magnitude (M)
Coefficientsand
Standard Correlation
StandardErrors
Slip Numberof Deviation Coefficient Magnitude Length/Width
Equation* Typet Events a(sa) b(sb) s r Range Range(kin)

M = a + b*log(SRL) SS 43 5.16(0.13) 1.12(0.08) 0.28 0.91 5.6 to 8.1 1.3 to 432

R 19 5.00(0.22) 1.22(0.16) 0.28 0.88 5.4 to 7.4 3.3 to 85
N 15 4.86(0.34) 1.32(0.26) 0.34 0.81 5.2 to 7.3 2.5 to 41
All 77 5.08(0.10) 1.16(0.07) 0.28 0.89 5.2 to 8.1 1.3 to 432
log(SRL) = a + b*M SS 43 -3.55(0.37) 0.74(0.05) 0.23 0.91 5.6 to 8.1 1.3 to 432
R 19 -2.86(0.55) 0.63(0.08) 0.20 0.88 5.4 to 7.4 3.3 to 85
N 15 -2.01(0.65) 0.50(0.10) 0.21 0.81 5.2 to 7.3 2.5 to 41
All 77 -3.22(0.27) 0.69(0.04) 0.22 0.89 5.2 to 8.1 1,3 to 432
M = a + b*log(RLD) SS 93 4.33(0.06) 1.49(0.05) 0.24 0.96 4.8 to 8.1 1.5 to 350
R 50 4.49(0.11) 1.49(0.09) 0.26 0.93 4.8 to 7.6 1.1 to 80
N 24 4.34(0.23) 1.54(0.18) 0.31 0.88 5.2 to 7.3 3.8 to 63
All 167 4.38(0.06) 1.49(0.04) 0.26 0.94 4.8 to 8.1 1.1 to 350
log(RLD) = a + b*M SS 93 -2.57(0.12) 0.62(0.02) 0.15 0,96 4.8 to 8.1 1.5 to 350
R 50 -2.42(0,21) 0.58(0.03) 0.16 0.93 4.8 to 7.6 1.1 to 80
N 24 -1.88(0,37) 0.50(0.06) 0.17 0.88 5.2 to 7.3 3.8 to 63
All 167 -2.44(0.11) 0.59(0.02) 0.16 0.94 4.8 to 8,1 1.1 to 350
M = a + b*log(RW) SS 87 3.80(0.17) 2.59(0.18) 0.45 0.84 4.8 to 8.1 1.5 to 350
R 43 4.37(0.16) 1.95(0.15) 0.32 0.90 4.8 to 7.6 1.1 to 80
N 23 4.04(0.29) 2.11(0.28) 0.31 0.86 5.2 to 7.3 3.8 to 63
All 153 4.06(0.11) 2.25(0.12) 0.41 0.84 4.8 to 8.1 1.1 to 350
log(RW) = a + b*M SS 87 -0.76(0.12) 0.27(0.02) 0.14 0.84 4.8 to 8.1 1,5 to 350
R 43 -1.61(0.20) 0.41(0.03) 0.15 0.90 4.8 to 7.6 1.1 to 80
N 23 -1.14(0.28) 0.35(0.05) 0.12 0.86 5.2 to 7.3 3.8 to 63
All 153 -1.01(0.10) 0.32(0.02) 0.15 0.84 4.8 to 8.1 1.1 to 350
M = a + b*log(RA) SS 83 3.98(0.07) 1.02(0.03) 0.23 0.96 4.8 to 7.9 3 to 5,184
R 43 4.33(0.12) 0.90(0.05) 0.25 0.94 4.8 to 7.6 2.2 to 2,400
N 22 3.93(0.23) 1.02(0.10) 0.25 0.92 5.2 to 7.3 19 to 900
All 148 4.07(0.06) 0.98(0.03) 0.24 0.95 4.8 to 7.9 2.2 to 5,184
log(RA) = a + b*M SS 83 -3.42(0.18) 0.90(0.03) 0.22 0.96 4.8 to 7.9 3 to 5,184
R 43 -3.99(0.36) 0.98(0.06) 0.26 0.94 4.8 to 7.6 2.2 to 2,400
N 22 -2.87(0.50) 0.82(0.08) 0.22 0.92 5.2 to 7.3 19 to 900
All 148 -3.49(0.16) 0.91(0.03) 0.24 0.95 4.8 to 7.9 2.2 to 5,184

* S R L - - s u r f a c e rupture length (km); R L D - - s u b s u r f a c e rupture length (kin); R W - - d o w n d i p rupture width (km), R A - - r u p t u r e area (kmZ).
t S S - - s t r i k e slip; R - - r e v e r s e ; N - - n o r m a l .
Empirical Relationships among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, Rupture Area, and Surface Displacement 991

length versus maximum displacement, and surface rup-
ture length versus average displacement. We also eval-
uate regressions between Ms and displacement; we ob-
serve similar trends in correlation coefficients and standard
deviations for each slip type.
Analysis of Parameter Correlations
The empirical regressions for all-slip-type relation-
ships (Table 2) as well as the data plots (Figs. 9a through
16a) enable us to evaluate the correlations among var-
ious rupture parameters. The strongest correlations (r =
0.89 to 0.95) exist between magnitude (M) and surface
rupture length, subsurface rupture length, and rupture area.
These regressions also have the lowest standard devia-
tions (s = 0.24 to 0.28 magnitude units). Magnitude ver-
sus displacement relationships have lower correlations
(r = 0.75 to 0.78) and higher standard deviations (s =
0.39 to 0.40 magnitude units). Displacement versus length
relationships have the weakest correlation (r = 0.71 to
0.75), with standard deviations of 0.36 to 0.41 magni-
tude units. These results indicate that displacement and
rupture length generally correlate better with magnitude
than with each other. The weaker correlations may re-
flect the wide range of displacement values (variations
as great as 1 1/4 orders of magnitude) observed for rup-
tures of the same length (Figs. 12a and 13a).
In general, the relatively high correlations (r > 0.7)
and low standard deviations for all the regressions in-
dicate there is a strong correlation among the various
rupture parameters, and that these regressions may be
used confidently to estimate dependent variables.
Because our relationships are based on M rather than
Ms, a quantitative comparison with most regressions cal-
culated for previous studies cannot be made. For the sur-
face rupture length and maximum displacement regres-
sions based on Ms that we calculated during our
preliminary analyses, we observed that the correlation
coefficients generally were slightly higher, and the stan-
dard deviations were lower, than for the regressions cal-
culated by Bonilla et al. (1984), Slemmons (1982),
Slemmons et al. (1989), and Wesnousky (1986). We also
observed that our regressions typically provided similar
magnitude estimates to the relationships of Slemmons,
and slightly lower magnitude estimates than the rela-
tionships of Bonilla et al. (1984). The coefficients for
our all-slip-type rupture area regression are similar to the
coefficients estimated by Wyss (1979) for an M versus
rupture area relationship. Further, because the data sets
we use to calculate regressions typically are much larger
than the data sets used for previous studies, even qual-
itative comparisons among results of different studies are
difficult to evaluate.
Effects of Slip Type on Regressions
By comparing the regressions for various slip types
(Figs. 9b through 16b), we may evaluate the differences
in magnitude or displacement that will result from a given
fault parameter as a function of the sense of slip. The
sensitivity of the regressions to the sense of slip greatly
affects their application, because estimating the sense of
slip of a fault may be difficult. If the regressions are
insensitive to slip type, such a determination would be
unnecessary, and using the all-slip-type regression would
be appropriate. A further advantage to using all-slip-type

Table 2B
Regressions of Displacement and Moment Magnitude (M)
Coefficients and
Standard Correlation
Standard Errors
Slip Number of Deviation Coefficient Magnitude Displacement
Equation* Typet Events a(sa) b(sb) s r Range Range (km)

M = a + b * log (MD) SS 43 6.81(0.05) 0.78(0.06) 0.29 0.90 5.6 to 8.1 0.01 to 14.6
{R~ 21 6.52(0,11) 0.44(0.26) 0.52 0.36 5.4 to 7.4 0.11 to 6.5}
N 16 6.61(0.09) 0.71(0.15) 0.34 0.80 5.2 to 7.3 0.06 to 6.1
All 80 6.69(0.04) 0.74(0.07) 0.40 0.78 5.2 to 8.1 0.01 to 14.6
log (MD) = a + b * M SS 43 -7.03(0.55) 1.03(0.08) 0.34 0.90 5.6 to 8.1 0.01 to 14.6
{R 21 -1.84(1.14) 0.29(0.17) 0.42 0.36 5.4 to 7.4 0.11 to 6.5}
N 16 -5.90(1.18) 0.89(0.18) 0.38 0.80 5.2 to 7.3 0.06 to 6.1
All 80 -5.46(0.51) 0.82(0.08) 0.42 0.78 5.2 to 8.1 0.01 to 14.6
M = a + b * log (AD) SS 29 7.04(0.05) 0.89(0.09) 0.28 0.89 5.6 to 8.1 0.05 to 8.0
{17 15 6.64(0.16) 0.13(0.36) 0.50 0.10 5.8 to 7.4 0.06 to 1.5}
N 12 6.78(0.12) 0.65(0.25) 0.33 0.64 6.0 to 7.3 0.08 to 2 . l
All 56 6.93(0.05) 0.82(0.10) 0.39 0.75 5.6 to 8.1 0.05 to 8.0
log (AD) = a + b * M SS 29 -6.32(0.61) 0.90(0.09) 0.28 0.89 5.6 to 8.1 0.05 to 8.0
{R 15 -0.74(1.40) 0.08(0.21) 0.38 0.10 5.8 to 7.4 0.06 to 1.5}
N 12 -4.45(1.59) 0.63(0.24) 0.33 0.64 6.0 to 7.3 0.08 to 2.1
All 56 -4.80(0.57) 0.69(0.08) 0.36 0.75 5.6 to 8.1 0.05 to 8.0

* M D - - m a x i m u m displacement (m); A D - - a v e r a g e displacement (M).

t S S - - s t r i k e slip; R - - r e v e r s e ; N - - n o r m a l .
$Regressions for reverse-slip relationships shown in italics and brackets are not significant at a 95% probability level.
992 D.L. Wells and K. J. C o p p e r s m i t h

Table 2C
Regressions o f Surface Rupture L e n g t h and D i s p l a c e m e n t

Coefficients and
Standard Correlation
Standard Errors Rupture Length
Slip Number of Deviation Coefficient Displacement
Equation* Type# Events a(sa) b(sb) s r Range (m) Range (kin)

log (MD) = a + b * log (SRL) SS 55 -1.69(0.16) 1,16(0.09) 0.36 0.86 0.01 to 14.6 1.3 to 432
{R$ 21 -0.44(0.34) 0.42(0.23) 0.43 0.38 0.11 to 6.5 4 to 148}
N 19 -1.98(0.50) 1.51(0.35) 0.41 0.73 0.06 to 6.4 3.8 to 75
All 95 -1.38(0.15) 1.02(0.09) 0.41 0.75 0.01 to 14.6 1.3 to 432
log (SRL) = a + b * log (MD) SS 55 1.49(0.04) 0.64(0.05) 0.27 0.86 0.01 to 14.6 1.3 to 432
{R 21 1.36(0.09) 0.35(0.19) 0.39 0.38 0.11 to 6.5 4 to 148}
N 19 1.36(0.05) 0.35(0.08) 0.20 0.73 0.06 to 6.4 3.8 to 75
All 95 1.43(0.03) 0.56(0.05) 0.31 0,75 0,01 to 14,6 1.3 to 432
log (AD) = a + b * log (SRL) SS 35 -1.70(0.23) 1.04(0.13) 0.32 0.82 0.10 to 8.0 3.8 to 432
{R 17 -0.60(0.39) 0.31(0.27) 0.40 0.28 0.06 to 2.6 6.7 to 148}
N 14 -1.99(0.72) 1.24(0.49) 0.37 0.59 0.08 to 2.1 15 to 75
All 66 -1.43(0.18) 0.88(0.11) 0.36 0.71 0.06 to 8.0 3.8 to 432
log (SRL) = a + b * log (AD) SS 35 1.68(0.04) 0.65(0.08) 0.26 0.82 0.10 to 8.0 3.8 to 432
{R 17 1.45(0.10) 0.26(0.23) 0.36 0.28 0.06 to 2.6 6.7 to 148}
N 14 1.52(0.05) 0.28(0.11) 0.17 0.59 0.08 to 2.1 15 to 75
All 66 1.61(0.04) 0.57(0.07) 0.29 0.71 0.06 to 8.0 3.8 to 432

*SRL--surface rupture length (km); MD--maximum displacement (m); AD--average displacement (m).
SS--strike slip; R--reverse; N--normal.
SRegressions for reverse-slip relationships shown in italics and brackets are not significant at a 95% probability level.

I 1 I i It I i i i i i I i i II i i i i i I i i i i i i i i J i it|
. . . . I,,, 1 , , ' ' ''"1

o Strike Slip (a) - - + Sfrike Slip (b)

[] Reverse ..o- - - * Reverse
z~ Normal ~ n~.,o - - ,, Normal J
77 EOs %~'.0 J
12 ZXZ ~ C ~ ~ s "
r-
7

6
r-
ID
E
j"/
O
5
M = 5.08 + 1.16*Iog(SRL)
I I I I t '''1 , i t t lltll I , , ~ ,,, R , , , ,t,iI t I a I =ltll , , , , ,L

10 100 103 1 10 100 103

Surface Rupfure Lengfh (kin) Surface Rupfure Lengfh (km)

Figure 9. (a) Regression of surface rupture length on magnitude (M). Regres-

sion line s h o w n for all-slip-type relationship. Short dashed line indicates 95%
confidence interval. (b) Regression lines for strike-slip, reverse, and normal-slip
relationships. See Table 2 for regression coefficients. L e n g t h of regression lines
shows the range of data for each relationship.
Empirical Relationships among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, Rupture Area, and Surface Displacement 993

, , i r~f,, r i = E Er,=,j i i I i ii,,j

t t I I I I I I1 I I I I [ I r I II I ....... I /
o Strike Slip (a) | - - + Strike Slip (b)
[] Reverse
s ,~ Normal o o-I -

--
- *
',
Reverse
Normal
80 Es Q []
o .xr
o /
"12 /
7 On ~ , ~ "-
c 0
u~ Jr

c
~" - / . " o _ /
E ><.-'- 2, []

i
o o S .
~ 5
I M = 6.69 + 0.74*Iog(MD)
I I lllllJ I J i =====J i J = ==lull I I Z I Z I I zi I I ~ ~lzzzJ I , , ,,,,,I
4
10 - 2 10 -1 1 10 10 -2 10 -1 1 10

Maximum Displacement (m) Maximum Displacement (m)

Figure 10. (a) Regression of maximum surface displacement on magnitude
(M). Regression line shown for all-slip-type relationship. Short dashed line in-
dicates 95% confidence interval. (b) Regression lines for strike-slip, reverse, and
normal-slip relationships. See Table 2 for regression coefficients. Length of
regression lines shows the range of data for each relationship.

9 i i
....... I ........ I I I [ I I I III

o Strike Slip (a)

-- + Strike Slip
(b)
[] Reverse
-- * Reverse
A Normal o o~
~ Normal
1
"0
56 EQs []
0o- . ' ~ . /
[]
A @,"
0 ,, ~ "
,, " " "
"
/
om
t'- / I
~ b

12)

/
c- []
G) o

Eo
M = 6.9,3 + 0 . 8 2 * l o c j ( A D )

l ~ flilJJ i = = lllllJ I I I lllll]

10 - z 10 -1 1 10 0-2 10 -1 1 10

Average Displacement (m) Average Displacement (m)

Figure 11. (a) Regression of average surface displacement on magnitude (M).
Regression line shown for all-slip-type relationship. Short dashed line indicates
95% confidence interval. (b) Regression lines for strike-slip, reverse, and normal-
slip relationships. See Table 2 for regression coefficients. Length of regression
lines shows the range of data for each relationship.
994 D.L. Wells and K. J. Coppersmith

regressions is that the range of application for the regres- lationships between surface rupture length and magni-
sions is larger than for single-slip type regressions. tude and subsurface rupture length and magnitude. For
Visually, there is little difference in the position of these relationships, using the all-slip-type relationship is
the regression lines as a function of the sense of slip for appropriate because it eliminates the need to assess the
surface rupture length, subsurface rupture length, or rup- type of fault slip. Furthermore, the uncertainty in the
ture area (Figs. 9b, 15b, and 16b). Other relationships mean is smaller for the all-slip-type relationship than for
show larger differences between the position of the any individual slip-type regression, because the data set
regression lines (Figs. 10b through 14b). To evaluate the is much larger.
statistical significance of the differences in the results, For rupture area versus magnitude, we observe no
we use t statistics to compare the regression coefficients difference in the coefficients of strike slip and normal
for individual slip-type data sets to the coefficients for regressions at a 95% significance level. The reverse
the rest of the data (i.e., SS to N + R, N to R + SS, regression coefficients differ from normal and strike-slip
and R to SS + N). We also evaluate individual slip re- coefficients at all levels of significance. For downdip
lationships to each other (SS to R, SS to N, R to N). rupture width versus magnitude, the coefficients of re-
We use the statistical analysis to evaluate whether verse and strike-slip regressions differ at all levels of sig-
regression coefficients differ at high levels of signifi- nificance. Normal and strike-slip coefficients, and re-
cance (generally 95%). In some cases, as discussed be- verse and normal coefficients do not differ at 95 to 98%
low, we examine the coefficients at higher levels of sig- significance. These results indicate that the reverse-slip
nificance (e.g., 99%). In the following discussion, the regression may be most appropriate for estimating mag-
difference between regression coefficients is considered nitude, rupture width, or rupture area for reverse-slip
negligible if they are not different at a 95% significance faults, whereas the all-slip-type regression may be ap-
level. The difference between regression coefficients be- propriate for other fault types.
comes appreciable if they are different at higher levels We note, however, that even though the regression
of significance. coefficients may differ at various levels of significance,
We observe no difference as a function of slip type the actual difference between the expected magnitudes
at a 95% significance level (i.e., the regression coeffi- that the regressions provide typically is very small. For
cients do not differ at a 95% significance level) for re- example, for an expected rupture area of 100 km 2, strike-

i i i
i i i i i i i i I I i i i I I I ZI 7 T D I I I I
. . . . . . . . I ........ I ' ', . . . . . . m

o Strike Slip ~ 9// - - + Strike Slip / (b)

E 10 o Reverse oUO, ~ 9 ~ " (a) - - * Reverse *
z~ Normal z ~ e(~,~9/.'" ~o - - Normal ~ v x/
E //
9s
E
o
13
O.
I
o :,%OOoOO I X

l ~

,,~ StOoAA 0 /
E
[]
E 1 /
/ ,'&
x J
13
s 0 /
Iog(~D) = -1.58 + 1.02*IoQ(SRL)
I I I I I I I I I I I,.I I I I I I I I = I lal
I I I , ,,L,I , l i L lIKLl I I '
10 -2 ' ''

10 100 103 10 100 103

Surface Rupture Length ( k m ) Surface Rupture Length ( k m )

Figure 12. (a) Regression of surface rupture length on maximum displace-

ment. Regression line shown for all-slip-type relationship. Short dashed line in-
dicates 95% confidence interval. (b) Regression lines for strike-slip, reverse, and
normal-slip relationships. See Table 2 for regression coefficients. Length of
regression lines shows the range of data for each relationship.
Empirical Relationships among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, Rupture Area, and Surface Displacement 995

ii
i , | i1,,
I i i Jllj I I J i ill~l I t 1 I I I II
........ i ........ I k (b) ll
. (a) - - + Strike Slip
0 Strike Slip
X
10 [] Reverse 0 0~"::~'~" --* Reverse /
V
E z~ zx N o r m a l
Normal o o..~,,~-...
,,,p- /
C- 66 EOs % oO , ~ ' 4 "'5 x

(9
E
(9 ,It
0 1
12
,It
Q.
l/)
a f
/
x
17) 0_ I
0 1 A
/
[]
>
<
log(AD) = - 1 . 4 3 + 0.88*Iog(SRL)
I I I I I I I I ] I i i i I IllI I , I I I I I I I I I I IIIJ t I I I I lllJ I I I I I il
10 - 2
10 100 103 10 100 103

S u r f a c e Rupture Length ( k m ) S u r f a c e Rupture Length ( k m )

Figure 13. (a) Regression of surface rupture length on average displacement.
Regression line shown for all-slip-type relationship. Short dashed line indicates
95% confidence interval. (b) Regression lines for strike-slip, reverse, and normal-
slip relationships. See Table 2 for regression coefficients. Length of regression
lines shows the range of data for each relationship.

9 ........ I ........ I I T ! I rl rl

o Strike Slip (a) -- * Strike Slip (b)

/s
o Reverse J

8
.z -- * Reverse
/
zx Normal
o -- " Normal x

167 EQs /
Z~
'o
m 7
-0

17) 6
E]

5
/2"
M = 4.38 + 1.49*Iog(RLD)
, , , ,,,,,I I I I l llllJ i i iij
4
10 100 10 ~ 10 100 10 3

Subsurface Rupture Length ( k m ) Subsurface Rupture Length

Figure 14. (a) Regression of subsurface rupture length on magnitude (M).
Regression line shown for all-slip-type relationship. Short dashed line indicates
95% confidence interval. (b) Regression lines for strike-slip relationships. See
Table 2 for regression coefficients. Length of regression lines shows the range
of data for each relationship.
996 D . L . Wells and K. J. Coppersmith

i l i i ~ i i i [ , i i i i
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' I

o Strike Slip (a) (b)

- - * Strike Slip
[] Reverse
Reverse
z~ Normal o
A Normal
153 EQs u 0 0~o.~
V
7
"13 o []
"l"
3
Om

E
El) 6
13
., ;1~2o O O - /'//
5
/ "/
/
M = 4.06 + 2.25*lo9(WID)
4 I I , I I I I I ,I I, I I I I [ I I I I I I [ i I i

10 10

Subsurface Rupture Width (kin) Subsurface Rupture Width (kin)

Figure 15. (a) Regression of downdip rupture width on magnitude (M).
Regression line shown for all-slip-type relationship. Short dashed line indicates
95% confidence interval. (b) Regression lines for strike-slip, reverse, and normal-
slip relationships. See Table 2 for regression coefficients. Length of regression
lines shows the range of data for each relationship.

~ i i,i,, I , ~ , ,J,,L I , , ,,,,q

o S~r{ke Slip (a) -- + Strike Slip

(b)
[] Reverse * Reverse
z~ Normal j~o~, A Normal
/
=i 148
V

"(3
7

f
J

.J
C
O~ 6
o

[] o~c~.~ ~ o =//"
//"
M = 4 . 0 7 + 0.98*Iog(RA)
I I I I Illl~ t I I I Illl~ I ~ I ~1111t t I I tt I t I |ltll] ] I I II1|1] I I I IIIll[

10 100 103 10 4 10 100 10 ~ 104

Rupture Area (km 2) Rupture Area (km 2)

Figure 16. (a) Regression of rupture area on magnitude (M). Regression line
shown for all-slip-type relationship. Short dashed line indicates 95% confidence
interval. (b) Regression lines for strike-slip, reverse, and normal-slip relation-
ships. See Table 2 for regression coefficients. Length of regression lines shows
the range of data for each relationship.
Empirical Relationships among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, Rupture Area, and Surface Displacement
slip regressions indicate an expected magnitude of M 6.0,
whereas reverse and normal regressions indicate M 6.1
and M 6.0, respectively. For an expected rupture area
of 5000 km 2, all regressions indicate an expected mag-
nitude of M 7.7 to 7.8. Differences of more than 0.2
magnitude units occur only at magnitudes less than M
5.0. Because the difference in these magnitude estimates
is small, the all-slip-type relationship for rupture area
versus magnitude is appropriate for most applications.
The difference between magnitude estimates for rupture
width versus magnitude relationships also is small, thus,
the all-slip-type relationship again is preferred for most
applications.
In contrast, regressions for displacement relation-
ships show larger differences as a function of slip type.
Visually, the positions of regression lines for normal and
strike-slip data sets vary somewhat for magnitude versus
maximum displacement and magnitude versus average
displacement relationships (Figs. 10b and 1 lb). Apply-
ing t statistics to these relationships shows that strike-
slip and dip-slip (normal plus reverse) coefficients differ
at all significance levels. Normal-slip coefficients do not
differ from strike-slip plus reverse coefficients at a 95%
significance level. Because strike-slip relationships are
well correlated and have low standard deviations (r =>
0.89 and s =< 0.29), using these regressions (magnitude
versus maximum or average displacement) may be ap-
propriate when the expected slip type is assessed with a
high degree of confidence. For situations in which the
slip type is uncertain, or for normal and reverse-slip faults,
the all-slip-type regression may provide the most reliable
results.
Small differences occur in the position of normal and
strike-slip regression lines for relationships between dis-
placement and surface rupture length (Figs. 12b and 13b).
Evaluation of t statistics for displacement versus surface
rupture length relationships shows that normal and strike-
slip coefficients do not differ at a 95% significance level.
Because the strike-slip regression has the highest cor-
relation (0.86 and 0.82) and the lowest standard devia-
tion (0.36 and 0.32) of the three slip types, for maxi-
mum and average displacement regressions, respectively,
it may provide the most reliable results when the ex-
pected slip type is assessed with a high degree of con-
fidence. The all-slip-type relationship may be appropri-
ate for other situations.
Effects of Data Selection
We evaluated the relative stability of individual re-
lationships with respect to changes in the data set (i.e.,
addition or deletion of events or changes in the source
parameters). We tested the sensitivity of the correlations
by removing two data points at random from each data
set and recalculating the regression coefficients. Rela-
tionships that include more than approximately 14 data
points are considered stable because there is no differ-
997
ence at a 95% significance level between the regression
coefficients for both data sets. We consider relationships
that are based on fewer than 10 data points to be unsta-
ble, because changes in these smaller data sets may pro-
duce significant changes in the regression coefficients.
We also observe that larger data sets typically have higher
correlations and lower standard deviations.
It is interesting to note that although there are far
more data points for subsurface rupture length and rup-
ture area relationships (for all-slip-type regressions) than
for surface rupture relationships, they have only. slightly
higher correlation coefficients and slightly lower stan-
dard deviations (Table 2). This suggests that these three
regressions are very stable and are unlikely to change
significantly with additional data. Because the surface
and subsurface rupture parameters are measured by dif-
ferent techniques, the similar statistical correlation also
implies that the variability in the data sets is stochastic
in nature, and does not result from errors in measure-
ment techniques. It is expected that variable expression
of subsurface ruptures at the surface might result in a
weaker correlation between surface rupture length and
magnitude than between subsurface rupture length and
magnitude. However, both relationships are well cor-
related and have similar statistical variability.
Effects of Tectonic Setting
Recent studies relate magnitude to rupture length and
to displacement and relate seismic moment to rupture
length for regions of different geographic setting, tec-
tonic setting, or regional crustal attenuation character-
istics (e.g., Acharya, 1979; Wesnousky et al., 1983;
Bonilla et al., 1984; Nowroozi, 1985; Khromovskikh,
1989; Slemmons et al., 1989; dePolo et al., 1991; John-
ston, 1991). One goal of this study is to evaluate whether
the tectonic setting of a region might have a greater ef-
fect on regressions than does the type of fault slip. The
results of Slemmons et al. (1989) suggest that separating
data by compressional and extensional settings is insig-
nificant for rupture length relationships, but may be sig-
nificant for displacement relationships. The data in Ta-
ble 1 are separated into compressional and extensional
settings, and regression coefficients are calculated for each
all-slip-type relationship (excluding average displace-
ment). We use t statistics to compare the coefficients (a
and b) of extensional and compressional regressions, and
we observe no difference between the coefficients at a
95% significance level for any of the relationships. Thus,
the difference between the extensional and compres-
sional coefficients is insignificant.
Johnston ( 1991) calculated regressions of magnitude
versus surface rupture length and magnitude versus max-
imum displacement for data from stable continental re-
gions (SCR's). His results were not significantly differ-
ent from regressions for non-SCR data sets. We also
calculate all-slip-type regressions for the SCR earth-
998 D.L. Wells and K. J. Coppersmith

quakes in our data base and compare these results to data calculate the regressions by the method of ordinary least
from the rest of the world. Because the SCR data sets squares, the coefficients presented in Table 2 are for es-
for surface rupture length and displacement relationships timating the dependent variable. The independent and
contain only six to seven earthquakes and the correla- dependent variables will depend on the application--either
tions are low (r < 0.75), these relationships are not sig- the expected magnitude for a given fault parameter, or
nificant at a 95% probability level and are not considered the expected fault parameter for a given magnitude. Ta-
further. Relationships for magnitude versus subsurface ble 2 gives the normal and inverted regression coeffi-
rupture length, magnitude versus rupture width, and cients as a function of the sense of slip.
magnitude versus rupture area comprise 18, 17, and 17 Note that the values of dependent variables derived
earthquakes, respectively, are well correlated (r > 0.9), from these regression formulas are expected values. Thus,
and are significant at a 95% probability level. Compar- the calculated values are expected to be exceeded in 50%
ing SCR regression coefficients to non-SCR coefficients of the earthquakes associated with the given value of the
shows that the rupture area regressions differ at a 95% independent variable. Bonilla et aI. (1984) discuss tech-
significance level, whereas the subsurface rupture length niques for evaluating dependent variables at lower ex-
and rupture width regression coefficients do not differ at ceedance probabilities. In addition, the formulas in Ta-
a 95% significance level. We note, however, that the ble 2 are not applicable to values of the independent
difference in expected magnitudes generally is small (less variable that lie outside the data range listed for each
than 0.2 M) for these regressions (Fig. 17). These results regression.
indicate that subdividing our data set according to var- The empirical relationships presented here can be used
ious tectonic settings or geographic regions does not to assess maximum earthquake magnitudes for a partic-
greatly improve the statistical significance of the regres- ular fault zone or an earthquake source. The assumption
sions. that a given magnitude is a maximum value is valid only
if the input parameter, for instance the rupture length,
Discussion also is considered a maximum value. For example, sup-
pose we are interested in assessing the maximum mag-
The primary purpose of developing regression re- nitude that a fault is capable of generating, and that we
lationships among various earthquake source parameters have sufficient data to estimate the possible length and
is to predict an expected value for a dependent parameter downdip width of future ruptures. Evaluating the seg-
from an observed independent parameter. Because we mentation of a fault zone (e.g., Schwartz and Copper-

i I l l l l l [ I I l l l ; l l l I l I ~ I I I I~ ........ I , , 'r,,,,r[ " ' ''""1 ', , , ,,/,,

o 149 Non-SCR EQs (a)

o 131 Non-SCR EOs (b)
18 SCR EQs o*
=E 8 17 SCR EQs
-- * Non-SCR ~,+
V -- * Non-SCR ~,o o.U
--* SCR o, +~o
~ f
"13
-.- 7
1-
17)

,dl.- 6
r-
O3 0

E o
o 5
~E
./ /
I I I I I I I II l I I I lllll I | I I I I I I l I II 'lll t I I IIIIII I I I I lllll I I I flu_
4
10 100 103 10 100 10 + 10 +

Subsurface Rupture Length (km) Rupture Area (km 2)

Figure 17. Regressionlines for stable continental region (SCR) earthquakes
and non-SCR continental earthquakes. (a) Regression of surface rupture length
on magnitude (M). (b) Regression of rupture area on magnitude (M).
Empirical Relationships among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, Rupture Area, and Surface Displacement
smith, 1986) provides a basis for assessing the maximum
length of future ruptures. The depths of earthquake hy-
pocenters, together with the dip of the fault, limit the
maximum downdip width of future ruptures. Given that
the length and width are assessed to be maximum values,
empirical relations between magnitude and rupture length
and rupture area will provide the expected maximum
magnitudes. These are expected maximum magnitudes
for the given maximum fault parameters. However, be-
cause there is dispersion associated with the statistical
relations, both higher and lower magnitudes are possible
for any single event having the given rupture parameters.
The standard deviation for each regression provides a
measure of that dispersion.
Regarding regressions between magnitude and sub-
surface rupture length and rupture area, previous studies
indicate that the size and depth of the earthquake, as well
as the nature of near-surface materials, have a significant
effect on whether the subsurface rupture is partly or fully
expressed by faulting at the surface (e.g., Amaike, 1987;
Berberian and Papastamatiou, 1978; Bernard and Zollo,
1989; Bonilla, 1988). In addition, the absence of surface
rupture during some large-magnitude earthquakes (greater
than M 7), and the occun~nce of surface rupture for some
smaller-magnitude earthquakes (less than M 5.5), show
that there are large variations in rupture at the surface.
Thus, variation in the geologic conditions and the hy-
pocentral depths of future earthquakes will have uncer-
tain effects on the extent of future surface ruptures. In
contrast, subsurface rupture length and rupture area, which
are estimated from the spacial distribution of after-
shocks, are not subject to these uncertainties. For ex-
ample, in the subsurface, earthquakes typically appear
to rupture individual fault segments, and the segment
boundaries are defined at the surface by various geo-
metric, structural, or geologic features (Knuepfer, 1989).
During some earthquakes, however, even though an en-
tire segment ruptures in the subsurface, the rupture may
not propagate over the full length of the segment at the
ground surface. Thus, we believe that subsurface rupture
length regressions are appropriate for estimating mag-
nitudes for expected ruptures along single or multiple
fault segments. Where the extent of previous ruptures at
the surface can be evaluated, however, surface rupture
length regressions are appropriate for estimating ex-
pected magnitudes. Applying subsurface rupture length
and rupture area relations to estimating magnitudes may
help to overcome uncertainties associated with estimat-
ing the surface rupture length for some seismic sources.
The regressions for subsurface rupture length and
rupture area also provide a basis for estimating the mag-
nitudes of earthquakes that may occur on subsurface
seismic sources such as blind thrust faults, which cannot
be evaluated from surface observations. Furthermore,
regressions on subsurface parameters include data for
moderate-magnitude earthquakes (in the range of mag-
999
nitude 5 to 6), allowing the characterization of relatively
small seismic sources that may not rupture the surface.
The use of empirical regressions to assess maximum
magnitudes typically involves developing several mag-
nitude estimates from which a maximum magnitude value
is selected or an uncertainty distribution is constructed.
Various segmentation models have been proposed to de-
fine the reaches of a fault zone that are relatively con-
tinuous and behave similarly (Schwartz and Copper-
smith, 1986; Schwartz, 1988). Estimates of the possible
lengths of future ruptures involve considering the pos-
sibilities that one or more of these segments might rup-
ture. Alternative rupture scenarios and associated rupture
lengths result in multiple estimates of earthquake mag-
nitude using a single regression relationship, such as sur-
face rupture length versus magnitude or subsurface rup-
ture length versus magnitude. Further, if the downdip
geometry of a fault zone is known, the rupture width and
rupture area relationships provide additional magnitude
estimates. Detailed geologic studies along a fault zone
can result in estimates of the maximum and average dis-
placement associated with individual paleoseismic events
along the fault zone. These displacement estimates also
may be used with the appropriate regressions to assess
expected magnitudes. Ultimately, developing a maxi-
mum magnitude estimate involves judging which rupture
scenarios are most credible, which rupture parameters
(e.g., rupture length, area, and displacement) represent
maximum parameters, and the relative preference for the
various regressions (perhaps based on the dispersion as-
sociated with each regression). For probabilistic seismic
hazard analyses, these considerations and estimates may
be combined into a probabilistic distribution of the max-
imum magnitude (Coppersmith, 1991).
In addition to assessing maximum magnitudes, the
regressions presented in this study have other potential
engineering applications. For example, seismic design
criteria for facilities such as pipelines and tunnels require
estimates of the amount of displacement that might occur
where the facility crosses a fault. The regressions of dis-
placement on magnitude provide the expected values for
a given earthquake magnitude. In particular, the average
displacement regression provides the mean displacement
along the length of a rupture, and the maximum displace-
ment regression provides the expected largest slip at a
point along a rupture. In most applications, the average
displacement is desired because it is unknown, prior to
a rupture event, whether the facility lies at the point where
the maximum displacement will occur. The maximum
displacement regression might be used to provide a con-
servative upper bound for engineering design.
Conclusions
The data base reveals that surface rupture length typ-
ically is equal to 75% of the subsurface rupture length,
1000
and the average surface displacement typically is equal
to one-half of the maximum surface displacement. The
ratio of surface rupture length to subsurface rupture length
increases slightly as magnitude (M) increases. There is
no apparent relationship between the ratio of average
displacement to maximum displacement and magnitude
(M). We calculate the average subsurface displacement
on the fault plane from the rupture area and the seismic
moment; this is more than the average displacement and
less than the maximum displacement measured at the
surface. Thus, for many earthquakes in our data base,
most slip on the fault plane at seismogenic depths prop-
agates to the surface. We also note that there is no sys-
tematic difference between Ms and M for the events in
the data base over the range of magnitude 5.7 to 8.0.
However, Ms is systematically smaller than M for mag-
nitudes less than 5.7.
The empirical regressions show a strong correlation
between magnitude and various rupture parameters, which
enables us confidently to use these relationships to es-
timate magnitudes or rupture parameters. The regres-
sions between magnitude and surface rupture length,
subsurface rupture length, downdip rupture width, and
rupture area are well determined in most cases, having
correlation coefficients of about 0.84 to 0.95 and stan-
dard deviations of about 0.24 to 0.41 magnitude units.
Relationships between displacement and rupture length
or magnitude are less well correlated (correlation coef-
ficient about 0.71 to 0.78).
In most cases, the empirical regressions do not vary
significantly as a function of the sense of slip. The t
statistics show that the regression coefficients are not
different at high significance levels for regressions be-
tween magnitude and surface rupture length, and mag-
nitude and subsurface rupture length. Relationships be-
tween magnitude and rupture area, and magnitude and
rupture width, are different at a 95% significance level.
The regression coefficients are similar, however, and
differences in parameters estimated from these regres-
sions typically are small. This conclusion suggests that
the all-slip-type regression may be used for most situa-
tions, and is especially significant for evaluating ex-
pected magnitudes for poorly known faults or blind faults
that lack clear surface expression. The regressions of
displacement versus magnitude show a mild dependency
on the sense of slip in some cases; however, these re-
lationships have the weakest statistical correlations.
Analysis of data sets of various sizes shows that
regressions containing approximately 14 or more data
points are insensitive to changes in the data. Smaller data
sets (less than 10 to 14 data points) generally are sen-
sitive to changes in the data, and correlations may not
be significant. The regressions for subsurface rupture
length and rupture area are based on the largest data sets,
yet show statistical correlations similar to those of the
smaller data set for surface rupture length regressions.
D.L. Wells and K. J. Coppersmith
This suggests that the relationships based on large data
sets (more than 50 earthquakes) are unlikely to change
significantly with the addition of new data.
In evaluating dependency of the relationships on tec-
tonic setting we compare the coefficients (a and b) of
extensional and compressional regressions for each re-
lationship using t statistics. We observed no difference
between the coefficients at a 95% significance level for
any of the relationships; thus, the difference between the
extensional and compressional coefficients is small. We
calculate all-slip-type regressions for the SCR earth-
quakes in our data base and compare these results to data
from the rest of the world. Comparing SCR regression
coefficients to non-SCR coefficients shows that the rup-
ture area regressions differ at a 95% significance level,
whereas the subsurface rupture length regressions do not
differ at this significance level. These results indicate
that subdividing the data set according to various tec-
tonic settings or geographic regions occasionally may
provide slightlY different results, but typically does not
improve the statistical significance of the regressions.
Because of the larger number of data and good sta-
tistical correlations, we believe that the all-slip-type
regressions are appropriate for most applications of these
regressions. The use of the regressions for subsurface
rupture length and rupture area may be appropriate where
it is difficult to estimate the near-surface behavior of faults,
such as for buried or blind faults. Reliable estimates of
the maximum expected magnitude for faults should in-
clude consideration of multiple estimates of the expected
magnitude derived from various rupture parameters.
Acknowledgments
We thank Pacific Gas & Electric Company (San Francisco) for fi-
nancial support of this study. Dr. Robert Youngs (Geomatrix Con-
sultants) provided extensive assistance in the statistical analysis of the
data sets. Dr. David Burton Slemmons and Mr. Zhang Xiaoyi (Uni-
versity of Nevada, Rent) contributed the preliminary results of their
studies of average surface displacements for historical earthquakes.
We are grateful for the expertise Dr. Slemmons provided in evaluating
the surface rupture lengths and displacements for many of the earth-
quakes in the data base. We also wish to thank Dr. William Savage
and Dr. Janet Cluff (Pacific Gas & Electric Company), Dr. Slem-
mons, and an anonymous reviewer for careful evaluations of drafts
of this article.
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 APPEND1X A: EAR7HQUAKE5 EXCLUDED F R 0 M RE6RE5510N ANALY5E51

