DETERMINATION OF THE PERFORMANCE AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL

CARACTERIZATION OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LINDEN (Tillia

platyphylos Scop.), OBTAINED OF LEAF AND FLOWER FROM THE
TOWN OF CHIMALTENANGO, EVALUATED IN LABORATORY SCALE
WITH THE DYNAMIC MACERATION TECHNIQUE

Luis Pedro Ros Rivas Chem Eng. Telma Maricela Cano Morales
rrluispedro@hotmaill.com telma.canomorales@hotmail.com
Chemical Engineering Student Associate Professor IX, Engineering
Investigation Center
Engineering Faculty, Universidad de San Carlos
de Guatemala

Chem Eng. Mario Jos Mrida Mer

mj_meridamere@hotmail.com
Associate Professor I, Engineering Investigation
Center
Vegetable Extracts Research Laboratory
LIEXVE- Coordinator

SUMMARY
The evaluation of the extract obtained from leaf and flower of linden (Tillia platyphyllos Scop) was
determined in the installations of the Vegetable Extracts Research Laboratory (LIEXVE, by the Spanish
syllables) were made with the manipulation of two variables in the study, the first one was the
concentration of the solvent (30, 60 and 90% in a volume-volume proportion) and the second variable was
the extraction time (120, 180 and 240 minutes), also were determined the physicochemical properties
density and refraction index and for last the quantification of the chemical compounds with the technique
of Gas Chromatography with spectrometry coupling of masses CG-MS. For conclusion of the study were
that there is no significant difference in the performance of the ethanolic extract in function solvent
concentration and extraction time while for de refraction index of the linden extract there is no significant
difference in the function of the solvent concentration, the same as the refraction index for leaf and flower
in function of the extraction time.

In the quantification of the active components in the linden leaf extract with the chromatographer were
identified two components; 4-allyl-metohyxphenol known as Eugenoln used as anesthesiology for dentists
and 2,6,6-trimetylbicyclo,3,1,1-heptane, this component is a volatile monoterpene component present in
essential oils which constitutes 5% of the total weight of the dry plant. For the flower extract the identified
component was 1-metoxy-2-propylamine which is used in the manufacture of soap, detergent and in the
agriculture industry.

For last, it were determined significant in the determination of the density of the linden leaf and flower
ethanolic extract in function of the solvent concentration and there is no significant difference between the
density of the leaf and flower extracts in function of the time extraction.

Keywords: Chromatography, density, extract, spectrometry, refraction index

INTRODUCTION knowledge to increase the quality of life for the

human being. In the field of the vegetables
The constant impulse of the population has been extractions was no exception due to the low-life
a determinate boom in the generation of of the harvested organic products.

1
Researchers had been in the necessity of the Table II Performance of the leaf and
development of new products or the active flower extracts of linden (Tillia
principles in long term duration of the product life platyphyllos Scop.),
and giving an easy way to transport it with the determined in 3 solvent
significant reduction of the size of it. concentrations evaluated in
extraction time of 180 minutes
In the past 50 years, the development of new
technologies to increase the performance and PART CONCENTRATION (% v/v) TIME (min) AVERAGE (%)
feasibility in the obtaining of natural extracts. The
linden (Tillia platyphyllos Scop.) its a medical LEAF 30 180 12.3587 0.0039%
FLOWER 30 180 8.4404 0.0011%
plant obtained in the town of Chimaltenano,
LEAF 60 180 2.9348 0.0011%
Guatemala and it is used for infusions in order to FLOWER 60 180 12.3233 0.0030%
treat sleep problems, anxiety, gastric pain in a LEAF 90 180 2.1887 0.0015%
person. FLOWER 90 180 12.8120 0.0055%

One studied way of the linden extracts had been Table III Performance of the leaf and
in the obtaining of the essential oil but due the flower extracts of linden (Tillia
low performance and the use of a capture platyphyllos Scop.),
solvent (Benzene) with the danger that if it is not determined in 3 solvent
recovered in a correct way can have cancerous concentrations evaluated in
effects in the human body. The present study extraction time of 240 minutes
has the main objective in determine the
evaluation of the extractive performance of the PART CONCENTRATION (% v/v) TIME (min) AVERAGE (%)
leaf and flowers of linden, and because the low
LEAF 30 240 5.7981 % 0.0050
use of the linden leaf, it is exported to Mexico FLOWER 30 240 17.7443 0.0056 %
when it is used in alternative medicine LEAF 60 240 6.7821 0.0015%
treatments. FLOWER 60 240 8.3105 0.0072 %
LEAF 90 240 6.9789 0.0007 %
The evaluation of the linden leaf and flower FLOWER 90 240 3.0824 0.0020%
extracts with variations of solvent Ethyl alcohol
and variations of extraction time with de dynamic In the tables 1 to 3, can be visualized the
maceration technique to determine significant performance of the linden extracts, with its
variations and the physicochemical properties specific standard deviations and a high
(density and refraction index) and lay the performance for 120 minutes for the flower
foundations to take advantage of the optimal use linden extract with 18.7567 0.0075% and ethyl
of this raw material produced in west region of alcohol of 30%, for 180 minutes for the 12.8120
Guatemala. 0.0055% and ethyl alcohol of 90% and for 240
minutes the flower linden extract with 17.7443
RESULTS AND ARGUMENTATION 0.0058% and ethyl alcohol of 30%

Table I Performance of the leaf and

flower extracts of linden (Tillia
platyphyllos Scop.),
determined in 3 solvent
concentrations evaluated in
extraction time of 120 minutes

PART CONCENTRATION (% v/v) TIME (min) AVERAGE (%)

LEAF 30 120 12.8950 0.0090

FLOWER 30 120 18.7567 0.0075
LEAF 60 120 11.4533 0.0036
FLOWER 60 120 10.8651 0.0065
LEAF 90 120 9.2877 0.0122
FLOWER 90 120 8.7804 0.0030

2
Figure 1. Performance of the leaf extract It can be observed the performance of the
of linden (Tillia platyphyllos extracts of linden flower in function of
Scop.), evaluated in 3 solvent concentration and extraction time in figure 2, it
concentrations and 3 can be seen a constant tendency in which the
extraction times. performance of the extract when the time
variations are made.

Based on the statistical analysis with the ANOVA

methods with equal variances were determined
no significant difference in the performance of
the leaf and flower extracts in function of the
solvent concentration and the extraction time.

Table III Density of the obtained

ethanolic of leaf and flower
linden (Tillia platyphyllos
Scop.), extract determined
with 3 concentration
variations measured at 120
minutes.

PART CONCENTRATION (% v/v) TIME (min) AVERAGE (g/mL)

LEAF 30 120 4.1525 0.0056
It can be observed the performance of the FLOWER 30 120 4.1754 0.0072
extracts of linden leaf in function of concentration LEAF 60 120 4.1704 0.0788
and extraction time in figure 1, and can be seen FLOWER 60 120 4.1176 0.0061
a decrease tendency when were evaluated in a LEAF 90 120 4.1631 0.0049
180 minutes extraction time with ethyl alcohol FLOWER 90 120 4.0651 0.0084
solvent concentration at 30%, meanwhile at 60%
and 90% it increases the performance when the Table IV Density of the obtained
time was 240 minutes. ethanolic of leaf and flower
linden (Tillia platyphyllos
Scop.), extract determined
Figure 2. Performance of the flower with 3 concentration
extract of linden (Tillia variations measured at 180
platyphyllos Scop.), evaluated minutes.
in 3 solvent concentrations
and 3 extraction times. PART CONCENTRATION (% v/v) TIME (min) AVERAGE (g/mL)
LEAF 30 180 4.1524 0.0048
FLOWER 30 180 4.1602 0.0116
LEAF 60 180 4.1979 0.0430
FLOWER 60 180 4.1235 0.0042
LEAF 90 180 4.1559 0.0116
FLOWER 90 180 4.1703 0.0327

Table V Density of the obtained

ethanolic of leaf and flower
linden (Tillia platyphyllos
Scop.), extract determined
with 3 concentration
variations measured at 240
minutes.
PART CONCENTRATION (% v/v) TIME (min) AVERAGE (g/mL)
LEAF 30 240 4.1622 0.0119
FLOWER 30 240 4.1590 0.0090
LEAF 60 240 4.2261 0.0003
3
FLOWER 60 240 4.1096 0.0110
LEAF 90 240 4.1654 0.0213
FLOWER 90 240 4.1089 0.0051
In the tables III trough V can be observed the Table VIII Refractin Index of the obtained
density of the leaf and flower linden ethanolic ethanolic of leaf and flower
extracts in the function of the concentration and linden (Tillia platyphyllos
time extraction and can be seen fewer variation Scop.), extract determined
between themselves. with 3 concentration
variations measured at 240
Based on the statistical analysis with the ANOVA minutes.
methods with equal variances were determined
that there is a significant difference in the density PART CONCENTRATION (% v/v) TIME (min) AVERAGE
of the leaf and flower linden ethanolic extracts in LEAF 30 240 1.4290 0.0000
function of the solvent concentration and there is FLOWER 30 240 1.4087 0.0006
no significant difference between the LEAF 60 240 1.4120 0.0000
determination of the density index of the extracts FLOWER 60 240 1.3683 0.0006
previous mentioned in function of the measured LEAF 90 240 1.4347 0.0006
time. FLOWER 90 240 1.4347 0.0006