511p
EQN L0cat10n Earth4uake Date 7ype 2 M53 M4

1 Japan 2enk0j1 05/08/1847 R 7.4 [1]

2 New 2ea1and Awatere 10/16/1848 RL 7.1 11]
3 New 2ea1and We5t Wa1rarapa 01/24/1855 RL-R 8.0 [1]
4 U5A, Nevada 011n9h0u5e 12/28/1869 LL 6.7 11]
5 Nc~tv 2ea1and H0pe 09/01/1888 RL 7.0 11]
6 Mex1c0 La9una 5a1ada 02/24/1892 N-5 6.8 11] (7.8)
7 6reece Ata1ant1 04/27/1894 N 6.9 11]
8 Japan 5h0na1 10/22/1894 7.0 (1]
9 Ch1na 7a5h1kuer9an 07/05/1895 RL- 7.5 11]
10 7urkey Ayt1n-Na2111 09/20/1899 N 6.9 1A1
11 U5A, Nevada W0nder 09/03/1903 N 6.0 11]
12 8u19ar1a Krupn1k 04104/1904 N 7.1 181
13 1nd1a Kan9ra 04/04/1905 R 7.5 181 7.8
14 A16an1a 5hk0dra 06/01/1905 N 6.6
15 M0n9011a 75et5er1e9 07/09/1905 RLR 7,6 [81 8.3
16 M0n9011a Khan9a1, 8 0 1 n a 1 07/23/1905 LL-R 7,7 181 8.3
17 7a1wan Me15han 03/17/1906 RL-R 6,8 181
18 Ch1na Mana5, 71en 5han 12/23/1906 R 7,3 (81
19 1ta1y Me551na 12/28/1908 N 7,0 181 (6.4)
20 1ran 5e1akh0r 01/23/1909 R-RL 7.0 181
21 7urkey Endere5 02/09/1909 N-5 6.3 1A1
22 7an2an1a Rukwa 12/13/1910 7.3 161 (7.4)
23 Ru551a K1r9121a 01/03/1911 R 7,8 181 7.9
24 1ran Raver 04/1 8/1911 R-RL 6,2 1A1
25 1ce1and 50uth 1 c e 1 a n d 05/06/1912 RL 7.0 161
26 7urkey 5ar05-Marmara 08/09/1912 RL-N 7.6 18]
27 7urkey 8urdur 10/03/1914 N 7.1 16]
28 New 2ea1and Ka1ap0 06/10/1922 N 6.0 1ME1
29 Ch1na Luh0u/Q1aj1a0 03/24/1923 LL 7.3 161 (7.4)
30 Canada Char1ev01x 03/01/1925 R 7.0 161 5.6
31 U5A, M0ntana C1ark5t0n 06/28/1925 LL-N 6.8 161 6.6
32 Ch1na Kan5u 05/22/1927 R-LL 7.9 181 7.7
33 J0rdan N0rth Jer1c0 07/1 1/1927 LL 7.0 1A1 (6.4)
34 U5A, Ca11f0rn1a L0mp0c 11104/1927 R 7.3 161 6,6
35 8u19ar1a Ch1r1pan 04/14/1928 N 6,6 1L]
36 Mex1c0 Parra1, Ch1huahua 10131/1928 N-LL 6.5 6.3
37 1ran Quchan-8akharden 05/01/1929 R 7.3 1L1
38 New 2ea1and Murch150n 06/17/1929 R-LL 7.7 1L1 (7.6)
39 New 2ea1and Hawke5 8ay 02/02/1931 R-RL 7.7 161 (7.7)
40 U5A, 7exa5 Va1ent1ne 08/16/1931 5 6.4 161 6.3
41 6reece 1er15505 09/26/1932 N 6.9 [61
42 1ra11 8uha6ad 11/28/1933 R 6.2 1A1
43 Nepa1 81har 01/1 5/1 934 R 8.3 16] 8.2
44 U5A, Nevada Exce1510rM0unta1n5 01/30/1934 N-LL 6.3 161 6.1
45 U5A, Utah Han5e1Va11ey 03/1211934 LL 6.6 161 6.6
46 U5A, Ca11f0rn1a Parkf1e1d 0610711934 RL 6.0 161 (6.0)
47 Ch1na 6yar1n9 12/1511934 RL-N 7.1 161
48 Mex1c0 Chupam1ert05 1213111934 RL 7.0 16] 7.0

A-1
 APPEND1X A. C0nt1nued. 1

511p
EQN L0cat10n Earth4uake Date 7ype 2 M53 M4

49 Japan 5h12u0ka 07/11/1935 LL 6.3 [J] (6.2)

50 U5A, M0ntana He1ena 10/19/1935 RL 6.3 [6] 6.2
51 Canada 7em15kam1n9 11/01/1935 R 6.3 [6] 6.3
52 Japan Kawach1-Yamat0 02/21/1936 5 6.4 [J]
53 Ch1na 7u05u0hu, Q1n9ha1 01/07/1937 LL 7.6 [6] (8.1)
54 Japan Ku55har0 05/29/1938 LL- 6.5 [6]
55 6hana Accra 06/22/1939 LL 6.5 [61 6.5
56 1ran Muhammada6ad 02/16/1941 RL 6.1 [A1
57 Au5tra11a Mee6err1e 04/29/1941 6.7 161
58 1nd0ne51a Padan9 H19h1and5 06/09/1943 RL 7.6 161 (7.5)
59 7urkey Adapa2ar1 06/20/1943 RL 6.4 [A] (6.5)
60 Ar9ent1na 5an Juan 01/15/1944 R 7.4 [6]
61 7urkey 5aphane 06/25/1944 N 6.0 [A1
62 Japan M1kawa 01/13/1945 R-5 6.8 [L] (6.6)
63 Canada Vanc0uver 06/23/1946 5 7.3 16] (7.6)
64 New 2ea1and Lake C01er1d9e 06/26/1946 6.5 161
65 Ch1na Dar1, Q1n9ha1 03/17/1947 R-LL 7.7 161 (7.7)
66 U5A, Ca11f0rn1a Man1x, M0jave De5ert 04/10/1947 LL 6.4 16] 6.6
67 1ran Du5ta6ad 09/23/1947 RL-R 6.8 [A]
68 U5A, M0ntana V1r91n1aC1ty 11/23/1947 RL 6.3 161 6.1
69 Ch1na L1tan9, 51chuan 05/25/1948 LL 7.2 161 (7.2)
70 Ru551a A5hkha6ad 10/05/1948 RL-R 7.2 1A1
71 Ru551a 7aj1k15tan 07/10/1949 R 7.6 1D1 (7.6)
72 Canada Queen Char10tte 08/22/1949 RL 8.1 161 8.1
73 Japan 1ma1ch1 12/26/1949 R 6.4 1J1
74 1nd1a A55am-716et 08/15/1950 R 8.6 161 8.7
75 U5A, Ca11f0rn1a 5uper5t1t10nH1115 01/23/1951 RL 5.6 1ML1
76 7urkey 6erede 08/13/1951 RL 6.9 1A1
77 7a1wan Hua11an 10/22/1951 LL-R 7.1 1D1
78 Japan Da15h0j1-0k1 03/0711952 5 6.5 1J1
79 Ch1na Na4u 08/18/1952 RL-N 7.5 161
80 1ran 70rud 02/12/1953 R-RL 6.5 1D1
81 Ch1na 511and0n 02/11/1954 RL-N 7.3 1D1
82 6reece 50fade5 04/30/1954 N 6.7 1A]
83 A19er1a 0r1ean5v111e 09/09/1954 R 6.7 1D1
84 8ra211 5era d0 70m6ad0r 01/31/1955 R 6.6 [D1
85 Ch1na Kan9d1n9 04/14/1955 LL 7.4 1D1 (6.8)
86 Ru551a Muya, 5 1 6 e r 1 a 06/27/1957 N-LL 7.9 1D1 7.4
87 1ran Far51naj-2a4r05 12/13/1957 R 6.7 1A1
88 U5A, A1a5ka Hu511a 04/07/1958 N 7.3 1D1 (7.3)
89 1ran Nehavand-2a9r05 08116/1958 RL 6.6 ~ 1A1
90 Japan 7e51ka9a 01/30/1959 6.4 [D/
91 Japan Hy090 Prefecture 05/07/1961 R 5.9 1J1
92 Eth10p1a Kara K0re 06/02/1961 N 6.4 1D1
93 Japan K1ta-M1n0 08/19/1961 R 7.0 1J1 (6.8)
94 Japan M1ya91 Prefecture 04/30/1962 R 6.5 1J1
95 U5A, Hawa11 Ka01k1 06/28/1962 LL 6.1 [ME1
96 1ta1y Campan1a 08/21/1962 N 6.1 1D} 5.9
97 Ch1na 7u05u0hu, Q1n9ha1 04/19/1963 LL 6.8 18]

A-2
 APPEND1X A. C0nt1nued. 1

511p
EQN L0cat10n Earth4uake Date 7ype 2 M53 M4

98 U5A, Utah Jua6 Va11ey 07/07/1963 N 4.9 [M L]

99 Canada 8aff1n 151and 09/04/1963 N 6.2 6.2
100 7a1wan 50uthwe5t 01/18/1964 R 6.9 [D] 6.4
101 5pa1n 6u1f 0f Cad12 03/15/1964 5 6.8 [D] 6.7
102 7urkey Manya5 10/06/1964 N 6.8 [D] 6.8
103 U5A, A1a5ka N0rt0n 50und 04/16/1965 N 5.9 6.0
104 Ch1na Urumch1 11/13/1965 R 6.9 [D] 6.5
105 Ch1na H51n9ta1 03/07/1966 RL 6.8 [C] 6.6
106 2a1re C0n90 03/20/1966 N 6.6 18] 6.7
107 Ch1na H51n9ta1 03/22/1966 RL 6.7 [C] 6.3
108 Ch1na H51n9ta1 03/22/1966 RL 7.1 [81 6.8
109 Ch1na H51n9ta1 03/26/1966 RL 6.2 [C1 6.1
110 Japan Mat5u5h1r0 08/03/1966 5 6.2
111 5udan Je6e1Dum6e1r 10/09/1966 LL 5.6 1L1
112 6reece Amf110h1a 10/29/1966 N 5.8 1A1 5.9
113 U5A, A1a5ka Fa1r6ank5 06/22/1967 RL 5.6 1ME1
114 7urkey Pu1umur 07/26/1967 RL 6.0 [A1 6.2
115 Vene2ue1a Caraca5 07/29/1967 LL 6.5 [U1 7.0
116 Ch1na 2huw0 08/30/1967 N 6.1 [U1 (6.4)
11 7 1nd1a K0yna 12/10/1967 LL-N 6.5 [U1 (6.5)
118 Japan E61n0 Prefecture 02/21/1968 5 6.1 1J1
119 7urkey Ama5ra-8art1n 09/03/1968 LL 6.5 [A1 6.4
120 7urkey K191 09/24/1968 5.1 [A1
121 U5A, 1111n015 50uthern 1111n015 11/09/1968 R 5.2 1U1 5.3
122 Eth10p1a 5erd0 03/29/1969 5 6.3 1U1 6.2
123 Eth10p1a 5erd0 04/05/1969 N-LL 6.1 1u1 6.1
1 24 1nd1a 60davar1Va11ey 04/1 3/1 969 LL 5.7 1U1 5.7
125 Ch1na 80ha1 07/18/1969 LL 7.3 1U1 7.1
126 U5A, Ca11f0rn1a 5anta R05a 10/0211969 RL 5.6 [ME1 5.4
127 U5A, Ca11f0rn1a 5anta Luc1a 8ank5 10/22/1969 R 5.4 1ML1 5.8
128 U5A, Ca11f0rn1a 5anta Luc1a 8ank5 11/05/1969 R 5.8 1ME1 6.0
129 Au5tra11a Ca11n91r1 03/10/1970 RL-R 5.0 1L]
130 Au5tra11a Lake Mackay 03/24/1970 R 5.9 1U1 6.0
131 7urkey 8urdur 05/12/1971 N 6.2 1A] (6.3)
132 7a1wan C0a5ta1 Ran9e 04/24/1972 R-LL 6.9 1U] 7.0
133 1ran M15han 07/02/1972 N 5.4 1m61
134 Au5tra11a 51mp50n De5ert 08/2811972 R 6.2 1ML1 6.0
135 Ph111pp1ne5 Ph111pp1ne 03/17/1973 LL 7.0 1U1
136 Canada Que6ec-Ma1ne 06/15/1973 5.2 1ML1
137 Ch1na Yunnan 05/10/1974 RL-R 6.8 1U1 6.8
138 Panama 07/13/1974 5-R 7.3 1U1 7.2
139 Ru551a 7ad2h1ke5tan 08/11/1974 R 5,7 1U1 (5,7)
140 Ru551a 7ad2h1ke5tan 08/11/1974 R 6.1 1U1 (5,8)
141 1nd1a K1nnaur 01/19/1975 N 6.8 1U1 6.8
142 1ran 5arkhun 03/07/1975 R 6.1 1U1
143 Pak15tan 5p1nat12ha 10/03/1975 6.4
144 Ch1na Yunnan 05/29/1976 LL 6.9 1U1 6.3
145 Ch1na Yunnan 05/29/1976 5 7,0 [U] 6.5
146 Ch1na 7an95han 07/28/1976 N 7.2 1U1 7.2

A-3
 APPEND1X A. C0nt1nued. 1

511p
EQN L0cat10n Earth4uake Date 7ype 2 M53 M4

147 Ch1na Man9ya 01/01/1977 R 6.3 [U] 6.1

148 1ran Khur9u 04/01/1977 R 6.0 [U] 8.0
149 1ran Na9han 04/0611977 R 5.9 1U] 6.0
150 1ran De2fu1 06/05/1977 R-LL 5.8 [U] 5.4
151 Canada McNau9ht0nLake, 8C 05/14/1978 RL 4.4 [U] 5.0
152 Dj160ut1 A5a1 11107/1978 N 5.4 [U] 5.9
153 Ch1na 6yar1n9 02/22/1980 RL 6.2 [U] 6.4
154 U5A, Ca11f0rn1a Mamm0th L a k e 5 05/25/1980 LL-N 6.1 1U] 6.2
155 U5A, Ca11f0rn1a Mamm0th L a k e 5 05/25/1980 LL 6.0 1U] 6.0
156 U5A, Ca11f0rn1a We5tm0r1and 04/26/1981 LL 6.0 1U] 5.9
157 U5A, Ca11f0rn1a 5anta 8ar6ara 09104/1981 RL 5.9 [U] 5.8
158 6uatema1a Chanma9ua 09/29/1982 N 5.1 [U] 5.6
159 U5A, Ca11f0rn1a 1nd1anWe115 10/01/19~2 RL 5.9 [M E]
160 Af9han15tan 7adj1k 12/16/1982 R 6.6 [U] 6.5
161 6reece N0rthern A ~ 9 e a n 08/06/1983 RL 7.0 1U] 6.7
162 Au5tra11a 7a5man 5ea 11/25/1983 R 5.8 1U] 6.1
163 Ru551a 6a211 03/1911984 R 7.0 1U1 7.0
164 Ch1na D1e6u, 6an5u 0110711987 5 5.5 1U] 5.4
165 Ecuad0r N0rthern 03/06/1987 R 6.9 1U1
166 Au5tra11a Nh111, V1ct0r1a 12/22/1987 5 4.9 1MLj
167 Canada Nahann1 03/25/1988 R 6.0 [U] 6.3
168 U5A, Utah 8ear Lake 11/19/1988 N 4.8 1ME]
169 New 2ea1and 8ay 0f P1enty 07/07/1989 N 4.7 [ML1
170 Eth10p1a Dj160ut1 08/20/1989 N 6.3 [U1 6.5
171 Eth10p1a Dj160ut1 08/21/1989 N 6.2 1U1 6.4
172 Au5tra11a Newca5t1e 12/2811989 R 5.6 1ME1 5.3
173 En91and 815h0p5 C a 5 t 1 e 04/02/1990 5 5.1 1ML1
174 5udan Ju6a 05/20/1990 LL 7.1 1U1 7.3
175 1ta1y Ea5tern 51c11y 12/13/1990 5 5.3 1U1 5.7
176 7a1wan Hua11en 12/13/1990 R-5 6.3 1U1 6.6
177 Ru551a 6e0r91an-055ent1an 04/29/1991 R 7.0 1U1 7.1

1 Add1t10na1 50urce parameter5 and reference5 f0r the5e earth4Uake5 are ava11a61e fr0m the
auth0r5 up0n re4ue5t.

2 5, 5tr1ke 511p; R, rever5e, N, N0rma1. F0r 5tr1ke-511p earth4uake5, the 5en5e 0f 0ff5et 15
1nd1cated where kn0Wn (RL, r19ht 1atera1; LL, 1eft 1a1~era1). 511p type5 f0r earth4uake5 1n
7a61e 2 have n0t 6een exam1ned 1n deta11. 8ecau5e 1e55 15 kn0wn a60ut the5e
earth4uake5 than th05e U5ed 1n the re9re5510n ana1y5e5, the 511p type5 are n0t
Cate90r12ed w1th re5pect t0 t1~e rat10 0f h0r120nta1 t0 vert1ca1 511p.

3 Ma9n1tUde 50urce 115ted 1n 6racket5. 5ee n0te5 1n 7a61e 1 f0r exp1anat10n 0f ma9n1tude
50urce.

4 M0ment ma9n1tude5 115ted 1n parenthe515 are n0t 6a5ed 0n 1n5trumenta1 5e15m1c

m0ment5.

A-4
 APPEND1X 8 : R E F E R E N C E 5 F 0 R EAR7HQUAKE5 L157ED 1N 7 A 8 L E 1

EQN refer5 t0 num6er 0f 1nd1v1dua1 earth4uake5 115ted 1n 7a61e 1. C0mp1ete c1tat10n5 f0r
reference5 are 115ted1n Append1x C.

E0N Reference5

1. Hank5 and 0ther5, 1975; Knuepfer, 1989; 51eh, 1978

2. 80n111a, 1970; Law50n, 1908; 70pp02ada and Parke, 1982
3. 8ean1and and C1ark, 1987; C1ark, 1992; deP010 and 0ther5, 1991; H0665, 1910; Knuepfer,
1989; Lu6etk1n and C1ark, 1988
4. 8u11and Pearthree, 1988; Herd and McMa5ter5, 1982; Knuepfer, 1989; Nata11 and 56ar,
1982; 5umner, 1977
5. 801t, 1967; K0t0, 1990; Mat5uda, 1974; M1kurn0 and And0, 1976
6. Knuepfer, 1989; Mat5uda and 0ther5, 1980
7. 8en-Menahem, 1978; 801t, 1968; Knuepfer, 1989; Law50n, 1908; 0ka1, 1992; 7hatcher
and L150w5k1, 1987; 7hatcher, 1975; Wa1d and 0ther5, 1993
8. 5padea and 0ther5, 1985; Ward and Va1en515e, 1989; We5taway and 0ther5, 1989
9. deP010 and 0ther5, 1991; D05er, 1988; Machette, 1993; Wa11ace, 1984
10. Chen and M01nar, 1977; Den9 and 0ther5, 1986; Huan and 0ther5, 1991; M01nar and
Den9, 1984; 2han9 and 0ther5, 1987; 2han9 and 0ther5, 1988
11. 801t, 1967; Kanam0r1, 1973; R1chter, 1958; Yama5ak1 and 7ada, 1928
12. Knuepfer, 1989; McCa11, 1967; R1chter, 1958
13. Am6ra5ey5, 1975; R1chter, 1958
14. Am6ra5ey5, 1975, 1988; Am6ra5ey5 and Me1v111e, 1982; 8er6er1an, 1976; 7cha1enk0 and
8er6er1an, 1974
15. A6e, 1978; Mat5uda, 1972; 0tuka, 1933; Y05h1da and Hamada, 1991
16. 6160w1c2, 1973; Hu11, 1990; R1chter, 1958; 5yke5, 1989
17. Chen and M01nar, 1977; Den9 and 2han9, 1984; M01nar and Den9, 1984; 5h1 and 0ther5,
1984; 2han9 and 6e, 1980
18. A6e, 1974a; Ut5u, 1969
19. deP010 and 0ther5, 1987, 1991; D05er, 1987, 1988; 61ane11a and Ca11a9han, 1934;
M011nar1, 1984; W1150n, 1936
20. Meyer and 0ther5, 1989; M01nar and Den9, 1984; Pe1t2er and 0ther5, 1988; 5h1h and
0ther5, 1978
21. Hank5 and 0ther5, 1975; Hauk550n, 1990; Hauk550n and 6r055, 1991; W00dward-C1yde
C0n5u1tant5, 1979
22. A6e, 1978
23. 80n111a, 1977; H5u and Chan9, 1979; R1chter, 1958
24. Am6ra5ey5, 1975, 1988; Dewey, 1976
25. Am6ra5ey5, 1970, 1975, 1988; 8arka and Kad1n5ky-Cade, 1988; Dewey, 1976;
Kad1n5ky-Cade and 8arka, 1989; Knuepfer, 1989; K0cy191t, 1989

8-1
26. D05er, 1990; Hank5 and 0ther5, 1975; Re111n9er, 1984; 5harp, 1982; 7r1funac and 8rune,
1970; 7r1funac, 1972
27. Am6ra5ey5, 1970, 1975, 1988 8arka and Kad1n5ky-Cade, 1988; Dewey, 1976
28. Kanam0r1, 1973; Kanam0r1, 1972
29. Am6ra5ey5, 1970, 1975, 1988; 8arka and Kad1n5ky-Cade, 1988; Dewey, 1976;
Kad1n5ky-Cade and 8arka, 1989
30. Am6ra5ey5, 1975, 1988; Dewey, 1976
31. Am6ra5ey5, 1970, 1975, 1988; Dewey, 1976
32. 8e111erand 0ther5, 1991; D05er, 1985; J1mene2 and 0ther5, 1989; R1chter, 1958; 5e6r1er
and 0ther5, 1988; 5119ad0, 1951
33. 80n111a, 1977; Chan9 and 0ther5, 1947; H5u and Chan9, 1979
34. Ama1ke, 1987; Kanam0r1, 1973; Kan1numaand 60t0, 1970; 0m0te, 1950a; 75uya, 1950
35. Hank5 and 0ther5, 1975; R1chter and 0ther5, 1958; 7hatcher and Hank5, 1973
36. Am6ra5ey5, 1988; 8arka and Kad1n5ky-Cade, 1988; 8arka and 0ther5 (prepr1nt-1987);
Kad1n5ky-Cade and 8arka, 1989
37. Earth4uake Re5earch 1n5t1tute, 1950; Kam1numa and 60t0, 1970; Kawa5um1, 1950;
0m0te, 19506; Ut5u, 1969; We5n0u5ky, and 0ther5, 982
38. deP010 and 0ther5, 1991; 61ane11a, 1957
39. A11enand 0ther5, 1965
40. Arm1j0 and 0ther5, 1989; Chen and M01nar, 1977; M01nar and Den9, 1984; 0ka1, 1992;
Wu and Den9, 1989
41. 80n111a, 1977; H5u, 1962; H5u and Chan9, 1979
42. 8en10ff, 1955; 8uwa1da and 5t. Amand, 1955; Dun6ar and 0ther5, 1980; Hank5 and
0ther5, 1975; Kupfer and 0ther5, 1955; R1chter, 1955; 5te1n and 7hatcher, 1981; Wa11ace,
1988
43. Am6ra5ey5, 1970, 1988; 8arka and Kad1n5ky-Cade, 1988; Dewey, 1976; Ey1d09an, 1988;
Kad1n5ky-Cade and 8arka, 1989; We5taway, 1990
44. 8ent and He1m6er9er, 1991a; D05er, 1990; 5ander5 and 0ther5, 1986; 7hatcher and
Hank5, 1973
45. 8e11, 1984; deP010 and 0ther5, 1991; D05er, 1986;, 1987; D05er and 5m1th, 1989;
51emm0n5, 1956; 5nay and 0ther5, 1985; 70cher, 1956
46. 8e11, 1984; deP010 and 0ther5, 1991; D05er, 1986, 1987; 51emm0n5, 1956; 5nay and
0ther5, 1985; 70cher, 1956
47. 8e11, 1984; deP010 and 0ther5, 1991; D05er and Kamam0r1, 1987; D05er, 1986, 1987;
D05er and 5m1th, 1989; R0mney, 1957; 5ava9e and Ha5t1e, 1969; 51emm0n5, 1957, 1984,
per5. c0mm. 1993; 51emm0n5 and 0ther5, 1989; 5nay and 0ther5, 1985; We5tpha1 and
Lan9e, 1967
48. 8e11, 1984; Ca5key and 0ther5, 1993; deP010 and 0ther5, 1991; D05er, 1986; D05er and
Kanam0r1, 1987; D05er and 5m1th, 1989; R0mney, 1957; 5ava9e and Ha5t1e, 1969;
51emm0n5, 1957, 1984, per5. c0mm. 1993; 5nay and 0ther5, 1985; We5tpha1 and Lan9e,
1967; 2han9 and 0ther5, 1989

8-2
49. D05er, 1991, 1992; 60n2a1e2-Ru12 and 0ther5, 1987; J0hn50n and 0ther5, 1976; 5h0r and
R06ert5, 1958
50. 801t and Herra12, 1983; 80n111a, 1959; 70cher, 1959; Ut5u, 1969; M.L. 206ack, per5.
c0mm. 1993
51. Am6ra5ey5, 1970, 1975, 1988; Am6ra5ey5 and 2at0pek, 1969; 8arka and Kad1n5ky-Cade,
1988; Ey1d09an, 1988
52. Chen and M01nar, 1977; F10ren50v and 5010nenk0, 1965; Knuepfer, 1989; M01nar and
Den9, 1984; 0ka1, 1992; 0ka1, 1976; 7app0n1er and M01nar, 1979
53. And0, 1977; 8en-Menahem, 1977, 1978; 8en-Menachem and 70k502, 1963; Kanam0r1,
1977; Ke11eher and 5av1n0, 1975; N15henk0 and Jac06, 1990; 0ka1, 1992; P1afker and
0ther5, 1978; 5tauder, 1960; 70cher, 1960; Ut5u, 1962
54. 8arr1ent05 and 0ther5, 1987; D05er, 1985; D05er and 5m1th, 1989; Ha11 and 5a610ck,
1985; Knuepfer, 1989; Meyer5 and Ham11t0n, 1964; 5ava9e and Ha5t1e, 1966; 5tewart and
0ther5, 1964
55. D05er and 5m1th, 1989; Wa11aceand 0ther5, 1981; We5taway and 5m1th, 1989; We5taway
and 0ther5, 1989
56. Am6ra5ey5, 1963, 1975; Am6ra5ey5 and Me1v111e, 1982; M0hajer and P1erce, 1963;
N0wr0021, 1985; Petre5cu and Purcaru, 1964
57. A6e, 19746; Ut5u, 1969
58. Arn6ra5ey5, 1975; 8a1ak1na and 0ther5, 1968; N0rth, 1977; 5h1r0k0va, 1968
59. 801t and Herra12, 1983; Evan5 and McEv111y, 1982; Ud1a5, 1965; Ut5u, 1969
60. A6e, 1975; Ak1, 1966; 80yd and 0ther5, 19847M091 and 0ther5, 1964; M0r1 and 80yd,
1985; Nakamura and 0ther5, 1964; 5atake and A6e, 1983; 75u60kawa and 0ther5, 1964
61. McEv111y, 1966; Ut5u, 1969
62. McEv111yand Ca5aday, 1967; Ut5u, 1969
63. Archu1eta and Day, 1980; 8r0wn and 0ther5, 1967; 8r0wn and Vedder, 1967; Eat0n and
0ther5, 1970; L1ndh and 800re, 1981; 7r1funac and Udwad1a, 1974; 75a1 and Ak1, 1969;
Wa11ace and R0th, 1967; Wu, 1968
64. Ara6a52 1991; 80ucher and 0ther5, 1967; L1e6ermann and P0mer0y, 1970; Pa9e, 1968
65. Am6ra5ey5, 1975, 1988; Am6ra5ey5 and 2at0pek, 1968; 8arka and Kad1n5ky-Cade, 1988;
Kud0, 1983; N0rth, 1977; Wa11ace, 1968
66. D05er and 5m1th, 1989; 6reen5fe1der, 1968; Hehn6er9er and En9en, 1980; Kachad00r1an
and 0ther5, 1967; Rya11 and 0ther5, 1968; 75a1 and Ak1, 1970; Wa11ace and 0ther5, 1981
67. Chen and M01nar, 1977; Huan9 and Chen, 1986; M01nar and Den9, 1984; M05kv1na,
1978; 0ka1, 1976
68. Am6ra5ey5, 1970, 1975, 1988; Am6ra5ey5 and 2at0pek, 1969; 8arka and Kad1n5ky-Cade,
1988; Ey1d09an, 1988; Hank5 and Wy55, 1972; Kad1n5ky-Cade and 8arka, 1989; Kud0,
1983; N0rth, 1977; Ut5u, 1969
69. Am6ra5ey5, 1975; N0rth, 1977; 5u15tar0va and K0c1aj, 1980
70. N0rth, 1977; Pav11de5and 7ran05, 1991; 7ayma2 and 0ther5, 1991

8-3
71. A11en and N0rd4u15t, 1972; 8urd1ck and Me11man, 1976; 8urf0rd, 1972; 8ut1er, 1983;
C1ark, 1972; E6e1 and He1m6er9er, 1982; Ham11t0n, 1972; Hank5 and Wy55, 1972;
Heat0n and He1m6er9er, 1977; K1kuch1 and Kanam0r1, 1986; Peter50n and 0ther5, 1991;
Wy55 and Hank5, 1972a
72. Adam5 and 0ther5, 1971; Adam5 and L0wry, 1971; 8erryman, 1984; 8ev1n and 0ther5,
1984; D0wr1ck, 1991; Len5en and 0tway, 1971; R061n50n and 0ther5, 1975; 5hepherd and
0ther5, 1970
73. Am6ra5ey5 and Me1v111e, 1982; Am6ra5ey5 and 7cha1enk0, 1969; 8ayer and 0ther5, 1969;
Cramp1n, 1969; Han1~5 and Wy55, 1972; Jack50n and F1tch, 1979; McEv111y and N1a21,
1975; N1a21, 1968; N0rth, 1977; N0wr0021, 1985; 7cha1enk0 and 8er6er1an, 1975;
7cha1enk0 and Am6ra5ey5, 1970
74. Denham and 0ther5, 1980; Fredr1ch and 0ther5, 1988; 60rd0n, 1971; 60rd0n and Lew15,
1980; Lan95t0n, 1987; V09fj0rd and Lan95t0n, 1987
75. 6edney and 0ther5, 1969; Huan9 and 815wa5, 1983
76. Am6ra5ey5, 1975, 1988; Am6ra5ey5 and 7cha1enk0, 1972; Arpat and 81n901, 1969;
Ey1d09an and Jack50n, 1985; Jack50n and F1tch, 1979; Kud0, 1983; N0rth, 1977;
We5taway, 1990
77. Peter50n and 0ther5, 1991; 5ander5 and Kanam0r1, 1984; 7hatcher and Ham11t0n, 1973
78. De2a, 1971; Lander, 1969; Ph111pand Me9ard, 1977; 5e6r1er and 0ther5, 1988; 5uare2
and 0ther5, 1983
79. 8rant1ey and Chun9, 1991
80. 1ma9awa and 0ther5, 1984; M1kum0, 1973a
81. 6reen and 810ch, 1971; 6reen and Mc6arr, 1972; Maa5ha and M01nar, 1972; 5hud0f5ky,
1985; 50merv111e, 1986; Wa9ner and Lan95t0n, 1988, 1989
82. De2a, 1971; Lander, 1969a, 19696; Ph111pand Me9ard, 1977; 5e6r1er and 0ther5, 1988;
5uare2 and 0ther5, 1983
83. 6an and 0ther5, 1978; 6e0det1c 5urvey 8r19ade, 1975; M01nar and Den9, 1984; Wan9
and 0ther5, 1978; 2han9 and Lu1, 1978; 2h0u and 0ther5, 1983a
84. Am6ra5ey5, 1975, 1988; Am6ra5ey5 and 7cha1enk0, 1972; Ey1d09an and Jack50n, 1985;
Jack50n and F1tch, 1979; Kud0, 1983; N0rth, 1977; 7a5dem1r091u, 1971; We5taway, 1990
85. Ha5e9awa and 0ther5, 1975; M1kum0, 1974
86. A11en and 0ther5, 1973, 1975; Can1te2 and 70k502, 1972; Hank5, 1974; Heat0n and
He1m6er9er, 1979; Heat0n, 1982; Kam6 and 0ther5, 1971; Lan95t0n, 1978; M1kum0,
79736; 5ava9e and 0ther5, 1975; 5harp, 1975, 1981; 7r1funac, 1974; U.5. 6e01091ca1
5urvey 5taff, 1971; Wy55 and Hank5, 19726
87. Am6ra5ey5, 1975, 1988; Ke19ht1ey, 1975; Kud0, 1983; 5eymen and Ayd1n, 1972
88. E115w0rth, 1975; J0hn50n and McEv111y, 1974; Kur1ta, 1976
89. E115w0rth, 1975; J0hn50n and McEv111y, 1974
90. Am6ra5ey5, 1975; Am6ra5ey5 and 0ther5, 1972; Am6ra5ey5 and Me1v111e, 1982; Dewey
and 6rant2, 1973; Jack50n and F1tch, 1979, 1981; N0rth, 1977; 5ava9e and 0ther5, 1977;
5060ut1 and 0ther5, 1972

8-4
 91. Ke11eher and 5av1n0, 1975; Lander, 1973; N15henk0 and Jac06, 1990; Pa9e, 1973; Pere2
and Jac06, 1980; 5che11 and Ruff, 1986, 1989
92. Jack50n and Y1e1d1n9, 1983
93. J0hn50n and McEv111y, 1974; Kur1ta, 1976; We550n and E115w0rth, 1972
94. 8akun, 1984; J0hn50n and McEv111y, 1974; Kur1ta, 1976; We550n, 1987
95. 8r0wn and 0ther5, 1973; Dewey and 0ther5, 1973; Lan9er and 0ther5, 1974; Matum0t0
and Latham, 1973; P1afker and 8r0wn, 1973; Ward and 0ther5, 1974
96. A11en and 0ther5, 1991; 8eck, 1989; M01nar and Den9, 1984; Q1an, 1986; 7an9 and
0ther5, 1976; 7an9 and 0ther5, 1984; 2h0u and 0ther5, 1983a, 19836
97. 8ent and He1m6er9er, 19916; 800re and 5t1erman, 1975, 1976; Ca5t1e and 0ther5, 1977;
E115w0rth and 0ther5, 1973; 5t1erman and E115w0rth, 1976
98. M01nar and Den9, 1984; M01nar and Chen, 1983; 51n9h and 6upta, 1979; 51n9h and
0ther5, 1978
99. A11150n and 0ther5, 1978
100. A6e, 1978; Mat5uda and Yama5h1na, 1974; 0hnaka, 1978; 7ake0, 1989; 2akhar0va and
0ther5, 1978
101. A6e, 1978
102. Jack50n and 0ther5, 1979; Lan95t0n and Dermen91an, 1981; Ne150n and 0ther5, 1986; N1
and 6uan9we1, 1989; 2akhar0va and 0ther5, 1978
103. J0hn50n and Had1ey, 1976; 5harp, 1976
104. Chun9 and 8rant1ey, 1989; C1par, 1979; 6e0det1c 5urvey 8r19ade, 1978; 6u and 0ther5,
1976; J0ne5 and 0ther5, 1982; L1n and 0ther5, 1979; M01nar and Den9, 1984; Q1an9 and
2han9, 1984; Ra1e19h, 1977; 5tewart and 0ther5, 1976; Wu and 0ther5, 1976; 2akhar0va
and 0ther5, 1978
105. Ara6a52 and 0ther5, 1981; 8ache and 0ther5, 1980; D05er and 5m1th, 1989; Wa11aceand
0ther5, 1981; W1111am5, 1979
106. Hatanaka and 7ake0, 1989; Hatanaka and 5h1ma2ak1, 1988; Mura1 and Mat5uda, 1975
107. Fu15, 1976; H111and 8ee6y, 1977; Knuepfer, 1989
108. 8ache and 0ther5, 1980; D05er and 5m1th, 1989; P1tt~and 0ther5, 1979
109. 8ufe and 0ther5, 1976; C1ark and 0ther5, 1916; Hart and Harp5ter, 1978; Hart and Rapp,
1975; Hart and 0ther5, 1977; Lahr and 0ther5, 1976; Lan95t0n and 8ut1er, 1976; Le5ter
and 0ther5, 1975; Rya11 and Van W0rmer, 1975; 5ava9e and 0ther5, 1977
110. Franke1, 1984; Hart2e11 and 8rune, 1979
111. Am6ra5ey5, 1988; Arpat, 1977; Ey1d09an, 1980; Jack50n andMcKen21e, 1984; Kud0,
1983; Na6e1ek and 70k502, 1978a; 70k502~and Arpat, 1977
112. 8ucknam and 0ther5, 1978; Dewey and Ju11an, 1976; Kanam0r1 and 5tewart, 1978;
K1kuch1 and Kanam0r1, 1982; Lan9er and 80111n9er, 1979; L150w5k1and 7hatcher, 1981;
P1afker, 1976; P1afker and 0ther5, 1976; Y0un9 and 0ther5, 1989
113. Ey1d09an and 0ther5, 1985; Hart2e11, 1980; Kre5tn1k0v and 0ther5, 1980; Kr15ty and
0ther5, 1980; 5hteyn6er9 and 0ther5, 1980
114. Amat0 and 0ther5, 1976; 8r101e and 0ther5, 1986; Ca9nett1 and Pa54ua1e, 1979; C1par,
1980, 1981; F1nett1 and 0ther5, 1979; Mart1n15, 1976; 70kuyama, 1976

8-5
115. Ey1d09an and 0ther5, 1985; Hart2e11, 1980; Kre5tn1k0v and 0ther5, 1980; Kr15ty and
0ther5, 1980; 5hteyn6er9 and 0ther5, 1980
116. 8ut1er and 0ther5, 1979; Chan9, 1979; Chen and 0ther5, 1979; Chen and 0ther5, 1988;
Jenn1n95, 1980; K1kuch1 and Kanam0r1, 1986; M01nar and Den9, 1984; Na6e1ek and
0ther5, 1987; Q1an9 and 2han9, 1984; 5hed10ck and 0ther5, 1987; Wu and 0ther5, 1981;
X1e and Ya0, 1991; Y0n9 and 0ther5, 1988; 2han9 and 0ther5, 1980; 2h0u, 1987
117. J0ne5 and 0ther5, 1984; M01nar and Den9, 1984
118. A6e, 1978
119. J0ne5 and 0ther5, 1984; M01nar and Den9, 1984
120. J0ne5 and 0ther5, 1984; Ke19ht1ey, 1975; M01nar and Den9, 1984
121. Am6ra5ey5, 1988; 8arka and Kad1n5ky-Cade, 1988; 6u1kan and 0ther5, 1978; K1kuch1and
Kanam0r1, 1986; Kud0, 1983; Na6e1ek and 70k502, 19786; 70k502 and 0ther5, 1977,
1978
122. 60n2a1e2 and 0ther5, 1984; Nava and 8rune, 1983
123. 8er6er1an and Papa5tamat10u, 1978; 8er6er1an and 0ther5, 1977; Jack50n and F1tch, 1981;
N0wr0021 and M0hajer A5hja1, 1985
124. R1chard50n, 1989
125. Carver and 0ther5, 1978; Carver and 0ther5, 1981; Carver and 0ther5, 1983
126. Warren and 0ther5, 1978, 1985
127. 8arker, 1993; Ca5tan0, 1982; Kad1n5ky-Cade, 1985; Kad1n5ky-Cade and 0ther5, 1985;
Lan9er and 80111n9er, 1988
128.~ Am6ra5ey5 and 0ther5, 1979; Am6ra5ey5 and Me1v111e, 1982; 8er6er1an and 0ther5, 1979;
N0wr0021 and M0hajer-A5hja1, 1985; 20h00r1an 12adpanah and 0ther5, 1981
129. K1kuch1 and 5ud0, 1984; 5ack5 and 0ther5, 1981; 5h1ma2ak1 and 50merv111e, 1979
130. Ye11n and Cr0550n, 1982
131. 8arker and Lan95t0n, 1981; 8ru5t1e and Mu11er, 1983; Karaka1515 and M1kuma, 1993;
Ku1hanek and Meyer, 1979; Merc1er and 0ther5, 1979; Merc1er and 0ther5, 1983;
Papa2ach05 and 0ther5, 1979; 50uf1er15 and 5tewart, 1981; 50uf1er15 and 0ther5, 1982
132. 8ent and He1m6er9er, 19916; C0r6ett and J0hn50n, 1982; Lee and 0ther5, 1978; Wa11ace
and 0ther5, 1981; Wh1tc0m6 and Hutt0n, 1978
133. 8ru5t1e and Mu11er, 1983; Hae551er and 0ther5, 1980; 5cher6aum and 5t011, 1983;
7urn0v5ky and 5chne1der, 1982
134. 50merv111e and 0ther5, 1980
135. Am6ra5ey5 and Me1v111e, 1982; 8er6er1an, 1979, 1982; 8er6er1an and 0ther5, 1979;
Hart2e11 and Mend02a, 1991; N1a21and 5h0ja-7aher1, 1985; N1a21 and Kanam0r1, 1981;
N0wr0021 and M0hajer-A5hja1, 1985; 5harp and 0ther5, 1978
136. Pepp1n and 0ther5, 1989
137. Hauk550n and 5a1d1var, 1986
138. Ek5tr0m and D21ew0n5k1, 1985; H111and 0ther5, 1980; Hutt0n and 0ther5, 1980; 5te1n and
L150w5k1, 1983
139. 800re and 0ther5, 1981; 8ru5t1e and Mu11er, 1983; C0n501e and Fava11, 1981; Kanam0r1
and 61ven, 1981; 75e1ent15 and 0ther5, 1988

8-6
 140. Denham and 0ther5, 1987; Fredr1ch and 0ther5, 1988; Lew15 and 0ther5, 1981
141. Arm5tr0n9, 1979; 80uch0n, 1982; Ek5tr0m and D21ew0n5k1, 1985; Herd and 0ther5,
1979; K1n9 and 0ther5, 1981; Lee and 0ther5, 1979; Lu1 and He1m6er9er, 1983;
Rea5en6er9 and E115w0rth, 1982; Uhrhammer, 1980
142. Ha5e9awa and Wetm111er, 1980
143. De5champ5 and 0ther5, 1984
144. Archu1eta, 1982; Archu1eta, 1984; D05er and Kanam0r1, 1986; E5p1n05a, 1982; Hart2e11
and Heat0n, 1983; Hart2e11 and Hehn6er9er, 1982; J0hn50n and Hutt0n, 1982; Kanam0r1
and Re9an, 1982; 0150n and Ap5e1, 1982; Re111n9erand Lar50n, 1986; 5harp, 1982; 5harp
and 0ther5, 1982; 511vert~nd Ma5uda, 1985
145. Ha9h1p0ur and Am1d1, 1980; N1a21 and Kanam0r1, 1981; N0wr0021 and M0hajer-A5hja1,
1980, 1985
146. Ha9h1p0ur and Am1d1, 1980; N1a21 and Kanam0r1, 1981; N0wr0021 and M0hajer-A5hja1,
1980, 1985
147. Marr0w and R06ert5, 1985
148. 80atwr19ht and 800re, 1982; 801t and 0ther5, 1981; 80n111a and 0ther5, 1980; Ek5tr0m
and D21ew0n5k1, 1985; 5che1mer and 0ther5, 1982
149. Franke1, 1984; 5ander5 and Kanam0r1, 1984
150. 6a9nepa1n-8eyne1x and 0ther5, 1982
151. 8arker and Lan95t0n, 1983; Cramer and 70pp02ada, 1980; Ek5tr0m and D21ew0n5k1,
1985; 61ven and 0ther5, 1982; Ju11anand 51pk1n, 1985; L1de and Rya11, 1985; Uhrha1nmer
and Fer9u50n, 1980
152. Ander50n and 8rune, 1991; Ander50n and 51m0n5, 1982; Ek5tr0m and D21ew0n5k1, 1985;
Mun9u1a and 8rune, 1984; Nakan15h1 and Kanam0r1, 1984; 5harp, 1981; 511ver and
Ma5uda, 1985; W0n9 and Fre2, 1982
153. 15h1da, 1984; L1nde and 0ther5, 1982; Mat5uura, 1983; 7ake0, 1988
154. Am6ra5ey5 and Jack50n, 1990; Papa2ach05 and 0ther5, 1983
155. Hermann and 0ther5, 1982; Mauk and 0ther5, 1982; 50merv111e, 1986
156. Am6ra5ey5, 1981; C15terna5 and 0ther5, 1982; De5champ5 and 0ther5, 1982; K1n9 and
Y1e1d1n9, 1984; K1n9 and V1ta-F1n21, 1981; Na6e1ek, 1985; 0uyed and 0ther5, 1981;
0uyed and 0ther5, 1983; Ph1111pand Me9hra0u1, 1983; Rue99 and 0ther5, 1982; F. 5wan,
per5. c0mm. 1992; Y1e1d1n9, 1985; Y1e1d1n9and 0ther5, 1981
157. Amat0 and 0ther5, 1989; 8ernard and 20110, 1989; 8ru5t1e and Mu11er, 1983; Cr0550n and
0ther5, 1986; De1 Pe220 and 0ther5, 1983; De5champ5 and K1n9, 1983; De5champ5 and
K1n9, 1984; Pant05t1 and Va1en515e, 1990; Vaccar1 and 0ther5, 1990; We5taway, 1987;
We5taway and Jack50n, 1984, 1987
158. Den9 and 2han9, 1984; M01nar and Ly0n-Caen, 1989; M01nar and Den9, 1984; Q1an,
1986; 7an9 and 0ther5, 1984a; 7an9 and 0ther5, 19846; 2h0u and 0ther5, 19836
159. 6rant and 0ther5, 1984
160. 8e22e9h0ud and 0ther5, 1986; Jack50n and 0ther5, 1982; K1m and 0ther5, 1984; K1n9 and
0ther5, 1985; 5tavrakak15 and 0ther5, 1991

8-7
 161. 8e22e9h0ud and 0ther5, 1986; Jack50n and 0ther5, 1982; K1m and 0ther5, 1984; K1n9 and
0ther5, 1985; 5tavrakak15 and 0ther5, 1991
162. 8e22e9h0ud and 0ther5, 1986; Jack50n and 0ther5, 1982; K1m and 0ther5, 1984; K1n9 and
0ther5, 1985; 5tavrakak15 and 0ther5, 1991
163. 8er6er1an and 0ther5, 1984; 6he1tanch1 and 0ther5, 1990; N0wr0021 and M0hajer-A5hja1,
1985; 51ev1n and Wa11ace, 1986
164. 8er6er1an and 0ther5, 1984; 6he1tanch1 and 0ther5, 1990; N0wr0021 and M0hajer-A5hja1,
1985; 51ev1n and Wa11ace, 1986
165. Ch0y and 0ther5, 1983; N9uyen and Herrman, 1992; 50merv111e, 1986; 5uare2 and
Na6e1ek, 1983; Wetm111er and 0ther5, 1984
166. Franke1, 1984; 5ander5 and Kanam0r1, 1984
167. Ek5tr0m and D21ew0n5k1, 1985; 5te1n and Ek5tr0m, 1992
168. Ch0y and K1nd, 1987; 1.an9er and 0ther5, 1987; P1afker and 0ther5, 1987; 51pk1n, 1986
169. L0mn1t2 and Ha5h12ume, 1985
170. Ch0y, 1990, 51pk1n and Needham, 1990; -Eat0n, 1984; Eat0n, 1990; E6erhart-Ph1111p5 and
Rea50n6er9, 1990; Ek5tr0m and D21ew0n5k1, 1985; Feh1er and J0hn50n, 1989; Hank5 and
800re, 1984; Hart2e11 and Heat0n, 1983; Kanam0r1, 1983; Mc6arr and 0ther5, 1990; R1a1
and 8r0wn, 1983; 5her6urne and 0ther5, 1983; 5te1n, 1985; 7an1m0t0 and Kanam0r1,
1986; Uhrhammer and 0ther5, 1984
171. Chen and Wan9, 1984
172. 801t and Herra12, 1983; Eat0n, 1990; Eat0n and 0ther5, 1985; E6erhart-Ph1111p5 and
Rea50n6er9, 1990; Hart and McJunk1n, 1983; Rymer and 0ther5, 1985; Uhrhammer and
0ther5, 1984;
173. Na6e1ek and 5uare2, 1989; N9uyen and Herrman, 1992
174. 8arr1ent05 and 0ther5, 1985; 8arr1ent05 and 0ther5, 1987; 80atwr19ht, 1985; Cr0ne and
0ther5, 1987; D05er and 5m1th, 1985; Ek5tr0m and D21ew0n5k1, 1985; R1ch1n5, 1985;
5te1n and 8arr1ent05, 1985a, 19856; 7an1m0t0 and Kanam0r1, 1986
175. Am6ra5ey5, 1988; 8arka and Kad1n5ky-Cade, 1988; 151am1, 1986; L1 and 0ther5, 1987
176. Ah0rner and Pe121n9, 1985; A5p1na11 and K1n9, 1985; Came16eec~kand De8ecker, 1985
177. Am6ra5ey5 and Adam5, 1986; D0r6ath and 0ther5, 1984; Jen5en and 0ther5, 1989; Lan9er
and 0ther5, 1987; 5u1e1man and 0ther5, 1993
178. 8akun and 0ther5, 1984a; 8akun and 0ther5, 19846; 8er02a and 5pud1ch, 1988;
C0ckerham and Eat0n, 1985, 1987; Ek5tr0m, 1984; 61adw1n and J0hn5t0n, 1986; Hart2e11
and Heat0n, 1986; H005e, 1987; Pre5c0tt and 0ther5, 1984a, 19846; Uhrhammer an(1
Darra9h, 1984
179. Hae551er and 0ther5, 1988
180. K0nd0r5kaya and 0ther5, 1989; We5taway and 0ther5, 1989
181. An5e11 and 0ther5, 1986; Marr0w and Wa1ker, 1988; 7r0dd and 0ther5, 1985; 7ur61tt and
0ther5, 1985
182. Lahr and 0ther5, 1986
183. M120ue and 0ther5, 1985; 7ake0 and M1kam1, 1987; 7ake0, 1987; Yama5h1na and 7ada,
1985

8-8
 184. Lan9er and 0ther5, 1991; N9uyen and Herrman, 1992
185. 8arker and Wa11ace, 1986; D05er and 5m1th, 1989; 6r055 and 5ava9e, 1985; J0hn5t0n and
0ther5, 1987; Pr1e5t1ey and 0ther5, 1988
186. Ca5tan0, 1985; 1NPRE5, 1985
187. M011 and 0ther5, 1987
188. M0r1, 1989
189. Eat0n, 1985; Ek5tr0m, 1986; Ek5tr0m and 0ther5, 1992; Ek5tr0m and 5te1n, 1989
190. Ka15er and Duda, 1988; K0nd0r5kaya and 0ther5, 1989; N1 and 6uan9we1, 1989
191. 8arker, 1989; Ch0y and 80atwr19ht, 1988; Ha5e9awa and 0ther5, 1989; H0rner and
0ther5, 1989; H0rner and 0ther5, 1990; K0nd0r5kaya and 0ther5, 989; Wetm111er and
0ther5, 1988
192. 80un1f and 0ther5, 1987; De5champ5 and 0ther5, 1991
193. 8arker, 1989; Ch0y and 80atwr19ht, 1988; Ha5e9awa and 0ther5, 1989; H0rner and
0ther5, 1989; H0mer and 0ther5, 1990; K0nd0r5kaya and 0ther5, 1989; Wetm111er and
0ther5, 1988
194. 51mp50n and 0ther5, 1988; Wy55 and Ha6ermann, 1988
195. 61a55m0yer and 80rcherdt, 1990; N1ch0150n and 0ther5, 1988; N9uyen and Herrman, 1992
196. R09er5 and 0ther5, 1990
197. Fredr1ch and 0ther5, 1988; Machette and 0ther5, 1993; McCue and 0ther5, 1987
198. 801t and Uhrhammer, 1986; 0ppenhe1mer and Mac6re90r-5c0tt, 1991; 2h0u and 0ther5,
1989; 2h0u and McNa11y, 1990; 2h0u and 0ther5, 1993
199. Ca6rera and 0ther5, 1991; Merc1er and 0ther5, 1992; Yeat5 and 0ther5, 1994
200. Chen and Wan9, 1986, 1988; Chen and 0ther5, 1988; Hwan9 and Kanam0r1, 1989; L1aw
and 0ther5, 1986; Pe220pane and We5n0u5ky, 1989; 5a126er9 and 0ther5, 1988; 5h1n and
0ther5, 1989; Wu and 0ther5, 1989; Yeh and 0ther5, 1990; Yu and Lu1, 1986
201. Hart2e11, 1989; J0ne5 and 0ther5, 1986; L150w5k1and 6r055, 1987; Mend02a and Hart2e11,
1988, N1ch0150n and 0ther5, 1987; Pachec0 and Na6e1ek, 1988; 5ee6er and 0ther5, 1987
202. Hauk550n and J0ne5, 1988; Pachec0 and Na6e1ek, 1988
203. C0ckerham and C0r6ett, 1987; deP010 and 0ther5, 1991; deP010 and Rame111, 1987; D05er
and 5m1th, 1989; 6r055 and 5ava9e, 1987; J0hn5t0n and 0ther5, 1987; Kah1e and 0ther5,
1986; Knuepfer, 1989; L1enkaemper and 0ther5, 1987; Pachec0 and Na6e1ek, 1988;
Pre5c0tt and 0ther5, 1988; 5m1th and Pr1e5t1ey, 1987
204. Ly0n-Caen and 0ther5, 1988; Papa2ach05 and 0ther5, 1988
205. Har10w and 0ther5, 1993; Rymer, 1987; Wh1te and 0ther5, 1987
206. Chen and Wan9, 1988; Chen and 0ther5, 1988; 601d5te1n and Archu1eta, 1991; Hwan9
and Kanam0r1, 1989; Kanam0r1, 1988; Pe220pane and We5n0u5ky, 1989; 5a126er9 and
0ther5, 1988; Wu and 0ther5, 1989
207. 75ukuda and 0ther5, 1989
208. 60n2a1e2-6arc1a, 1991

8-9
209. Ander50n and 0ther5, 1990; Ander50n and We66, 1989; 8ean1and and 0ther5, 1989;
8ean1and and 0ther5, 1990; Dar6y, 1989; 6rape5, 1987; New 2ea1and Department 0f
5c1ent1f1c and 1ndu5tr1a1 Re5earch, 1987; Pender and R06ert50n, 1988; 2han9 and 0ther5,
1989
210. Maeda, 1991
211. Lan9er and 80111n9er, 1991; 7ay10r and 0ther5, 1989
212. Le1 and 0ther5, 1991; We1 and Chun9, 1993
213. Pechman and 0ther5, 1992
214. 8arker, 1988; 8ent and Hehn6er9er, 1989; 801t and 0ther5, 1989; Hart/e11 and 11da, 1990;
Hauk550n and J0ne5, 1989; Hauk550n an(1 0ther5, 1988; L1n and 5te1n, 1989; L1nde and
J0hn5t0n, 1989
215. A9new and Wyatt, 1989; 8ent and 0ther5, 1989; Hudnut and 0ther5, 1989; L150w5k1and
5ava9e, 1988; Ma915tra1e and 0ther5, 1989; 5harp and 0ther5, 1989; 51pk1n, 1989
216. A9new and Wyatt, 1989; 8ent and 0ther5, 1988; 8udd1n9 and 5harp, 1988; Hudnut and
0ther5, 1989; Kah1e and 0ther5, 1988; L150w5k1and 5ava9e, 1988; Ma915tra1e and 0ther5,
1989; Mc6111 and 0ther5, 1989; 5harp and 0ther5, 1989; W1111am5and Ma915tra1e, 1989
217. 80wman, 1991; 80wman and 0ther5, 1990; Ch0y and 80wman, 1990; Chun9 and.0ther5,
1988; Cr0ne and 0ther5, 1992; J0hn5t0n, 1988; McCaffrey, 1989
218. 80wman, 1991; 80wman and 0ther5, 1990; Ch0y and 80wman, 1990; Chun9 and 0ther5,
1988; Cr0ne and 0ther5, 1992; J0hn5t0n, 1988; McCaffrey, 1989
219. 80wman, 1991; 80wman and 0ther5, 1990; Ch0y and 80wman, 1990; Chun9 and 0ther5,
1988; Cr0ne and 0ther5, 1992; J0hn5t0n, 1988; McCaffrey, 1989
220. Nava and 0ther5, 1989; Pechman and 0ther5, 1990, 1992
221. Chen and Q1n, 1991; Chen and Wu, 1989; H01t and Wa11ace, 1989; 1n5t1tute 0f
Earth4uake En91neer1n9, 1989; L1 and Na6e1ek, 1989; Ma0 and 2han9, 1991; Wan9 and
0ther5, 1989; Wu, 1989; Yu and 0ther5, 1991
222. Chen and Q1n, 1991; 1n5t1tute 0f ~trth4uake En91neer1n9, 1989; L1 and Na6c1ek, 1989;
Ma0 and 2han9, 1991 ; 2h0u and 0ther5, 1990
223. Cara6aja1 and 8arker, 1991; Du 8er9er and 0ther5, 1991; N0rth and 0ther5, 1989;
50merv111e and 0ther5, 1990; Wetm111er and 0ther5, 1989
224. J0ne5 and 0ther5, 1990; Kanam0r1, 1989; Kanam0r1 and 0ther5, 1990
225. Aref1ev and 0ther5, 1989; 80mmer and Am6ra5ey5, 1989; 80rcher,.1t and 0ther5, 1990;
C15terna5 and 0ther5, 1989a, 19896; D0r6ath and 0ther5, 1992; Hae551er and 0ther5, 1989;
J1mene2 and 0ther5, 1989; Kanam0r1, 1993; Lan9er and 0the~r5, 1989; Needham and 51pk1n
1989; Pachec0 and 0ther5, 1989; Ph111pand 0ther5, 1989; 5harp, 1989
226. Pechnaan and 0ther5, 1990, 1992

8-10
227. 8arker and 5a126er9, 1990; Ch0y and 80atwr19ht, 1990; D1et2 and E115W0rth, 1990;
D21ew0n5k1 and 2wart, 1990; Kanam0r1 and He1m6er9er, 1990; Kanam0r1 and 5atake,
1990; Lan95t0n and 0ther5, 1990; L150w5k1and 0ther5, 1990; McNa11yand 0ther5, 1989;
M1chae1 and 0ther5, 1990; Na6e1ek, 1990; P1aNer and 6a110way, 1989; Pre5c0tt and
0ther5, 1990; R0man0w1C2 and Ly0n-Caen, 1990; Ruff and 71Che1aar, 1990; 5a126er9 and
0ther5, 1990; 50merv111eand Y05h1mura, 1990; Uhrhammer and 0ther5, 1990; 2han9 and
Lay, 1990
228. Am6ra5ey5 and 0ther5, 1990; Me9hra0u1, 1991
229. Adam5 and 0ther5, 1991; Adam5 and 0ther5, 1990; 8ent, 1993; Wetm111er and 0ther5,
1991
230. Fukuyama and M1kuma, 1993
231. Dre9er and Hehn6er9er, 1991a; Hauk550n and J0ne5, 1991a; Hutt0n, 19906
232. 8er6er1an and 0ther5, 1992; N1a21and 8020r9n1a, 1992; 7h10 and 0ther5, 1990; 75ukuda
and 0ther5, 1991
233. A6e, 1990; 5harp and Um6a1, 1990; 7h10 and 0ther5, 1990; Y05h1da and A6e, 1990, 1992
234. deP010 and H0rt0n, 1991; Dre9er and 0ther5, 1991; H0rt0n and deP010, 1992; McNutt
and 0ther5, 1991
235. 75ukuda and 0ther5, 1992
236. Dre9er and He1m6er9er, 19916; Hauk550n and J0ne5, 19916; Wa1d and 0ther5, 1991
237. McLaren and 5ava9e, 1992; M. McLaren, per5. c0mm. 1993
238. 8arka and Ey1d09an, 1993; 8ennett and 0ther5, 1992; EER1 1993; 7r1f0n0v and 0ther5,
1993
239. Hauk550n and 0ther5, 1992; Hauk550n and 0ther5, 1993; H0u9h and 0ther5 (1993, 1n
rev1ew); N1ch0150n and 0ther5, 1993; Rymer, 1992
240. 8erryman, 1992; Camp1110and Archu1eta, 1992; Dre9er and He1m6er9er, 1992; Hart and
0ther5, 1993; Hauk550n and 0ther5, 1992; Hauk550n and 0ther5, 1993; H0u9h and 0ther5
1992; Kanam0r1 and 0ther5, 1992; 51eh and 0ther5, 1993
241. Hauk550n and 0ther5, 1992; Hauk550n and 0ther5 1993; J0ne5 and He1m6er9er, 1993
242. Ander50n and 0ther5, 1992; Harm0n, per5. c0mm. 1993; 5m1th and 0ther5, 1993; 5heehan
and 0ther5, 1993; 2ha0 and Hehn6er9er 1993
243. Mad1n and 0ther5, 1993; J. Na6e1ek, per5. c0mm. 1993
244. Hauk550n and 0ther5, 1993; 5. Hecker, per5. c0mm. 1993; J. 5c0tt, per5. c0mm. 1993

8-11
 APPEND1X C: REFERENCE5 F0R 7A8LE 1

5ee Append1x 8 f0r 115t1n9 0f reference5 f0r 1nd1v1dua1 earth4uake5

A6e, K. (1974a). 5e15m1c d15p1acement and 9r0und m0t10n near a fau1t--the 5a1tama earth4uake
0f 5eptem6er 21, 1931, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 79, 4393-4399.
A6e, K. (19746). Fau1t parameter5 determ1ned 6y near- and far-f1e1d data--the Waka5a 8ay
earth4uake 0f March 26, 1963, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 64, 1369-1382.
A6e, K. (1975). Re-exam1nat10n 0f the fau1t m0de1 f0r the N119ata earth4uake 0f 1964, J. Phy5.
Earth, 23, 349-366.
A6e, K. (1978). D1510cat10n5, 50urce d1men510n5 and 5tre55e5 a550c1ated w1th earth4uake5 1n the
12u Pen1n5u1a, Japan, J. Phy5. Earth, 26, 253-274.
A6e, K. (1981). Ma9n1tude5 0f 1ar9e 5ha110w earth4uake5 fr0m 1904-1980, Phy5. Earth P1anet.
1nter10r5, 27, 72-92.
A6e, K. (1990). 5e15m01091ca1 a5pect5 0f the Lu20n, Ph111pp1ne5, earth4uake 0fJu1y 16, 1990 (1n
Japane5e), 8u11. Earth4. Re5. h15t. 70ky0, 65, 851-873.
A6e, K., and 5. N09uch1 (1983a). Determ1nat10n 0f ma9n1tude f0r 1ar9e 5ha110w earth4uake5
1898-1917, Phy5. Earth P1anet. 1nter10r5, 32, 45-59.
A6e, K., and 5. N09uch1 (19836). Rev1510n 0f ma9n1tude5 0f 1ar9e 5ha110w earth4uake5,
1897-1912, Phy5. Earth P1anet. 1nter10r5, 33, 1-11.
Adam5, J., Wetm111er, R.J., Ha5e9awa, H.5., and J. Dry5da1e (1991). 7he f1r5t 5urface fau1t1n9
fr0m a h15t0r1ca1 1ntrap1ate earth4uake 1n N0rth Amer1ca, Nature, 352, 617-619.
Adam5, J., N0rth, R.6., Wetm111er, R.J., Ha5e9awa, H.5., and J. Dry5da1e (1990). 7he
Decem6er 25, 1989, M5=6.2 Un9ava (Que6ec) earth4uake: yet an0ther M6 event 1n the
Canad1an Crat0n, 5e15m. Re5. Lette~w, 61, n0. 1.40-41.
Adam5, R.D., and M.A. L0wry (1971). 7he hmn9ahua earth4uake 5e4uence, 1968, ~ C0111n5,
8.W., and Fra5er, R., ed5., Recent Cru5ta1 M0vement5, R0ya1 50c. New 22~c,a1and 8u11. 9,
129-135.
Adam5, R.D., L0wry, M.A., and D.E. Ware (1971). New 2ea1and 5e15m01091ca1 rep0rt,
1nan9ahua earth4uake5, 1968, 5e15m01091ca1 065ervat01y 8u11., E- 147.
A9new, D.C., and F.K. Wyatt (1989). 7he 1987 5uper5t1t10n H1115earth4uake 5e4uence, 5tra1n5
and t11t5at P1n0n F1at 065ervat0ry, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 79, n0. 2., 480-492.
Ah0rner, L., and R. Pe121n9 (1985). 7he 50urce character15t1c5 0f the L1e9e earth4uake 0n
N0vem6er 8, 1963, fr0m D191ta1 rec0rd1n95 1n We5t 6ermany, 5e15m1c Act1v1ty 1n We5tern
Eur0pe, 263-289.
Ak1, K. (1966). 6enerat10n and Pr0pa9at10n 0f 6 wave5 fr0m the N119ata earth4uake 0f June 16,
1964. Part 2. E5t1mat10n 0f earth4uake m0vement, re1ea5ed ener9y, and 5tre55-5tra1n dr0p
fr0m the 6 wave 5pectrum, 8u11. Earth4. Re5. 1n5t. 70ky0, 44, 73-88.
A11en, C.R., and J.M. N0rd4u15t (1972). F0re5h0ck, ma1n 5h0ck, and 1ar9er af1er5h0ck5 0f the
8,9rre90 M0unta1n earth4uake, ~ the 80rre90 M0unta1n Earth4uake 0f Apr11 9, 1968, U.5.
6e01. 5ur. Pr0f. Paper 787, 16-23.

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A11en, C.R., Hank5, 7.C., and J.H. Wh1tc0m6 (1973). 5an Fernand0 earth4uake--5e15m01091ca1
5tud1e5 and the1r tect0n1c 1mp11cat10n5, 1n 8enfer, N.A., C0ffman, J.L., 8ern1ck, J.R., and
Dee5, L.7., ed5., 5an Fernand0, Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake 0f Fe6ruary 9, 1971, V01ume 111,
6e01091ca1 and 6e0phy51ca1 5tud1e5, U.5. Department 0f C0mmerce, Nat10na1 0cean1c and
Atm05pher1c Adm1n15trat10n, 13-21.
A11en, C.R., Hank5, 7.C., and J.H. Wh1tc0m6 (1975). 5e15m01091ca1 5tud1e5 0f the 5an Fernand0
earth4uake and the1r tect0n1c 1mp11cat10n5,1n 0ake5h0tt, 6.8., ed., 5an Fernand0, Ca11f0rn1a
Earth4uake 0f 9 Fe6ruary 1971, Ca11f. D1v. M1ne5 6e01. 8u11. 196, 257-262.
A11en, C.R., 5t. Amand, P., R1chter, C.F., and J.M. N0rd4u15t (1965). Re1at10n5h1p 6etween
5e15m1c1ty and 9e01091c 5tructure 1n the 50uthern Ca11f0rn1a re910n, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am.,
55, 753-797.
A11en, C.R., Lu0, 2., Q1an, H, wen, x., 2h0u, H., and W. Huan9 (1991). F1e1d 5tudy 0f a
h19h1y act1ve fau1t 20ne: the X1an5hu1he fau1t 0f 50uthwe5tern Ch1na, 6e01. 50c. Am. 8u11.,
103; 1178-1199.
Ama1ke, F. (1987). 5e15m1c exp10rat10n5 0f the 6ur1ed fau1t a550c1ated w1th the 1948 Fuku1
earth4uake, J. Phy5. Earth, 35, 285-308.
Amat0, A., 8arna6a, P.F., F1nett1, 1., 6r0pp1, 6., Mart1n15, 8., and A. Mu22en (1976).
6e0dynam1c 0ut11ne and 5e15m1c1ty 0f Fr1u11 Venet1a Ju11a re910n, 1n Pr0ceed1n95 0f the
1nternat10na1 Meet1n9 0r~ the Fr1u11 Earth4uake, 8011ett1n0 d1 6e0f151ca, 19, 217-256.
Amat0, A., C0cc0, M., Pant051, 6., and 6. Va1en15e (1989). 1nve5t19at1n9 a c0mp1ex earth4uake
w1th a mu1t1d15c1p11naryappr0ach: the 1980, 1rp1n1a, n0rma1 fau1t1n9 event (M5 6.9), E05, 70,
n0. 43, 1226.
Am6ra5ey5, N.N. (1963). 7he 8uy1n-2ara (1ran) earth4uake 0f 5eptem6er, 1962, a f1e1d rep0rt,
8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 53, 705-740.
Am6ra5ey5, N.N. (1970). 50me character15t1c feature5 0f the Anat011an fau1t 20ne,
7ect0n0phy51c5, 9, 143-165.
Am6ra5ey5, N.N. (1975). 5tud1e5 1n h15t0r1ca1 5e15m1c1tyand tect0n1c5, 1n 6e0dynam1c5 70day,
7he R0ya1 50c1ety, L0nd0n, 7-16.
Am6ra5ey5, N.N. (1981). 7he E1 A5nam (A19er1a) earth4uake 0f 10 0ct06er 1980--c0nc1u510n5
drawn fr0m a f1e1d 5tudy, Quart. J. En9. 6e0. L0nd0n, 14, 143-148.
Am6ra5ey5, N.N. (1988). En91neer1n9 5e15m0109y, Earth4. En9. 5truct. Dyn., 17, 1-105.
Am6ra5ey5, N.N., and R.D. Adam5 (1986). 5e15m1c1ty0f We5t Afr1ca, Anna1e5 6e0phy51cae, 4,
n0. 86, 679-702.
Am6ra5ey5, N.N., and J.A. Jack50n (1990). 5e15m1c1ty and a550c1ated 5tra1n 0f centra1 6reece
6etween 1890 and 1988, 6e0phy5. J. 1nt., 101,663-708.
Am6ra5ey5, N.N., and C.P. Me1v111e(1982). A h15t0ry 0f Per51an earth4uake5: Cam6r1d9e Earth
5c1ence 5er1e5, Cam6r1d9e Un1ver51ty Pre55, L0nd0n, 212 p.
Am6ra5ey5, N.N., and J.5.7cha1enk0 (1969). 7he Da5ht-e 8aya2 (1ran) earth4uake 0f Au9u5t 31,
1968, a f1e1d rep0rt, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Ant., 59, 1751-1792.
Am6ra5ey5, N.N., and J.5. 7cha1enk0 (1972). 5e15m0tect0n1c a5pect5 0f the 6ed12, 7urkey,
earth4uake 0f March 1970, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 30, 229-252.

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Am6ra5ey5, N.N., and A. 2at0pek (1968). 7he Vart0 U5turkan (Anat011a) earth4uake 0f 19
Au9u5t 1966--5ummary 0f a f1e1d rep0rt, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am.,/58, 4%102.
Am6ra5ey5, N.N., and A. 2at0pek (1969). 7he Mudurnu Va11ey, We5t Anat011a, 7urkey,
earth4uake 0f 22 Ju1y 1967, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 59, 521-589.
Am6ra5ey5, N.N., Ar50v5k1, M., and A.A. M01nfar (1979). 7he 615k earth4uake 0f19 Decem6er
1977 and the 5e15m1c1ty 0f the Kuh6anan fau1t-20ne, UNE5C0.
Am6ra5ey5, N.N., M01nfar, A.A., and J.5.7cha1enk0 (1972). (1ran) 6h1r earth4uake 0f 10 Apr11
1972:UNE5C0 (Par15), 5er1a1 n0. 2789/RM0.RD/5CE.
Am6ra5ey5, N.N., E1na5ha1, A.5., 80mmer, J.J., Haddar, F., Mada5, P., E19ha20u11, A., and
J. V09t (1990). 7he Chen0ua (A19er1a) earth4uake 0f 29 0ct06er 1989, En91neer1n9
5e15m0109Y and Earth4uake En91neer1n9 Re5earch Rep0rt N0. 90-4, 1mper1a1 C011e9e 0f
5c1ence and 7echn0109y, L0nd0n.
Ander50n, H., 5m1th, E., and R. R061n50n (1990). N0rma1 fau1t1n9 1n a 6ack-arc 6a51n--
5e15m01091ca1 character15t1c5 0f the 1987 March 2 Ed9ecum6e, New 2ea1and, earth4uake
(a65.), E05, 71, n0.2, 51-52.
Ander50n, H., and 7. We66 (1989). 7he rupture pr0ce55 0f the 1987 Ed9ecum6e earth4uake,
New 2ea1and, New 2ea1and J. 6e01. 6e0phy5., 32, 43-52.
Ander50n, J.6., and J.N. 8rune (1991). 7he V1ct0r1a acce1er09ram f0r the 1980 Mex1ca11 Va11ey
earth4uake, Earth4. 5pectra, 7, 29-43.
Ander50n, J.6., and R.5.51m0n5, ed5. (1982). 7he Mex1ca11 Va11eyearth4uake0f 9 June 1980:
Earth4uake En91neer1n9 Re5earch 1n5t1tute New51etter 16, 24 p.
Ander50n, J.6., 8rune, J.N., deP010, D., 60m6er9, J., Harm5en, 5.C.,5ava9e, M.K., 5heehan,
A.F., and K.D. 5m1th (1992). Pre11m1nary rep0rt: 7he L1tt1e 5ku11 M0unta1n earth4uake, 1n
Pr0ceed1n95 0f C01ference 0n Dynam1c Ana1y515 and De519n C0n51derat10n5f1~r H19h-Leve1
Nuc1ear Wa5te Rep051t0r1e5, 5an Franc15c0, 162-175.
And0, M. (1977). 511p rate5 and recurrence t1me5 fr0m ana1y5150f maj0r earth4uake5 0n Pac1f1c-
N0rth Amer1can p1ate 60undary 1n we5tern N0rth Amer1ca (a65.), E05, 58, 438.
An5e11, J., A5p1na11, W., K1n9, 6 . , and R. We5taway (1986). 7he 1984 Ju1y 19 N0rth Wa1e5
earth4uake - a 10wer cru5ta1 c0nt1nent event 1nd1ca1h19 6r1tt1e 6ehav10r at an unu5ua1 depth,
6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 84, 201-206.
Ara6a52, W.J. (1991). A 5yn0p515 0f the 1966 Ca11ente/C10ver M0unta1n5, Nevada, earth4uake:
Unpu6115hed paper, 5upp1ementary data f0r E1ectr1c P0wer Re5earch 1n5t1tute-H19h Leve1
Wa5te Perf0rmance A55e55ment Pr0ject, 26 p.
Ara6a52, W.J., R1ch1n5, W.D., and C.J. Lan9er (1981). 7he P0cate110 Va11ey,;(1dah0-Utah
60rder) earth4uake 5e4uence 0f 1darch t0 Apr11 1975, 8u1L 5e15m. 50c. Ant., 71, 803-826.
Archu1eta, R.J. (1982). Ana1y5150f near-50urce 5tat1c and dynam1c mea5urement5 fr0m the 1979
hnper1a1 Va11ey earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 72, 1927-1956.
Archu1eta, R.J. (1984). A fau1t1n9 m0de1 f0r the 1979 1mper1a1 Va11eyearth4uake, J. 6e0phy5.
Re5., 89, 4,559-4,585.
Archu1eta, R.J., and 5.M. Day (1980). Dynam1c rupture 1n a 1ayered med1um--the 1966 Parkf1e1d
earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Ant., 70, 671-689.

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Aref1ev, 5.5., 80r1550ff, 8.A., and R.E. 7atev05yan (1989). 50me feature5 0f the ep1centra1 area
0f 5p1tak, Decem6er 7, 1988 earth4uake, 1n 5chenk, v., and 5chenk0va, 2., ed5.,
Pr0ceed1n95 0f the 4th h~ternat10na1 5ymp051um 0n the Ana1y515 0f 5e15m1c1ty and 5e15m1c
R15k, 8echnye Ca5t1e, C2ech0510vak1a, 6e0phy51ca1 1n5t1tute, C2ech0510vak Academy 0f
5c1ence5, Pra9ue, 49-56.
Arm1j0, R., 7app0nn1er, P., and H. 70n911n (1989). Late Cen0201c r19ht-1atera1 5tr1ke-511p
fau1t1n9 1n 50uthern 716et, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 94, 2787-2838.
Arm5tr0n9, C.F. (1979). C0y0te Lake earth4uake, 6 Au9u5t 1979, Ca11f0rn1a 6e0109y,
N0vem6er, 248-251.
Arpat, E. (1977). L1ce earth4uake 0f 5eptem6er 6, 1975:Yeryuvar1 ve 1n5an, (5u6at, 1977), 15-
27.
Arpat, E., and E. 81n901 (1969). 7he r1ft 5y5tem 0f the we5tern 7urkey; th0u9ht5 0n 1t5
deve10pment, 8u11. M1n. Re5. Exp1. 1n5t1t. 7urkey, 73, 1-9.
A5p1na11, W.P., and 6.C.P. K1n9 (1985). A temp0rary 5earch f0r after5h0ck5 0f the 1983
N0vem6er 8, L1e9e, 8e191um, earth4uake: 5e15m1c Act1v1ty 1n We5tern Eur0pe, 319-329.
8ache, 7.C., Lam6ert, D.6., and 7.6.8arker (1980). A 50urce m0de1 f0r the March 28, 1975,
P0cate110 Va11ey earth4uake fr0m the t1me-d0ma1n m0de11n9 0f te1e5e15m1c P wave5, 8u11.
5e15m. 50c. Am., 70, 405-418.
8akun, W.H. (1984). 5e15m1c m0ment5, 10ca1 ma9n1tude5, and c0da-durat10n ma9n1tude5 f0r
earth4uake5 1n centra1 Ca11f0rn1a, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 74, 439-458.
8akun, W.H., C1ark, M.M., C0ckerham, R., E115w0rth, W.L., L1ndh, A.6., Pre5c0tt, W.H.,
5haka1, A.F., and P. 5pud1ch (1984a). 7he 1984 M0r9an H111, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake, 1n
H005e, 5.N., ed., 7he M0r9an H111,Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake 0f Apr11 24, 1984 (Pre11m1nary
rep0rt), U.5. 6e01.~5ur. 0pen-F11e Rep0rt 84-498A, 1-9.
8akun, W.H., C1ark, M.M., C0ckerharn, R.5., E115w0rth, W.L., L1ndh, A.6., Pre5c0tt, W.H.,
5haka1, A.F., and P. 5pud1ch (19846). 7he 1984 M0r9an H111, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake,
5c1ence, 225, 288-291.
8a1ak1na, L.M., Ru5tan0v1ch, D.N., and D. Kh0d2h1yev5k1y (1968). 7he f0ca1 mechan15m 0f the
after5h0ck5 0f the earth4uake 0f Ju1y 26, 1963, at 5k0pje, h,e5t1a, Phy51c50fthe 5011d Earth,
1, 110-114.
8arka, A., and H. Ey1d09an (1993). 7he Er21ncan earth4uake 0f 13 March 1992 1n ea5tern
7urkey, 7erra N0va, 5, 190-194.
8arka, A., 70k502, M.N., Kad1n5ky-Cade, K., and L. 6u1en (1987). 7he 5e9mentat10n,
5e15m1c1ty and earth4uake p0tent1a1 0f the ea5tern part 0f the n0rth Anat011an fau1t 20ne:
5u6m1tted t0 J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 34 p.
8arka, A., and K. Kad1n5ky-Cade (1988). 5tr1ke-511pfau1t 9e0metry 1n 7urkey and 1t5 1nf1uence
0n earth4uake act1v1ty, 7ect0n1c5, 7, 663-684.
8arker, J.5. (1988). A te1e5e15m1c60dy wave ana1y5150f the 0ct06er 1, 1987 Wh1tt1er Narr0w5
earth4uake, 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 59, 4.
8arker, J.5. (1989). A te1e5e15m1c 60dy wave ana1y515 0f the 0ct06er and Decem6er 1985
Naham1, NW7, earth4uake5, E05, 70, n0. 15,398.

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8arker, J.5. (1992). 80dy-wave 1nver510n f0r the 50urce mechan15m 0f the N0vem6er 23, 1977
Caucete, Ar9ent1na, earth4uake, 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 63, 73.
8arker, J.5., and C.A. Lan95t0n (1981). 1nver510n 0f te1e5e15m1c 60dy wave5 f0r the m0ment
ten50r 0f the 1978 7he55a10n1k1, 6reece, earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 71, 1423-1444.
8arker, J.5., and C.A. Lan95t0n (1983). A te1e5e15m1c 60dy-wave ana1y515 0f the May 1980
Mamm0th Lake5, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 73, 419-434.
8arker, J.5., and D.H. 5a126er9 (1990). L0n9-per10d and 6r0ad-6and te1e5e15m1c 60dy-wave
m0de11n9 0f the 0ct06er 18, 1989 L0ma Pr1eta earth4uake, 6e0phy5. Re5. Letter5, 17, 1409-
1412.
8arker, J.5., and 7.C. Wa11ace (1986). A n0te 0n the te1e5e15m1c 60dy wave5 fr0m the 23
N0vem6er 1984 R0und Va11ey, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 76, 883-888.
8arr1ent05, 5.E., 5te1n, R.5., and 5.N. Ward (1987). C0mpar150n 0f the 1959 He69en Lake,
M0ntana, and the 1983 80rah Peak, 1dah0, earth4uake5 fr0m 9e0det1c 065ervat10n5, 8u11.
5e15m. 50c. Am., 77, 784-808.
8arr1ent05, 5.E., Ward, 5.N., 60n2a1e2-Ru12, J.R., and R.5.5te1n (1985). 1nver510n f0r m0ment
a5 a funct10n 0f depth fr0m 9e0det1c 065ervat10n5 and 10n9 per10d 60dy wave5 0f the 1983
80rah Peak, 1dah0 earth4uake, 1n 5te1n, R.5., and 8ucknam, R.C., ed5., Pr0ceed1n95 0f
W0rk5h0p XXV111, 0n the 80rah Peak, 1dah0, Earth4uake, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. 0pen-F11e Rep0rt
85-290, 485-518.
8ayer, K.C., Keuckr0th, L.E., and R.A. Kar1m (1969). An 1nve5t19at10n 0f the Da5ht-e 8aya2,
1ran, earth4uake 0f Au9u5t 31, 1968, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 59, 1793-1822.
8ean1and, 5., 8erryman, K.R., and 6.H. 811ck (1989). 6e01091ca1 1nve5t19at10n5 0f the 1987
Ed9ecum6e earth4uake, New 2ea1and, New 2ea1and J. 6e01. 6e0phy5., 32, 73-91.
8ean1and, 5., 811ck, 6.H., and D.J. Dar6y (1990). N0rma1 fau1t1n9 1n a 6ack arc 6a51n:
9e01091ca1 and 9e0det1c character15t1c5 0f the 1987 Ed9ecum6e earth4uake, New 2ea1and, J.
6e0phy5. Re5., 95, 4693-4707.
8ean1and, 5., and M.M. C1ark (1987). 7he 0wen5 Va11ey fau1t 20ne, ea5tern Ca11f0rn1a, and
5urface rupture a550c1ated w1th the 1872 earth4uake (a65.), 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 58, 32.
8eck, 5.L. (1989). Rupture pr0ce55 0f the Fe6.6, 1973, Luhu0 earth4uake, 5e15m. Re5. Letter5,
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k1nemat1c5 and fau1t-p1ane 501ut10n f0r the Qu1che5 fau1t 20ne react1vated dur1n9 the
10 N0vem6er 1946 Anca5h earth4uake, n0rthern Peru, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 81,468-490.
8e11, J.W. (1984). Quaternary Fau1t Map 0f Nevada, Ren0 5heet: Nevada 8ureau 0f M1ne5 and
6e0109y Map 79, 5ca1e 1:250,000.
8en-Menahem, A. (1977). Ren0rma112at10n 0f the ma9n1tude 5ca1e, Phy5. Earth 1~1anet. 1nter10r5,
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8en-Menahem, A. (1978). 50urce mec11an15m0f t11e 1906 5a11Franc15c0 earth4uake, Phy5. Earth
P1anet. 1nter10r5, 17, 163-181.
8en-Menahem, A., and M.N. 70k502 (1963). 50urce-mechan15m fr0m 5pectra 0f 10n9-per10d
5e15m1c 5urface wave5--3, 7he A1a5ka earth4uake 0f Ju1y 10, 1958, 8u11. 5e15n1. 50c. Am.,
53, 905-919.

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8en10ff, H. (1955). Mechan15m and 5tra1n character15t1c5 0f the Wh1te W01f fau1t a5 1nd1cated 6y
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1952, Ca11f. D1v. M1ne5 6e01. 8u11. 171, 199-202.
8ennett, R.A. (1992). 50urce parameter5 0f the 1992 Er21ncan, 7urkey earth4uake, E05, 73, n0.
43, 353.
8ent, A.L. (1993). 7he 1989 Un9ava Que6ec earth4uake" A c0mp1ex 1ntrap1ate earth4uake,
5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 64, 31.
8ent, A.L., and D.V. He1m6er9er (1989). 50urce c0mp1ex1ty 0f the 0ct06er 1, 1987, Wh1tt1er
Narr0w5 earth4uake, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 94, 9548-9556.
8ent, A.L., and D. He1m6er9er (1991a). A te1e5e15m1c ma5ter event techn14ue f0r re10cat1n9
h15t0r1c earth4uake5:examp1e5 fr0m the 5an Jac1nt0 fau1t 20ne (a65.), E05, 72, n0. 17, 190.
8ent, A.L., and D.V. He1m6er9er (19916). 5e15m1c character15t1c5 0f earth4uake5 a10n9 the
0ff5h0re exten510n 0f the we5tern 7ran5ver5e Ran9e5, Ca11f0rn1a, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 81,
399-422.
8ent, A.L., H0-L1u, P., and D. He1m6er9er (1988). 7he N0vem6er 1987 5uper5t1t10n H1115
earth4uake and c0mpar150n5 w1th prev10u5 ne19h60r1n9 event5 (a65.), 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 59,
49.
8ent, A.L., He1m6er9er, D.V., 5tead, R.J., and P. H0-L1u (1989). Wavef0rm m0de11n9 0f the
N0vem6er 1987 5uper5t1t10n H1115earth4uake5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 79, 500-514.
8er6er1an, M. (1976). D0cumented earth4uake fau1t5 1n 1ran, 6e01. 5ur. 1ran, Rep0rt N0. 39,
143-186.
8er6er1an, M. (1979). Earth4uake fau1t1n9 and 0edd1n9 thru5t a550c1ated w1th the 7a6a5-E-
6015han (1ran) earth4uake 0f 5eptem6er 16, 1978, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 69, 1861-1887.
8er6er1an, M. (1982). After5h0ck tect0n1c5 0f the 1978 7a6a5-e-6015han (1ran) earth4uake
5e4uence--a d0cumented act1ve ~th1n- and th1~k-5k1nned tect0n1c ca5e, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr.
50c. L0nd0n, 68, 499-530.
8er6er1an, M., and D. Papa5tamat10u (1978). Khur9u (n0rth 8andar A66a5, 1ran) earth4uake 0f
March 21, 1977--a pre11m1nary f1e1drep0rt and a 5e15m0tect0n1c d15cu5510n, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c.
Am., 68, 411-428.
8er6er1an, M., A5udeh, 1., 811ham, R.6., 5ch012, C.H., and C. 50uf1er15 (1979). Mechan15m 0f
the ma1n 5h0ck and the after5h0ck 5tudy 0f the 7a6a5-E-6015han (1ran) earth4uake 0f
5eptem6er 16, 1978--a pre11m1nary rep0rt, 8td1. 5e15m. 50c. Ant., 69, 1851-1859.
8er6er1an, M., Jack50n, J.A., 6h0ra5h1, M., and M.H. Kadjar (1984). F1e1d and te1e5e15m1c
065ervat10n5 0f the 1981 6016af-51rch earth4uake5 1n 5E 1ran, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c.
L0nd0n, 77, 809-838.
8er6er1an, M., Papa5tamat10u, D., and M. Q0ra15h1 (1977). Khur9u (n0rth 8andar A66a5, 1ran)
earth4uake 0f March 21, 1977, 1n 8er6er1an, M., ed., C0ntr16ut10n5 t0 the 5e15m0tect0n1c5
0f1ran (Part 111), 6e01. M1n1n9 5ur. h~an, Rep0rt N0. 40, 7-49.
8ernard, P., and A. 20110 (1989). 7he 1rp1n1a (1ta1y) 1980 earth4uake--deta11ed ana1y515 0f a
c0mp1ex n0rma1 fau1t1n9, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 94, 1631-1647.
8er02a, 6.C., and P. 5pud1ch (1988), L1near12ed 1nver510n f0r fau1t rupture 6ehav10r: app11cat10n
t0 the 1984 M0r9an H111,Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 93, 6275-6296,

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8erryman, K.R. (1984). Late Quaternary tect0n1c5 1n New 2ea1and, 1n Wa1c0tt, R.1., c0mp11er,
An 1ntr0duct10n t0 the Recent Cru5ta1 M0vement5 0f New 2ea1and, R0ya1 50c. New 2ea1and
M15c. 5er1e5 7, 91-107.
8erryman, K.R. (1992). Rec0nna155ance f1e1d 1nve5t19at10n0f the Lander5 earth4uake (M5 7.5)
0f June 28, 1992, 5an 8ernad1n0 C0unty, Ca11f0rn1a, U5A, 8u11. New 2ea1and Nat. 50c.
Earth4. En9., 25, 230-241.
8ev1n, A.J., 0tway, P.M., and P.R. W00d (1984). 6e0det1c m0n1t0r1n9 0f cru5ta1 def0rmat10n
1n New 2ea1and, 1n Wa1c0tt, R.1., c0mp11er, An 1ntr0duct10n t0 the Recent Cru5ta1
M0vement5 0f New 2ea1and, R0ya1 50c. New 2ea1and M15c. 5er1e5 7, 13-60.
8e22e9h0ud, M., De5champ5, A., and R. Madar1a9a (1986). 8r0ad-6and m0de111n9 0f the
C0r1nth, 6reece earth4uake5 0f Fe6ruary and March 1981, Anna1e5 6e0phy51cae, 4, n0.83,
295-304.
80atwr19ht, J. (1985). Character15t1c5 0f the after5h0ck 5e4uence 0f the 80rah Peak, 1dah0,
earth4uake determ1ned fr0m d191ta1rec0rd1n95 0f the event5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 75, 1265-
1284.
80atwr19ht, J., and D.M. 800re (1982). Ana1y5150f the 9r0und acce1erat10n5 rad1ated 6y the 1980
L1verm0re Va11eyearth4uake5 f0r d1rect1v1tyand dynam1c 50urce character15t1c5, 8u11. 5e15m.
50c. Am. , 72, 1843-1865.
801t, 8.A. (1967). 5e15m01091ca1 n0te5--j0tt1n95 fr0m Japan, the 7an90, N061, N119ata and
Mat5u5h1r0 earth4uake5 and t11eN1kar1 tra1n, 8u11. 5e15n1. 50c. Am., 57, 133-138.
801t, 8.A. (1968). 7he f0cu5 0f the 1906 Ca11f0rn1aearth4uake, 8u11. 5e15n1. 50c. An1., 50, 457-
471.
801t, 8.A., and M. Herra12 (1983). 51mp11f1ede5t1mat10n 0f 5e15m1cm0ment fr0m 5e15m09ram5,
8u11. 5e15n1. 50c. An1., 73, 735-748.
801t, 8.A., L0max, A[, and R.A. Uhrhammer (1989). Ana1y5150f re910na1 6r0ad6and rec0rd1n95
0f the 1987 Wh1tt1er Narr0w5, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 94, 9557-9568.
801t, 8.A., and R.A. Uhrhammer (1986). Rep0rt 0n the March 31, 1986 Mt. Lew15, Ca11f0rn1a,
earth4uake (ea5t 0f Frem0nt)--5e15m0109y a5pect5: Earth4uake En91neer1n9 Re5earch 1n5t1tute
5pec1a1 Earth4uake Rep0rt, Un1ver51ty 0f Ca11f0rn1a, 8erke1ey, 3 p.
801t, 8.A., McEv111y, 7.V., and R.A. Uhrhammer (1981). 7he L1verm0re Va11ey, Ca11f0rn1a,
5e4uence 0f January 1980, 8u11. 5e15n1. 50c. Am., 71, 451-463.
80mmer, J.J., and N.N. Am6ra5ey5 (1989). 7he 5p1tak (Armen1a, U55R) earth4uake 0f 7
Decem6er 1988: a 5ummary en91neer1n9 5e15m0109y rep0rt, Earth4. En9. 5truct. Dyn, 18,
921-925.
80n111a, M.6. (1959). 6e01091c 065ervat10n5 1n the ep1centra1 area 0f the 5an Franc15c0
earth4uake 0f March 22, 1957, ~ 0ake5h0tt, 6.8., ed., 5an Franc15c0 Earth4uake5 0f March
1957, Ca11f. D1v. M1ne5 6e01. 5pec1a1 Rep0rt 57, 25-37.
80n111a, M.6. (1970). 5urface fau1t1n9 and re1ated effect5, 1n We19e1, R.L., ed., Earth4uake
En91neer1n9, Prent1ce Ha11, En91ew00d C11ff5, New Jer5ey, 47-74.
80n111a, M.6. (1977). 5ummary 0f Quaternary fau1t1n9and e1evat10n chan9e5 1n 7a1wan, Mem01r
6e01. 50c. Ch1na, 2, 43-55.

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80n111a, M.6., L1enkaemper, J.J., and J.C. 71n51ey (1980). 5urface fau1t1n9 near L1verm0re,
Ca11f0rn1a a550c1ated w1th the January 1980 earth4uake5, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. 0pen-F11e
Rep0rt 80-523, 31
800re, D.M., and D.J. 5t1erman (1975). 50urce parameter5 0f the Pt. Mu9u, Ca11f0rn1a
earth4uake 0f 21 Fe6ruary, 1973, E05, 56, n0. 12, 1028.
800re, D.M., and D.J. 5t1erman (1976). 50urce parameter5 0f the Pt. Mu9u, Ca11f0rn1a,
earth4uake 0f Fe6ruary 21, 1973, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 66, 385-404.
800re, D.M., 51m5, J.D., Kanam0r1, H., and 5. Hard1n9 (1981). 7he M0ntene9r0, Yu9051av1a,
earth4uake 0fApr11 15, 1979--50urce 0r1entat10n and 5tren9th, Phy5. Earth P1anet. 1nter10r5,
27, 133-142.
80rcherdt, R.D., Lan9er, C., F1150n, J.R., 51mp50n, D.W., 61a55m0yer, 6., Andrew5, M., and
E. Cran5w1ck (1990). 0n the rupture 20ne and 10ca1 9e01091c effect5 0f the Armen1an
earth4uake 0f Decem6er 7, 1988, 1n Pr0ceed1n95 0f the F0urth U.5. Nat10na1 C0nference 0n
Earth4uake En91neer1n9, Pahn 5pr1n95, Ca11f0rn1a, V01ume 1, 131-140.
80uch0n, M. (1982). 7he rupture mechan15m 0f the C0y0te Lake earth4uake 0f 6 Au9u5t 1979
1nferred fr0m near-f1e1d data, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 72, 745-757.
80un1f, A., Hae551er, H., and M. Me9hra0u1 (1987). 7he C0n5tant1ne (n0rthea5t A19er1a)
earth4uake 0f 0ct06er 27, 1985--5urface rupture5 and after5h0ck 5tudy, Earth P1anet. 5c1.
Letter5, 85, 451-460.
80wman, J.R. (1991). 6e0det1c ev1dence f0r c0nju9ate fau1t1n9 dur1n9 the 1988 7ennant Creek,
Au5tra11a earth4uake 5e4uence, 6e0phy5. J. 1nt., 107, 46-56.
80wman, J.R., 61650n, 6., and 7. J0ne5 (1990). After5h0ck5 0f the 1988 January 22 7ennant
Creek, Au5tra11a 1ntrap1ate earth4uake5: ev1dence f0r a c0mp1ex thru5t-fau1t 9e0metry,
6e0phy5. J. 1nt., 100, 87-97.
80yd, 7.M., M0r1, J., and 6. 5uare2 (1984). Fau1t p1ane determ1nat10n 0f the 1964 N119ata,
Japan earth4uake (a65.), E05, 65, n0. 45, 1016.
8rant1ey, 8.J., and W.Y. Chun9 (1991). 80dy-wave wavef0rm c0n5tra1nt5 0n the 50urce
parameter5 0f the Yan911an9, Ch1na, earth4uake 0f Ju1y 25, 1969: a deva5tat1n9 earth4uake
1n a 5ta61e c0nt1nenta1 re910n, Pure App11ed 6e01)hY5., 135, 529-543.
8r101e, P., de Nata1e, 6., 6au10n, R., P1n9ue, F., and R. 5carpa (1986). 1nver510n 0f 9e0det1c
data and 5e15m1c1ty a550c1ated w1th the Fr1u11 earth4uake 5e4uence (1976-1977), Anna1e5
6e0phy51cae, 4, n0. 84, 481-492.
8r0wn, R.D., and J.6. Vedder (1967). 5urface tect0n1c fracture5 a10n9 the 5an Andrea5 fau1t,
1n 8r0wn, R.D., Vedder, J.6., Wa11ace, R.C., R0th, E.F., Yerke5, R.F., Ca5t1e, R.0.,
Waan0nen, A.0., Pa9e, R.W., and Eat0n, J.P., ed5., 7he Parkf1e1d-Ch01ame, Ca11f0rn1a,
Earth4uake5 0f June-Au9u5t 1966--5urface 6e01091c Effect5, Water-Re50urce5 A5pect5, and
Pre11m1nary 5e15m1c Data, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr0f. Paper 579, 2-23.
8r0wn, R.D., Vedder, J.6., Wa11ace, R.C., R0th, E.F., Yerke5, R.F., Ca5t1e, R.0., Waan0nen,
A,0., Pa9e, R.W., and Eat0n, J.P., ed5., 7he Parkf1e1d-Ch01ame, Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake5
0f June-Au9u5t 1966--5urface 6e01091c Effect5, Water-Re50urce5 A5pect5, and Pre11m1nary
5e15m1c Data, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr0f. Paper 579, 66 p.

c-8
8r0wn, R.D., Jr., Ward, P.L., and 6. P1afker (1973). 6e01091c and 5e15m01091c a5pect5 0f the
Mana9ua, N1cara9ua, earth4uake5 0f Decem6er 23, 1972, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr0f. Paper 838,
34 p.
8r~15t1e, W., and 6. M~111er(1983). M0ment and durat10n 0f 5ha110w earth4uake5 fr0m L0ne-
wave m0de11n9 f0r re910na1 d15tance5, Phy5. Earth P1anet. h1ter10r5, 32, 312-324.
8ucknam, R.C., P1afker, 6., and R.V. 5harp (1978). Fau1t m0vement (after511p) f0110w1n9 the
6uatema1a earth4uake 0f Fe6ruary 4, 1976: 6e0109y, 6, 170-173.
8udd1n9, K.E., and R.V. 5harp (1988). 5urface fau1t1n9 a550c1ated w1th the E1m0re De5ert Ranch
and 5uper5t1t10n H1115, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake5 0f 24 N0vem6er 1987 (a65.), 5e15m. Re5.
Letter5, 59, 49.
8ufe, C.6., Le5ter, F.W., Lahr, K.M., Lahr, J.C., 5eek1n5, L.C., and 7.C. Hank5 (1976).
0r0v111e earth4uake5--n0rma1 fau1t1n9 1n the 51erra Nevada f00th1115, 5c1ence, 192, 72-74.
8u11, W.8., and P.A. Pearthree (1988). Fre4uency and 512e 0f 1ate Quaternary 5urface rupture5
0f the P1taycach1 fau1t, r10rthea5t 50n0ra, Mex1c0, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 78, 956-978.
8urd1ck, L.J., and 6.R. Me11man (1976). 1nver510n 0f the 60dy wave5 fr0m the 80rre90
M0unta1n earth4uake t0 the 50urce mechan15m, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 66, 1485-1499.
8urf0rd, R.0. (1972). C0nt1nued 511p 0n the C0y0te Creek fau1t after the 80rre90 M0unta1n
earth4uake, 1n 7he 80rre90 M0unta1n Earth4uake 0f Apr11 9, 1968, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr(~
Paper 787, 105-111.
8ut1er, R. (1983). 5urface wave ana1y5150f the 9 Apr11 1968 80rre90 M0unta1n earth4uake, 8u11.
5e15m. 50c. Am., 73, 879-883.
8ut1er, R., 5tewart, 6.5., and H. Kanam0r1 (1979). 7he Ju1y 27, 1976 7an95han, Ch1na
earth4uake--a c0mp1ex 5e4uence 0f 1ntrap1ate event5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 69, 207-220.
8uwa1da, J.P., and P. 5t. Amand (1955). 6e01091ca1 effect5 0f the Arv1n-7ehachap1 earth4uake,
1n Earth4uake5 1n Kern C0unty, Ca11f0rn1a, Dur1n9 1952, Ca1114.D1v. M1ne5 6e01. 8u11. 171,
41-56.
Ca6rera, J., 566r1er, M., and J.L. Merc1er (1991). P110-Quaternary 9e0dynam1c ev01ut10n 0f a
5e9ment 0f the Peruv1an Andean C0rd111era 10cated a60ve the chan9e 1n the 5u6duct10n
9e0metry: the Cu2c0 re910n, 7ect0n0phy51c5, 190, 331-362.
Ca9nett1, V., and V. Pa54ua1e (1979). 7he earth4uake 5e4uence 0f Fr1u11, 1ta1y, 1976, 8u11.
5e15m. 50c. Ant., 69, 1797-1818.
Came16eeck, 7., and M. De 8ecker (1985). 7he earth4uake5 0f L1e9e 0f N0vem6er 8, 1983 and
Decem6er 21, 1965, 5e15m1c Act1v1ty 1n We5tern Eur0pe, 233-248.
Camp1110, M., and R.J. Archu1eta (1992). A rupture m0de1 1"0r the 28 June 1992 Lander5,
Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake, E05, 73, n0. 43, 374.
Can1te2, N., and M.N. 70k502 (1972). 5tat1c and dynam1c 5tudy 0f earth4uake 50urce mechan15m-
-5an Fernand0 earth4uake, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 77, n0. 14, 2583-2594.
Cara6aja1, C.C., and J.5.8arker (1991). 50urce pr0ce55e5 and wave pr0Pa9at10n effect5 0n the
N0vem6er.25, 1988 5a9uenay, Que6ec earth4uake (a65.), E05, 72, n0. 17, 202.

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Ca5key, 5.J., We5n0u5ky, 5.6., 2han9, P., and D.8. 51emm0n5 (1993). Re1nve5t19at10n 0f fau1t
trace c0mp1ex1ty and 511pd15tr16ut10n f0r the 16 Decem6er 1954 Fa1rv1ew Peak (M5 = 7.2)
and D1x1e Va11ey (M5 = 6.8) earth4uake5, centra1 Nevada, 6e01. 50c. Am. A65tract5 w1th
Pr09ram5, 25, 19.
Ca5tan0, J.C. (1982). A19una5 c0n51derac10ne5 506re 105 parametr05 f0ca1e5 de1 terrem0t0 de
Caucete, 5an Juan, Ar9ent1na, de1 23 de n0v1em6re de 1977, Rev15ta 6e0f151ca, n0. 17, 129-
137.
Ca5tan0, J.C. (1985). A5pect05 9enera1e5 de1 terrm0t0 de Mend02a - Ar9ent1na de1 26 de ener0 de
1985, Rev15ta 6e0f151ca, n0. 22/23, 5-40.
Ca5t1e, R.0., Church, J.P., E1110tt, M.R., and J.C. 5ava9e (1977). Pre5e15m1c and c05e15m1c
e1evat10n chan9e5 1n the ep1centra1 re910n 0f the P01nt Mu9u earth4uake 0f Fe6ruary 21,
1973, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 67, 219-231.
Chan9, L.-5., Ch0w, M., and P.-Y. Chen (1947). 7he 71a1nan earth4uake 0f Decem6er 5, 1946,
8u11. 6e01. 5ur. 7a1wan, 17-20.
Chan9, 7. (1979). Land def0rmat10n a550c1ated w1th the 7an95han M=7.8 earth4uake, 1n
7erre5tr1a1 and 5pace 7echn14ue5 1n Earth4uake Pred1ct10n Re5earch, Fr1edr. V1ewe9 and
50hn, 8raun5chw1e9, 569-583.
Chen, K-C., and J-H. Wan9 (1984). 0n the 5tudy 0f May, 10, 1983 7a1p1n95han, 7a1wan
earth4uake 5e4uence, 8u11et1n 0f h15t1tute 0f Earth 5c1ence5, Academ1a 51n1ca, 4, 1-27.
Chen, K-C., and J-H. Wan9 (1986). 7he May 20, 1986 Hua11en, 7a1wan, earth4uake and 1t5
after5h0ck5, 8u11. 1n5t1t. Earth 5c1ence5, Academ1a 51n1ca, 6, 1-13.
Chen, K-C., and J-H. Wan9 (1988). A 5tudy 0n after5h0ck5 and f0ca1 mechan15m5 0f tw0 1986
earth4uake5 1n Hua11en, 7a1wan, Pr0c. 6e01. 50c. Ch1na, 31, 65-72.
Chen, K-C., Wan9, J-H., and F.7. Wu (1988). 7w0 1986 Hua11en, 7a1wan, earth4uake5 and the1r
after5h0ck5 (a65.), 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 59, 5.
Chen, P-5., and J-2. Q1n (1991). 7he rupture pr0ce55 0f Lancan9-6en9ma earth4uake, J. 5e15m.
Re5., 14, 95-103.
Chen, W., and P. M01nar (1977). 5e15m1c m0ment5 0f maj0r earth4uake5 and the avera9e rate
0f 511p1n Centra1 A51a, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 82, 2945-2969.
Chen, Y., and F.7. Wu (1989). Lancan9-6en9ma earth4uake, a pre11m1nary rep0rt 0n the
N0vem6er 6, 1988, event and 1t5 after5h0ck5 (a65.), E05, 70, n0.49, 1527, 1540.
Chen, Y-7., L1n, 8-H., Wan9, X-H., Huan9, L-R., and M-L L1u (1979). A d1510cat10n m0de1
0f the 7an95han earth4uake 0f 1976 fr0m the 1nver510n 0f 9e0det1c data, Acta Academ1a
51n1ca, 22, 201-217.
Ch0y, 6.L. (1990).~.50urce parameter5 0f the earth4uake, a5 1nferred fr0m 6r0ad6and 60dy
wave5, M Rymer, M.J, and E115w0rth, W.L. ed5., 7he C0a11n9a, Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake 0f
May 2, 1983, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr0f. Paper 1487, 193-206.
Ch0y, 6.L., and J. 80atwr19ht (1988). 7e1e5e15m1c and near-f1e1d ana1y515 0f the Nahann1
earth4uake5 1n the N0rthwe5t 7err1t0r1e5, Canada, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 78, 1627-1652.
Ch0y, 6.L., and J. 80atwr19ht (1990). 50urce character15t1c5 0f the L0ma Pr1eta, Ca11f0rn1a,
earth4uake 0f 0ct06er 18, 1989 fr0m 9106a1 d191ta1 5e15m1cdata, 6e0phy5. Re5. Letter5, 17,
1183-1186.

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Ch0y, 6.L., and J.R. 80wman (1990). Rupture pr0ce55 0f a mu1t1p1e ma1n 5h0ck 5e4uence:
ana1y515 0f te1e5e15m1c, 10ca1, and f1e1d 065ervat10n5 0f the 7ennant Creek, Au5tra11a,
earth4uake5 0f January 22, 1988, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 95, 6867-6882.
Ch0y, 6.L., and R. K1nd (1987). Rupture c0mp1ex1ty 0f a m0derate-512ed (m6 6.0) earth4uake--
6r0ad6and 60dy-wave ana1y5150f the N0rth Yemen earth4uake 0f 13 Decem6er 1982, 8u11.
5e15m. 50c. Am., 77, 28-46.
Ch0y, 6.L., 80atwr19ht, J., Dewey, J.W., and 5.A. 51pk1n (1983). A te1e5e15m1cana1y5150f the
New 8run5w1ck earth4uake 0f January 9, 1982, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 88, 2199-2212.
Chun9, W-Y., and 8.J. 8rant1ey (1989). 7he 1984 50uthern Ye110w 5ea earth4uake 0f ea5tern
Ch1na--50urce pr0pert1e5 and 5e15m0tect0n1c 1mp11cat10n5f0r a 5ta61e c0nt1nenta1 area, 8u11.
5e15m. 50c. Am., 79, 1863-1882.
Chun9, W-Y., 8rant1ey, 8.J., and A.C. J0hn5t0n (1988). 50urce mechan15m5, 5urface rutpure,
and re1at1ve 10cat1n5 0f the 22 January 1988 7ennant Creek earth4uake5, centra1 Au5tra11a
(a65.), E05, 69, n0. 44, 1301.
C1par, J. (1979). 50urce pr0ce55e5 0f the Ha1chen9, Ch1naearth4uake fr0m 065ervat10n5 0f P and
5 wave5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 69, 1903-1916.
C1par, J. (1980). 7e1e5e15m1c 065ervat10n5 0f the 1976 Fr1u11, 1ta1y, earth4uake 5e4uence, 8u11.
5e15m. 50c. Am., 70, 963-983.
C1par, J. (1981). 8r0ad6and t1me d0ma1n m0de11n90f earth4uake5 fr0m Fr1u11, 1ta1y, 8u11. 5e15n1.
50c. Am., 71, 1215-1231.
C15terna5, A., D0re1, J., and R. 6au10n (1982). M0de15 0f the c0mp1ex 50urce 0f the E1 A5nam
earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 5c)c. Am., 72, 2245-2266.
C15terna5, A., and 0ther5 (1989a). 7he 5p1tak (Armen1a) earth4uake 0f 7 Decem6er 1988--f1e1d
065ervat10n5, 5e15m0109y, and tect0n1c5, Nature, 339, 675-679.
C15terna5, A., and 0ther5 (19896). 7he 5p1tak (Armen1a) earth4uake 0f Decem6er 7, 1988: a
5ynthe515 0f 5e15m0tect0n1c 065ervat10n5, E05, 70, n0. 43, 1198.
C1ark, M.M. (1972). 5urface rupture a10n9 the C0y0te Creek fau1t, ~ 7he 80rre90 M0unta1n
Earth4uake 0f Apr11 9, 1968, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr0f. Pape~ 787, 55-86.
C1ark, M.M. (1992). Late Quaternary 511prate5 0n act1ve fau1t5 0~Ca11fJrn1a-0wen5 Va11ey fau1t
20ne: Nat10na1 Earth4uake Ha2ard5 Reduct10n Pr09ram, 5ummar1e5 0f 7echn1ca1 Rep0rt5
V01ume XXX111, U.5. 6e01091ca1 5urvey 0pen-F11e Rep0rt 92-258
C1ark, M.M., 5harp, R.V., Ca5t1e, R.0., and P.W. Har5h (1976). 5urface fau1t1n9 near Lake
0r0v111e, Ca11f0rn1a 1n Au9u5t, 1975, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 66, 1101-1110.
C0ckerha:n, R.5., and E.J. C0r6ett (1987). 7he Ju1y 1986 Cha1fant Va11ey, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake
5e4uence~-pre11m1nary re5u1t5, 8td1. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 77, 280-289.
C0ckerham, R.5., and J.P. Eat0n (1985). 7he Apr11 24, 1984 M0r9an H111earth4uake and 1t5
after5h0ck5--Apr11 24 thr0u9h 5eptem6er 30, 1984, ~ 8ennett, J.H., and 5her6urne, R.W.,
ed5., 7he 1984 M0r9an H111, Ca11f0rn1a Ea~rth4uake, Ca11f. D1v. M1ne5 6e01. 5pec1a1
Pu611cat10n 68, 215-236.
C0ckerham, R.5., and J.P. Eat0n (1987). 7he earth4uake and 1t5 after5h0ck5, Apr11 24, thr0u9h
5ep1em6er 30, 1984, 1n H005e, 5.N., ed., 7he M0r9an H111, Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake 0f
Apr11 24, 1984, U.5. 6e0[ 5ur.,~8u11. 1639, 15-28.

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 C0n501e, R., and P. Fava11 (1981). 5tudy 0f the M0ntene9r0 earth4uake 5e4uence (March-Ju1y,
1979), 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 71, 1233-1248.
C0r6ett, E.J. J0hn50n C.E. (1982). 7he 5anta 8ar6ara, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake 0f 13, Au9u5t
1978, 8u11. 5e15. 50c. Am., 72, 2201-2226.
Cramer, C.H, and 70pp02ada, 7.R. (1980). A 5e15m01091ca1 5tudy 0f the May, 1980, and ear11er
earth4uake act1v1ty near Mamm0th Lake5, Ca11f0rn1a, 1n 5her6urne, R.W., ed., Mamm0th
Lake5, Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake5 0f May, 1980, Ca11f. D1v. M1ne5 6e01. 5pec1a1 Rep0rt 150,
91-136.
Cramp1n, 5. (1969). After5h0ck5 0f the Daht-e 8aya2, 1ran, earth4uake 0f Au9u5t, 1968, 8u11.
5e15m. 50c. Am., 59, 1823-1841.
Cr0ne, A.J., Machette, M.N., 80n111a, M.6., L1enkaemper, J.J., P1erce, K.L., 5c0tt, W.E., and
R.C. 8ucknam (1987). 5urface fau1t1n9 acc0mpany1n9 the 80rah Peak earth4uake and
5e9mentat10n 0f the L05t R1ver fau1t, centra1 1dah0, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 77, 739-770.
Cr0550n, R.5., Mart1n1, M., 5carpa, R., and 5.C. Key (1986). 7he 50uthern 1ta1y earth4uake 0f
23 N0vem6er 1980--an unu5ua1 pattern 0f fau1t1n9, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 76, 381-394.
Dar6y, D.J. (1989). D1510cat10n rn0de111n9 0f the 1987 Ed9ecum6e earth4uake, New 2ea1and,
New 2ea1and J. 6e01. 6e0phy5., 32, 115-122.
De1 Pe220, E., 1annacc0ne, 6., Mart1n1, M., and R. 5carpa (1983). 7he 23 N0vem6er 1980
50uthern 1ta1y earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 73, 187--200.
Den9, Q., and P. 2han9 (1984). Re5earch 0n the 9e0metry 0f 5hear fracture 20ne5, J. 6e0phy5.
Re5., 89, 5699-5710.
Den9, Q., Wu, D., 2han9, P., and 5. Chen (1986). 5tructure and def0rmat10na1 character 0f
5tr1ke-511p fau1t 20ne5, Pure App11ed 6e0phy5., 124, n0. 1/2, 203-223.
Denham, D., A1exander, L.6., and 6. W0r0tn1ck1 (1980). 7he 5tre55 f1e1d near the 51te5 0f the
Mecker1n9 (1968) and Ca11n91r1 (1970) earth4uake5, we5tern Au5tra11a, 7ect0m)phy51c5, 67,
283-317.
Denham, D., A1exander, L.6., Ever1n9ham, 1.8., 6re950n, P.J., McCaffrey, J., and J.R. Enever
(1987). 7he 1979 Cad0ux earth4uake and 1ntrap1ate 5tre55 1n we5tern Au5tra11a, Au5tra11an
J. Earth 5c1ence5, 34, 507-521.
deP010, C.M., and A.R. Rame111(1987). Pre11m1nary rep0rt 0n 5urface fracture5 a10n9 the Wh1te
M0unta1n5 fau1t 20ne a550c1ated w1th the Ju1y 1986 Cha1fant Va11ey earth4uake 5e4uence,
8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 77, 290-296.
deP010, C.M., 8e11, J.W. ~,and A.R. Rame111 (1987). 6e0metry 0f 5tr1ke-511p fau1t1n9 re1ated t0
the 1932 Cedar M0unta1n earth4uake, centra1 Nevada (a65.), 6e01. 50c. Am. A65tract5 w1th
Pr09ram5, 19, n0. 6, 371.
deP010, C.M., C1ark, D.6., 51emm0n5, D.8., and W.H. Aymard (1989). H15t0r1ca1 8a51n and
Ran9e Pr0v1nce 5urface fau1t1n9 and fau1t 5e9mentat10n and c0ntr015 0f rupture 1n1t1at10nand
term1nat10n, 1n 5chwart2, D.P., and 51650n, R.H., ed5., W0rk5h0p 0n fau1t 5e9mentat10n and
c0ntr015 0f rupture 1n1t1at10nand term1nat10n, U. 5. 6e01. 5t1r. 01)e11-F11eRep0r1 89-315, 131-
162.

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deP010, C.M., C1ark, D.6., 51emm0n5, D.8., and A.R. Rame111 (1991). H15t0r1ca1 5urface
fau1t1n9 1n the 8a51n and Ran9e pr0v1nce, we5tern N0rth Amer1ca: 1mp11cat10n5 f0r fau1t
5e9mentat10n, J. 5truct. 6e01., 13, 123-136.
deP010, D.M., and 5.P. H0rt0n (1991). A ma9n1tude 5.0 earth4uake near M0n0 Lake, Ca11f0rn1a,
5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 62, 52.
De5champ5, A., and 6.C.P. K1n9 (1983). 7he Campan1a-Lucan1a (50uthern 1ta1y) earth4uake 0f
23 N0vem6er 1980, Earth P1anet. 5c1. Letter5, 62, 296-304.
De5Champ5, A., and 6.C.P. K1n9 (1984). After5h0ck5 0fthe Campan1a-Lucan1a (1ta1y)earth4uake
0f23 N0vem6er 1980, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 74, 2483-2517.
De5Champ5, A., 8e22e9h0ud, M., and A. 80un1f (1991). 5e15m01091ca15tudy 0f the C0n5tant1ne
(A19er1a) earth4uake (27 0ct06er 1985), 1nn Me2cua, J., and Ud1a5, A., ed., 5e15m1c1ty,
5e15m0tect0n1c5 and 5e15m1c R15k 0f (he 16er10-Ma9hre61an Re910n: 1n5t1tut0 6e09raf1c0
Nac10na1, M0n09raf1a N0. 8, Madr1d, 5pa1n, 163-173.
De5champ5, A., 6audemer, Y., and A. C15terna5 (1982). 7he E1 A5nam, A19er1a, earth4uake 0f
10 0ct06er 1980--mu1t1p1e-50urce mechan15m determ1ned fr0m 10n9-per10d rec0rd5, 8u11.
5e15m. 50c. Am., 72, 1111-1128.
De5champ5, A., 1annacc0ne, 6., and R. 5carpa (1984). 711e Um6r1an earth4uake (1ta1y) 0f 19
5eptem6er 1979, Anna1e5 6e0phy51cae, 2, n0. 1, 29-36.
Dewey, J.W., and 8.R. Ju11an (1976). Ma1n event 50urce parameter5 fr0m te1e5e15m1cdata, 1n
E5p1n05a, A.F., ed., 7he 6uatema1an Earth4uake 0f Fe6ruary 4, 1976, A Pre11m1nary
Rep0rt, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr0f. Paper 1002, 19-23.
Dewey, J.W. (1976). 5e15m1c1ty0f n0rthern Ana011a, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 66, 843-868.
Dewey, J.W., A19erm155en, 5.7., Lan9er, C., D1111n9er, W., and M. H0pper (1973). 7he
Mana9ua earth4uake 0f Decem6er 23, 1972: 10cat10n, f0ca1 mechan15m, after5h0ck5,
re1at10n5h1p t0 recent 5e15m1c1ty 0f N1cara9ua, 1n Mana9ua, N1cara9ua earth4uake 0f
Decem6er ,23, 1972, Earth4. En9. Re5. 1n5t1t. C0t~:rence P1vceed1n95, V01ume 1, 66-88.
Dewey, J.W.,~and A. 6rant2 (1973). 7he 6h1r earth4uake 0f Apr11 10, 1972 1n the 2a9r05
M0unta1n510f50uthern 1ran--5e15m0tect0n1ca5pect5 and 50me re5u1t50f a f1e1drec0nna155ance,
8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 63, 2071-2090.
De2a, E. (1971). 7he Par1ahuanca earth4uake5, Huancay0, Peru: Ju1y-0ct06er 1969, pre11m1nary
rep0rt, 1n C0111n5, 8.W., and Fra5er, R., ed5., Recent Cru5ta1 M0vement5, R0ya1 50c. New
2ea1and 8u11. 9, 77-83.
D1et2, L.D., and W.L. E115w0rth (1990). 7he 0ct06er 17, 1989, L0ma Pr1eta, Ca11f0rn1a,
earth4uake and 1t5 after5h0ck5: 9e0metry 0f the 5e4uence fr0m h19h-re501ut10n 10cat10n5,
6e0phy5. Re5. Letter5, 17, 1417-1420.
D0r6ath, C., D0r6ath, L., 6au10n, R., 6e0r9e, 7., M0ur9ue, P., Ramdan1, M., R061neau, 8.,
and 8. 7ad111 (1984). 5e15m0tect0n1c5 0f the 6u1nean earth4uake 0f Decem6er 22, 1983,
6e0phy5. Re5. Letter5, 11,971-974.
D0r6ath, L., D0r6ath, C., R1vera, L., Fuen2a11da, A., C15terna5, A., 7atev0551an, R., Aptekman,
J., and 5. Aref1ev (1992). 6e0metry, 5e9mentat10n and 5tre55 re91me 0f the 5p1tak, ~Armen1a)
Q3

earth4uake fr0m the ana1y5~50f the after5h0ck 5e4uence, 6e0phy5. J. 1nt., 108, 309-328.

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D05er, D.1. (1985). 50urce parameter5 and fau1t1n9pr0ce55e5 0f the 1959 He69en Lake, M0ntana,
earth4uake 5e4uence, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 90, 4537-4555.
D05er, L,.1. (1986). Earth4uake pr0ce55e5 1n the Ra1n60w M0unta1n-Fa1rv1ew Peak-D1x1e Va11ey,
Nevada, re910n 1954 - 1959, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 91, 12,572-12,586.
D05er, D.1. (1987). 7he Anca5h, Peru, earth4uake 0f 1946 N0vem6er 10--ev1dence f0r 10w-an91e
n0rma1 fau1t1n9 1n the h19h Ande5 0f n0rthern Peru, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 91,
57-71.
D05er, D.1. (1988). 50urce parameter5 0f earth4uake5 1n the Nevada 5e15m1c 20ne, 1915-1943,
J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 93, 15,001-15,015.
D05er, D.1. (1990). 50urce character15t1c5 0f earth4uake5 a10n9 the 50uthern 5an Jac1nt0 and
1mper1a1 fau1t 20ne5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 80, 1099-1177.
D05er, D.1. (1991). Fau1t1n9 pr0ce55 0f the 1956 5an M19ue1, 8aja Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake
5e4uence (a65), E05, 72, n0. 17, 189-190.
D05er, D.1. (1992). A c0mp1ex 5e4uence 0f 5tr1ke-511p earth4uake5 1n 8aja Ca11f0rn1a (1954 -
1956), 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 63, 67.
D05er, D.1., and H. Kanam0r1 (1986). Depth 0f 5e15m1c1ty1n the hnper1a1 Va11ey re910n (1977-
1983) and 1t5 re1at10n5h1p t0 heat f10w, cru5ta1 5tructure, and .d~e 0ct06er 15, 1979,
earth4uake, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 91, 675-688.
D05er, D.1., and H. Kanam0r1 (1987). L0n9-per10d 5urface wave5 0f f0ur we5tern Un1ted 5tate5
earth4uake5 rec0rded 6y the Pa5adena 5tra1nmeter, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 77, 236-243.
D05er, D.1., and R.8. 5m1th (1985). 50urce parameter5 0f the 28 0ct06er 1983 80rah Peak,
1dah0, earth4uake fr0m 60dy wave ana1y515, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 75, 1041-1051.
D05er, D.1., and R.8. 5m1th (1989). An a55e55ment 0f the 50urce parameter5 0f earth4uake5 1n
the C0rd111era 0f the we5tern Un1ted 5tate5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 79, 1383-1409.
D0wr1ck, D.J. (1991). Ma9n1tude rea55e55ment 0f New 2ea1and earth4uake5, Earth4. En9. 5truct.
Dyn., 20, 577-596.
Dre9er, D.5., and D.V. Hehn6er9er (1991a). C0mp1ex fau1t1n9 deduced fr0m 6r0ad6and
m0de11n9 0f the 28 Fe6ruary 1990 Up1and earth4uake (M L 5.2), 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 81,
1129-1144.
Dre9er, D.5., and D.V. He1m6er9er ( 19916). 50urce parameter5 0f the 51erra Madre ma1n5h0ck
and 1ar9e5t after5h0ck fr0m re910na1 and 10ca1 60dy wave5, E05, 72, n0. 44, 311.
Dre9e~, D.5., and D.V. He1m6er9er (1992). C0n5tra1nt5 0n 50urce d1rect1v1ty and 511pd15tr16ut10n
f0r the Lander5 earth4uake fr0m 7erra5c0pe 10w 9a1n data, E05, 73, n0. 43, 373.
Dre9er, D.5., Hehn6er9er, D.V., and L.-5.2ha0 (1991). 7hree c0mp0nent wavef0rm 1nver510n
0f re910na1 earth~ake5: 7he 0ct06er 24, 1990 Lee V1n1n9 event, 5e15m. Re5. Lener5, 62,
15p.
Du 8er9er, R., R0y, D.W., Lan10nta9ne, M., W0u55en, 6., N0rth, R.6., and R.J. Wetm111er
(1991). 7he 5a9uenay (Que6ec) earth4uake 0f N0vem6er 25, 1988: 5e15m01091c data and
9e01091c 5ett1n9, 7ect0n0phy51c5, 186, 59-74.
Duda, 5.J. (1965). 5ecu1ar 5e15m1cener9y re1ea5e 1n the c1rcum-Pac1f1c 6e1t, 7ect0n0phy51c5, 2,
409-452.

C-14
DUn6ar, W.5., 800re, D.M., and W. 7hatCher (1980). Pre-, C0-, and p05t-5e15m1C5tra1n Chan9e5
a550C1ated W1th the 1952 ML = 7.2, Kern C0Unty, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4Uake, 8U11. 5e15m. 50C.
Am., 70, 1893-1905.
D21eW0n5k1, A.M., and 6. 2wart (1990). Pre11m1nary CM7 501Ut10n 0f the L0ma Pr1eta
earth4Uake 0f 0Ct06er 18, 1989, E05, 71, n0. 8, 287.
Earth4Uake En91neer1n9 Re5earCh 1n5t1tUte (1993) 6e0109y and 9e0teChn1Ca1 effect5: Er21nCan,
7Urkey Earth4Uake 0f MarCh 13, 1992 ReC0nna155anCe Rep0rt, Earth4. 5peCtra 5Upp1ement,
9, PU611Cat10n93-01, 11-33.
Earth4Uake Re5earCh 1n5t1tUte (1950). 065ervat10n 0f after5h0Ck5 Carr1ed 0Ut 1n 1ma1Ch1d15tr1Ct,
70Ch191 prefeCtUre, 8U11. Earth4. Re5. 1n5t. 70ky0, 28, 387-392.
Eat0n, J.P. (1984). 5e15m1C5ett1n9, 10Cat10n, and f0Ca1 mechan15m 0f the May 2, 1983, C0a11n9a
earth4Uake: 1n 5Ch011,R.E., and 5tratta, J.L., ed5., C0a11n9a, Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4Uake 0fMay
2, 1983: Earth4Uake En91neer1n9 Re5earCh 1n5t1tUte Rep0rt 84-03, 18-21.
Eat0n, J.P. (1985). 7he May 2, 1983 C0a11n9a earth4uake and 1t5 after5h0Ck5: a deta11ed 5tUdy
0f the hyp0Center d15tr16Ut10n and 0f the f0Ca1 mechan15m5 0f the 1ar9er after5h0ck5, 1n
Rymer, M.J., and E115w0rth, W.L., ed5., MeChan1C5 0f the May 2, 1983 C0a11n9a
Earth4Uake; U.5. 6e01. 5Ur. 0pen-F1fe Rep0rt 85-44, 132-201.
Eat0n, J.P. (1990). 7he earth4uake and 1t5 after5h0Ck5 fr0m May 2 thr0U9h 5eptem6er 30, 1983,
1~ Ryrner, M.J, and E115w0rth, W.L. ed5., 7he C0a11n9a, Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake 0f May 2,
1983, U.5. 6e01. 5Ur. Pr0f. Paper 1487, 113-170.
Eat0n, J~P., 0Ne111, M., and J.N. MUrd0Ck (1970). After5h0Ck5 0f the 1966 Parkf1e1d-Ch01ame,
Ca11f0rn1a, earth4Uake, 8U11. 5e15m. 50C. Am., 60, 1151-1197.
E6e1, J.E., and D.V. He1m6er9er (1982). P-wave C0mp1ex1ty and fau1t a5per1t1e5--the 80rre90
M0Unta1n, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4Uake 0f 1968, 8Uff. 5e15m. 50C. Am., 72, 413-437.
E6erhart-Ph1111p5, D., and P. Rea5en6er9 (1990). C0mp1ex faU1t1n9 5truCtUre 1nferred fr0m 10Ca1
5e15m1C 065ervat10n5 0f M>1.0 after5h0Ck5, May 2-.1Une 30, 1983, 1t/ Rymer, M.J, and
E115W0rth, W.L. ed5., 7he C0a11n9a, Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake 0f May 2, 1983, U.5. 6e01. 5Ur.
Pr0f. Paper 1487, 171-192.
Ek5tr0m, 6. (1984). Centr01d-m0ment ten50r 501Ut10n f0r the Apr11 24, 1984 M0r9an H111,
Ca11f0rn1a, earth4Uake, 1t./, 8ennett, J.H., and 5her6Urne, R.W., ed5., 7he 1984 M0r9an H111,
Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake, Ca1~ D1v. M1ne5 6e01. 5peC1a1 PUh11Cat10n68, 209-213.
Ek5tr0m, 6. (1986). A Very 6r0ad 6and te1e5e15m1C ana1y515 0f the Au9U5t 4, 1985, N0rth
Kett1eman H1115earth4tmke (a65.), E05, 67, n0. 44, 1223.
Ek5tr0m, 6., and A.M. D21ew0n5k1 (1985). Centr01d-m0ment ten50r 501ut10n5 f0r 35 earth4uake5
1n We5tern N0rth Amer1Ca (1977-1983), 8td1. 5e15m. 50C. Am., 75, 23-39.
Ek5tr0m, 6., and R.5.5te1n (1989). A 6r0ad6and 5e15m1C,9e0det1C and 5trUCtUra1ana1y5150f the
4 Au9U5t 1985 Kett1eman H1115earth4uake, E05, 70, n0. 43, 1368.
Ek5tr0m, 6., 5te1n, R.5., Eat0n, J.P., and D. E6erhardt-Ph1111p5 (1992). 5e15m1C1tyand 9e0metry
0f a 110-km 10n9 611nd thru5t fau1t, 1" the 1985 Kett1eman H1115, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake, J.
6e0phy5. Re5., 97, 4843-4864.
E115w0rth, W.L. (1975). 8ear Va11ey, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake 5e4uenCe 0f Fe6rUary - MarCh,
1972, 8U11. 5e15m. 50C. Am., 65, 483-506.

C-15
E115w0rth, W.L., and 0ther5 (1973). P01nt Mu9u, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake 0f21 Fe6ruary 1973 and
1t5 after5h0ck5: 5c1ence, 182, 1127-1129.
E5p1n05a, A.F. (1982). M L and M 0 determ1nat10n fr0m 5tr0n9-m0t10n acce1er09ram5, and
expected-1nten51ty d15tr16ut10n, 1n 7he 1mper1a1 Va11ey, Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake 0f 0ct06er 15,
1979, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr0f. Paper 1252, 433-438.
Evan5, D.6., and 7.V. McEv111y (1982). A n0te 0n re10cat1n9 the 1963 Wat50nv111e earth4uake5,
8U11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 72, 1309-1316.
Ey1d09an, H. (1980). 7he 50urce parameter5 0f the L1ce, 7urkey earth4uake 0f 5eptem6er 6,
1975:Pr0Ceed1n95 0f , 107-130.
Ey1d0~,an, H. (1988). Rate5 0f cru5ta1 def0rmat10n 1n we5tern 7urkey a5 deduced fr0m maj0r
earth4uake5, 7ect0n0phy51c5, 148, 83-92.
Ey1d09an, H., and J. Jack50n (1985). A 5e15m01091ca1 5tudy 0f n0rma1 fau1t1n9 1n the Dem1rc1,
A1a5eh1r and 6ed12 earth4uake5 0f 1969-70 1n we5tern 7urkey--1mp11cat10n5 f0r the nature and
9e0metry 0fdef0rmat10n 1n the c0nt1nenta1 cru5t, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 81,569-
607.
Ey1d09an, H., Na6e1ek, J., and M.N. 70k502 (1985). 7he 6a211, U55R, 19 March 1984
earth4uake--the mechan15m and tect0n1c 1mp11cat10n5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 75, 661-675.
Feh1er, M.C., and P.A. J0hn50n (1989). Determ1nat10n 0f fau1t p1ane5 at C0a11n9a, Ca11f0rn1a,
6y ana1y515 0f pattern5 1n after5h0ck 10cat10n5, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 94, 7496-7506.
F1nett1, 1., Ru551, M., and D. 51ejk0 (1979). 7he Fr1u11 earth4uake (1976-1977), 7ect0n0phy51c5,
53, 261-272.
F10ren50v, N.A., and V.P. 5010nenk0, ed5. (1965). 7he 6061-A1ta1 earth4uake, Academy 0f
5c1ence5:0f the U55R: tran51ated.f1~0m Ru551an 6y 15rae1 Pr09ram.f1~r 5c1ent~17c 7ran51at10n5,
Jeru5a1ern, 424.
Franke1, A. (1984). 50urce parameter5 0f tw0 M k - 5 earth4uake5 near An2a, Ca11f0rn1a, and a
c0mpar150n w1th an h~nper1a1 Va11ey after5h0ck, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 74, 1509-1527.
Fredr1ch J., McCaffrey, R. Denham D. (1988). 50urce parameter5 0f 5even 1ar9e Au5tra11an
earth4uake5 determ1ned 6y 60dy wavef0rm 1nver510n, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 95,
1-13.
Fu15, 6. (1976). 6r0und 6reaka9e and after5h0ck5 0f the ME = 5.2 6a1way Lake earth4uake,
June 1975, M0jave De5ert, Ca11f0rn1a (a65.), E05, 57, n0. 11, 954.
6a9nepa1n-8eyne1x, J., Hae551er, H., and 7. M0d1an0 (1982). 7he Pyrenean earth4uake 0f
Fe6ruary 29, 1980: an examp1e 0f c0mp1ex fau1t1n9, 7ect0n0phy51c5, 85, 273-290.
6an, R.J., Chan9, 5.C., Yan, F.7., and L.5. Yu (1978). 0n the pre5ent tect0n1c 5tre55 f1e1dand
pre5ent tect0n1c character15t1c5 0f 50u1hwe51ern Ch1na, Ch1ne5e 6e0phy51c5, 1, 79-96.
6edney, L., 8er9, E., Pu1pan, H., Dav1e5, J., and W. Feetham (1969). A f1e1d rep0rt 0n the
Rampart, A1a5ka earth4uake 0f 0ct06er 29, 1969, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 59, 1421-1423.
6e0det1c 5urvey 8r19ade f0r Earth4uake Re5earch, Nat10na1 5e15m01091ca1 8ureau (1975). 7he
character15t1c5 0f the cru5ta1 def0rmat10n a550c1ated w1th t1me70n9ha1 earth4uake, Yunnan,
1n January 1970, Acta 6e0phy51ca 51n1ca, 18, 240-245.

C-16
6e0det1c 5urvey 8r19ade f0r Earth4uake Re5earch, Nat10na15e15m01091ca1 8ureau (1978). 6r0und
5urface def0rmat10n 0f the Ha1chen9 earth4uake 0f ma9n1tude 7.3, Ch1ne5e 6e0phy51c5, 1,
139-155.
6he1tanch1, M.R., K11kuch1, M., and M. M150ne (1990). Far f1e1d 50urce ana1y515 0f the 1981
6016af-51rch, 50uth-ea5t 1ran, earth4uake, E05, 71, n0. 43, 1480.
61ane11a, V.P. (1957). Earth4uake and fau1t1n9, F0rt 5a9e M0unta1n5, Ca11f0rn1a, Decem6er,
1950, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 47, 173-177
61ane11a, V.P., and E. Ca11a9han (1934). 7he Cedar M0unta1n, Nevada, earth4uake 0f Decem6er
20, 1932, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 24, 345-377.
6160w1c2, 5.J. (1973). Var1at10n 0f the fre4uency-ma9n1tude re1at10n dur1n9 the 1931 Hawke5
8ay, 1934 Pahuatua, and 1942 Wa1rarapa after5h0ck 5e4uence5, New 2ea1and J. 6e01.
6e0phy5. 16, 1009-1045.
61ven5, J.W., Wa11ace, 7.C., and H. Kanam0r1 (1982). 7e1e5e15m1c ana1y515 0f the 1980
Mamm0th Lake5 earth4uake 5e4uence, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 72, 1093-1109.
61adw1n, M.7., and M.J.5. J0hn5t0n (1986). C0-5e15m1c m0ment and t0ta1 m0ment 0f the
Apr11 24, 1984, M0r9an H111and the January 26, 1986, Qu1en5a6e earth4uake5 (a65.), E05,
67, n0. 16, 308.
61a55m0yer, 6., and R.D. 80rcherdt (1990). 50urce parameter5 and effect5 0f 6andw1dth and
10ca1 9e0109y 0n h19h-fre4uency 9r0und m0t10n5 065erved f0r after5h0ck5 0f the n0rthea5tern
0h10 earth4uake 0f 31 January 1986, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 80, 889-912.
601d5te1n, P., and R.J. Archu1eta (1991). Determ1n15t1c fre4uency-wave num6er meth0d5 and
d1rect mea5urement5 0f rupture pr0pa9at10n dur1n9 earth4uake5 u51n9 a den5e array: data
ana1y515, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 96, 6187-6198.
60n2a1e2, J.J., Nava, F.A., and C.A. Reye5 (1984). F0re5h0ck and after5h0ck act1v1ty 0f the
1976 Me5a de Andrade, Mex1c0, earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 74, 223-233.
60n2a1e2-Ru12, J.R., Re6011ar, C.J., 50are5, J., and K.C. McNa11ey (1987). 5e15m01091ca1
ev1dence 0f rupture pattern5 a10n9 the 5an M19ue1 fau1t (Pen1n5u1ar Ran9e5, 8aja Ca11f0rn1a,
Mex1c0) dur1n9 Fe6ruary 9-15, 1956 (a65.), E05, 68, n0. 44, 1348.
60rd0n, F.R. (1971). Fau1t1n9dur1n9 the earth4uake at Mecker1n9, we5tern Au5tra11a: 14 0ct06er
1968, ~ C0111n5,8.W., and Fra5er, R., ed5., Recent Cru5ta1 M0vement5, R0ya1 50c. New
2ea1and 8u11. 9, 85-93.
60rd0n, F.R., and J.D. Lew15 (1980). 7he Mecker1n9 and Ca11n91r1 earth4uake5 0ct06er 1968
and March 1970, 8u11. 6e01. 5ur. We5t. Au5tra11a, 126, 229 p.
6rant, W.C., Weaver, C.5., and J.E. 2011we9 (1984). 7he 14 Fe6ruary 1981 E1k Lake,
Wa5h1n9t0n, earth4uake 5e4uence, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 74, 1289-1309.
6rape5, R.H. (1987). Fau1t1n9 and 5u651dence dur1n9 the Ed9ecum6e earth4uake, March 2, 1987,
New 2ea1and, J. Phy5. Earth, 35, 415-423.
6reen, R.W.E., and 5. 810ch (1971). 7he Cere5, 50uth Afr1ca, earth4uake 0f 5eptem6er 29,
1969--1, rep0rt 0n 50me after5h0ck5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 61, 851-859.
6reen, R.W.E., and A. Mc6arr (1972). A c0mpar150n 0f the f0ca1 mechan15m and after5h0ck
d15tr16ut10n 0f the Cere5, 50uth Afr1ca, earth4uake0f 5eptem6er 29, 1969, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c.
Am., 62, 869-871.

C-17
6reen5fe1der, R. (1968). After5h0ck5 0f the 7ruckee, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake 0f 5eptem6er 12,
1966, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 58, 1607-1620.
6r055, W.K., and J.C. 5ava9e (1985). Def0rmat10n near the ep1center 0f the 1984 R0und Va11ey,
Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 75, 1339-1347.
6r055, W.K., and J.C. 5ava9e (1987). Def0rmat10n a550c1ated w1th the 1986 Cha1fant Va11ey
earth4uake, ea5tern Ca11f0rn1a, 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 58, 20.
6u, H-D., Chen, Y-7., 6a0, X-L., and Y. 2ha0 (1976). F0ca1 mechan15m 0f Ha1chen9, L1a0n1n9
Pr0v1nce, earth4uake 0f Fe6ruary 4, 1975, Acta 6e0phy51ca 51n1ca, 19, 270-285.
6u1kan, P., 6urp1nar, A., Ce1e61, M., Arpat, E., and 5. 6enc091u (1978). En91neer1n9 rep0rt
0n the Murad1ye-Ca1d1ran, 7urkey, earth4uake 0f 24 N0vem6er 1976: prepared f0r
C0mm1ttee 0n Natura1 D15a5ter5, C0mm15510n0n 50c10techn1ca1 5y5tem5, Nat10na1 Re5earch
C0unc11, 32 p.
6uten6er9, 8., and C.F. R1chter (1954). 5e15m1c1ty0f the Earth and A550c1ated Phen0mena, 2nd
ed.: Pr1ncet0n Un1ver51ty Pre55, Pr1ncet0n, New Jer5ey, 310 p.
Hae551er, H., 6au10n, R., R1vera, L., C0n501e, R., Fr09neux, 6a5par1n1, 6., Marte1, L., Patau,
6., 51c111an0, M., and A. C15terna5 (1988). 7he Peru91a (1ta1y)earth4uake 0f29, Apr11 1984:
a m1cr0earth4uake 5urvey, 8u11. 5e15n1. 50c. Am., 78, 1948-1964.
Hae551er, H., Cara, M., J1mene2, E., De5champ5, A., and 8. R0man0w1c2 (1989). Rupture
pr0ce55 0f the Armen1an earth4uake fr0m 6r0ad-6and and very 10n9 per10d te1e5e15m1c
rec0rd5, E05, 40, n0.43, 1199.
Hae551er, H., H0an9-7r0n9, P., 5ch1ck, R., 5chne1der, 6., and K. 5tr06ack (1980). 7he
5eptem6er 3, 1978 5wa61an Jura earth4uake, 7ect0n0phy51c~, 68, 1-14.
Ha9h1p0ur, A., and M. Am1d1 (1980). 7he N0vem6er 14 t0 Decem6er 25, 1979 6haenat
earth4uake5 0f n0rthea5t 1ran and the1r tect0n1c 1mp11cat10n5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 70, 1751-
1757.
Ha11, W.8., and P.E. 5a610ck (1985). C0mpar150n 0f the 9e0m0rph1c and 5urf1c1a1 fractur1n9
effect5 0f the 1983 80rah Peak, 1dah0 earth4uake w1th th05e 0f the 1959 He69en Lake,
M0ntana, earth4uake, 1n 5te1n, R.5., and 8ucknam, R.C., ed5., Pr0ceed1n95 0f W0rk5h0p
XXV111 0n the 80rah Peak, 1dah0, Earth4uake, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. 0pen-F11e Rep0rt 85-290,
141-152.
Ham11t0n, R.M. (1972). After5h0ck5 0f the 80rre90 M0unta1n earth4uake fr0m Apr11 12 t0 June
12, 1968, 1n 7he 80rre90 M0unta1n Earth4uake 0f Apr11 9, 1968, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr0f.
Paper 787, 31-54.
Hank5, 7.C. (1974). 7he fau1t1n9 mechan15m 0f the 5an Fernand0 earth4uake, J. 6e0p11y5. Re5.,
79, 1215-1229.
Hank5, 7.C., and D.M. 800re (1984). M0naent-ma9n1tude re1at10n5 1n the0ry and pract1ce, J.
6e0phy5. Re5., 89, 6229-6235.
Hank5, 7.C., and M. Wy55 (1972). 7he u5e 0f 60dy-wave 5pectra 1n the determ1nat10n 0f 5e15m1c-
50urce parameter5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 62, 561-589.
Hank5, 7. C., H11eman, J.A., and W. 7hatcher (1975). 5e15m1c m0ment5 0f the 1ar9er earth4uake5
0f the 50uthern Ca11f0rn1a re910n, 6e01. 50c. Am. 8u11., 86, 1131-1139.

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Har10w, D.H., Wh1te, R.A., Rymer, M.J., and A.6. 5a1vad0r (1993). 7he 5an 5a1vad0r
earth4uake 0f 10 0ct06er 1986 and 1t5 h15t0r1ca1 c0ntext, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 83, 1143-
1154.
Hart, E.W., and R.E. Harp5ter (1978). 5urface fau1t1n9 a550c1ated w1th the 0r0v111e, Ca11f0rn1a,
Earth4. N0te5, 49, n0. 1, 87.
Hart, E.W., and J.5. Rapp (1975). 6r0und rupture a10n9 the C1eve1and H111fau1t, 1n 5her6urne,
R.W., and Har9e, C.J., ed5., 0r0v111e, Ca11f0m1a, Earth4uake 1 Au9u5t, 1975, Ca11f. D1v.
M1ne5 6e01. 5pec1a1 Rep0rt 124, 61-72.
Hart, R.5., 8ut1er, R., and H. Kanam0r1 (1977). 5urface-wave c0n5tra1nt5 0n the Au9u5t 1, 1975,
0r0v111e earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 67, 1-7.
Hart2e11, 5.H. (1980). Fau1t1n9 pr0ce55 0f the May 17, 1976 6a211, U55R earth4uake, 8u11.
5e15m. 50c. Am., 70, 1715-1736.
Hart2e11, 5.H. (1989). C0mpar150n 0f 5e15m1c wavef0rm 1nver510n re5u1t5 f0r the rupture h15t0ry
0f a f1n1te fau1t--app11cat10n t0 the 1986 N0rth Pa1m 5pr1n95, Ca11f0m1a, earth4uake, J.
6e0phy5. Re5., 94, 7515-7534.
Hart2e11, 5.H., and J.N. 8rune (1979). 7he H0r5e Cany0n earth4uake 0f Au9u5t 12, 1975 - tw0-
5ta9e 5tre55-re11efpr0ce55 1n a 5tr1ke-511pearth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 69, 1161-1173.
Hart2e11, 5.H., and 7.H. Heat0n (1983). 1nver510n 0f 5tr0n9 9r0und m0t10n and te1e5e15m1c
wavef0rm data f0r the fau1t rupture h15t0ry 0f the 1979 hnper1a1 Va11ey, Ca11f0rn1a,
earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 73, 1553-1583.
Hart2e11, 5.H., and D.V. Hehn6er9er (1982). 5tr0n9-m0t10n m0de11n9 0f the hnper1a1 Va11ey
earth4uake 0f 1979, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 72, 571-596.
Hart2e11, 5.H., and 7.H. Heat0n (1986). Rupture h15t0ry 0f the 1984 M0r9an H111,Ca11f0m1a,
earth4uake fr0m the 1nver510n 0f 5tr0n9 m0t10n rec0rd5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 76, 649-674.
Hart2e11, 5.H., and M. 11da(1990). 50urce c0mp1ex1ty 0f the 1987 Wh1tt1er Narr0w5, Ca11f0rn1a,
earth4uake fr0m the 1nver510n 0f 5tr0n9 m0t10n rec0rd5, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 95, 12,475-
12,485.
Hart2e11, 5.H., and C. Mend02a (1991). App11cat10n 0f an 1terat1ve 1ea5t-54uare5 wavef0rm
1nver510n 0f 5tr0n9-m0t10n and te1e5e15m1c rec0rd5 t0 the 1978 7a6a5, 1ran, earth4uake, 8u11.
5e15m. 50c. Am., 81,305-331.
Ha5e9awa, A., Ka5ahara, K., Ha5e9awa, 7., and 5. H0r1 (1975). 0n the f0ca1 mechan15rn 0f the
50uthea5tern Ak1ta earth4uake 1n 1970 (2), 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Japan, 28, 141-151.
Ha5e9awa, H.5., and R.J. Wetm111er (1980). 7he Char1ev01x earth4uake 0f 19 Au9u5t 1979 and
1t5 5e150m-tect0n1c env1r0nment, Earth4. N0te5, 51, n0. 4, 23-37.
Ha5e9awa, H.5., Wetm111er, R.J., and M. Lam0nta9ne (1989). A c0mpar1510n 0f the three 1ar9e5t
Nahann1 earth4uake5 (1985-1988) and the 5e15m0tect0n1c env1r0nment, 5e15m. Re5. Letter5,
60, 29.
Hatanaka, Y., and K. 5h1ma2ak1 (1988). Rupture pr0ce55 0f the 1975 centra1 01ta, Japan,
earth4uake, J. Phy5. Earth, 36, 1-15.
Hatanaka, Y., and M. 7ake0 (1989). Deta11ed rupture pr0ce55 0f the 1975 centra1 01ta, Japan,
earth4uake 1nferred fr0m near-f1e1d data, J. Phy5. Earth, 37, 251-264.

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Hauk550n, E. (1990). 7he 1933 L0n9 8each earth4uake and 1t5 after5h0ck5, 5e15m. Re5. Letter5,
61, 42.
Hauk550n, E., and 5.6r055 (1991). 50urce parameter5 0f the 1933 L0n9 8each earth4uake, 8u11.
5e15m. 50c. Am., 81, 81-99.
Hauk550n, E., and L.M. J0ne5 (1988). 7he Ju1y 1986 0cean51de (M E = 5.3) earth4uake 5e4uence
1n the c0nt1nenta1 60rder1and, 50uthern Ca11f0rn1a, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 78, 1885-1906.
Hauk550n, E., and L.M. J0ne5 (1989). 7he 1987 Wh1tt1er Narr0w5 earth4uake 5e4uence 1n L05
An9e1e5, 50uthern Ca11f0rn1a--5e15m01091ca1and tect0n1c ana1y515, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 94,
9569-9589.
Hauk550n, E., and L.M. J0ne5 (1991a). 7he 1988 and 1990 Up1and earth4uake5:1eft-1atera1
fau1t1n9 adjacent t0 the centra1 7ran5ver5e Ran9e5, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 96, 8143-8165.
Hauk550n, E., and L.M. J0ne5 (19916). 7he 1991 (ML "-- 5.8) 51erra Madre earth4uake 1n
50uthern Ca11f0rn1a: 5e15m01091ca and tect0n1c ana1y515, E05, 72, n0.44, 319.
Hauk550n, E., J0ne5, L.M., Hutt0n, K., and D. E6erhart-Ph1111p5 (1993). 7he 1992 Lander5
earth4uake 5e4uence: 5e15m01091ca1065ervat10n5: J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 99, n0. 811, 19,835-
19,858.
Hauk550n, E., and 0ther5 (1988). 7he 1987 Wh1tt1er Narr0w5 earth4uake 1n the L05 An9e1e5
metr0p011tan area, Ca11f0rn1a, 5c1ence, 239, 1409-1412.
Hauk550n, E., Hutt0n, K., Kanam0r1, H., 8ryant, 5., Q1an, H., D0u91a55, K., J0ne5, L.M.,
E6erhart-Ph1111p5, D., M0r1, J., and 7.H. Heat0n (1992). 0verv1ew 0 f the 1992
(M6.1,7.5,6.6) Lander5 earth4uake 5e4uence 1n 5an 8ernard1n0 C0unty, Ca11f0rn1a,E05, 73,
n0. 43,357.
Heat0n, 7.H. (1982). 7he 1971 5an Fernand0 earth4uake--a d0u61e event, 8u11. 5e15n1. 50c.
Am., 72, 2037-2062.
Heat0n, 7.H., and D.V. Hehn6er9er (1977). A 5tudy 0f the 5tr0n9 9r0und m0t10n 0f the 80rre90
M0unta1n, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 67, 315-330.
Heat0n, 7.H., and D.V. Hehn6er9er (1979). 6enera112ed ray m0de15 0f the 5an Fernand0
earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 69, 1311-1341.
He1m6er9er D.V., and 6.R. En9en (1980). M0de11n9 the 10n9-per10d 60dy wave5 fr0m 5ha110w
earth4uake5 at re910na1 ran9e5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 70, 1699-1714.
Herd, D.6, and C.R. McMa5ter5 (1982). 5urface fau1t1n9 1n the 50n0ra, Mex1c0, earth4uake 0f
1887, 6e01. 50c. Am. A65tract5 w1th Pr09ram5, 14, n0. 4, 172.
Herd, D.6., and 0ther5 (1979). 5urface fau1t1n9 acc0mpany1n9 the Au9u5t 6, 1979, C0y0te Lake
earth4uake, E05, 60, 890.
Herrmann, R.8., Lan95t0n, C.A., and J.E. 2011we9 (1982). 7he 5harp56ur9, Kentucky,
earth4uake 0f 27 Ju1y 1980, 8uff. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 72, 1219-1239.
H111, R.L., and D.J. 8ee6y (1977). 5urface fau1t1n9 a550c1ated w1th the 5.2 ma9n1tude 6a1way
Lake earth4uake 0fMay:311 1975, M0jave De5ert, 5an 8ernard1n0 C0unty, Ca11f0rn1a, 6e01.
50c. Am. 8u11., 88, 1378-1384.
H111, R.L., Pechmann, J.C., 7re1man, J.A., McM111an,J.R., 61ven, J.W., and J.E. E6e1 (1980).
6e01091c 5tudy 0f the H0me5tead Va11ey earth4uake 5warm10f March 151 1979, Ca1~f0rn1a
6e0109Y, 33, 60-67.

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H0665, W.H. (1910). 7he earth4uake 0f 1872 1n the 0wen5 Va11ey, Ca11f0rn1a: 8e1tra9e 2ur
6e0phy51k, 10, 352-385.
H01t, W.E., and 7.C. Wa11ace (1989). 50urce parameter5 0f three recent earth4uake5 1n Ea5tern
1nd1a and 8urma: 1mp11cat10n5f0r the 5ty1e0f def0rmat10n 1n the 1nd1a-Eura51a c0111510n20ne,
5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 60, 26.
H005e, 5.N. (1987). 7he M0r9an H111 earth4uake--an 0verv1ew, 1n H005e, 5.N., ed., 7he
M0r9an H111,Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake 0f Apr11 24, 1984, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. 8u11. 1639, 1-14.
H0mer, R.8., Wetm111er, R.J., Lam0nta9ne, M., and M. P10uffe (1989). 7he Nahann1, NW7,
earth4uake 5e4uence, 1985-1988, 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 60, 28.
H0rner, R.8., Wetm111er, R.J., Lam0nta9ne, M., and M. P10uffe (1990). A fau1t m0de1 f0r the
Nahann1 earth4uake5 fr0m after5h0ck 5tud1e5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 80, 1553-1570.
H0rt0n, 5., and D. Dep010 (1992). 7he 0ct06er 24, 1990 Lee V1n1n9, Ca11f0rn1a earth4uake and
0ther recent m0derate earth4uake5 1n the we5tern 6a51n and ran9e, 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 63,
39.
H0u9h, 5.E., M0r1, J., 5em6era, E., 61a55m0yer, 6., Mue11er, C., and 5. Lydeen (1993, 1n
rev1ew). 5urface rupture a550c1ated w1th the 6/28/92 M7.4 Lander5 earth4uake: D1d 1t a11
happen dur1n9 the ma1n5h0ck: Unpu6115hed Paper.
H5u, 7.L. (1962). Recent fau1t1n9 1n the 10n91tud1na1 va11ey 0f ea5tern 7a1wan, Mem01r 6e01.
50c. Ch1na, n0. 1, 95-102.
H5u, 7.L., and H.C. Chan9 (1979). Quaternary fau1t1n9 1n 7a1wan, Mem01r 6e01. 50c. Ch1na,
n0. 3, 155-165.
Huan, W.L., 6U, M., and X.D. Chan9 (1991). Mu1t1p1e rupture character15t1c5 0f the 1920
Ha1yuan M81/2 earth4uake, Acta 5e15m01091ca 51n1ca, 13, 21-31.
Huan9, J., and W.-P. Chen (1986). 50urce mechan15m5 0f the M090d earth4uake 5e4uence 0f
1967 and the event 0f 1974 Ju1y 4 1n M0n9011a, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L011d0n, 84, 361-
379.
Hudnut, K., 5ee6eer, L., R0ckwe11, 7., 600dmacher, J., K11n9er, R., L1ndva11, 5., and R.
MCE1wa1n (1989). 5urface rupture5 0n cr055-fau1t5 1n the 24 N0vem6er 1989 5uper5t1t10n
H1115, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake 5e4uence, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 79, 282-296.
Hu11, A.6. (1990). 7ect0n1c5 0f the 1931 Hawke5 8ay earth4uake, New 2ea1and J. 6e01.
6e0phy5. 33, 309-320.
Hutt0n, L.K., J0hn50n, C.E., Pechmann, J.C., E6e1, J.E., 61ven, J.W., C01e, D.M., and P.7.
6erman (1980). Ep1centra1 10cat10n5 f0r the H0me5tead Va11eyearth4uake 5e4uence, March
15, 1979, Ca11f0rn1a 6e0109Y, 33, 110-114.
Hwan9, L.J., and H. Kanam0r1 (1989). 7e1e5e15m1c and 5tr0n9-m0t10n 50urce 5pectra fr0m tw0
earth4uake5 1n ea5tern 7a1wan, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 79, 935-944.
1ma9awa, K., M1kam1, N., and 7. M1kum0 (1984). Ana1yt1ca1 and 5em1-emp1r1ca1 5ynthe515 0f
near-f1e1d 5e15m1c wavef0rm5 f0r 1nve5t19at1n9 the rupture mechan15m 0f maj0r earth4uake5,
J. Phy5. Earth, 32, 317-338.
1NPRE5 (1985). E1 terrem0t0 de Mend02a, Ar9ent1na de1 26 de Ener0 de 1985, 1n5t1tut0 Nac10na1
de Prevenc10n 515m1ca (1NPRE5), Repu611ca Ar9ent1na, 137.

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1n5t1tute 0f Earth4uake En91neer1n9 (1989). C0rrected acce1er09ram5 and re5p0n5e 5pectra 0f
Lancan9-6en9ma earth4uake, 5e15m01091ca1 8ureau 0f Yunnan Pr0v1nce, 5e15m01091ca1
Pre55, 8e1j1n9.
15h1da, M. (1984). 5pat1a1-temp0ra1 var1at10n 0f 5e15m1c1tyand 5pectrum 0f the 1980 earth4uake
5warm near the 12u Pen1n5u1a, Japan, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 74, 199-221.
151am1, A.A. (1986). Er2urum-Kar5 earth4uake 0f 30 0ct06er, 1983, ana1y515, J. Earth 5pace
Phy51c5, 15, n0. 1-2, 39.
Jack50n, J.A., and 7.J. F1tch (1979). 5e15m0tect0n1c 1mp11cat10n5 0f re10cated after5h0ck
5e4uence5 1n 1ran and 7urkey, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 57, 209-229.
Jack50n, J.A., and 7.J. F1tch (1981). 8a5ement fau1t1n9 and the f0ca1 depth5 0f the 1ar9er
earth4uake5 1n the 2a9r05 m0unta1n5 (1ran), 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 64, 561-586.
Jack50n, J.A., 6a9nepa1n, J., H0u5eman, 6., K1n9, 6.C.P., Papad1m1tr10u, P., 50uf1er15, C.,
and J. V1r1eux (1982). 5e15m1c1ty, n0rma1 fau1t1n9, and the 9e0m0rph01091ca1 deve10pment
0f the 6u1f 0f C0r1nth (6reece): the C0r1nth earth4uake5 0f Fe6ruary and March 1981, Earth
P1anet. 5c1. Letter5, 57, 377-397.
Jack50n, J.A., and D. McKen21e (1984). Act1ve tect0n1c5 0f the A1p1ne-H1ma1ayan 6e1t 6etween
we5tern 7urkey and Pak15tan, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 77, 185-264.
Jack50n, J.A., and 6. Y1e1d1n9 (1983). 711e 5e15m1c1ty0f K0h15tan, Pak15tan: 50urce 5tud1e5 0f
the Hamran (1972.9.3), Dare1 (1981.9.12) and Patan (1974.12128) earth4uake5,
7ect0n0phy51c5, 91, 15-28.
Jack50n, J.A., M01nar, P., Patt0n, H., and 7. F1tch (1979). 5e15m0tect0n1c a5pect5 0f the
Markan5u Va11ey, 7adj1k5tan, earth4uake 0f Au9u5t 11, 1974, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 84,
6157-6167.
Jenn1n95, P.C. (1980). Earth4uake en91neer1n9 and ha2ard5 red uct10n 1n Ch1na: Nat10na1 Re5earch
C0unc11, C5CPRC Rep0rt N0. 8, Wa5h1n9t0n, D.C., 69-133.
Jen5en, 8.L., Chun9, W.-Y., and A.C. J0hn5t0n~(1989). 7he 6u1nea, We5t Afr1ca earth4uake
0f 22 Decem6er 1983: 50urce parameter5 fr0m te1e5e15m1c P- and 5- wavef0rm5, E05, 70,
n0. 15, 398.
J1m6ne2, E., Cara, M., and D. R0u1and (1989). F0ca1 mechan15m5 0f m0derate-512e earth4uake5
fr0m the ana1y5150f 51n91e-5tat10n three-c0mp0nent 5urface-wave rec0rd5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c.
Am., 79, 955-972.
J0hn50n, C.E., and L.K. Hutt0n (1982). After5h0ck5 and preearth4uake 5e15m1c1ty, 1n 7he
1mper1a1 Va11ey, Ca11f0rn1a, ~arth4uake 0f 0ct06er 15, 1979, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr0f Paper
1254, 59-76.
J0hn50n, L.R., and 7.V. McEv111y (1974). Near-f1e1d 065ervat10n5 and 50urce parameter5 0f
centra1 Ca11f0rn1a earth4uake5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 64, 1855-1886.
J0hn50n, 7.L., Madr1d, J., and 7. K0c2yn5k1 (1976). A 5tudy 0f m1cr05e15m1c1ty1n n0rthern 8aja
Ca11f0rn1a, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Ant., 66, 1921-1929.
J0hn5t0n, A.C. (1988). 065ervat10n5 0f the 5urface rupture 0f the 22 January 1988 7ennant Creek
earth4uake 5e4uence, centra1 Au5tra11a: Center f0r Earth4uake Re5earch and 1nf0rmat10n
5pec1a1 Rep0rt 88-1.

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J0hn5t0n, M.J.5., 80rcherdt, R.D., 61a55m0yer, 6., and A.7. L1nde (1987). 5tat1c and dynam1c
5tra1n dur1n9 the Ju1y 21, 1986, Cha1fant earth4uake near the L0n9 Va11ey Ca1dera,
Ca11f0rn1a, 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 58, 20.
J0ne5, L.E., and D.V. He1m6er9er (1993). 50urce parameter5 0f the 1992 819 8ear earth4uake
5e4uence, E05, 74, n0. 16.
J0ne5, L.M., Han, W., Hauk550n, E., J1n, A., 2han9, Y., and 2. Lu0 (1984). F0ca1 mechan15m5
and after5h0ck 10cat10n5 0f the 50n9pan earth4uake5 0f Au9u5t 1976 1n 51chuan, Ch1na, J.
6e0phy5. Re5., 89, 7697-7707.
J0ne5, L.M., Hutt0n, L.K., 61ven, D.D., and C.R. A11en (1986). 7he Ju1y 1986 N0rth Pa1m
5pr1n95, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 76, 1830-1837.
J0ne5, L.M., 51eh, K.E., Hauk550n, E., and L.K. Hutt0n (1990). 7he 3 Decem6er 1988
Pa5adena, Ca11f0rn1a earth4uake, ev1dence f0r 5tr1ke-511p m0t10n 0n the Raym0nd fau1t, 8u11.
5e15m. 50c. Am., 80, 474-482.
J0ne5, L.M., Wan9, 8., Xu, 5., and 7.J. F1tch (1982). 7he f0re5h0ck 5e4uence 0f the Fe6ruary
4, 1975, Ha1chen9 earth4uake (M = 7.3), J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 87, 4575-4584.
Ju11an, 8.R., and 5.A. 51pk1n (1985). Earth4uake pr0ce55e5 1n the L0n9 Va11ey Ca1dera area,
Ca11f0rn1a, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 90, 11155-11169.
Kachad00r1an, R., Yerke5, R.F., and A.0. Waananen (1967). Effect5 0f the 7ruckee Ca11f0rn1a,
earth4uake 0f 5eptem6er 12, 1966, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. C1rc. 537, 1-14.
Kad1n5ky-Cade, K.A. (1985). 5e15m0tect0n1c5 0f the Ch11e mar91n and the 1977 Caucete
earth4uake 0f we5tern Ar9ent1na: Ph.D. the515, C0rne11 Un1ver51ty, 253 p.
Kad1n5ky-Cade, K.A., and A.A. 8arka (1989). Effect5 0f re5tra1n1n9 6end5 0n the rupture 0f
5tr1ke-511p earth4uake5, 1ra5chwart2, D.P., and 51650n, R.H., ed5., Fau1t 5e9mentat10n and
C0ntr015 0f Rupture 1n1t1at10n and 7erm1nat10n, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. 0pen-F11e Rep0rt 89-315,
181-192.
Kad1n5ky-Cade, K.A., Re111n9er, R., and 8. 15ack5 (1985). 5urface def0rmat10n a550c1ated w1th
the N0vem6er 23, 1977, Caucete, Ar9ent1na, earth4uake 5e4uence, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 90,
12,691-12,700.
Kah1e, J.E., 8ryant, W.A., and E.W. Hart (1986). Fau1t rupture a550c1ated w1th the Ju1y 21,
1986 Cha1fant Va11eyearth4Uake, M0n0 and 1ny0 c0unt1e5, Ca11f0rn1a, Ca11f0rn1a6e0109Y,
39, 243-245.
Kah1e, J.E., W1115, C.J., Hart, E.W., 7re1man, J.A., 6reenw00d, R.8., and R.5. Kaumeyer
(1988). Pre11m1nary rep0rt--5urface rupture 5uper5t1t10n H1115earth4uake5 0f N0vem6er 23
and 24, 1987, 1mper1a1 C0unty, Ca11f0rn1a, Ca1f0rMa 6e0109y, 41, 75-84.
Ka15er, D., and 5.J. Duda (1988). Ma9n1tude 5pectra and 0ther 50urce parameter5 f0r 50me maj0r
1985 and 1986 earth4uake5, 7ect0n0phy51c5, 152, 303-318.
Kam6, 8., 511ver, L.7., A6ram5, M.J., Carter, 8.A., J0rdan, 7.H., and J.8. M1n5ter (1971).
Pattern 0f fau1t1n9 and nature 0f fau1t m0vement 1n the 5an Fernand0 earth4uake, 1n 7he 5an
Fernand0 Earth4uake 0f Fe6ruary 9, 1971, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr0f. Paper733, 41-54.
Kam1numa, K., and Y. 60t0 (1970). 0n the 065ervat10na1 5tud1e5 0f after5h0ck5 1n Japan, 8u11.
Earth4. Re5. 1n5t. 70ky0, 48, 507-520.

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Kanam0r1, H. (1972). Determ1nat10n 0f effect1ve tect0n1c 5tre55 a550c1ated w1th earth4uake
fau1t1n9--the 70tt0r1 earth4uake 0f 1943, Phy5. Earth P1anet. 1nter10r5, 5, 426-434.
Kanam0r1, H. (1973). M0de 0f 5tra1n re1ea5e a550c1ated w1th maj0r earth4uake5 1n Japan, Ann.
Rev. Earth P1anet. 5C1., 1,213-239.
Kanam0r1, H. (1977). 7he ener9y re1ea5e 1n 9reat earth4uake5, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 82, 2981-2987.
Kanam0r1, H. (1983). Mechan15m 0f the 1983 C0a11n9a earth4uake5 determ1ned fr0m 10n9-per10d
5Urface wave5, 1n 8ennett, J.H., and 5her6urne, R.W., ed5., 7he 1983 C0a11n9a, Ca11f0rn1a
Earth4uake5, Ca11f. D1v. M1ne5 6e01. 5pec1a1 Pu611cat10n 66, 233-240.
Kanam0r1, H. (1988). 5tate 0f 5tre55 near 5e15m1c 9ap5, 1n Nat10na1 Earth4uake Ha2ard5
Reduct10n Pr09ram, 5ummar1e5 0f 7echn1ca1 Rep0rt5 V01ume XXV, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. 0pen-
F11e Rep0rt 88-16, 257-260.
Kanam0r1, H. (1989). A 510w 5e15m1cevent rec0rded 1n Pa5adena, 6e0phy5. Re5. Letter5, 16,
1411-1414.
Kanam0r1 H. (1993). 50urce c0mp1ex1ty 0f the 1988 Armen1an earth4uake: ev1dence f0r a 510w
after-511p event, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 99, n0. 89, 15,797-15,808.
Kanam0n H., and D.L. Ander50n (1975). 7he0ret1ca1 6a515 0f 50me emp1r1ca1 re1at10n5 1n
5e15m0109y, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 65, 1073-1096.
Kanam0r1 H., and J.W. 61ven (1981). U5e 0f 10n9-per10d 5urface wave5 f0r rap1d determ1n1at10n
0f earth4uake-50urce parameter5, Phy5. Earth P1anet. h1ter10r5, 27, 8-31.
Kanam0n H., and D.V. He1m6er9er (1990). 5em1-rea1t1me 5tudy 0f the 1989 L0ma Pr1eta
Earth4uake u51n9 te1e5e15m1c and re910na1 data, E05, 71, n0. 8, 290.
Kanam0n H., and J. Re9an (1982). L0n9-Per10d 5urface wave5, 1n 7he 1mper1a1 Va11ey,
Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake 0f 0ct06er 15, 1979, U.5. 6e01, 5ur. Pr0f. Paper 1254, 55-58.
Kanam0n H., and K. 5atake (1990). 8r0ad6and 5tudy 0f the 1989 L0ma Pr1eta earth4uake,
6e0phy5. Re5. Letter5, 17, 1179-1182.
Kanam0r1, H., and 6.5.5tewart (1978). 5e15m01091ca1 a5pect5 0f the 6uatema1a earth4uake 0f
Fe6ruary 4, 1976, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 83, 3427-3434.
Kanam0r1, H., M0r1, J., and H. Heat0n (1990). 7he 3 Decem6er 1988, Pa5adena earth4uake (M L
= 4.9) rec0rded w1th the very 6r0ad6and 5y5tem 1n Pa5adena, 8u11. 5e15n1. 50c. Am., 80,
483-487.
Kanam0r1, H., 7h10, H., Dre9er, D., Hauk550n, E., and 7. Heat0n (1992). 1n1t1a1 1nve5t19at10n
0f the Lander5, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake 0f 28 June 1992 u51n9 terra5c0pe, 6e0phy5. Re5.
Letter5, 19, n0. 22, 2267-2270.
Karaka1515, 6.F., and 7. M1kum0 (1993). Dynam1c fau1t rupture pr0ce55 dur1n9 the 1978
7he55a10n1k1 earth4uake, n0rthern 6reece, 7ect0n0phy51c5, 217, 65-71.
Kawa5um1, H. (1950). 7he 1ma1ch1 earth4uake 0f Decem6er 26th, 1949. 6enera1 De5cr1pt10n,
8u11. Earth4. Re5. h15t. 70ky0, 28, 355-367.
Ke19ht1ey, W. 0. (1975). De5truct1ve earth4uake5 1n 8urdur and 81n901, 7urkey--May 1971, rep0rt
t0 C0nm11ttee 0n Natura1 D15a5ter5, Nat10na1 Re5earch C0unc11, Wa5h1n9t0n, D.C.
Ke11eher, J., and J. 5av1n0 (1975). D15tr16ut10n 0f 5e15m1c1ty 6ef0re 1ar9e 5tr1ke 511p and
thru5t-type earth4uake5, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 80, 260-271.

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K1kuCh1, M., and H. Kanam0r1 (1982). 1nver510n 0f c0mp1ex 60dy wave5, 8u11. 5e~m. 50c. Am.,
72, 491-506.
K1kuch1, M., and H. Kanam0r1 (1986). 1nver510n 0f c0mp1ex 60dy wave5-11, Phy5. Earth P1anet.
1nter10r5, 43, 205-222.
K1kuCh1, M., and K. 5ud0 (1984). 1nver510n 0f te1e5e15m1C P-wave5 0f 12u-05h1ma, Japan
earth4uake 0f January 14, 1978, J. Phy5. Earth, 32, 161-171.
K1m, W-Y., Ku1hanek, 0., and K. Meyer (1984). 50urce pr0ce55e5 0f the 1981 6u1f 0f C0r1nth
earth4uake 5e4uence fr0m 60dy-wave ana1y515, 8U11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 74, 459-477.
K1n9, 6.C.P., and C. V1ta-F1n21 (1981). Act1ve f01d1n9 1n the A19er1an earth4uake 0f 10 0ct06er
1980, Nature, 292, 22-26.
K1n9, 6.C.P., and 6. Y1e1d1n9 (1984). 7he ev01ut10n 0f a thru5t fau1t 5y5tem--pr0ce55e5 0f
rupture 1n1t1at10n, pr0pa9at10n and term1nat10n 1n the 1980 E1 A5nam (A19er1a) earth4uake,
6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 77, 915-933.
K1n9, 6.C.P., 0uYan9, 2.X., Papad1m1tr10u, P., De5champ5, A., 6a9nePa1n, J., H0u5eman, 6.,
Jack50n, J.A., 50uf1er15, C., and J. V1r1eux (1985). 7he ev01ut10n 0f the 6u1f 0f C0r1nth
(6reece)--an after5h0ck 5tudy 0f the 1981 earth4uake5, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n,
80, 677-693.
K1n9, N.E., 5ava9e, J.C., L150w5k1, M., and W.H. Pre5c0tt (1981). Pre5e15m1c and c05e15m1c
def0rmat10n a550c1ated w1th t11eC0y0te Lake, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake, J. 6e0p1~y5. Re5., 86,
892-898.
Knuepfer, P.L.K. (1989). 1mp11cat10n5 0f the character15t1c5 0f end-p01nt5 0f h15t0r1ca1 5urface
fau1t rupture5 f0r the nature 0f fau1t 5e9mentat10n, 1n 5chwart2, D.P., and 51650n, R.H., ed5.,
Fau1t 5e9mentat10n and C0ntr015 0f Rupture 1n1t1at10n and 7erm1nat10n, U.5. 6e01. 5ur.
0pen-F11e Rep0rt 89-315, 193-228.
K0cy191t, A. (1989). 5u5ehr1 6a51n; an act1ve fau1t-wed9e 6a51n 0n the N0rth Anat011an fau1t 20ne,
7urkey, 7ect0n0phy51c5, 167, 13-39.
K0nd0r5kaya, N.V., 2akhar0va, A.1., and L.5. Chepkuna5 (1989). 7he 4uant1tat1ve
character15t1c5 0f earth4uake 50urce5 a5 determ1ned 1n the 5e15m01091ca1 pract1ce 0f the
U.5.5.R., 7eCt0n0phy51c:~, 166, 45-52.
K0t0, 8. (1990). 0n the cau5e 0f the 9reat earth4uake 1n Centra1 Japan, 1891, 7erra N0va, 2,
301-305.
Kre5tn1k0v, V.N., 8u10u50v, 7.P., and D.V. 5h1an9e (1980). 5e15m0teCt0n1c c0nd1t10n5 0f the
0ccurrence 0f the 6a211 earth4uake5 0f 1976, 12ve5t1ya, Earth Phy51c5, 16, 648-660.
Kr15ty, M.J., 8urd1ck, L.J., and D.W. 51mp50n (1980). 7he f0ca1 mechan15n15 0f the 6a211,
U55R, earth4uake5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c, Am., 70, 1737-1750.
Kud0, K. (1983). 5e15m1c 50urce character15t1c5 0f recent maj0r earth4uake5 1n 7urkey, 1n 0hta,
Y., ed., A C0mprehen51ve 5tudy 017 Earth4uake D15a5ter5 1n 7urkey 1n V1ew0f 5e15m1c R15k
Reduct10n, Ha0kka1d0 Un1ver15ty, 5app0r0, Japan, 23-66.
Ku1hanek, 0., and K. Meyer (1979). 50urce parameter5 0f the V01v1-Lan9adha5 earth4uake 0f
June 20, 1978, deduced fr0m 60dy-wave 5pectra at 5tat10n5 Upp5a1a and K1runa, 8u11. 5e15m.
50C. Am., 69, 1289-1294.

C-25
 Kupfer, D.H., Mue5519, 5., 5m1th, 6.1., and 6.N. Wh1te (1955). Arv1n-7ehachap1 earth4uake
dama9e a10n9 the 50uthern Pac1f1c Ra11r0ad near 8ea1v111e, Ca11f0rn1a, 1n 0ake5h0tt, 6.8.,
ed., Earth4uake5 1n Kern C0unty Ca11f0rn1a Dur1n9 1952, Ca11f. D1v. M1ne5 6e01. 8u11. 171,
67-74.
Kur1ta, 7. (1976). 50urce pr0ce55e5 0f earth4uake 5e4uence5 a10n9 the 5an Andrea5 fau1t 20ne 1n
centra1 Ca11f0rn1a, Phy5. Earth P1anet. 1nter10r5, 13, 1-17.
Lahr, J.C., Pa9e, R.A., 5tephen5, C.D., and K.A. F091eman (1986). 5utt0n, A1a5ka, earth4uake
0f 1984: ev1dence f0r act1v1ty 0n the 7a1keetna 5e9ment 0f the Ca5t1e M0unta1n fau1t 5y5tem,
8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 76, 967-983.
Lahr, K.M., Lahr, J.C., L1ndh, A.6., 8ufe, C.6., and F.W. Le5ter (1976). 7he Au9u5t 1975
0r0v111e earth4uake5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Ant., 66, 1085-1099.
Lander, J.F. (1969a). 5e15m01091ca1n0te5 (Ju1y and Au9u5t), 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 60,262-263.
Lander, J.F. (19696). 5e15m01091ca1n0te5 (5eptem6er and 0ct06er), 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Ant., 60,
688-689.
Lander, J.F. (1973). 5e15m01091ca1n0te5 (Ju1y-Au9u5t, 1972), 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Ant., 63, 745-
749.
Lan9er, C.J., and 6.A. 80111n9er (1979). 5ec0ndary fau1t1n9 near the term1nu5 0f a 5e15m09en1c
5tr1ke-511p fau1t: after5h0ck5 0f the 1976 6uatema1a earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Ant., 69,
427-444.
Lan9er, C.J., and 6.A. 80111n9er (1991). 7he 50uthea5tern 1111n015earth4uake 0f 10 June 1987,
the 1ater after5h0ck5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 81,423-445.
Lan9er, C.J., H0pper, M:6., A19erm155en, 5.7., and J.W. Dewey (1974). After5h0ck5 0f the
Mana9ua, N1cara9ua, earth4uake 0f Decem6er 23, 1972, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 64, 1005-
1016.
Lan9er, C., 51mp50n, D., Pachec0, J., Cran5w1ck, E., 61a55m0yer, 6., and M. Andrew5 (1989).
After5h0ck5 0f the Decem6er 7, 1988 Armen1an earth4uake, E05, 70, n0.70, 1200.
Lan9er, C.A., and 6.A. 80111n9er (1988). After5h0ck5 0f t11e we5tern Ar9ent1na (Caucete)
earth4uake 0f23 N0vem6er 1977--50me tect0n1c 1mp11cat10n5,7ect0n0phy51c5, 148, 131-146.
Lan9er, C.A., 80111n9er, 6.A., and J.M. Mer9he1an1 (1987). Aftcr5h0ck5 0f the 13 Decem6er
1982 N0rth Yemen earth4uake--c0nju9ate n0rma1 fau1t1n9 1n an exten510na1 5ett1n9, 8u11.
5e15m. 50c. Ant., 77, 2038-2055.
Lan95t0n, C.A. (1978). 7he Fe6ruary 9, 1971, 5an Fernand0 earth4uake--a 5tudy 0f 50urce
f1n1tene55 1n te1e5e15m1c60dy wave5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 68, 1-29.
Lan95t0n, C.A. (1987). Depth 0f fau1t1n9 dur1n9 t11e 1968 Mecker1n9, Au5tra11a, earth4uake
5e4uence determ1ned fr0m wavef0rm ana1y5150f 10ca1 5e15m09ram5, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 92,
11,561-11,574.
Lan95t0n, C.A., and R. 8ut1er (1976). F0ca1 naechan15m 0f the Au9u5t 1, 1975, 0r0v111e
earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 66, 1110-1120.
Lan95t0n, C.A., and J.M. Dermen91an (1981). C0mment 0n ~5e15m0tect0n1c a5pect5 0f the
Markan5u Va11ey, 7adj1k5tan, earth4uake 0f Au9u5t 11, 1974 6y Jack50n, J., M01nar, P.,
Patt0n, H., and F1tch, 7., J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 86, 1091-1093.

C-26
 Lan95t0n, C.A., Fur10n9, K.P., V09t]0rd, K.5., C10u5er, R.H., and C.J. Amm0n (1990).
Ana1y5150f te1e5e15m1c60dy wave5 rad1ated fr0m the L0ma Pr1eta earth4uake, 6e0phy5. Re5.
Letter5, 17, 1405-1408.
Law50n, A.C., and 0ther5 (1908). 7he Ca11f0rn1a Earth4uake 0f Apr11 18, 1906--rep0rt 0f the
5tate Earth4uake 1nve5t19at10n C0mm1ttee: Carne91e 1n5t1tute, Wa5h1n9t0n, Pu611cat10n 87,
1.
Lee, W.H.K., Herd, D.6., Ca9nett1, V., 8akun, W.H., and A. Rapp0rt (1979). A pre11m1nary
5tudy 0f the C0y0te Lake earth4uake 0f Au9u5t 6, 1979, and 1t5 maj0r after5h0ck5, U.5.
6e01. 5ur. 0pen-F11e Rep0rt 79-1621, 43 p.
Lee, W.H.K., J0hn50n, C.E., Henyey, 7.L., and R.L. Yerke5 (1978). A pre11m1nary 5tudy 0f
the 5anta 8ar6ara, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake 0fAu9u5t 13, 1978, and 1t5 maj0r after5h0ck5, U.5.
6e01. 5ur. C1rc. 797, 11 p.
Lee, W.H.K., Wu, F.7., and 5.C. Wan9 (1978). A cata109 0f 1n5trumenta11y determ1ned
earth4uake5 1n Ch1na (ma9n1tude > 6) c0mp11ed fr0m var10u5 50urce5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c.
Am., 68, 383-398.
Le1, 7.C., Wan9, Y.D., and 8.5. 0u (1991). 5urface rupture pattern 6y Xunwu earth4uake 0f
ma9n1tude 5.5 0n Au9u5t 2, 1987, 5e15m0#~9y 6e0109Y, 13, 353-360.
Len5en, 6.J., and P.M. 0tway (1971). Earth5h1ft and p05t-earth5h1ft def0rmat10n a550c1ated w1th
the May 1968 1nan9ahua earth4uake, New 2ea1and, ~ C0111n5, 8.W., and Fra5er, R., ed5.,
Recent Cru5ta1 M0vement5, R0ya1 50c. New 2ea1and 8u11. 9, 107-116.
Le5ter, F.W., 8ufe, C.6., Lahr, K.M., and 5.W. 5tewart (1975). After5h0ck5 0f the 0r0v111e
earth4uake 0f Au9u5t 1, 1975, ~ 5her6urne, R.H., and Hau9e, C.J., ed5., 0r0v111e,
Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake 1 Au9u5t, 1975, Ca/1f. D1v. M1ne5 6e01. 5Pec1a1Rep0rt 124, 131-138.
Lew15, J.D., Daetwy1er, N.A., 8unt1n9, J.A., and J.5. M0ncr1eff (1981). 7he Cad0ux
eart114uake, 2 June 1979, 6e01. 5ur. (4"~t. Au5tra11a, Rep0rt 11, 131 p.
L1, V.C., 5ea1e, 5.H., and 7. Ca0 (1987). P05t5e15m1C5tre55 and p0re pre55ure readju5tment and
after5h0ck5 d15tr16ut10n5, 7ect0n0phy51c5, 144, 37-54.
L1, X-Q., and J. Na6e1ek (1989).7he 1988 Lancan9-6en9ma, Ch1na, earth4uake d0u61et, E05,
70, 138.
L1aw, 2-5., Wan9, C., and Y.7. Yeh (1986). A 5tudy 0fafter5h0ck5 0f the 20 May 1986 Hua11en
earth4uake, 8u11. 1n5t1t. Earth 5c1ence5, Academ1a 51n1ca, 6, 15-27.
L1de, C.5., and A.5. Rya11 (1985). After5h0ck d15tr16ut10n re1ated t0 the c0ntr0ver5y re9ard1n9
mechan15m5 0f the May 1980, M0mm0th Lake5, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4Uake5, J. 6e0phy5. Re5.,
90, 11,151-11,154.
L1e6ermann, R.C., and P.W. P0mer0y (1970). 50urce d1men510n5 0f 5ma11 earth4uake5 a5
determ1ned fr0m the 512e 0f the after5h0ck 20ne, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 60, 879-890.
L1enkaemper, J.J. (1984). C0mpar150n 0f tw0 5urface-wave ma9n1tude 5ca1e5--M 0f 6uten6er9
and R1chter (1954) and M5 0f ~pre11m1narydeterm1nat10n 0f ep1center5~, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c.
Am., 74, 2357-2378.
L1enkaemper, J.J., Pe220pane, 5.K., C1ark, M.M., and M.J. Rymer (1987). Fau1t fracture5
f0rmed 1n a550c1at10n w1th the 1986 Cha1fant Va11ey, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake 5e4uence--
pre11m1nary rep0rt, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 77, 297-305.

C-27
L1n, 8.-H., Chen, Y.-7., We1, F.-5., and 2.-Y. L1 (1979). A 5tudy 0f a5ymmetr1ca11y 611atera1
rupture pr0ce55 w1th app11cat10n t0 the Ha1chen9 earth4uake, Acm 5e15m01091ca 51n1ca, 1,
133-149.
L1n, J., and R.5. 5te1n (1989). C05e15m1c f01d1n9, earth4uake recurrence, and the 1987 50urce
mechan15m at Wh1tt1er Narr0w5, L05 An9e1e5 6a51n, Ca11f0rn1a, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 94, 9614-
9632.
L1nde, A.7., and M.J.5. J0hn5t0n (1989). 50urce parameter5 0f the 0ct06er 1, 1987 Wh1tt1er
Narr0w5 earth4uake fr0m cru5ta1 def0rmat10n data, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 94, 9633-9643.
L1nde, A.7., 5ack5, 1.5., and J.A. 5n0ke (1982). 7he 12u earth4uake-510w4uake 5e4uence--
add1t10na1 9r0und def0rmat10n and far-f1e1d 5e15m1c data (a65.), E05, 63, n0. 18, 373.
L1ndh, A.6., and D.M. 800re (1981). C0ntr01 0f rupture 6y fau1t 9e0metry dur1n9 the 1966
Parkf1e1d earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 71, 95-116.
L150w5k1, M., and W.K. 6r055 (1987). H0r120nta1 def0rmat10n a550c1ated w1th the N0rth Pahn
5pr1n95, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake 0f Ju1y 1986, 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 58, 20.
L150w5k1, M., and J.C. 5ava9e (1988). Def0rmat10n a550c1ated w1th the 5uper5t1t10n H1115,
Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake5 0f N0vem6er 1987 (a65.), 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 59, 35.
L150w5k1, M., and W. 7hatcher (1981). 6e0det1c determ1nat10n 0f h0r120nta1 def0rnaat10n
a550c1ated w1th the 6uatema1a earth4uake 0f 4 Fe6ruary 1976, 8uff. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 71,
845-856.
L150w5k1, M., Pre5c0tt, W.H., 5ava9e, J.C., and M.J. J01~m5t0n (1990). 6e0det1c e5t1mate 0f
c05e15m1c 511pdur1n9 the 1989 L0ma Pr1eta, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake, 6e01)hy5. Re5. Letter5,
17, 1437-1440.
L1u, H.L., and D.V. Hehn6er9er (1983). 7he near-50urce 9r0und m0t10n 0f the 6 Au9u5t 1979
C0y0te Lake, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 73, 201-218.
L0m1n1t2, C., and M. Ha5h12ume (1985). 7he P0payan, C010m61a, earth4uake 0f 31 March 1983,
8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 75, 1315-1326.
Lu6etk1n, L.K.C., and M.M. C1ark (1988). Late Quaternary act1v1ty a10n9 the L0ne P1ne fau1t,
ea5tern Ca11f0rn1a, 6e01. 50c. Am. 8u11., 100, 755-766.
Ly0n-Caen, H., Arm1j0, R., Drak0p0u105, J., 8a5k0uta55, J., De116a5515, N., 6au10n, R.,
K0u5k0una, V., Lat0u55ak15, J., Makr0p0u105, K., Papad1m~tr10u, P., Papana5ta5510u, D.,
and 6. Ped0tt1 (1988). 7he 1986 Ka1amata (50uth Pe10p0nne5u5) earth4uake--deta11ed 5tudy
0f a n0rma1 fau1t, ev1dence5 f0r ea5t-we5t exten510n 1n the He11en1c arc, J. 6e0phy5. Re5.,
93, 14,967-15,000.
Maa5ha, N., and P. M01nar (1972). Earth4uake fau1t~parameter5 and tect0n1c5 1n Afr1ca, J.
6e0phy5. Re5., 77, n0.29, 5731-5743.
Machette, M.N. (1993). 7emp0ra1 and 5pat1a1 6ehav10r 0f 1ate Quaternary fau1t11n9, we5tern
Un1ted 5tate5, ~ Jac0650n, M.L, c0mp11er, Nat10na1 Earth4uake Ha2ard5 Reduct10n Pr09ram
5ummar1e5 0f 7Echn1ca1 Rep0rt5 V01ume XXX1V, U. 5. 6e01091ca1 5urvey 0pen-F11e Rep0rt
93-195,458-463.
Machette, M.N., Cr0ne, A.J., and J.R. 80wman (1993). 6e01091c 1nve5t19at10n5 0f the 1986
Marryat Creek, Au5tra11a, earth4uake5 - 1mp11cat10n5f0r pa1e05e15m1c1ty 1n 5ta61e c0nt1nenta1
re910n5, U.5. 6e01. 51tr. 8u11. 2032-8, 29.

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Mad1n, 1.P., Pr1e5t, 6.R., Ma6ey, M.A., Ma10ne, 5., Ye11n, 7.5., and D. Me1er (1993). March
25, 1993, 5c0tt5 M1115earth4uake - we5tern 0re90n5 wake-up ca11, 0re90n 6e0109Y, 55, 51-
57.
Ma915tra1e, H., J0ne5, L., and H. Kanam0r1 (1989). 7he 5uper5t1t10n H1115, Ca11f0rn1a,
earth4uake5 0f 24~N0vem6er 1987, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 79, 239-251.
Ma0, Y.-P., and J.-C. 2han9 (1991). Pre11m1nary ana1y515 0n the 5e15m09en1c tect0n1c5 0f the
N0vem6er 6, 1988, Lan9an9-6en9ma earth4uake, J. 5e15m. Re5., 14, 15.
Marr0w, P.C., and A.8. Wa1ker (1988). L1eyn earth4uake 0f 1984 Ju1y 19: after5h0ck 5e4uence
and f0ca1 mechan15m, 6e0p17y5. J. 1nt., 92, 487-493.
Mart1n15, 8. (1976). 7he Fr1u11 earth4uake 0f May 6, 1976--9e0109y, 1n Pr0ceed1n95 0f the
1nternat10na1 Meet1n9 0n the Fr1u11 Earth4uake, 8011ett1n0 d1 6e0f151ca, 19, 755-808.
Mat5uda, 7. (1972). 5urface a550c1ated w1th K1ta-12uearth4uake 0f 1930 1n 12u Pen1n5u1a, Japan,
1n H05h1n0, M., and 7. A0k1, H., ed5., 12u Pen1n5u1a, 70ka1 Un1ver51ty Pre55, 73-93.
Mat5uda, 7. (1974). 5urface fau1t5 a550c1ated w1th N061 (M1n0-0war1) earth4uake 0f 1897, Japan,
5pec1a1 8u11. Earth4. Re5. 375t. 70ky0, 13, 85-126.
Mat5uda, 7., and K. Yama5h1na (1974). 5urface fau1t5 a550c1ated w1th the 12u-Hant0-0k1
earth4uake 0f 1974, Japan, 5pec1a1 8u11. Eart174. Re5. 1n5t. 70ky0, 14, 135-158.
Mat5uda, 7., Yama2ak1, H., Nakata, 7., and 7. 1ma12um1 (1980). 7he 5urface fau1t5 a550c1ated
w1th the R1kuu earth4uake 0f 1896, 8u1L Earth4. Re5. 1n5t. 70ky0, 55, 795-855.
Mat5uura, R.5. (1983). Deta11ed 5tudy 0f the earth4uake 5e4uence 1n 1980 0ff the ea5t c0a5t 0f
the 12u Pen1n5u1a, Japan, J. Phy5. Earth, 31, 65-101.
Matum0t0, 7., and 6. Latham (1973). After5h0ck and 1nten51ty 0f the Mana9ua earth4uake 0f 23
Decem6er 1972, 1n Mana9ua, N1cara9ua earth4uake 0f Decem6er 23, 1972, Earth4. En9.
Re5. 1n5t1t. C0nference Pr0ceed1n95, V01ume 1, 97- 103.
Mauk, F.J., Chr15ten5en, D., and 5. Henry (1982). 7he 5harp56ur9, Kentucky, earth4uake 27
Ju1y 1980: ma1n 5h0ck parameter5 and 1505e15ma1 map5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 72, 221-236.
McCaffrey, R. (1989). 7e1e5e15m1c 1nve5t19at10n 0f the January <22, 1988 7ennant Creek,
Au5tra11a, earth4uake5, 6e0phy5. Re5. Letter5, 16, 413-416.
McCa11, 6.J.M. (1967). V1.-6e0phy51c5, 1.5e15m0109y: 9e0109y 0f the Nakura-7h0m50n5 Fa115-
Lake Hann1nt0n area, 6e01. 5ur. Kenya, Rep0rt N0. 78, 86-88.
McCue, K., 8ar10w, 8.C., Denham, D., J0ne5, 7., 61650n, 6., and M. M1chae1-Le16a (1987).
An0ther ch1p 0ff the 01d Au5tra11an 610ck (a65.), E05, 68, n0. 26, 609-612.
McEv111y, 7.V., and M. N1a21 (1975). P05t-earth4uake 065ervat10n5 at Da5ht-e 8aya2, 1ran,
7ect0n0phy51c5, 26, 267-279.
Mc6arr, A., Mue11er, C., F1etcher, J.8., and M. Andrew5 (1990). 6r0und-m0t10n and 50urce
parameter5 0f the C0a11n9a earth4tmke 5e4uence, 1n Rymer, M.J., and E115w0rth, W.L., ed5.,
7he C0a11n9a, Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake 0f May 2, 1982, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr0f. Paper 1487,
215-234.
Mc6111, 5.F., A11en, C.R., Hudnut, K.W., J0hn50n, D.C., M111er, W.F., and K.E. 51eh (1989).
511p 0n the 5uper5t1t10n H1115fau1t and 0n near6y fau1t5 a550c1ated w1th the 24 N0vem6er
1987 Ehn0re Ranch and 5uper5t1~t10n H1115earth4uake5, 50uthern Ca11f0rn1a, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c.
Am., 79, 362-375.

C-29
McLaren, M.K., and W.U. 5ava9e (1992). 7he 17 5eptem6er 1991 (ML5.1) Ra99ed P01nt,
Ca11f0rn1a earth4uake and after5h0ck 5e4uence, 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 63, 67.
McNa11y, K.C., Lay, 7., Pr1tt0-Que5ada, M., Va1en515e, 6., 0ran9e, D., and R.5. Ander50n
(1989). 5anta Cru2 M0unta1n5 (L0ma Pr1eta) earth4uake, E05, 70, n0.45, 1463, 1467.
McNutt, 5., 8ryant, W., and R. W1150n (1991). M0n0 Lake earth4uake 0f 0ct0er 23, 1990,
Ca11f0rn1a 6e0109y, Fe6ruary, 27-32.
Me9hra0u1, M. (1991). 811nd rever5e fau1t1n9 5y5tem a550c1ated w1th the M0nt Chen0ua-71pa2a
earth4uake 0f 29 0ct06er 1989 (n0rth-centra1 A19er1a), 7erra N0va, 3, 84-93.
Mend02a, C., and 5.H. Hart2e11 (1988). 1nver510n f0r 511p d15tr16ut10n u51n9 te1e5e15m1c P
wavef0rm5--N0rth Pa1m 5pr1n95, 80rah Peak, and M1ch0acan earth4uake5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c.
Am., 78, 1092-1111.
Merc1er, J.L., M0uyar15, N., 51meak15, C. R0und0yann15, 7., and C. An9e11dh15 (1979). 1ntra-
p1ate def0rmat10n: a 4uant1tat1ve 5tudy 0f the fau1t5 act1vated 6y the 1978 7he55a10n1k1
earth4uake5, Nature, 278, 45-48.
Merc1er, J-L., Carey-6a11hard15, E., M0uyar15, N., 51meak15, K., R0und0yann15, 7., and C.
An9he11dh15 (1983). 5tructura1 ana1y5150f recent and act1ve fau1t5 and re910na1 5tate 0f 5tre55
1n the ep1centra1 area 0f the 1978 7he55a10n1k1 earth4uake5 (n0rthern 6reece), 7ect0n1c5, 2,
577-600.
Merc1er, J.L., 5e6r1er, M., Lavenu, A., Ca6rea, J., 8e111er, 0., Dum0nt, J.F., and J. Machare
(1992). Chan9e5 1n the tect0n1c re91me a60ve a 5u6duct10n 20ne 0f Andean type: 7he Ande5
0f Peru and 8011v1a dur1n9 t11eP110cene-P1e15t0cene, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 97, 11,945-11,982.
Meyer, 8., 7app0nn1er, P., 6audemer, Y., Pe1t2er, 6., and A. 81u550n (1989). 1932 Chan9 Ma
( M - 7.6) earth4uake 5urface 6reak5 and ne0tect0n1c5 0f n0rthern 716et-Qu1n9ha1 H19h1and5
(a65.), E05, 70, n0.43, 1350.
M1chae1, A.J., and U.5.6.5.8ranch 0f 5e15rn0109y, 1990, 5e15m09en1c 5tructure and 5e15m1c1ty
0f the 1989 L0ma Pr1eta, Ca11f0rn1a 5e4uence, E05, 71, n0. 8, 291.
M1kum0, 7. (1973a). Fau1t1n9 mechan15m 0f the 61fu earth4uake 0f 5eptem6er 9, 1969, and 50me
re1ated pr061em5, J. Phy5. Earth, 21, 191-212.
M1kum0, 7. (19736). Fau1t1n9 pr0ce55 0f the 5an Fernand0 earth4uake 0f Fe6ruary 9, 1971,
1nferred fr0m 5tat1c and dynam1c near-f1e1d d15p1acement5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 63, 249-
269.
M1kum0, 7. (1974). 50me c0n51derat10n5 0f t11e fau1t1n9 mechan15m 0f t11e 5c~uthca5tern Ak1ta
earth4uake 0f 0ct06er 16, 1970, J. Phy5. Earth, 22, 87-108.
M1kum0, 7., and M. And0 (1976). A 5earch 1nt0 the fau1t1n9 mechan15m 0f the 1891 9reat N061
earth4uake, J. Phy5. Earth, 24, 63-87.
M120ue, M., Nakamura, M., 5et0, N., 5aka1, K., K06aya5h1, M., Haneda, 7., and 5. Ha5h1m0t0
(1985). A c0ncea1ed fau1t 5y5tem a5 1nferred fr0m the after5h0ck act1v1ty acc0mpany1n9 the
1984 We5tern Na9an0 prefecture earth4uake 0f M6.8, 8u11. Earth4. 915t1t. 70ky0, 60,
199-220.
M091, A., Kawamura, 8., and Y. 1wa6uch1 (1964). 5u6mar1ne cru5ta1 m0vement due t0 the
N119ata earth4uake 1n 1964, 1n the env1r0n5 0f the Awa 51ma 151and, Japan 5ea, J. 6e0det1c
5ur. Japan, 10, n0. 3-4, 180-186.

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M0hajer, 6.A., and 6.R. P1erce (1963). 6e01091ca1 n0te5--Qa2v1n, 1ran, earth4uake, Am. A550c.
Petr01eUm 6e01. 8u11., 47, 1878-1883.
M011nar1, M. (1984). Late Cen0201c 5tructura1 9e0109y 0f 5tewart and M0nte Cr15t0 va11ey5,
Wa1ker Lane 0f we5t centra1 Nevada, 1n L1nt2, J., Jr., ed., We5tern 6e01091ca1 Excur510n5,
6e01. 50c. Am. F1e1d 7r1p 6u1de600k, 4, 219-231.
M01nar, P., and W.-P. Chen (1983). F0ca1 depth5 and fau1t p1ane 501ut10n5 0f earth4uake5 under
the 716etan p1ateau, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 88, 1180-1196.
M01nar, P., and Q. Den9 (1984). Fau1t1n9 a550c1ated w1th 1ar9e earth4uake5 and the avera9e rate
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M01nar, P., and H. Ly0n-Caen (1989). Fau1t p1ane 501ut10n5 0f earth4uake5 and act1ve tect0n1c5
0f the 716etan P1ateau and 1t5 mar91n5, 6e0phy5. J. 1nt., 99, 123-153.
M0r1, J. (1989). 7he New 1re1and earth4uake 0f Ju1y 3, 1985 and a550c1ated 5e15m1c1ty near the
Pac1f1c-5010m0n 5ea-815marck 5ea tr1p1ejunct10n, Phy5. Earth P1anet. 1nter10r5, 55, 144-153.
M0r1, J., and 7. 80yd (1985). 5e15m01091ca1 ev1dence 1nd1cat1n9 rupture a10n9 an ea5tward
d1pp1n9 fatu1t~p1ane f0r the 1964 N119ata, Japan earth4uake, J. Phy5. Earth, 33, 227-240.
M0r1, J., McKee, C., and H. Let2 (1987). 7he centra1 New 8r1ta1n earth4uake 0f May 10, 1985:
ten510na1 5tre55e5 1n the fr0nta1 arc, Phy5. Earth P1anet. 1nter10r5, 48, 73-78.
M05kv1na, A.6. (1978). F0ca1 mechan15m5 and parameter5 0f the M090d earth4uake 0f January
5, 1967, and 1t5 after5h0ck5: Earth Phy51c5, 14, 1-10.
Mun9ufa, L., and J.N. 8rune (1984). L0ca1 ma9n1tude and 5ed1ment amp11f1cat10n 065ervat10n5
fr0m earth4uake5 1n the n0rthern 8aja Ca11f0m1a-50uthern Ca11f0rn1a Re910n, 8u11. 5e15m.
~50c. Am., 74, 107-119.
Mura1, 1., and 7. Mat5uda (1975). 7he earth4uake 0f 1975 1n the centra1 part 0f 01ta Prefecture,
Kyu5hu, 8u11. Earth4. Re5. 1n5t. 70ky0, 50, 303-327.
Na6e1ek, J. (1990). 8r0ad6and te1e5e15m1c60dy wave ana1y515 0f the N0vem6er 18, 1989, L0ma
Pr1eta Earth4uake, E05, 71, n0. 8, 289.
Na6e1ek, J. (1985). 6e0metry and mechan15m 0f fau1t1n9 0f the 1980 E1 A5nam, A19er1a,
earth4uake fr0m 1nver510n 0f te1e5e15m1c 60dy wave5 and c0mpar150n w1th f1e1d065ervat10n5,
J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 90, 12,713-12,728.
Na6e1ek, J., and 6. 5uare2 (1989). 7he 1983 600dn0w earth4uake 1n the centra1 Ad1r0ndack5,
New Y0rk--rupture 0f a 51mp1e, c1rcu1ar crack, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 79, 1762-1777.
Na6e1ek, J., and M. 70k502 (1978a). 7he 50urce mechan15m 0f the 5ept. 6, 1975 7urk15h
earth4uake, Earth4. N0te5, 49, n0.4, 82.
Na6e1ek, J., and M. 70k502 (19786). 50urce5 pr0pert1e5 0f the 1976 earth4uake 1n E. 7urkey,
Earth4. N0te5, 49, n0. 1, 82.
Na6e1ek, J., Chen, W.P., and H. Ye (1987). 7he 7an95han earth4uake 5e4uence--1t5 1mp11cat10n5
f0r the ev01ut10n 0f the n0rth Ch1na 8a51n, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 92, 12,615-12,628.
Nakamura, K., Ka5a11ara, K., and 7. Mat5uda (1964). 711t1n9 and up11ft 0f an 151and, Awa5h1ma,
near the ep1centre 0f the N119ata earth4uake 1n 1964, J. 6e0det1c 5ur. Japan, 10, n0. 3-4,
172-179.

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Nakan15h1, 1., and H. Kanam0r1 (1984). 50urce mechan15m5 0f twenty-51x 1ar9e, 5ha110w
earth4uake5 (M5 > 6.5) dur1n9 1980 fr0m P-wave f1r5t m0t10n and 10n9-per10d Ray1e19h wave
data, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 74, 805-818.
Nata11, 5.6., and M.L. 56ar (1982). 5e15m1c1ty1n the ep1centra1 re910n 0f the 1887 n0rthea5t
50n0ra earth4uake, Mex1c0, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 72, 181-196.
Nava, F.A., and J.N. 8rune (1983). 50urce mechan15m and 5urface wave exc1tat10n f0r tw0
earth4uake5 1n n0rthern 8aja Ca11f0rn1a, Mex1c0, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 73, 738-
763.
Needham, R.E., and 5.A. 51pk1n (1989). 7e1e5e15m1c 50urce parameter5 0f the 7 Decem6er 1988
Armen1an earth4uake, E05, 70, n0.43, 1200.
Ne150n, M.R., McCaffrey, R., and P. M01nar (1986). 50urce parameter5 f0r 17 earth4uake5 1n
the 71en 5han, centra1 A51a, determ1ned 6y P and 5H wavef0rm 1nver510n (a65.), E05, 67,
n0. 16, 305.
New 2ea1and Department 0f 5c1ent1f1c and 1ndu5tr1a1 Re5earch (1987). 7he March 2, 1987,
earth4uake near Ed9ecum6e, N0rth 151and, New 2ea1and, E05, 68, n0. 44, 1162-1171.
N9uyen, 8.V., and R.8. Herrmann (1992). Determ1nat10n 0f 50urce parameter5 f0r centra1 and
ea5tern N0rth Amer1can earth4uake5 (1982-1986), 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 63, 567-586.
N1, J.F., and F. 6uan9we1 (1989). Fau1t p1ane 501ut10n5 0f earth4uake5 and act1ve tect0n1c5 0f
the Pam1r-K0rak0rum re910n (a65.), E05, 70, n0.43, 1226.
N1a21, M. (1968). Fau1t rupture 1n the 1ran1an (Da5ht-e-8aya2) earth4uake 0f Au9u5t 1968,
Nature, 220, 569-570.
N1a21, M., and H. Kanam0r1 (1981). 50urce parameter5 0f 1978 7a6a5 and 1979 Qua1nt, 1ran,
earth4uake5 fr0m 10n9-per10d 5urface wave5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 71, 1201-1213.
N1a21, M., and J. 5h0ja-7aher1 (1985). 50urce 9e0metry and mechan15na 0f 1978 7a6a5, 1ran,
earth4uake fr0rn we11 10cated after5h0ck5, 7ect0n0phy51c5, 115, 61-68.
N1ch0150n, C., Kanam0r1, H., and C.R. A11en (1987). C0mpar150n 0f the 1948 and 1986
earth4uake5 a10n9 the 50uthern 5an Andrea5 fau1t, C0ache11a Va11ey, Ca11f0rn1a (a65.), E05,
68, n0. 44, 1362.
N1ch0150n, C., R0e10ff5, E., and R.L. We550n (1988). 7he n0rthea5tern 0h10 earth4uake 0f 31
January 1986:wa5 1t 1nduced~, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 78, 188-217.
N1ch0150n, C., Harr15, R.A.2~and R.W. 51mp50n (1993). Chan9e5 1n att1tude-chan9e5 1n 1at1tude:
what happened t0 the fau1t5 1n the J05hua 7ree area 6ef0re and after the M7.4 Lander5
ma1n5h0ck, 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 64, 34.
N15henk0, 5.P., and K.H. Jac06 (1990). 5e15m1cp0tent1a1 0f the Queen Char10tte-A1a5ka-A1eut1an
5e15m1c 20ne, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 95, 2511-2532.
N0rth, R. 6. (1977). 5e15m1cm0ment, 50urce d1men510n5, and 5tre55e5 a550c1ated w1th earth4uake5
1n the Med1terranean and M1dd1e Ea5t, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 48, 137-161.
N0rth, R.6., Wetm111er, R.J., Adam5, J., An911n, F.M., Ha5e9awa, H.5., Lam0nta9ne, M., Du
8er9er, R., 5ee6er, L., and J. Arm6ru5ter (1989). Pre11m1nary re5u1t5 fr0m the
N0vem6er 25, 1988 5a9uenay (Que6ec) earth4uake, 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 60, 89-93.
N0wr0021, A.A. (1985). Emp1r1ca1 re1at10n5 6etween ma9n1tude5 and fau1t parameter5 f0r
earth4uake5 1n 1ran, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 75, 1327-1338.

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N0wr0021, A.A., and A.M. M0hajer-A5hja1 (1980). Fau1t1n9 0f Kur12an and K011 (1ran)
earth4uake5 0f N0vem6er 1979, a f1e1drep0rt, 8u11. du 8ureau de Rechereche5 6e010914ue5
et M1n1ere5 (Deux1eme 5er1e), 5ect10n 1V, 6e01091c 6enera1, n0. 2, 91-99.
N0wr0021, A.A., and A.M. M0hajer-A5hja1 (1985). Fau1t m0vement5 and tect0n1c5 0f ea5tern
1ran--60undar1e5 0f the Lut p1ate, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr.:50c. L0nd0n, 83, 215-237.
0hnaka, M. (1978). Earth4uake-50urce parameter5 re1ated t0 ma9n1tude, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr.
50c. L0nd0n, 55, 45-66.
0ka1, E.A. (1976). A 5urface-wave 1nve5t19at10n 0f the rupture mechan15m 0f the 6061-A1ta1
(Decem6er 4, 1957)earth4uake, Phy5. Earth P1anet. 1nter10r5, 12, 319-328.
0ka1, E.A. (1992). U5e 0f the mant1e ma9n1tude MM f0r the re55e55ment 0f the m0ment 0f
h15t0r1ca1 earth4uake5, Pure App11ed 6e0phy5., 139, 17-57.
0150n, A.H., and R.J. Ap5e1 (1982). F1n1tefau1t5and 1nver5e the0ry w1th app11cat10n5t0 the 1979
1mper1a1 Va11ey earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 72, 1969-2001.
0m0te, 5. (1950a). 0n the after5h0ck5 0f t11eFuku1 earth4uake, 8u11. Earth4. Re5. 1n5t. 70ky0,
28, 311-319.
0m0te, 5. (19506). After5h0ck5 0f 1ma1ch1 earth4uake 065erved at N15h1-0a5h1 5t2~10n, 8u11.
Earth4. Re5. 1n5t. 70ky0, 28, 401-413.
0ppenhe1mer, D.H., and N.6. MacCre90r-5c0tt (1991). 5e15m1c p0tent1a1 0f the Ea5t 5an
Franc15c0 8ay re910n 0f Ca11f0rn1a, 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 62, 13.
0tuka, Y. (1933). 7he 9e0m0rph0109y and 9e0109y 0f n0rthern 1du Pen1n5u1a, the earth4uake
f155ure5 0f N026, 1930, and the pre- and p05t-5e15m1ccru5t def0rmat10n5, 8u11. Earth4. Re5.
1n5t. 70ky0, 11,530-574.
0uyed, M., Me9hra0u1, M., C15terna5, A., De5champ5, A., D0re1, J., Frechet, J., 6au10n, R.,
Hat5fe1d, D., and H. Ph111p (1981). 5e15m0tect0n1c5 0f the E1 A5nam earth4uake, Nature,
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0uyed, M., Y1e1d1n9, 6., Hat2f1e1d, D., and 6.C.P1 K1n9 (1983). An after5h0ck 5tudy 0fthe E1
A5nam (A19er1a) earth4uake 0f 1980 0ct06er 10, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 73, 605-
639.
Pachec0, J.F., and J.L. Na6e1ek (1988). 50urce mechan15m5 0f three m0derate Ca11f0rn1a
earth4uake5 0f Ju1y 1986, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 78, 1907-1929.
Pachec0, J.F., E5ta6r00k. C.H., 51mp50n, D., 6ar1e1, J.C., Na6e1ek, J., and C. Lan9er (1989).
7e1e5e15m1c, nearf1e1d and after5h0ck ana1y5150f the 1988 5p1tak Armen1a, earth4uake, E05,
70, n0. 43, 1200.
Pa9e, R. (1968). F0ca1 depth5 0f after5h0ck5, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 73, 3897-3903.
Pa9e, R.W. (1973). 7he 51tka, A1a5ka, earth4uake 0f 1972--an unexpected v151t0r: Earth4uake
1nf0rmat10n 8u11., 5, n0. 5, 4-9.
Pant05t1, D., and 6. Va1en515e(1990). Fau1t1n9 mechan15m and c0mp1ex1ty 0f the 23 N0vem6er
1980~ Campan111-Lucan1aearth4uake, 1nferred fr0m 5urface 065ervat10n5, J. 6e0phy5. Re5.,
95, 15319-15341.
Papa2ach05, 8.C., M0untrak15, D., P5110v1k05,A., and 6. Leventak15 (1979). 5urface fau1t trace5
and fau1t p1ane 501ut10n5 0f the May,June 1978 maj0r 5h0ck5 1n the 7he55a10n1k1 area,
6reece, 7ect0n0phy51c5, 53, 171-183.

C-33
Papa2aCh05, 8.C., Pana910t0p0u105, D.6., 75apan05, 7.M., M0untrak15, D.M., and 6.Ch.
D1m0p0u105 (1983). A 5tudy 0f the 1980 5ummer 5e15m1c5e4uence 1n the Ma9ne51a re910n
0f centra1 6reece, 6e0phy. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 75, 155-168.
Papa2ach05, 8.C., K1rat21, A., Karac05ta5, 8., Pana910t0p0u105, D., 5c0rd1115, E., and D.M.
M0untrak15 (1988). 5urface fau1t trace5, fau1t p1ane 501ut10n and 5pat1a1 d15tr16ut10n 0f the
after5h0ck5 0f the 5eptem6er 13, 1986, earth4uake 0f Ka1amata (50uthern 6reece), Pure
App11ed 6e0phy5., 126, 55-68.
Pav11de5, 5.8., and M.D. 7ran05 (1991). 5tructura1 character15t1c5 0f tw0 5t0n9 earth4uake5 1n
the N0rth Ae9ean: 1er15505(1932) and A9105 Ef5trat105 (1968), J. 5truc. 6e01., 13, 205-214.
Pechmann, J.C., Nava, 5.J., and W.J. Ara6a52 (1990). Left-1atera1 5hear 6eneath the NW
C010rad0 P1ateau: the 1988 5an Rafae1 5we11 and 1989 50uth Wa5atch P1ateau earth4uake5,
5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 61, 44.
Pechmann, J.C., Nava, 5.J., and W.J. Ara6a52 (1992). 5e15m01091ca1 ana1y515 0f f0ur recent
m0derate (ML 4.8 t0 5.4) earth4uake5 1n Utah, Utah 6e01. 5ur., C0ntract Rep0rt 92-1, 107
Pe1t2er, 6., fapp0nn1er, P., 6audemer, Y., Meyer, 8., 6u0, 5., Y1n, K., Chen, 2., and H. Da1
(1988). 0ff5et5 0f Late Quaternary m0rph0109y, rate 0f 511p, and recurrence 0f 1ar9e
earth4uake5 0n the Chan9 Ma fau1t (6an5u, Ch1na), J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 93, 7793-7812.
Pender, M.J., and 7.W. R06ert50n (1987). Ed9ecum6e earth4uake--rec0nna155ance rep0rt,
Earth4. 5pectra, 3, 659-743.
Pepp1n, W.A., H0nja5, W., 50merv111e, M.R., and U.R. Vetter (1989). Prec15e ma5ter-event
10cat10n5 0f after5h0ck5 0f the 4 0ct06er 1978 Whee1er Cre5t earth4uake 5e4uence near L0n9
Va11ey, Ca11f0rn1a, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 79, 67-76.
Pere2, 0.J., and K.H. Jac06 (1980). 7ect0n1c m0de1 and 5e15m1cp0tent1a1 0f the ea5tern 6u1f 0f
A1a5ka and Yakata9a 5e15m1c9ap, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 85, 7132-7150.
Peter50n, M.D., 5ee6er, L., Na6e1ek, J., and K. Hudnut (1989). 7he 1nteract10n 6etween
5ec0ndary and ma5ter fau1t5 w1th1n the 50uthern 5an Jac1nt0 fau1t 20ne, 50uthern Ca11f0rn1a,
E05, 70, n0.43, 1211.
Peter50n, M.D., 5ee6er, L., 5yke5, L.R., Na6e1ek, J.L., Arm6ru5ter, J.6., Pachec0, J., and
K.W. Hudnut (1991). 5e15m1c1ty and fau1t 1nteract10n, 50uthern 5an Jac1nt0 fau1t 20ne and
adjacent fau1t5, 50uthern Ca11f0rn1a: 1mp11cat10n5 f0r 5e15m1c ha2ard, 7ect0n1c5, 10, 1187-
1203.
Petre5cu, 6., and 6. Purcaru (1964). 7he mechan15m and 5tre55 pattern at the f0cu5 0f the
5eptem6er 1, 1962, 8uy1n-2ara (1ran) earth4uake, Anna1e5 t1e 6e0phy514ue, 20, 242-247.
Pe220pane, 5.K., and 5.6. We5n0u5ky (1989). Lar9e earth4uake5 and cru5ta1 def0rmat10n near
7a1wan, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 94, 7250-7264.
Ph1111p5, D.E., and P. Rea5en6er9 (1990). C0mp1ex fau1t1n9 5tructure 1nferred fr0m 10ca1 5e15m1c
065ervat10n 0f M> 1.0 after5h0ck5, May 2-June 30, 1983, 1n Rymer, M.J, and E115w0rth,
W.L., ed5., 7he C0a11n9a, Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake 0f May 2, 1983, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr~
Paper 1487, 171-192.
Ph111p, H., and M. Me9hra0u1 (1983). 5tructura1 ana1y515 and 1nterpretat10n 0f the 5urface
def0rmat10n 0f the E1 A5nam earth4uake 0f 0ct06er 10, 1980, 7ect0n1c5, 2, 17-49.

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Ph111p, H., and F. Me9ard (1977). 5tructura1 ana1y5150f the 5uperf1c1a1def0rmat10n 0f the 1969
Par1ahuanca earth4uake5 (centra1 Peru), 7ect0n0phy51c5, 38, 259-278.
Ph1111p, H., 80u54uet, J.C., and A. C15terna5 (1989). 7he 5p1tak earth4uake 0f Decem6er 7,
1988: 5urface 6reak5 and tect0n1c5, E05, 70, n0. 43, 1199.
P1tt, A.M., Weaver, C.5., and W. 5pence (1979). 7he Ye110w5t0nePark earth4uake 0f June 30,
1975, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 69, 187-205.
P1afker, 6. (1976). 7ect0n1c a5pect5 0f the 6uatema1a earth4uake 0f 4 Fe6ruary 1976, 5c1ence,
193, 1201-1208.
P1afker, 6., and Jr. 8r0wn, R.D. (1973). 5urface 9e01091c effect5 0f the Mana9ua earth4uake 0f
Decem6er 23, 1972, 1n Mana9ua, N1cara9ua Earth4uake 0f Decem6er 23, 1972, Earth. En9.
Re5. 1n5t1t. C0nference Pr0ceed1n95, V01ume 1, 5an Franc15c0, 115-142.
P1afker, 6., and J.P. 6a110way, ed5. (1989). Le550n5 1earned fr0m the L0ma Pr1eta, Ca11f0rn1a,
Earth4uake 0f 0ct06er 17, 1989, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. 0rc. 1045, 48 p.
P1afker, 6., 80n111a, M.6., and 5.8. 80n15 (1976). 6e01091c effect5, .1n E5p1n05a, A.F., ed., 7he
6uatema1an Earth4uake 0f Fe6ruary 4, 1976, A Pre11m1nary Rep0rt, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr0f.
Paper 1002, 38-51.
P1afker, 6., Hud50n, 7., 8run5, 7., and M. Ru61n (1978). Late Quaternary 0ff5et5 a10n9 the
Fa1rweather fau1t and cru5ta1 p1ate 1nteract10n5 1n 50uthern A1a5ka, Canad1an J. Earth 5c1.,
15, 805-816.
P1afker, 6., A9ar, R., A5ker, A.H., and M. Han1f (1987). 5urface effect5 and tect0n1c 5ett1n9
0f the 13 Decem6er 1982 N0rth Yemen earth4uake1 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 77, 2018-2037.
Pre5c0tt, W.H., L150w5k1, M., J0hn5t0n, M.J.5., 5chu12, 5.5., and J.C. 5ava9e (1990).
Def0rmat10n 6ef01"e, dur1n9 and after the L0ma Pr1eta earth4uake 0f 0ct06er 1989, E05, 71,
n0. 8, 290.
Pre5c0tt, W.H., K1n9, N.E., and 6. 6u0hua (1984a). Pre5e15m1c, c05e15m1c, and p05t5e15m1c
def0rmat10n a550c1ated w1th the 1984 M0r9an H111,Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake: 1n 8ennett, J.H.,
and 5her6urne, R.W., ed5., 7he 1984 M0r9an H111,Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake, Ca11f. D1v. M1ne5
6e01. 5pec1a1 Pu611cat10n 68, 137-148.
Pre5c0tt, W.H., K1n9, N.E., and 6. 6u0hua (19846). Pre5e15m1c and c05e15m1c def0rmat10n
a550c1ated w1th the 1984 M0r9an H111, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake, 1n H005e, 5.N., ed., 7he
M0r9an H111, Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake 0f Apr11 24, 1984 (A Pre11m1nary Rep0rt), U.5. 6e01.
5ur. 0pen-F1fe Rep0rt 84-498A, 50-59.
Pre5c0tt, W.H:, 5ava9e, J.C., and M. L150w5k1 (1988). Cru5ta1 5tra1n, 1n Nat10na1 Earth4uake
Ha2ard5 Reduct10n Pr09ram, 5ummar1e5 0f 7echn1ca1 Rep0rt5, v. XXV, U.5. 6e01. 5ur.
0pen-F11e Rep0rt 88-16, 274-281.
Pr1e5t1ey, K.F., 5m1th, K.D., and R.5. C0ckerham (1988). 7he 1984 R0und Va11ey, Ca11f0rn1a,
earth4uake 5e4uence, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 95, 215-235.
Purcaru, 6., and H. 8er~khemer (1982). Quant1tat1ve re1at10n5 0f 5e15m1c50urce parameter5 and
a c1a551f1cat10n 0f earth4uake5, 1n Duda, 5.J., and Ak1, K., ed5., Quant1f1cat10n 0f
Earth4uake5, 7ect0n0~phy51c5, 84, 57-128.
Q1an, H. (1986). Recent d15p1acement5 a10n9 X1an5hu1he fau1t 6e1t and 1t5 re1at10n w1th 5e15m1c
act1v1t1e5, J. 5e15m. Re5., 9, 601,613.

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Q1an9, 2., and L. 2han9 (1984). 7he c1a551f1cat10n 0f Quaternary act1ve fau1t5 1n n0rth Ch1na:
Earth4uake Pred1ct10n Re5earch, 2, 267-276.
Ra1e19h, C.8. (1977). Pred1ct10n 0f the Ha1chen9 earth4uake, E05, 58, n0. 5, 236-272.
Rea5en6er9, P., and W.L. E115w0rth (1982). After5h0ck5 0f the C0y0te Lake, Ca11f0rn1a,
earth4uake 0f Au9u5t 6, 1979, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 87, 10637-10655.
Re111n9er, R. (1984). C05e15m1c and p05t5e15m1c vert1ca1 m0vement a550c1ated w1th the 1940 M
7.1 1mper1a1 Va11ey, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 89, 4531-4537.
Re111n9er, R., and 5. Lar5en (1986). Vert1ca1 cru5ta1 def0rmat10n a550c1ated w1th the 1979 M = 6.6
1mper1a1 Va11ey, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake--1mp11cat10n5 f0r fau1t 6ehav10r, J. 6e0phy5. Re5.,
91, 14,044-14,056.
R1a1, J.A., and E. 8r0wn (1983). Wavef0rm m0de11n90f 10n9 per10d p-wave5 fr0m the C0a11n9a
earth4uake 0fMay 2, 1983, 1n 8ennett, J.H., and R.W. 5her6urne, ed5., 7he 1983 C0a11n9a,
Ca11f0rn1a Earth4uake5, 1983, Ca11f. D1v. M1ne5 6e01. 5pec1a1 Pu611cat10n 66, 247-259.
R1chard50n, W.P. (1989). 7he Matata earth4uake 0f 1977 May 31: a recent event near
Ed9ecum6e, 8ay 0f P1enty, New 2ea1and, New 2ea1and J. 6e01. 6e0phy5., 32, 17-30.
R1ch1n5, W.E. (1985). 7he 1983 80rah Peak, 1dah0, earth4uake--a rev1ew 0f 5e15m1c1ty, 5urface
fau1t1n9 and re910na1 tect0n1c5:Pr0ceed1n95 0f D0E Natura1 Phen0mena Ha2ard5 M1t19at10n
C0nference, La5 Ve9a5, Nevada, 152-160.
R1chter, C.F. (1955). F0re5h0ck5 and after5h0ck5, 1n 0ake5h0tt, 0.P., ed., Earth4uake5 1n Kern
C0unty Ca11f0rn1a dur1n9 1952, Ca11f. D1v. M1ne5 6e01. 8u11. 171, 177-197.
R1chter, C.F. (1958). E1ementary 5e15m0109y: W.H. Freeman, 5an Franc15c0, 768 p.
R1chter, C.F., A11en, C.R., and J.M. N0rd4u15t (1958). 7he De5ert H0t 5pr1n95 earth4uake5 and
the1r tect0n1c env1r0nment, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 48, 315-337.
R061n50n, R., Ara6a52, W.J., and F.F. Ev150n (1975). L0n9-term 6ehav10r 0f an after5h0ck
5e4uence: the 1nan9ahua, New 2ea1and, earth4uake 0f 1968, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c.
L0nd0n, 41, 37-49.
R09er5, 6.C., Ca551dy, J.F., and R.M. E1115 (1990). 7he Pr1nce 6e0r9e, 8r1t15h C01um61a,
earth4uake 0f 21 March 1986, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 80, 1144-1161.
R0man0w1c2, 8., and H. Ly0n-Caen (1990). 7he L0ma Pr1eta earth4uake 0f 0ct06er 18, 1989:
re5u1t5 0f the te1e5e15m1c mant1e and 60dy wave 1nver510n, 6e0phy5. Re5. Letter5, 17, 1191-
1194.
R0mney, C. (1957). 5e15m1c wave5 fr0m the D1x1e Va11ey-Fa1rv1ew Peak earth4uake5, 8u11.
5e15m. 50c. Am., 47, 301-319.
R0the, J.P. (1969). 7he 5e15m1c1ty0f the Earth, 1953-1965:Une5c0
Rue99, J.C., Ka55er, M., 7arant01a, A., Lep1ne, J.C., and 8. Ch0u1krat (1982). Def0rmat10n5
a550c1ated w1th the E1 A5nam earth4uake 0f 10 0ct06er 1980-- 9e0det1c determ1nat10n5 0f
vert1ca1 and h0r120nta1 m0vement5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 72, 2227-2244.
Ruff, L.J., and 8.W. 71che1aar (1990). M0ment ten50r rate funct10n5 f0r the 1989 L0ma Pr1eta
earth4uake, 6~e0phy5. Re5. Letter5, 17, 11871190.

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RyaU, A., and J.D. VanW0rmer (1975). F1e1d-5e15m1c1nVe5t19at10n 0f the 0r0v111e, Ca11f0rn1a,
earth4uake5 0f Au9u5t 1975" 1n 5her6urne, R.W., and Ha9ue, C.J., ed5., 0r0v111e,
Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake 0f 1 Au9u5t, 1975, Ca11f. D1v. M1ne5 6e01. 5pec1a1 Rep0rt 124,
139-145.
Rya11, A., Van W0rmer, J.D., and A.E. J0ne5 (1968). 7r199er1n9 0f m1cr0earth4uake5 6y earth
t1de5 and 0ther feature5 0f the 7ruckee, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake 5e4uence 0f 5eptem6er, 1966,
8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 58, 215-248.
Rymer, M.J. (1987). 7he 5an 5a1vad0r earth4uake 0f 0ct06er 19, 1986 - 9e01091c a5pect5,
Earth4. 5pectra, 3, 435-464.
Rymer, M.J. (1992). 7he 1992 J05hua 7ree, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake: tect0n1c 5ett1n9 and tr199ered
511p, E05, 73, n0. 43, 363.
5ack5, 1.5., L1nde, A.7., 5n0ke, J.A., and 5. 5uyeh1r0 (1981). A 510w earth4uake 5e4uence
f0110w1n9 the 12u-05h1ma earth4uake 0f 1978, 1n 51mp50n, D., and R1chard5, P.6., ed5.,
Earth4uake Pred1ct10n, An 1nternat10na1 Rev1ew, Amer1can 6e0phy51ca1 Un10n, Maur1ce
Ew1n9 5er1e5 4, 617-628.
5a126er9, D.H., Cara6aja1, C.C., 8arker, J.5., and F.7. Wu (1990). Pre11m1nary 50urce
character15t1c5 0f the 0ct06er 18, 1989 L0ma Pr1eta ma1n5h0ck 6a5ed 0n te1e5e15m1c P and
5 wavef0rm5, E05, 71, n0. 8, 290.
5a126er9, D.H., Wu, F., 8arker, J., McCaffrey, R., Wan9, J., and K.C. Chen (1988).
5e15m1c1ty, f0ca1 mechan15m5 and tect0n1c5 re1ated t0 three 1986 earth4uake5 1n the v1c1n1ty
0f 7a1wan, E05, 69, n0. 16, 400.
5ander5, C.0., and H. Kanam0r1 (1984). A 5e15m0tect0n1c ana1y5150f the An2a 5e15m1c9ap, 5an
Jac1nt0 fau1t 20ne, 50uthern Ca11f0rn1a, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 89, 5873-5890.
5ander5, C., Ma915tra1e, H., and H. Kanam0r1 (1986). Rupture pattern5 and pre5h0ck5 0f 1ar9e
earth4uake5 1n the 50uthern 5an Jac1nt0 fau1t 20ne, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 76, 1187-1206.
5atake, K., and K. A6e (1983). A fau1t m0de1 f0r the N119ata, Japan, earth4uake 0f June 16,
1964, J. Phy5. Earth, 31,217-223.
5ava9e, J.C., and L.M. Ha5t1e (1966). 5urface def0rmat10n a550c1ated w1th d1p-511p fau1t1n9, J.
6e0phy5. Re5., 71, n0.20, 4897-4904.
5ava9e, J.C., and L.M. Ha5t1e (1969). A d1510cat10n m0de1 f0r the Fa1rv1ew Peak, Nevada,
earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 59, 1937-1948.
5ava9e, J.C., 8urf0rd, R.0., and W.7. K1n05h1ta (1975). Earth m0vement5 fr0m 9e0det1c
mea5urement5, 1n 0ake5h0tt, 6.8., ed., 5an Fernand0, Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake 0f 9 Fe6ruary
1971, Ca11f. D1v. M1tre5 6e01. 8u11. 196, 175-186.
5ava9e, W.U., A1t, J.N., and A. M0haher-A5har1 (1977). M1cr0earth4uake 1nve5t19at10n5 0f the
1972 Q1r, 1ran, earth4uake 20ne and adjacent arca5, 6e01. 50c. Am. A65tract5 w1th Pr09ram5,
9, n0. 4, 496.
5che1mer, J.F., 7ay10r, 5.R., and M. 5harp (1982). 5e15m1c1ty0f the L1verm0re Va11eyre910n,
1969-1981, 1n Hart, E.W., H1r5chfe1d, 5.E., and 5chu12, 5.5., ed5., Pr0ceed1n95 0f
C0nference 0n Earth4uake Ha2ard5 1n the Ea5tern 5an Franc15c0 8ay Area, Ca11f. D1v. M1tre5
6e01. 5pec1a1 Pu611cat10n 62, 155-165.

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5che11, M.M., and L.J. Ruff (1986). 50uthea5tern A1a5ka tect0n1c5--50urce pr0ce55 0f the 1ar9e
1972 51tka earth4uake, E05, 67, n0. 16, 304-305.
5che11, M.M., and L.J. Ruff (1989). Rupture 0f a 5e15m1c9ap 1n 50uthea5tern A1a5ka--the 1972
51tka earth4uake (M5 7.6), Phy5. Earth P1anet. 1nter10r5, 54, 241-257.
5cher6aum, F., and D. 5t011 (1983). 50urce parameter5 and 5ca11n9 1aw5 0f the 1978 5wa61an
Jura (50uthwe5t 6ermany) after5h0ck5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 73, 1321-1343.
566r1er, M., Merc1er, J.L., Machar6, J., 80nn0t, D., Ca6rera, J., and J.L. 81anc (1988). 7he
5tate 0f 5tre55 1n an 0verr1d1n9 p1ate 51tuated a60ve a f1at 51a6: 7he Ande5 0f centra1 Peru,
7ect0n1c5, 7, 895-928.
5ee6er, L., Arm6ru5ter, J.6., and M. 7utt1e (1987). 5ec0ndary fau1t5 a550c1ated w1th the 7 Ju1y
1986 Pa1m 5pr1n95 earth4uake rupture 0n the 5an Andrea5 fau1t, 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 58, 20.
5eymen, 1., and A. Ayd1n (1972). 7he 81n901 earth4uake fau1t and 1t5 re1at10n t0 the N0rth
Anat011an fau1t 20ne, 8u11. M1n. Re5. Exp1. 1n5t1t. Ankara, 79, 1-8.
5harp, R.V. (1975). D15p1acement 0n tect0n1c rupture5, 1n 0ak5h0tt, 6.8., ed., 5an Fernand0,
Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake 0f9 Fe6ruary 1971, Ca11f. D1v. M1ne5 6e01. 8u11. 196, 187-194.
5harp, R.V. (1981a). D15p1acement5 0n tect0n1c rupture5 1n the 5an Fernand0 earth4uake 0f
Fe6ruary 9, 1971, d15cu5510nand 50me 1mp11cat10n5, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. 0pen-F11e Rep0rt 81-
668, 16 p.
5harp, R.V. (19816). 5urface fau1t1n9 1n the C010rad0 R1ver de1ta re910n 1n Mex1c0 a550c1ated
w1th the M5=6.3 earth4uake 0f June 9, 1980, Earth4. N0te5, 52, n0. 1, 48.
5harp, R.V. (1982). C0mpar150n 0f 1979 5urface fau1t1n9 w1th ear11er d15p1acement5 1n the
1mper1a1 Va11ey, 1n 7he 1mper1a1 Va11eyCa11f0rn1a, Earth4uake 0f 0ct06er 15, 1979, U.5.
6e01. 5ur. Pr0f. Paper 1254, 213-221.
5harp, R.V. (1989). R19htLrever5e fau1t1n9 a550c1ated w1th the 7 Decem6er 1988 Armen1a 5.5. R.
earth4uake, a n ear1y rec0nna155ance, E05, 70, n0. 43, 1199.
5harp, R.V., and J. Um6a1 (1990). D15p1acement 0n the Ph111pp1ne-D19d19 fau1t a550c1ated w1th
the M5 7.8 Nueva Ec1ja earth4uake 0f 16 Ju1y 1990 (a65.), E05, 71, n0. 43, 1441-1442.
5harp, R.V., Aka5heh, 8., E5h9h1, 1., and N. 0r51n1 (1978). 7he 7a6a5, 1ran earth4uake 0f
5eptem6er 16, 1978:065ervat10n5 0n 5urface fau1t1n9, Earth4. N0te5, 49, n0. 4, 84.
5harp, R.V., L1enkaemper, J.J., 80n111a, M.6., 8urke, D.8., F0x, 8.F., Herd, D.6., M111er,
D.M., M0rt0n, D.M., P0nt1, D.J., Rymer, M.J., 71n51ey, J.C., Y0unt, J.C., Kah1e, J.E.,
Hart, E.W., and K.E. 51eh (1982). 5urface fau1t1n9 1n the centra1 hnper1a1 Va11ey, 1n 7he
1mper1a1 Va11ey Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake 0f 0ct06er 15, 1979, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr0.[. Paper
1254, 119-143.
5harp, R.V., and 0ther5 (1989). 5urface fau1t1n9 a10n9 the 5uper5t1t10n H1115 fau1t 20ne and
near6y fau1t5 a550c1ated w1th the earth4uake5 0f 24 N0vem6er 1987, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am.,
79, 252-281.
5hed10ck, K.M., 8aran0w5k1, J., We1wen, X., and H.X. L1an9 (1987). 7he 7an95han after5h0ck
5e4uence, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 92, 2791-2803.
5heehan, A1F., 2en9, Y., and K.D. 5m1th (1993). Wavef0rm ana1y5150f after5h0ck5 0f the June
1992 L1tt1e5ku11M0unta1n, Nevada, earth4uake, 6e01. 50c. Amer. A65tract5 w1th Pr09ram5,
25, n0. 5, 145.

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5hepherd, R., D0dd, 7.A.H., 5uther1and, A.J., M055, P.J., Carr, A.J., 60rd0n, D.R., and A.H.
8ryant (1970). 7he 19681nan9ahua earth4uake--rep0rt 0f the Un1ver51ty0f Canter6ury 5urvey
team, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 60, 1561-1606.
5her6urne, R., McNa11y, K., 8r0wn, E., and A: A6urt0 (1983). 7he ma1n5h0ck-after5h0ck
5e4uence 0f2 May 1983: C0a11n9a, Ca11f0rn1a, 1n 8ennett, J.H., and 5her6urne, R.W., ed5.,
7he 1983 C0a11n9a, Ca11f0rn1a Earth4uake5, 1983, Ca11f. D1v. M1ne5 6e01. 5pec1a1
Pu611cat10n 66, 275-292.
5h1, J., Fen9, X., 6e, 5., Yan9, 2., 80, M., and J. Hu (1984). 7he Fuyun earth4uake fau1t 20ne
1n X1nj1an9, Ch1na, 1nnA C011ect10n0f Paper5 0f the 1nternat10na1 5ymp051um 0n C0nt1nenta1
5e15m1c1ty and Earth4uake Pred1ct10n, 5e15m0109YPre55, 8e1j1n9, Ch1na, 325-346.
5h1h, C.L., Huan, W.L., Ya0, K.K., and Y.7. H51e (1978). 0n the fracture 20ne5 0f the
Chan9ma earth4uake 0f 1932 and the1r 9ene515, Ch1ne5e 6e0phy51c5, 1, 17-45.
5h1ma2ak1, K., and P. 50merv111e (1979). 5tat1c and dynam1c parameter5 0f the 12u-05h1ma,
Japan, earth4uake 0f January 14, 1978, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 69, 1343-1378.
5h1n, 7.-C., Chan9, 2.-5., and 6.-K. Yu (1989). 7he c0mp1ex rupture 0f the 20th May, 1986,
7a1wan earth4uake, Pr0c. 6e01. 50c. Ch1na, 32, 233-253.
5h1r0k0va, Y.1. (1968). F0ca1 mechan15m 0f the earth4uake 0f Ju1y 26, 1963, at 5k0pje: Phy51c5
0f the 5011d Earth (12ve5t1a, Earth Phy51c5), 104-109.
5h0r, 6., and E.E. R06ert5 (1958). 5an M19ue1, 8aja Ca11f0rn1a N0rte, earth4uake5 0f Fe6ruary,
1956--a f1e1d rep0rt, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 46, 101-116.
5hteyn6er9, V.V., 1van0va, 7.6., and V.M. 6ray2er (1980). 7he earth4uake 1n 6a211 0n
May 17, 1976, Phy51c50fthe 5011dEarth (12ve5t1ya, 6e0phy51c5 5er1e5), 16, n0. 3, 159-167.
5hud0f5ky 6.N. (1985). 50urce mechan15m5 and f0ca1 depth5 0f Ea5t Afr1can earth4uake5 u51n9
Ray1e19h-wave 1nver510n and 60dy-wave m0de111n9, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 83,
563-614.
51eh, K.E. (1978). 511p a10n9 the 5an Andrea5 fau1t a550c1ated w1th the 9reat 1857 earth4uake,
8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 68, 1421-1448.
51eh, K., J0ne5, L., Hauk550n, E., Hudnut, K., E6erhart-Ph1111p5, D., Heat0n, 7., H0u9h, 5.,
Hutt0n, K., Kanam0r1, H., L11je, A., L1ndva11, 5., Mc6111, 5.F., M0r1, J., Ru61n, C.,
5p0t11a, J.A., 5t0ck, J., 7h10, H.K., 7re1man, J., Wern1cke, 8., and J. 2achar1a5en (1993).
Near-f1e1d 1nve5t19at10n50f the Lander5 earth4uake 5e4uence, Apr11 t0 Ju1y 1992, 5c1ence,
260, 171-176.
5119ad0, F.E. (1951), 7he Anca5h, Peru, earth4uake 0f N0vem6er 10, 1946, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c.
Am.. 41, 83-100.
511ver, P., and 7. Ma5uda (1985). A 50urce extent ana1y5150fthe 1mper1a1 Va11eyearth4uake 0f
0ct06er 15, 1979, and the V1ct0r1a earth4uake 0fJune 9, 1980, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 90, 7,639-
7,651.
51mp50n, R.W., 5chu12, 5.5., D1et2, L.D., and R.0. 8urf0rd (1988). 7he re5p0n5e 0f creep1n9
part5 0f the 5an Andrea5 fau1t t0 earth4uake5 0n near6y faU1t5:tw0 examp1e5, Pure App11ed
6e0phy5., 126, n0 2-4.

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51n9h, D.D., Ra5t091, 8.K., and H.K. 6upta (1978). 5pectra1 ana1y515 0f 60dy wave5 f0r
earth4uake5 and the1r 50urce parameter5 1n the H1ma1aya and near6y re910n5, Phy5. Earth
P1anet. 1nter10r5, 18, 143-152.
51n9h, D.D., and H.K. 6upta (1979). 50urce mechan15m and 5urface-wave attenuat10n 5tud1e5f0r
716et earth4uake 0f Ju1y 14, 1973, 8u11. 5e15m. 50C. Am., 69, 737-750.
51pk1n, 5.A. (1986). 1nterpretat10n 0f n0n-d0u61e-c0up1e earth4uake mechan15m5 der1ved fr0m
m0ment ten50r 1nver510n, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 91, 531-547.
51pk1n, 5.A. (1989). M0ment-ten50r 501ut10n5 f0r the 24 N0vem6er 1987 5uper5t1t10n H1115,
Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 79, 493-499.
51pk1n, 5.A., and R.E. Needham (1990). K1nemat1c 50urce parameter5 0f the earth4uake,
determ1ned 6y t1me-dependent m0ment-ten50r 1nver510n and an ana1y515 0f te1e5e15m1c f1r5t
m0t10n5, 1n Rymer, M.J, and E115w0rth, W.L. ed5., 7he C0a11n9a, Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake
0f May 2, 1983, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr0f. Paper 1487, 207-214.
51emm0n5, D.8. (1956). 6e01091c 5ett1n9 f0r the Fa110n-5t111waterearth4uake5 0f 1954, 8u11.
5e15m. 50c. Am., 46, 4-9.
51emm0n5, D.8. (1957). 6e01091ca1 effect5 0f the D1x1e Va11ey-Fa1rv1ew Peak, Nevada,
earth4uake 0f Decem6er 16, 1954, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 47, 353-375.
51emm0n5, D.8. (1984). D1x1e Va11ey-Fa1rv1ew Peak earth4uake area5, 1n L1nt2, J., Jr., ed.,
We5tern 6e01091ca1 Excur510n5, 6e01. 50c. Am. F1e1d 7r1p 6u1de600k, 4, 418-420.
51emm0n5, D8., 2han9, P., and P. Ma0 (1989). 6e0metry and d15p1acement 0f the 5urface
rupture 20ne a550c1ated w1th the 1954 Fa1rv1ew Peak, Nevada, earth4uake, 5e15m. Re5.
Letter5, 60, 29.
51ev1n, J.J., and 7.C. Wa11ace (1986). 71me dependent m0ment ten50r 1nver510n 0f the June 11,
1981, 6016af and Ju1y 28, 1981, 51rch earth4uake5 1n 50uthern 1ran (a65.), E05, 67, n0.44,
1104.
5m1th, K.D., and K.F. Pr1e5t1ey (1987). F0re5h0ck 5e4uence 0f the M L 6.4 Ju1y 1986 Cha1fant,
Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake (a65.), 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 58, 20.
5m1th, K.D., 5heehan, A.F., 5ava9e, M.K., deP010, D., 8rune, J.N., and J.6. Ander50n (1993).
After5h0ck5 0f the June 29, 1992 M L 5.6 L1tt1e 5ku11 M0unta1n earth4uake, 5e15m. Re5.
Letter5, 64, 22.
5nay, R.A., C11ne, M.W., and E.L. 71mmerman (1985). D1510cat10n m0de15 f0r the 1954
earth4uake 5e4uence 1n Nevada, 1n 5te1n, R.5., and 8ucknam, R.C., ed5., Pr0ceed1n95 0f
W0rk5h0p XXV1110n the 80rah Peak, 1dah0, Earth4uake, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. 0pen-F11e Rep0rt
85-290, 531-555.
5060ut1, M., E5h9h1, 1., and J.H. Javaher1 (1972). 7he Q1r earth4uake 0f 10th Apr11, 1972, J.
Earth 5pace Phy51c5, 1, 17-74.
50merv111e, p.6. (1986). 50urce-5ca11n9 re1at10n50f ea5tern N0rth Amer1ca earth4uake5: E1ectr1c
P0wer Re5earch 1n5t1tute, Pa10 A1t0, Ca11f0rn1a, Rep0rt NP-4790, 152 p.
50merv111e, P.6., and J. Y05h1mura :1990). 5tr0n9 m0t10n m0de11n9 0f the 0ct06er 17, 1989,
L0ma Pr1eta earth4uake, E05, 71, n0. 8, 290.

C-40
 50merv111e, P.6., McLaren, J.P., 5a1k1a, C.K., and D.V. He1m6er9er (1990). 7he 25 N0vem6er
1988 5a9uenay, Que6ec, earth4uake: 50urce parameter5 and the attenuat10n 0f 5tr0n9 9r0und
m0t10n, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 80, 1118-1143.
50uf1er15, C., and 6.5. 5tewart (1981). A 50urce 5tudy 0f the 7he55a10n1k1 (n0rthern 6reece)
1978 earth4uake 5e4uence, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 67, 343-358.
50uf1er15, C., Jack50n, J.A., K1n9 6.C.P., 5pencer, C.H., and C.H. 5ch012 (1982). 7he 1978
earth4uake 5e4uence near 7he55a10n1k1 (n0rthern 6reece), 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n,
68, 429-458.
5padea, M.C., Vecch1, J., 6arde111n1, P., and 5. De1 Me5e (1985). 7he Ave22an0 earth4uake 0f
January 13, 1915, 1n P05tp15ch1, D., ed., At1a5 0f1505e15ma1 Map5 0f1ta11an Earth4uake5,
C0n519110 Na210na1e De11e R1cerche, 80109na.
5tauder, W. (1960). 7he A1a5ka earth4uake 0f Ju1y 10, 1958: 5e15m1c5tud1e5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c.
Am., 50, 293-322.
5tavrakak15, 6.N., 8110na5, 5.V., and C.E. 60ut15 (1991). Dynam1c 50urce parameter5 0f the
1981 6u1f 0f C0r1nth (centra1 6reece) earth4uake 5e4uence 6a5ed 0n FF7 and 1terat1ve
max1mum entr0py techn14ue5, 7ect0n0phy51c5, 185, 261-275.
5te1n, R.5. (1985). Ev1dence f0r 5urface f01d1n9 and 5u65urface fau1t 511pfmm 9e0det1c e1evat10n
chan9e5 a550c1ated w1th the 1983 C0a11n9a, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake, 1n Rymer, M.J., and
E115w0rth, W.L., ed5., Mechan1c5 0f the May 2, 1983, C0a11n9a Earth4uake, U.5. 6e01. 5ur.
0pen-F11e Rep0rt 85-44, 225-253.
5te1n, R.5., and 5.E. 8arr1ent05 (1985a). P1anar h19h-an91e fau1t1n9 1n the 8a51n and Ran9e--
9e0det1c ana1y5150f the 1983 80rah Peak, 1dah0, earth4uake, J, 6e0phy5. Re5., 90, 11,355-
11,366.
5te1n, R.5., and 5.E. 8arr1ent05 (19856). 7he 1983 80rah Peak, 1dah0, earth4uake-- 9e0det1c
ev1dence f0r deep rupture 0n a p1anar fau1t, 1n 5te1n, R.5., and 8ucknam, R.C., ed5., Pr0-
ceed1n95 0f W0rk5h0p XXV1110n the 80rah Peak, 1dah0, Earth4uake, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. 0pen-
F11e Rep0rt 85-290, 459-484.
5te1n, R.5., and M. L150w5k1 (1983). 7he 1979 H0me5tead Va11ey earth4uake 5e4uence,
Ca11f0rn1a--c0ntr01 0f after5h0ck5 and p05t5e15m1c def0rmat10n, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 88,
6477-6490.
5te1n, R.5., and W. 7hatcher (1981). 5e15m1cand a5e15m1cdef0rmat10n a550c1ated w1th the 1952
Kern C0unty, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake and re1at10n5h1p t0 the Quaternary h15t0ry 0f the Wh1te
W01f fau1t, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 86, 4913-4928.
5tewart, 6.5., 8ut1er, R., and H. Kanam0r1 (1976). 5urface and 60dy wave ana1y5e5 f0r the
Fe6.4, 1975, Ha1chen9 and Ju1y 27, 1976, 7an95han ch1ne5e earth4uake5 (a65.), E05, 57,
n0. 11,953-954.
5tewart, 5.W.,H0f1nann, R.8., and W,H. D1ment (1964). 50me after5h0ck5 0f the He69en Lake
earth4uake, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr0./. Paper 435-D, 19-24.
5t1erman, D.J., and W.L. E115w0rth (1976). After5h0ck5 0f the Fe6ruary 21, 1973, P01nt Mu9u,
Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 66, 1931-1952.

C-41
5uare2, 6., and J Na6e1ek (1983). 7he January 9, 1982, New 8run5w1ck earth4uake--a m0ment
ten50r 1nve1~510nfr0m the amp11tude 5pectra 0f Ray1e19h wave5, Earth4. N0te5, 54, n0, 3, 34-
35.
5uare2, 6., M01nar, P., and 8.C. 8urchf1e1 (1983). 5e15m1c1ty, fau1t p1ane 501ut10n5, depth 0f
fau1t1n9, and act1ve tect0n1c5 0f the Ande5 0f Peru, Ecuad0r, and 50uthern C010m61a, J.
6e0phy5. Re5., 88, 10,403-10,428.
5u1e1man, A.5., Yarw00d, D.R., and D.1. D05er (1989). 7he 50urce parameter5 0f earth4uake5
a10n9 the pa551ve mar91n 0f we5tern Afr1ca, E05, 70, n0.43, 1219.
5u1e1man, A. 5., D05er, D.1., and D.R. Yarw00d (1993). 50urce parameter5 0f earth4uake5 a10n9
the c0a5ta1 mar91n 0f We5t Afr1ca and c0mpar150n5 w1th earth4uake5 1n 0ther c0a5ta1 mar91n
5ett1n95, 7ect0n0phy51c5, 222, 79-91.
5u15tar0va, E., and 5. K0c1aj (1980). 7he D16ra (A16an1a) earth4uake 0f N0vem6er 30, 1967,
7ect0n0phy51c5, 67, 333-343.
5umner, J.R. (1977). 7he 50n0ra earth4uake 0f 1887, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 67, 1219-1223.
7ake0, M. (1987). An 1nver510n meth0d t0 ana1y2e the rupture pr0ce55e5 0f earth4uake5 u51n9
near-f1e1d 5e15m09ram5, 8uff. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 77, n0. 2. 490-513.
7ake0, M. (1988). Rupture pr0ce55 0f the 1980 12u-Hant0-70h0-0k1 earth4uake deduced fr0m
5tr0n9 m0t10n 5e15m09ram5, 8u1L 5e15m. 50c. Am., 78, 1074-1091.
7ake0, M. (1989). Rupture pr0ce55 0f the 1974 12u-Hant0-0k1 earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c.
Japan, 42, 59-66.
7ake0, M., and N. N1kam1 (1987). 1nver510n 0f 5tr0n9 m0t10n 5e15m09ram5 f0r the 50urce
pr0ce55 0f the Na9an0ken-5e16u earth4uake 0f 1984, 7ect0n0phy51c5, 144, 271-285.
7an9, R.-C., Huan9, 2., Q1an, H., Den9, 7., J1an9, L., 6e, P., L1u, 5., Ca0, Y., and C. 2han9
(1984). 0n the recent tect0n1c act1v1ty and earth4uake 0f the X1an5hu1he fau1t 20ne, 1n A
C011ect10n0f Paper5 0f t11e1nternat10na15ymp051um0n C0nt1nenta15e15m1c1tyand Earth4uake
Pred1ct10n, 5e15m01091ca1 Pre55, 8e1j1n9, Ch1na, 347-369.
7an9, R-C., Q1an, H., Chan9, W., Chan9, C., Ca0, Y., and 5. L1u (1984). 0n the
5e15m09e01091c 5ett1n9 and c0nd1t10n5 0f 5e15m09en1c 5tructure5 0f 1981 Da0fu earth4uake,
5e15m0109Y 6e0109Y, 6, 33-40.
7an9, R-C., Wen, D-H., Den9, 7-6., and 5-M. Huan9 (1976). A pre11m1nary 5tudy 0n the
character15t1c5 0f the 9r0und fracture5 dur1n9 the Lu-Hu0 M 7.9 earth4uake, 1973, and the
=

0r191n 0f the earth4uake, Acta 6e0p10,51ca 51n1ca, 19, 17-27.

7an1m0t0, 7., and H. Kanam0r1 (1986). L1near Pr09ramm1n9 appr0ach t0 na0ment ten50r
1nver510n0f earth4uake 50urce5 and 150mete5t5 0n the three-d1men510na1 5tructure 0f the upper
mant1e, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 84,,,413-430.
7app0nn1er, P., and P. M01nar (1979). Act1ve fau1t1n9 and Cen0201c tect0n1c5 0f the 71en 5han,
M0n9011a, and 8ayka1 re910n5, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 84, 3425-3459.
7a5dem1r091u, M. (1971). 7he 1970 6ed12 earth4uake 1n we5tern Anat011a, 7urkey, 8u11. 5e15m.
50c. Am., 61, 1507-1527.
7ay10r, K.8., Herrmann, R.8., Ham6ur9er, M.W., Pav115, 6.L., J0hn5t0n, A., Lan9er, C., and
C. Lam (1989). 7he 50uthea5tern 1111n015earth4uake 0f 10 June 1987, 5e15m. Re5. Letter5,
60,,A01-110.

C-42
7Cha1enk0, J.5., and N.N. Am6ra5ey5 (1970). 5truCtUra1 ana1y515 0f the Da5ht-e-8aya2 (1ran)
earth4uake fracture5, 6e01. 50c. Am. 8u11., 81, 41-60.
7Cha1enk0, J.5., and M. 8er6er1an (1974). 7he 5a1ma5 (1ran) earth4Uake 0f May 6th, 1930:
Anna11 d1 6e0f151Ca, 27, n0. 1-2, 151-212.
7Cha1enk0, J.5., and M. 8er6er1an (1975). Da5ht-e 8aya2 fau1t, 1ran--earth4uake and ear11er
re1ated 5truCture5 1n 6ed r0ck, 6e01. 50c. Am. 8U11., 86, 703-709.
7hatcher, W. (1975). 5tra1n accumu1at10n and re1ea5e mechan15m 0f the 1906 5an Franc15C0
earth4uake, J. 6e0phy5. Re5.,80, n0. 35, 4862-4872.
7hatCher, W., and R.M. Ham11t0n (1973). After5h0Ck5 and 50urce CharaCter15t1c5 0f the 1969
C0y0te M0unta1n earth4uake, 5an JaC1nt0 fau1t 20ne, Ca11f0rn1a, 8U11. 5e15m. 50C. Am., 63,
647-661.
7hatCher, W., and 7.C. Hank5 (1973). 50urce parameter5 0f 50uthern Ca11f0rn1a earth4uake5, J.
6e0phy5. Re5., 78, n0. 35, 8547-8576.
7hatCher, W., andM. L150w5k1 (1987). 1906 earth4Uake 511p0n t11e5a11 Andrea5 fau1t 1n 0ff5h0re
n0rthwe5tern Ca11f0rn1a (a65.), E05, 68, n0.44, 1507.
7h10, H.K., 5atake, K., K1kuCh1, M., and H. Kanam0r1 (1990). 0n the 5Udan, 1ran and
Ph111pp1ne5 earth4uake5 0f 1990 (a65.), E05, 71, n0. 43, 1438.
70Cher, D. (1956). M0vement 0n the Ra1n60w M0unta1n fau1t, 8td1. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 46, 10-14.
70Cher, D. (1959). 5e15m09raph1c re5u1t5 fr0m the 1957 5an FranC15c0earth4uake5, 1n 0ake5h0tt,
6.8., ed., 5a11FranC15c0 Earth4uake5 0f March 1957, Ca1f.. D1v. M1ne5 6e01. 5pec1a1Rep0rt
57, 60-127.
70Cher, D. (1960). 7he A1a5ka earth4uake 0f Ju1y 10, 1958--m0vement 0n the Fa1rweather fau1t
and f1e1d 1nve5t19at10n 0f 50uthern ep1Centra1 re910n, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 50, 267-292.
70k502, M.N., and E. Arpat (1977). 5tud1e5 0f prem0n1t0ry phen0mena preced1n9 tw0 1ar9e
earth4uake5 1n ea5tern 7Urkey, E05, 58, 1195.
70k502, M.N., Arpat, E., and R. 5ar091u (1977). Ea5t Anat011an earth4uake 0f 24 N0vem6er
1976, Nature, 270, 423-425.
70k502, M.N., Na6e1ek, J., and E. Arpat (1978). 50urce pr0pert1e5 0f the 1976 earth4uake 1n
ea5t 7urkeya c0mpar150n 0f f1e1ddata and te1e5e15m1cre5u1t5, 7ect0n01)hy51c5, 49, 199-205.
70kuyama, A. (1976). Cru5ta1 def0nnat10n after Fr1u11eart1~Nuake, n0rthern 1ta1y,1n Pr0ceed1n95
0f the 1nternat10na1 Meet1n9 011 t11eFr1u11 Earth4uake, 8011ett1n0 d1 6e0.f151ca, 19, 945-952.
70pp02ada, 7.R., and D.L. Parke (1982). Area darna9ed 6y the 1868 Hayward earth4uake and
recurrence 0f dama91n9 earth4uake5 near Hayward, 1n Hart, E.W., H1r5chfe1d, 5.E., and
5chu12, 5.5,, ed5., Pr0ceed1n95 0f the C0nference 0n Earth4uake Ha2ard5 1n t11eEa5tern 5a11
Franc15c0 8ay Area, Ca11f. D1v. M1m:5 6e01. 5pec1a1 Rep0rt 62, 321-328.
7r1f0n0v, V.C., 8ayractutan, M.5., Karakhan1an, A.5., and 7.P. 1van0va (1993). 7he Er121ncan
earth4uake 0f 13 March 1992 1n ea5tern 7urkey: tect0n1c a5pect5, 7erra N0va, 5, 184-189.
7r1funac, M.D. (1972). 7ect0n1c 5tre55 and the 50urce n1echan15m 0f the hnper1a1 Va11ey,
Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake 0f 1940, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 62, 1283-1302.
7r1funac, M.D. (1974). A t11ree-d1men510na1 m0de1 f0r the 5an Fernand0, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake
0f Fe6ruary 9, 1971, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 64, 149-172.

C-43
7r1funac, M.D., and J.N. 8rune (1970). C0mp1ex1ty0f ener9y re1ea5e dur1n9 the 1mper1a1Va11ey,
Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake 0f 1940, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 60, 137-160.
7r1funac, M.D., and F.E. Udwad1a (1974). Parkf1e1d, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake 0f June 27, 1966:
a three d1men510na1 m0v1n9 d1510cat10n, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 64, 511-533.
7r0dd, H., War6ut0n, P., and C.1. P001ey (1985). 7he 9reat 8r1t15h earth4uake 0f 1984 a5 5een
fr0m afar, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 83, 809-912.
75a1, Y.-8., and K. Ak1 (1969). 51mu1tane0u5 determ1nat10n 0f the 5e15m1c m0ment and
attentuat10n 0f 5e15m1c5urface wave5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 59, 275-287.
75a1, Y.-8., and K. Ak1 (1970). 50urce mechan15m 0f the 7ruckee, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake 0f
5eptem6er 12, 1966, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 60, 1199-1208.
75u60kawa, 1., 09awa, Y., and 7. Haya5h1 (1964). Cru5ta1 m0vement5 6ef0re and after the
N119ata earth4uake, J. 6e0det1c 5ur. Japan, 10, n0. 3-4, 165-171.
75ukuda, 7., 5aka1, K., K06aya5h1, M., Ha5h1m0t0, 5., Haneda, 7. (1989). 50urce pr0ce55,
character15t1c5 0f a550c1ated 5e15m1c1tyand 5e15m0tect0n1c 1mp11cat10n50f the 1986 0mach1
earth4uake 0f M 5.9 1n the n0rthwe5tern part 0f Na9an0 Prefecture, centra1 Japan, 8u11.
Earth4. Re5. h~5t. 70ky0, 64, 433-456.
75ukuda, 7., 5aka1, K., Ha5h1m0t0, 5., 6he1tanch1, M.R., 501tan1an, 50., M02affar1, P.,
M02affar1, N., Aka5heh, 8., and A. Javaher1an (1991). After5h0ck d15tr16ut10n0f the 1990
Rud6ar, n0rthwe5t 1ran, earth4uake 0f M7.3 and 1t5 tect0n1c 1mp11cat10n5,8u11. Earth4. Re5.
1n5t. 70ky0, 66, 351-381.
75ukuda, 7., 5aka1, K., Ha5h1m0t0, 5., Haneda, 7., and M. K06aya5h1 (1992). 5tructura1
feature5 0f the precur50ry 5e15m1c 9ap and after5h0ck re910n 0f the 1990 50uthern N119ata
earth4uake 0f M 5.4, 8u11. Earth4. Re5. h15t. 70ky0, 67, 361-388.
75uya, H. (1950). 7he Fuku1 earth4uake 0f June 28, 1948--rep0rt 0f the 5pec1a1 c0mm1ttee f0r
the 5tudy 0f the Fuku1 earth4uake: Japan 5c1ence C0unc11, 5pec1a1 C0mm1ttee, 70ky0, 197 p.
7ur61tt, 7., 8arker, E.J., 8r0w1tt, C.W.A., H0we115, M., Marr0w, P.C., Mu550n, R.M.W.,
Newmark, R.H., Redmayne, D.W., Wa1ker, A.8., Jac06, A.W.8., Ryan, E., and V. Ward
(1985). 7he N0rth Wa1e5 earth4uake 0f 19 Ju1y 1984, J. 6e01. 50c. L0nd0n, 142,567-571.
7urn0v5ky, J., and 6.5chne1der (1982). 7he 5e15m0tect0n1ccharacter 0f the 5eptem6er 3, 1978,
5wa61an Jura earth4uake 5er1e5, 7ect0n0phy51c5, 83, 151-162.
Ud1a5, A.5.J. (1965). A 5tudy 0f the after5h0ck5 and f0ca1 mechan15m 0f the 5a11na5-Wat50nv111e
earth4uake5 0f Au9u5t 31 and 5eptem6er 14, 1963, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 55, 85-106.
Uhrhammer, R.A., L0max, A., and E.R. C0111n5 (1990). 8D5N rec0rd1n9 0f 5anta Cru2
M0unta1n5 (L0ma Pr1eta) earth4uake5, June 1988 t0 N0vem6er 1989,,E05, 71, n0. 8, 290.
Uhrhammer, R.A. (1980). 065ervat10n5 0f the C0y0teLake, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake 5e4uence 0f
Au9u5t 6, 1979, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 70,559-570.
Uhrhammer, R.A., and R.8. Darra9h (1984). 7he 1984 Ha115Va11ey (~M0r9an H111) earth4uake
5e4uence: Apr1124 thr0u9h June 30, 1~ 8ef1~nett,J.H., and 5her6urne, R.W., ed5., 7he 1984
M0r9an H111, Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake, Ca1~f. D1v. M1ne5 6e01. 5pec1a1 Pu611cat10n 68, 191-
208.

C,44
Uhrhammer, R.A., and R.W. Fer9u50n (1980). 7he 1980 Mamm0th Lake5 earth4uake 5e4uenCe,
1n 5her6urne, R.W., ed., Mamm0th Lake5, Ca11f0rn1aEarth4uake 0f May 1980, Ca11f. D1v.
M1ne5 6e01. 5pec1a1 Rep0rt 150, 131-136.
Uhrhammer, R.A., Darra9h, R.8., and 8.A. 801t (1984). 7he 1983 C0a11n9a earth4uake
5e4uence, May 2 thr0u9h Au9u5t 1, 1n 5ch011, R.E., and 5tratta, J.L., ed5., C0a11n9a,
Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake 0f May 2, 1983, Earth4. En9. Re5. h15t1t. Rep0rt 84-03, 9-17.
U.5. 6e01091ca1 5urvey 5taff (1971). 5urface fau1t1n9, 1n the 5an Fernand0 Earth4uake 0f
Fe6ruary 9, 1971, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr0f. Paper 733, 55-76.
Ut5u, 7. (1962). 0n the nature 0f three A1a5kan after5h0ck 5e4uence5 0f 1957 and 1958, 8U11.
5e15m. 50C. Am., 52, 279-297.
Ut5u, 7. (1969). After5h0c~5 and earth4uake 5tat15t1c5 (1), 50me parameter5 wh1ch character12e
an after5h0ck 5e4uence and the1r 1nterre1at10n5, J. Facu1ty 5c1., H0kka1d0 Un1v., Japan,
5er1e5 V11, 111, n0. 3, 129-195.
Vaccar1, F, 5uhad01c, P., and 6.F. Pan2a (1990). 1rp1n1a, 1ta1y, 1980 earth4uake: wavef0rm
m0de111n9 0f 5tr0n9 m0t10n data, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 101, 631-647.
V09fj0rd, K.5., and C.A. Lan95t0n (1987). 7he Mecker1n9 earth4uake 0f 14 0ct06er 1968--a
p055161e d0wnward pr0pa9at1n9 rupture, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 77, 1558-1578.
Wa9ner, 6.5., and C.A. Lan95t0n (1988). Ea5t Afr1can earth4uake 60dy wave 1nver510n w1th
1mp11cat10n5f0r c0nt1nenta1 5tructure and def0rmat10n, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 94,
503-518.
Wa9ner, 6.5., and C.A. Lan95t0n (1989). 50me p1tfa115 and trade-0ff5 1n 50urce parameter
determ1nat10n u51n9 60dy wave m0de11n9 and 1nver510n, 7ect0n0phy51c5, 166, 101-1114.
Wa11ace, R.E. (1968). Earth4uake 0f Au9u5t 19, 1966, Vart0 area, ea5tern 7urkey, 8u11. 5e15m.
50c. Am., 58, 11-45.
Wa11ace, R.E. (1984). Fau1t1n9 re1ated t0 the 1915 earth4uake5 1n P1ea5ant Va11ey, Nevada, U.5.
6e01. 5ur. Pr0f. Paper 1274-A, 33 p.
Wa11ace, R.E., and E.F. R0th (1967). Rate5 and pattern5 0f Pr09re551ve def0rmat10n, 1n 8r0wn,
R.D., Vedder, J.6., Wa11ace, R.E., R0th, E.F., Yerke5, R.F., Ca5t1e, R.0., Waananen,
A.0., Pa9e, R.W., and Eat0n, J.P., ed5., 7he Parkf1e1d-Ch01ame Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4uake5
0f June-Au9u5t 1966-5urface 6e01091c Effect5, Water-Re50urce5 A5peCt5, and Pre11m1nary
5e15m1c Data, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr0f Paper 579, 23-40.
Wa11ace, 7.C. (1988). 7he 5e15m1c 50urce pr0ce55 0f the 1952 Kern C0unty, Ca11f0rn1a
earth4uake, 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 59, 20.
Wa11aCe, 7.C., Hehn6er9er, D.V., and J.E. E6e1 (1981). A 6r0ad6and 5tudy 0f the 13 Au9u5t
1978 5anta 8ar6ara earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 71, 1701-1718.
Wan9, C.-Y., 2hu, C.-N., and Y.-Q. L1u (1978). Determ1nat10n 0f earth4uake fau1t parameter
f0r the 70n9ha1 earth4uake fr0m 9r0und def0rmat10n data, Acta 6e01)hy51ca 51n1ca, 21, 191-
198.
Wan9, K., Ya0, 2., 6a0, L., and 7.C, Wa11ace (1989). 50urce mechan15m 0f the 1988 Lancan9-
6en9ma, Ch1na, earth4uake, E05, 70, n0. 43, 1218.

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Ward, P.L., 61665, J., Har10w, D., and A6urt0, Q.A. (1974). After5h0ck5 0f the Mana9ua,
N1cara9ua, earth4uake and the tect0n1c 519n1f1cance0f the 715capa fau1t, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c.
Am., 64, 1017-1029.
Ward, 5.N., and 6.R. Va1en515e (1989). Fau1t parameter5 and 511p d15tr16ut10n 0f the 1915
Ave22an0, 1ta1y, earth4uake der1ved fr0m 9e0det1c 065ervat10n5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 79,
690-710.
Warren, D.H., 8ufe, C., C0ak1ey, J., and 5. Mark5 (1978). After5h0ck5 0f the N0vem6er 22,
1977, earth4uake near W1111t5,Ca11f0rn1a, Earth4. N0te5, 49, n0.4, 95.
Warren, D.H., 5c0f1e1d, C., and C.6. 8ufe (1985). After5h0ck5 0f the 22 N0vem6er 1977
earth4uake at W1111t5,Ca11f0rn1a, act1v1ty 1n the Maacama fau1t 20ne, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am.,
75, 507-517.
We1, 8.2., and W.Y. Chun9 (1993). Re910na1 wavef0rm c0n5tra1nt5 0n the 50urce parameter5 0f
the Xunwu, Ch1na, earth4uake 0f 2 Au9u5t 1987, w1th 1mp11cat10n5 f0r m1d-p1ate
5e15m0tect0n1c5, Phy5. Earth P1anet. 1nter10r5, 78, 57-68.
We5n0u5ky, 5.6., 5ch012, C.H., and K. 5h1ma2ak1 (1982). Def0rmat10n 0f an 151and arc--rate5
0f m0ment re1ea5e and cru5ta1 5h0rten1n9 1n 1ntrap1ate Japan determ1ned fr0m 5e15m1c1tyand
Quaternary fau1t data, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 87, 6829-6852.
We550n, R.L. (1987). M0de111n9 after5h0ck m19rat10n and after511p 0f the 5an Juan 8aut15ta,
Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake 0f 0ct06er 3, 1972, 7ect0n0phy51c5, 144, 215-229.
We550n, R.L., and W.L. E115w0rth (1972). Pre11m1nary hyp0centra1 data f0r the 5t0ne Cany0n
earth4uake 0f 5eptem6er 4, 1972, Earth4. N0te5, 153, n0. 3, 13-15.
We5taway, R. (1987). C0mment 0n 7he 50uthern 1ta1y earth4u~ake 0f 23 N0vem6er 1980--an
unu5ua1 pattern 0f fau1t1n9" 6y Cr0550n, R.5., Mart1n1, M., 5carpa, R., and R. Key, 5.C.,
8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 77, 1071-1074.
We5taway, R. (1990). 810ck r0tat10n 1n we5tern 7urkey, J. 6e0phy5. Re5., 95, 19,857-19,884.
We5taway, R., and J. Jack50n (1984). 5urface fau1t1n91n the 50uthern 1ta11anCampan1a-8a5111cata
earth4uake 0f 23 N0vem6er 1980, Nature, 312, 436-438.
We5taway, R., and J. Jack50n (1987). 7he earth4uake 0f 1980 N0vem6er 23 1n Campan1a-
8a5111cata (50uthern 1ta1y), 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 90, 375-443.
We5taway, R., and R.8. 5m1th (1989). 50urce parameter5 0f the Cache Va11ey (L09an), Utah,
earth4uake 0f 30 Au9u5t 1962, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 79, 1410-1425.
We5taway, R., 6awth0rpe, R., and M. 70221 (1989). 515m01091ca1and f1e1d065ervat10n5 0f the
198J~,La2~0~.A~u220 ear~h4uak~e5~1mp11cat10n5f0r the act1ve tect0n1c5 0f 1ta1y, 6e0phy5. J.
I[. II~JI.I I IJIIbI I.,II.IIIIk4IlI|., ]U, --I~U~'--~I I'T.

We5tpha1, W.H., and A.L. Lan90 (1967). L0ca1 5e15m1cm0n1t0r1n9--Fa1rv10wPeak area, Nevada,
8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 57, 1279-1298.
Wetm111er1 R.J., Adam5, J., An911n, F.M., Ha5e9awa, H.5., and A.E. 5teven5 (1984).
After5h0ck 5e4uence5 0f the 1982 M1ram1ch1, New 8run5w1ck, earth4uake5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c.
Ant., 74, 621-653.
Wetm111er, R.J., H0mer, R.8., Ha5e9awa, H.5., N0rth, R.6., Lam0nta9ne, M., We1ehert, D.H.,
and 5.6. Evan5 (1988). An ana1y5150f the 1985 Nahann1 earth4uake5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Ant.,
78, 590-616.

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Wetm111er, R.J., Adam5, J., An911n, F.A., Lam0nta9ne, M., and J. Dry5da1e (1989). F0ca1
mechan15m5 and after5h0ck d15tr16ut10n0f the 1988 5a9uenay, Que6ec earth4uake 5e4uence,
5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 60, 18.
Wetm111er, R.J., Adam5, J., Dry5da1e, J., and J. 8011y (1991). Lac 7ur4u015e fau1t 5carp,
Un9ava, Que6ec - 1991 5urvey, 5e15m. Re5. Letter5, 62, n0.3-4, 189-190.
Wh1tc0m6, J.H., and L.K. Hutt0n (1978). 0n the ma9n1tude 0f the Au9u5t 13, 1978, 5anta
8ar6ara, Ca11f0rn1a, earth4uake, E05, 59, 1978.
Wh1te, R.A., Har10w, D.H., and 5. A1vare2 (1987). 7he 5an 5a1vad0r earth4uake 0f 0ct06er 10,
1986 - 5e15m01091ca1a5pect5 and 0ther recent 10ca1 5e15m1c1ty,Earth4. 5pectra, 3, 419-434.
W1111am5, 8.R. (1979). M 0 ca1cu1at10n5 fr0m a 9enera112ed AR parameter meth0d f0r WW55N
1n5trdment5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 69, 329-351.
W1111am5, P.L., and H.W. Ma915tra1e (1989). 511p a10n9 the 5uper5t1t10n H1115fau1t a550c1ated
w1th the 24 N0vem6er 1987 5uper5t1t10n H1115,Ca11f0rn1a,earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am.,
79, 390-410.
W1150n, J.7. (1936). F0re5h0ck5 and after5h0ck5 0f the Nevada earth4uake 0f Decem6er 20,
1932, and the Parkf1e1d earth4Uake 0f June 7, 1934, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 26, 189-194.
W0n9, V., and J. Fre2 (1982). After5h0ck 10cat10n5 and fau1t mechan15m5, 1n Ander50n, J.6.,
and F.7. 51m0n5, R.5., ed5., 7he Mex1ca11Va11eyEarth4uake 0f9 June 1980, Earth4. En9.
Re5. 1n5t1t. New51etter 16, 76-79.
W00dward-C1yde C0n5u1tant5 (1979). Append1x E, Ana1y5150f te1e5e15m1cdata f0r the 1933 L0n9
8each earth4uake: 1n Rep0rt 0f the Eva1uat10n 0f Max1mum Earth4uake and 51te 6r0und
M0t10n Parameter5 A550c1ated w1th the 0~h0re 20ne 0f De[6rmat10n, 5an 0n0fre Nuc1ear
6enerat1n9 5tat10n, prepared f0r 50uthern Ca11f0rn1a Ed150n, R05emead, Ca11f0rn1a, 28 p.
Wu, F.7. (1968). Parkf1e1d earth4uake 0fJune 28, 1966--ma9n1tudeand 50urce mechan15m, 8u11.
5e15m. 50c. Am., 58, 689-709.
Wu, F.7. (1989). 7he 50urce mechan15m5 0f the N0vem6er 6, 1988 Lancan9-6en9ma, Yunnan,
Ch1na, ma1n5h0ck u51n9 5urface wave5, E05, 70, n0. 43, 1218.
Wu, F.7., Chen, K.-C., Wan9, J.-H., McCaffrey, R., and D. 5a126er9 (1989). F0ca1
mechan15m5 0f recent 1ar9e earth4uake5 and the nature 0f faU1t1n91n the L0n91tud1na1 Va11ey
0f ea5tern 7a1wan, Pr0c. 6e01. 50c. Ch1na, 32, 157-177.
Wu, K.-7., L1, 2., J1n, X., Chen, 6., Lu, P., Ca0, X.-L., and K.-Y. 71an (1981). 7an95han
9reat earth4uake and 1t5 f0r5h0ck5 and after5h0ck5, 5e15m0109y 6e0109Y, 3, 1-9.
Wu, K.-7., Yue, M.-5., Wu, H.-Y., Ca0, X.:L., Chen, H.-7., Huan9, W.-Q., 71an, K.-Y., and
5-D. Lu (1976). Certa1n character15t1c5 0f Ha1chen9 earth4uake (M = 7.3) 5e4uence, Acta
6e0phy51ca 51n1ca, 19, 95-109.
Wy55, M., and 7.C. Hank5 (1972a). 50urce parameter5 0f the 80rre90 M0unta1n earth4uake, 1n
7he 80rre90 M0unta1n Earth4uake 0f Apr119, 1968, U.5. 6e01. 5ur. Pr0f. Paper 787, 24-30.
Wy55, M., and 7.C. Hank5 (19726). 7he 50urce parameter5 0f the 5an Fernand0~earth4uake
1nferred fr0m te1e5e15m1c60dy wave5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 62, 591-602.
Wy55, M., and R.E. Ha6ermann (1988). Precur50ry 4u1e5cence 6ef0re the Au9u5t 1982 5t0ne
Cany0n 5an Andrea5 fau1t, earth4uake5, Pure App11ed 6e0phy5., 126, n0.2-4, 333-356.

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X1e, X.-8., and 2.-X. Ya0 (1991). 7he fau1t1n9 pr0ce55 0f 7an95han earth4uake 1nverted
51mu1tane0u51y fr0m the te1e5e15m1cwavef0rm5 and 9e0de51c def0rmat10n data, Phy5. Earth
P1anet. 1nter10r5, 66, 265-277.
Yama5ak1, N., and F. 7ada (1928). 7he 0ku-7an90 earth4uake 0f 1927, 8u11. Earth4. Re5. 1n5t.
70ky0, 4, 159-179.
Yama5h1na, K. and 7ada, 7. (1985). A fau1t m0de1 0f the 1984 We5tern Na9an0 prefecture
earth4uake 6a5ed 0n the d15tance chan9e 0f tr11aterat10n p01nt5, 8u11. Earth4. Re5. 1n5t1t.
70ky0, 60, 221-230.
Yeat5, R., 51eh, K., and C.R. A11en (1994 (1n pre55)). 6e0109y 0f Earth4uake5 (7a61e 0f H15t0r1c
Earth4uake5 w1th 5urface Rupture).
Yeh, Y.-L., Wan9, J.-H., and K.-C. Chen (1990). 7emp0ra1-5pat1a1 50urce funct10n 0f the May
20, 1986 Hua11en, 7a1wan earth4uake, Pr0c. 6e01. 50c. Ch1na, 33, 109-126.
Y1e1d1n9, 6. (1985). C0ntr01 0f rupture 6y fau1t 9e0metry dur1n9 the 1980 E1 A5nam (A19er1a)
earth4uake, 6e0phy5. J. R. A5tr. 50c. L0nd0n, 81,641-670.
Y1e1d1n9, 6., Jack50n, J.A., K1n9, 6.C.P., 51nvha1, H., V1ta-F1n21, C., and R.M. W00d (1981).
Re1at10n5 6etween 5urface def0rmat10n, fau1t 9e0metry, 5e15m1c1ty,and rupture character15t1c5
dur1n9 the E1 A5nam (A19er1a)earth4uake 0f 10 0ct06er 1980, Earth P1anet. 5c1. Letter5, 56,
287-304.
Y0n9, C., 7501, K.-L,, Fe161, C., 2henhuan, 6., Q1j1a, 2., and C. 2han911 (1988). 7he 7an95han
earth4uake--5e15m01091ca1 feature5, Chapter 3 1n Y0n9, C., 7501, K.-L., Fe161, C., 2henhuan,
6., Q1j1a, 2., and 2han911, C., ed5., 7he 6reat 7an95hat Earth4uake 0f1976, An Anat0my
0fD15a5ter, Per9am0n Pre55, E1m5f0rd, New Y0rk, 96-127.
Y05h1da, A., and N. Hamada (1991). Redeterm1nat10n 0f hyp0center5 0f f0re5h0ck5, ma1n 5h0ck,
and after5h0ck5 0f the K1ta-12u earth4uake and the 1t0 earth4uake 5warm 0f 1930, J. Phy5.
Earth, 39, 329-344.
Y05h1da, Y., and K. A6e (1990). Mechan15n1 0f the Lu20n, Ph111pp1neearth4uake 0f Ju1y 16,
1990, E05, 71, n0. 43, 1441.
Y05h1da, Y., and K. A6e (1992). 50urce mechan15m 0f the Lu20n, Ph111pp1ne5earth4uake 0f Ju1y
1990, 6e0phy5. Re5. Letter5, 19, 545-548.
Y0un9, C.J., Lay, 7., and C.5. Lynne5 (1989). Rupture 0f the 4 Fe6ruary 1976 6uatema1an,~;
earth4uake, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 79, 670-689.
Yu, 5-8., and C-C. Lu1 (1986). C05e15m1c def0rmat10n a550c1ated w1th the May 1986 Hua11en
earth4uake, 8u11. 1n5t1t. Earth 5c1ence5, Academ1a 51n1ca, 6, 73-84.
Yu, W.X., Ca1, 7.J., and X.Y. H0u (1991). Def0rmat10n 20ne 0f M = 7.6 Lanchan9 earth4uake,
5e15m0109Y 6e0109Y, 13, 343-352.
2akhar0va, A.1., 5tar0v01t, 0.E., and L.5. Chepkuna5 (1978). 5e15m1c m0ment and 1t5
determ1nat10n 1n pract1ce 0f data 9enera112at10n 0f un1f1ed 5y5tem 0f 5e15m1c 065ervat10n5
(U550) 0f the U.5.5.R., 7ect0n0phy51c5, 49, 247-253.
2han9, J., and 7. Lay (1990). 50urce parameter5 0f the 1989 L0ma Pr1eta earth4uake determ1ned
fr0m 10n9-per10d Ray1e19h wave5, 6e0phy5. Re5.Letter5, 17, 1195-1198.
2han9, J., Ander50n, J.6., K1n9, 6., Pr1e5t1ey, K., and R. R061n50n (1989). Later after5h0ck5
0f the March 2, 1987 Ed9ecum6e, New 2ea1and, earth4uake, E05, 70, n0. 43, 1210.

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2han9, P., Ma0, F., and D.8. 51emm0n5 (1989). 6e0metry and d15p1acement 0f the 5urface
rupture 20ne a550c1ated w1th the 1954 D1x1eVa11ey, Nevada, earth4uake, 5e15m. Re5. Letter5,
60, 30.
2han9, P., M01nar, P., 8urchf1e1, 8.C., R0yden, L., Wan9, Y., Den9, Q., and F. 50n9 (1988).
80und5 0n the H010cene 511p rate 0f the Ha1yuan fau1t, n0rth-centra1 Ch1na: Quaternary
Re5earch, 30, 151-164.
2han9, 5., and 8. L1u (1978). 5e15m1c9e01091ca1 character15t1c5 0f 70n9ha1 earth4uake 1n 1970:
5c1ent1a 6e01091ca 51n1ca, 4, 323-335.
2han9, W., J1a0, D., 2han9, P., M01nar, P., 8urchf1e1, 8.C., and Q. Den9 (1987). D15p1acement
a10n9 the Ha1yuan fau1t a550c1ated w1th the 9reat 1920 Ha1yuan, Ch1na, earth4uake, 8u11.
5e15m. 50c. Am., 77, 117-131.
2han9, Y., and 5 . 6 e (1980). Pre11m1nary 5tudy 0f the fracture 20ne 6y 1931 Fuyun earth4uake
and the feature5 0f ne0tect0n1c m0vement, 5e15m0109y 6e0109y, 2, 31-37.
2ha0, L.5., and D.V. He1m6er9er (1993 (1n rev1ew)). 50urce e5t1mat10n fr0m 6r0ad6and re910na1
5e15m09ram5, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am.
2h0u, H. (1987). M0ment ma9n1tude5 0f h15t0r1ca1 earth4uake5 1n Ch1na, Earth4uake Re5earch
1n Ch1na, 1, n0. 3., 347-360.
2h0u, H-L., A11en, C.R., and H. Kanam0r1 (1983). Rupture c0mp1ex1ty 0f the 1970 70n9ha1 and
1973 Luhu0 earth4uake5, Ch1na, fr0m P-wave 1nver510n, and re1at10n5h1pt0 5urface fau1t1n9,
8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 73, 1585-1597.
2h0u, H-L., L1u, H-L., and H. Kanam0r1 (1983). 50urce pr0ce55e5 0f 1ar9e earth4uake5 a10n9
the X1an5hu1he fau1t 1n 50uthwe5tern Ch1na, 8u11. 5e15m. 50c. Am., 73, 537-551.
2h0u, R.-Q., Yu, W.-X., 6u, Y.-5., and X.-2. Ya0 (1990). A 5tudy 0n rupture 20ne 0fthe 1988
6en9ma earth4uake w1th ma9n1tude 7.2 1n Yunnan Pr0v1nce, 5e15m0109y 6e0109y, 12,291-
302.
2h0u, Y., and K.C. McNa11y (1990). 5pat1a1-temp0ra1 var1at10n 0f 5e15m1c1tya550c1ated w1th the
1986 Mt. Lew15, Ca11f0rn1a earth4uake, E05, 71, n0. 43, 1452.
2h0u, Y., McNa11y, K.C., and 6.D. Ne150n (1989). A remarka61e f0re5h0ck-ma1n5h0ck-
after5h0ck 5e4uence: Mt. Lew15, Ca11f0rn1aearth4uake (ML=5.8) 31 March 1986, E05, 70,
n0. 43, 1229.
2h0u, Y., McNa11y, K.C., and 7. Lay (1993). Ana1y515 0f the 1986 Mt. Lew15, Ca11f0rn1a,
earth4uake: pre5h0ck 5e4t~ence-ma1n5h0ck-after5h0ck5e4uence, Phy5. Earth P1anet. 1nter10r5,
75, 267-288.
20h00r1an 12adpanah, A.A., M0hajer-A5hja1, A., 5a1eh1 Rad, M.R., 7a9h12adeh, 6h.A., and A.
Ka61r1 (1981). Dama9e d15tr16ut10n and after5h0ck 5e4uence 0f 2arand earth4uake 0f 19
Decem6er 1977, J. Earth 5pace Phy51c5, 10, n0. 1 and 2, 25-42.

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