In the tables VI trough VIII can be seen the

Table VI Refraction Index of the refraction index values of the leaf and flower
obtained ethanolic of leaf and linden ethanolic extracts measured at 3 different
flower linden (Tillia ethyl alcohol concentrations and 3 extraction
platyphyllos Scop.), extract times and as the density, there is a low variation
determined with 3 if the results are compared between themselves.
concentration variations
measured at 120 minutes. Based on the statistic ANOVA analysis by the
equal variances method were determined that
PART CONCENTRATION (% v/v) TIME (min) AVERAGE
there is significant difference in the leaf linden
LEAF 30 120 1.4293 0.0006
ethanolic extract in function of the solvent
FLOWER 30 120 1.4080 0.0000
concentration but no significant difference in the
LEAF 60 120 1.4103 0.0006
flower extract at the same conditions and finally,
FLOWER 60 120 1.3680 0.0000
there is no significant difference in the ethanolic
LEAF 90 120 1.4347 0.0012
FLOWER 90 120 1.4360 0.0000
extracts of linden leaf and flower in function of
the extraction time.

Table VII Refraction Index of the Table IX Chromatography for the

obtained ethanolic of leaf and ethanolic extact of linden leaf
flower linden (Tillia (Tillia platyphyllos Scop)
platyphyllos Scop.), extract
determined with 3 No. COMPONENT AREA (%) CAS NUMBER N.C (%)
1 Ethyl Alcohol 72.11 64-17-5 90
concentration variations
2 Hexadecaoinc acid 9.61 57-10-3 99
measured at 180 minutes. 3 Water 4.83 7732-18-5 2
4 2,6,6-trymetilbyciclo,3,1,1-heptane 4.16 473-55-2 64
5 3,7,11,5-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol 3.84 15-86-7 90
PART CONCENTRATION (% v/v) TIME (min) AVERAGE
6 Acetic acid 1.15 64-19-7 94
LEAF 30 180 1.4290 0.000 7 1-etinylstradiol-1-cyclohexanol 1.06 78-27-3 50
FLOWER 30 180 1.4080 0.000 8 Carbon dioxide 0.97 124-38-9 3
LEAF 60 180 1.4107 0.0006 9 Eugenol 0.8 97-53-0 98
FLOWER 60 180 1.3690 0.0000 10 5-hidroxymethyl-2-furanocarbonaldehyd 0.74 67-47-0 83
2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihyroxi-6-methyil-4H-
LEAF 90 180 1.4357 0.0006 11 0.73 28564-83-2 93
phyran-4-none
FLOWER 90 180 1.4367 0.0006

In the table IX can be observed the results of the

Gas Chromatography with mases coupling GC-
MS in which were evaluated the quantification of
the chemical compounds in the leaf linden
ethanolic extract, such as eugenol that is used in
the anesthetic treatments by dentists, 2,6,6-
trimethylbicyclo,3,1,1-heptane, monoterpenic
4
compound in certain vegetables species and part
of essential oils, represented as an average 5%
of the plant total dry mass. Also was quantified
the presence of 1-ethynylstradiol-1-cyclehexanol
which is a derivative compound of the stradiol
used in sleep disorders.
Table X Chromatography for the
ethanolic extact of linden
flower (Tillia platyphyllos
Scop)
No. COMPONENTS AREA (%) CAS UUMBER N.C (%)
1 Ethyl alcohol 83.97 64-17-5
2 Ammonium 7.41 7664-41-7
3 n-hexadecanoinc acid 4.26 57-10-3
4 Isopropilic alcohol 3.06 67-63-0
5 1-metoxy-2-propilamine 1.31 37143-54-7
In the table X can be observed the results of the
Gas Chromatography with mases coupling GC-
MS in which were evaluated the quantification of
the chemical compounds in the flower linden
ethanolic extract. It can be watched the presence
of n-hexadecanoic acid, which is known as
caproic acid, this acid has a particular disgusting
smell. Another measured chemical compound is
the 1-metoxy-2-propilamine which is used in the
elaboration of soap, detergent, dyes, rubber and
also used in a mixture with boron for agriculture
purposes. Also in the chromatography was
measured ethyl alcohol and ammonium.
In tables X and XI, can be watched high values
in the chromatographys area percent in the
content of ethyl alcohol in the linden leaf and
flower extracts, this is because the distillation
process with controlled pressure with the
rotative vapor device cannot be separated the
full content of ethyl alcohol from the extract.
CONCLUSIONS
1. There is no significant difference in the
performance of the ethanolic extract of
linden leaf and flower in function of the ethyl
alcohol solvent concentration (30, 60, 90%
v/v) and time extraction (120, 180, 240
minutes).
2. There is a significant difference in the
measurement of the refraction index in the
ethanolic extracts of linden leaf in function
of the ethyl alcohol solvent concentration
(30, 60, 90% v/v) and no significant
measurement for the linden flower extract
under the same conditions and there is no
significant difference in the refraction index
of the ethanolic ethanolic extract of linden
leaf and flower in function the time
extraction (120, 180, 240 minutes).
3. There is significant differences in the
measurement of the density of the ethanolic
extracs of linden leaf and flower in function
of the ethyl alcohol solvent concentration
(30, 60, 90% v/v) and there is no significant
difference in the refraction index of the
ethanolic extract of linden leaf and flower in
91 function the time extraction (120, 180, 240
2
minutes).
95
91
4. There are no significant differences in the
5
optimist time extraction mathematic model
of the ethanolic extract of linden leaf and
flower in function the time extraction (120,
180, 240 minutes).
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Perform extractions with cool raw material
and measure performances and compare
their physicochemical properties.
2. Perform extractions of linden leaf and flower
with lower vapor pressures, as hexane or
benzene to compare performances and
chromatographic quantifications.
3. Perform pilot plant scaling in order to
evaluate economic impact and viability
studies.
4. Perform extractions with static maceration,
soxhlet technique to compare with
measured results with dynamic maceration
technique.
5. Perform more investigation in supercritical
fluids in order to get better results and
better techniques in the obtaining of linden
extracts
GRATITUDE
To GOD; for being the pillar and support in my
life in moments of joy and sadness.
5
To my parents; Carlos Anbal and Marta Elvira 4. FARFN BARRERA, C. D. (2009).
for all their support in all the moments of my Composicin del aceite esencial y fenoles
life totales de diferentes poblaciones de Orozs
To my brothers; Carlos Anbal, Juan Ricardo and (Phya dulcis Trevir) Moldenke. Guatemala.
Manuel Alejandro for standing by my side in
all good and bad moments
To my sister in law and niece; Karina and Sofia 5. LOSSI NISHTAL, E. A. (2012). Obtencin
for all the good moments as part of my del aceite esencial del flavelo del fruto del
family naranjo dulce (Citrus sinensis L.) Tipo
To my girlfriend Ana Maria Santizo for all the blanca, variedad valencia, empleando el
nice moments that we had been together for mtodo de destilacin por arrastre de vapor
almost 3 years a nivel laboratorio en funcin de diferentes
To my advisors, Telma Cano and Mario Mrida tipos de corte y contenido de. Guatemala.
for their friendship, sharing their knowledge
and orientate me in my graduation thesis.
To all my friends for their solidarity, support and 6. MILLER, J. C., & Miller, J. N. (1993).
good moments during my life. Estadstica para Qumica Analtica.
Wilmington: Addison-Wesley Iberoamrica.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
7. ORTIZ AMIEL, H. (1959). La produccion de
1. ACOSTA TORRES, L. (2011). Evaluacion Aceites Esenciales en Guatemala y sus
de la actividad ansioltica de extractos Posibilidades de Ensanchamiento.
orgnicos de Tiliia americana var. Guatemala.
Mexicana. Mexico.
8. SARAVIA CANO, E. J. (2013). Evaluacin
2. CCERES, A. (1996). Plantas de Uso del rendimiento extractivo, contenido de -
Medicinal en Guatemala. Guatemala : pineno y tiempo ptimo de extraccin del
Universitaria . aceite esencial de ciprs (Cupressus
lusitnica mill), obtenido de hojas, ramillas y
3. CCERES, A. (2006). Vademcum frutos mediante hidrodestilacin a nivel de
Nacional de Plantas Medicionales. laboratorio. Guatemala.
Guatemala: Universitaria .

Luis Pedro Ros Rivas

Chemical engineering student
Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala

Chem Eng. Telma Maricela Cano Morales

telma.canomorales@hotmail.com
Associate Professor IX, Engineering Investigation Center
Engineering Faculty, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala

Chem Eng. Mario Jos Mrida Mer

mj_meridamere@hotmail.com
Associate Professor IX, Engineering Investigation Center
Coordinator
Vegetable Extracts Research Laboratory LIEXVE-
Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala