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AOP-7
(Edition 2 Rev. 1)

ALLIED
ORDNANCE
PUBLICATION

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION

MANUAL OF DATA REQUIREMENTS


AND TESTS FOR
THE QUALIFICATION OF
EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS
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FOR MILITARY USE

(AC/326 SUBGROUP 1)

December 2004
(TOC)

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NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION

NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY (NSA)

NATO LETTER OF PROMULGATION


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June 2003

1. AOP-7 (Edition 2) - MANUAL OF DATA REQUIREMENTS AND TESTS FOR THE


QUALIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS FOR MILITARY USE is a NATO/PfP
UNCLASSIFIED publication.

2. AOP-7 (Edition 2) is effective upon receipt.

3. AOP-7 (Edition 2) contains only factual information. Changes to these are not subject to the
national ratification procedures; they will be promulgated on receipt by the nations concerned.

Jan H ERIKSEN
Rear Admiral, NONA
Director, NSA

(TOC)

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RESERVATIONS

NATION RESERVATIONS
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(TOC)

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RECORD OF AMENDMENTS/REVISIONS

Identification of
Amendment/Change Section Date By whom
Remarks
No. Entered Entered
10.7.6 Germany January 2004 US Section Revised by
Germany

1.5 and throughout document January 2004 US AC/310 was dissolved


AC/310 changed to reflect new and AC/326 established
AC/326 organization.

Replaced STANAG 4117, 4527, January 2004 US STANAGs were


4541, and 4542 with AOP-48 cancelled when AOP-48
throughout document. was issued.

4.1.3 Added definition for the term January 2004 US Reflects Subgroup 1

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Energetic Materials. name change from
Explosive Materials to
Energetic Materials

8.4 Deleted January 2004 US STANAGS replaced


with AOP-48

10.7.2 Czech Republic September 2004 US Section Revised by the


Czech Republic

10.7.16 United States December 2004 US Section Revised by the


United States

10.7.12 Slovak Republic December 2004 US Section Revised by the


Slovak Republic

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE
NATO LETTER OF PROMULGATION I

RESERVATIONS II

RECORD OF AMENDMENTS/REVISIONS III

TABLE OF CONTENTS V

1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
2. OBJECTIVES 3-1
3. SCOPE 3-1
4. DEFINITIONS AND REFERENCED POLICY DOCUMENTS 4-1
5. METHODS TO RECORD AND ISSUE DATA 5-1
6. REVIEWS AND REVISIONS OF THIS MANUAL. 6-1
7. ASSESSMENT PRINCIPLES AND COMMON REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
7-1
QUALIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVES

7.1 Primary Explosives 7-3


7.2 Booster Explosives 7-5
7.3 High Explosives 7-9
7.4 Solid Gun & Rocket Propellants. 7-11
7.5 Liquid Propellants 7-13
7.6 Pyrotechnic Compositions 7-15

8. AGEING PROTOCOLS 8-1

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9. FINAL (or TYPE) QUALIFICATION 9-1

10. NATIONAL QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES AND TEST


10-1
INFORMATION SHEETS

10.7.1 Canada CN-1


10.7.2 Czech Republic CZ-1
10.7.3 Denmark DN-1
10.7.4 Finland FN-1
10.7.5 France FR-1
10.7.6 Germany GE-1
10.7.7 Italy IT-1
10.7.8 Norway NL-1
10.7.9 Poland NO-1
10.7.10 Romania PL-1
10.7.11 Netherlands RO-1
10.7.12 Slovak Republic SK-1
10,7.13 Sweden SW-1
10.7.14 Switzerland CH-1
10.7.15 United Kingdom UK-1
10.7.16 United States US-1
10.7.17 Belgium BE-1

(STANAG 4170)

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CHAPTER 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Explosive materials such as high explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics are used in weapon
systems to perform a variety of functions. They provide the energy required to deliver the
payload to the target and to obtain the desired terminal effect. Because of their high energy
content, these materials are sensitive and can be initiated by stimuli such as heat, shock, friction,
impact, and electrostatic discharge. All of these stimuli may be encountered in development
programs, and later in the manufacture, transport, storage, and operational or training use of
explosive materials.

1.2 The careful and judicious selection of explosives is important since it will affect the sensitivity and
safety of munitions and the vulnerability of weapon platforms. Trade-off with performance can be
made, but in general, the more powerful the explosive used, the more sensitive it is to stimuli, and
the more protection must be provided to shield munitions in hazardous areas. Since in many
applications space is limited, it is often impossible or unfeasible to provide the increased
protection. Therefore, in qualifying explosives, National Authorities must exercise caution and
concern for the sensitivity and the suitability for service of the explosive materials being
considered for all military applications. Further, munition designers should select the least
sensitive explosive material that meets the operational requirements defined for their application.

1.3 In the past, the tests, and criteria used by each North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
country to accept explosives for military use have not been readily available nor, in general, well
documented. This has delayed the NATO-wide acceptance of explosives, hindered munitions
interoperability programs, caused unnecessary testing redundancy, and wasted the valuable
material and financial resources of countries in the Alliance.

1.4 The use of modeling to assess the behavior of explosive materials under a wide range of stimuli
and scenarios is important. The Qualification phase lends itself to the determination of the
intrinsic properties of the explosive materials and allows for the generation of a range of modeling
parameters. This then will allow those nations wishing to model small and intermediate-scale
testing the opportunity to develop appropriate models and computer codes. In addition, it will
facilitate the development of generic test vehicles and test methods that will underpin and support
weapons safety and suitability for service activities. The AC/326 Subgroup 1 will consider further
development along these lines in the future.

1.5 The recognition of the differences in weapon sensitivity evaluations and in the explosives
selection processes among NATO nations, led to the establishment of the AC/310 Cadre Group
and four Subgroups. On 30 April 2003, AC/310 was merged with AC/258 then dissolved and
reestablished as AC/326, the CNAD Ammunition Safety Group (CASG) with six Subgroups. As
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was the case for AC/310 and AC/258, the new organization operates under the aegis of the
Conference of National Armament Directors (CNAD). The six Subgroups in AC/326 address,
respectively, (1) Energetic Materials, (2) Initiation Systems, (3) Munitions Systems, (4) Transport
Logistics, (5) Logistics Storage and Disposal and (6) Operational Ammunition Safety. Since 1997
the AC/326 and its predecessor groups have admitted non-aligned, Partnership for Peace (PfP),
nations who participate in their activities.

1.6 Subgroup 1 (Energetic Materials) has developed an approach and is standardizing the tests used
to acquire the data deemed necessary for the Qualification of military explosives. The Subgroup
recognizes that substantial continuing efforts must be directed toward the following:

1.6.1 The development of Standardization Agreements, STANAGs, on test equipment, and test
procedures used to acquire the data to satisfy national requirements for the Qualification of
explosives used by the military.
(TOC)
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1.6.2 The formation and identification of central repositories of data on qualified explosives in each
member country to facilitate the exchange of information used in munitions co-development or
cross-procurement programs.

1.6.3 The documentation of tests and acceptance criteria which may be unique to one nation to permit
other NATO members to understand and interpret the data exchanged in terms of the specific
test apparatus, procedures, and criteria employed.

1.6.4 The development of STANAGs to assure that the explosives used by the NATO forces are
produced to the same or equivalent material specification and to the same or equivalent quality
assurance principles.

1.7 STANAG 4170, "Principles and Methodology for the Qualification of Explosive Materials for
Military Use," documents the agreement to standardize the assessment principles and
methodology. This manual supplements STANAG 4170 and presents the specific requirements,
techniques, and tests used by the participating nations to implement the STANAG.

1.8 This document is officially designated Allied Ordnance Publication No. 7, "Manual of Data
Requirements and Tests for the Qualification of Explosive Materials for Military Use." The
abbreviated designation "AOP-7" is used throughout this manual.

(TOC)

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CHAPTER 2

2.0 OBJECTIVES

2.1 The primary objectives of this document are as follows:

2.1.1 To promote standardization and interoperability of munitions among the NATO and PfP countries.
This can be achieved by documenting the policies established by the participating countries to
implement the explosive materials Qualification process established by STANAG 4170.

2.1.2 To supplement STANAG 4170 by identifying the organizational elements and unique national
requirements involved in the explosive materials development and Qualification process for each
participating country.

2.1.3 To identify the National Authorities responsible for the Qualification of military explosives in each
nation.

2.1.4 To identify the minimum explosives safety data that must be reported to the National Authority to
satisfy STANAG 4170 Qualification requirements.

2.1.5 To provide both summaries and references to complete descriptions of tests used by member
nations to evaluate the properties of explosive materials and, within the limits of national
regulations, standardize methods for recording and exchanging data on explosive materials.

2.1.6 To provide the recipients of data with the information necessary to assess the experimental and
theoretical basis used by each nation in qualifying military explosives.

(TOC)

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CHAPTER 3

3.0 SCOPE

3.1 This manual documents Qualification procedures and tests used by the National Authorities of
each participating nation to assess the safety and suitability of explosives used in their intended
role, e.g. high explosive, booster, etc. The Qualification of a new explosive in accordance with
STANAG 4170 and this AOP does not imply Final (or Type) Qualification for use in a specific
hardware application.

3.2 This document is not a substitute for legislative and regulatory requirements (e.g. UN tests,
hazard classification tests, etc.) relating to the manufacture, transportation, storage, and disposal
of explosive substances. These requirements are, in general, the responsibility of other
government organizations. However, many of the tests included in this manual may also be used
to satisfy those legislative or regulatory requirements.

(TOC)

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CHAPTER 4

4.0 DEFINITIONS AND REFERENCED POLICY DOCUMENTS

4.1 The participating countries have agreed on the following definitions:

4.1.1 ASSESSMENT. This is an evaluation of the properties of an explosive material, including the
results of appropriate tests, to determine its relationship, with particular regard to safety, to other
explosive materials already in service use.

4.1.2 COMPARISON EXPLOSIVE. This is an in-service explosive with proven safety characteristics
whose properties are used to assess the relative safety and suitability of a new explosive
intended for use in a similar role.

4.1.3 ENERGETIC MATERIAL. As used in this document this term is synonymous with the term
explosive material as defined below.
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4.1.4 EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL. An explosive material is a substance (or a mixture of substances)


capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such temperature and pressure as to cause
damage to the surroundings. Included are pyrotechnic substances even though they may not
evolve gases as they react. This document refers only to those explosive materials whose
application requires that they react reliably on demand. The term "explosive" thus includes all
solid and liquid materials variously known as high explosives and propellants, together with
igniter, primer, initiatory and pyrotechnic (e.g., illuminant, smoke, delay, decoy, flare, and
incendiary) compositions.

4.1.5 MAIN CHARGE EXPLOSIVE. An explosive material (high explosive, propellant, or pyrotechnic)
used as the final charge and functioned to obtain the desired effect in the end item application.

4.1.6 FINAL (OR TYPE) QUALIFICATION. This relates to the use of the explosive material in a
specific application or munition. Final Qualification is given when the explosive has been
assessed as part of the design of the specific munition, and predicted to be safe and suitable for
military operational or training use in that role. The database of results provides a means of
undertaking Risk Assessments.

4.1.7 INTENDED ROLE. The main roles are as follows. Nations may define other roles or add the
specific information for the intended application of a particular explosive material.

Primary Explosive: A substance or mixture of substances used to initiate a detonation or a burning


reaction. In their intended role these materials are sensitive to a range of thermal, mechanical and
electrical stimuli.

Booster Explosive: An explosive material used to augment and transmit the reaction (initiated by the
primary explosive) with sufficient energy to initiate a detonation reaction in the main charge high
explosive.

High Explosive: A material that is used as a detonating final charge.

Solid Gun Propellant: This is a substance (or a mixture of substances) that is required to burn in a
controlled manner within a gun combustion chamber producing hot gases capable of propelling a
projectile at high velocity. Combustible cases may also be included as they contribute to the overall
energy of the propellant.

Solid Rocket Propellant: This is a substance (or a mixture of substances) that is required to burn in a
controlled manner within a rocket motor producing hot gases that are vented through a nozzle to propel

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the munition. Propellants used in cartridge activated or other non-propulsive devices are also included in
this category.

Liquid Propellant: This is a substance (or a mixture of substances) that is required to react in a
combustion chamber in controllable manner in order to generate propulsive force. These may be
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monopropellants, bi-propellants or hybrids comprised of liquids and solids.

Pyrotechnic Compositions: These are substances (or a mixture of substances) that when ignited, undergo
an energetic chemical reaction at a controlled rate intended to produce on demand and in various
combinations, specific time delays or quantities of heat, noise, smoke, light or infrared (IR) radiation.
Pyrotechnic compositions may be used to initiate burning reactions such as in igniters.

4.1.8 MANDATORY DATA. These are the results of mandatory tests that provide a basis for a decision
concerning the military application of the explosive.

4.1.9 MANDATORY TESTS. These are tests that should always be required by a National Authority to
produce data for assessing the safety and suitability of an explosive material. The tests compiled
in chapter 7 of this document are considered to be the minimum safety, performance, and
application-oriented tests required. Each nation reserves the right to use additional or
supplementary (optional) tests for Qualification. Where this is the case, the specific national
requirements are documented and the tests are identified in Chapter 10 of this manual.

4.1.10 NEW EXPLOSIVE. The term "new explosive" encompasses the following:

a. An explosive material not previously qualified.

b. An explosive material for which the existing specification defining its composition, its material
constituents or process by which the composition is prepared has been modified.

c. An explosive material resulting from a change in manufacturer or manufacturing location.

d. An explosive material used in a role (See 4.1.5) for which it has not already been Qualified.

4.1.11 OPTIONAL DATA. Test results introduced to supplement data acquired in the mandatory tests or
to provide additional information where mandatory test results may be inconclusive.

4.1.12 OPTIONAL TESTS. Tests that may be required by a National Authority to produce data for
assessing the safety and suitability of an explosive material being considered for military
application. Optional tests are compiled by each nation in Chapter 10 of this manual.

4.1.13 QUALIFICATION. The assessment of an explosive by the National Authority according to


STANAG 4170 and this document to determine whether it possesses properties that makes it
safe and suitable for consideration for use in the intended role.

4.1.14 QUALIFIED EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL. This is an explosive material that has successfully
completed the Qualification process of a National Authority. This is an intermediate risk reduction
stage prior to Final (or Type) Qualification.

4.1.15 REFERENCE STANDARD EXPLOSIVE. This is an explosive whose properties are consistent
and sufficiently well defined to enable its use for the calibration of test apparatus. The explosive
nominated as a reference standard, together with its lot number when appropriate, must be
identified on the relevant national test information sheet.
(TOC

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The following policy documents are referenced in this manual:

a. STANAG 4123 - "Methods to Determine and Classify the Hazards of Ammunition".

b. STANAG 4170 - "Principles and Methodology for the Qualification of Explosive Materials for
Military Use".

c. STANAG 4297 Implementation of Allied Publication No 15 (AOP-15).

d. STANAG 4397 Explosives, NATO Catalogue of, Implementation of Allied Ordnance


Publication No 26 (AOP-26).

e. STANAG 4439 - Policy for Introduction, Assessment, and Testing for Insensitive Munitions
(MURAT).

f. AOP-15 - "Guidance on the Assessment of the Safety and Suitability for Service of Munitions
for the NATO Armed Forces".

g. AOP-26 - "NATO Catalogue of Explosives".

h. AOP-39 - Guidance on the Development, Assessment, and Testing of Insensitive Munitions


(MURAT).

(TOC)

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CHAPTER 5

5.0 METHODS TO RECORD AND ISSUE DATA

5.1 The participating countries have agreed on the following ways to record and issue data:

5.1.1 A formal Qualification report will be issued by the National Authority or by a National Authority
approved organization for each explosive Qualified. This report must include, in so far as
possible, all the information required to enable other participating countries to accept the
explosive with minimal or no additional testing. In general, the information reported must comply
with Tables 1 to 3 of STANAG 4170.

5.1.2 The technical report issued must identify the developer and manufacturer of the explosive, the
organization that conducted the tests and the qualifying National Authority. It will also include the
following:

5.1.3 Background information on the development of the explosive and the advantages expected from
its use.

5.1.4 The data required in Chapter 7 of this document. In addition, sensitivity and stability data acquired
during the development program, including any other pertinent information acquired in the
development and pre-production phases.

5.1.5 The description of the properties of the explosive that are relevant to its nature and intended use.

5.1.6 Information on tests performed to provide data relating to any unique characteristic.

5.1.7 An Assessment of the properties by comparing test data with that of comparison explosives of
known and proven satisfactory use in similar applications.

5.1.8 An evaluation of the physical, chemical and ageing properties of the explosive.

5.2 The formal Qualification Certificate issued by the National Authority (Annex B of STANAG 4170
Edition 2) and the reports issued to support Qualification will be released to requesting nations in
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accordance with paragraph 3 of STANAG 4170.

5.3 For ease of reference and simplicity, a data sheet consistent with the format used in AOP-26 shall
be prepared by the National Authority or by a National Authority approved organization for each
explosive Qualified by a NATO country. These data sheets shall be forwarded to the custodian
nation for inclusion in AOP-26, NATO Catalogue of Explosives.

(TOC)

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CHAPTER 6

6.0 REVIEWS AND REVISIONS OF THIS MANUAL

6.1 This manual and the tests included herein will be reviewed upon the request of a participating
nation. If any changes are proposed the national delegate of the submitting country shall request
that the Chairman of AC/326 Subgroup 1 include this as an agenda item for the next meeting of
the Subgroup.

6.2 Requests to revise AOP-7 must be accompanied by supporting documentation and should be
presented to the Chairman of AC/326 Subgroup 1 for inclusion on the agenda of the next meeting
of the Subgroup. Subgroup 1 will rewrite and approve the revisions of Chapters 1 through 9 and
the leading section of Chapter 10 of this manual. Such revisions will be provided to the
Custodian Nation and to the International Staff secretary for publication. The United States is the
Custodian Nation for this document.

6.3 National Authorities shall perform regular reviews of their respective sections of Chapter 10 of this
document to verify that the information is still applicable. AC/326 Subgroup 1 will review proposed
revisions of Chapter 10 of this manual and provide comments as appropriate. The Subgroup has
no authority to change the content of the National sections of Chapter 10 of this manual. This
authority resides solely within the purview of the National Authority of the submitting country.

(TOC)
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CHAPTER 7

7.0 ASSESSMENT PRINCIPLES AND COMMON REQUIREMENTS FOR THE QUALIFICATION OF


EXPLOSIVES

7.1 This chapter sets forth the minimum data requirements and assessment principles agreed upon
and used by the NATO and participating PfP countries for qualifying explosive materials in
accordance with STANAG 4170. National Authorities may require additional data in order to
qualify explosives for potential applications by their forces.

7.1.1 Unique requirements such as mandatory data, tests, criteria, etc., which may be imposed by a
country are included in the respective national sections of Chapter 10 of this manual. For
example, some nations have pass and fail criteria for booster explosives.

7.1.2 For each requirement, the information provided must be accompanied with data on comparison
explosives as defined in section 4.1.2. The selection of comparison explosives should be such
that each explosive selected is familiar to the nations participating in the collaborative weapons
development or procurement program.

7.1.3 In general, Qualification decisions made by the National Authority must be based on an
assessment of the relative safety of the new explosive compared to that of an explosive material
with proven safety characteristics that has been used in a similar role.

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7.1.4 It is very important to determine whether the safety and performance characteristics of an
explosive will change during its life cycle. Accelerated ageing studies shall be considered during
the explosives Qualification process. Basic information on ageing is obtained during the
Qualification phase; however, the results of a more complete study of the ageing characteristics
of the explosive material should be available before the Final (or Type) Qualification process is
completed. Example ageing protocols are presented in Chapter 8 of this document.

7.1.5 Toxicity data on the explosive material, its components, and its reaction products shall, in-so-far-
as possible, be determined and included in the Qualification report.

7.1.6 Information on the ability of the explosive material to be reused, recycled or destroyed with
minimum effect on health and environment is required.

7.1.7 The condition of having been assessed as satisfactory on the basis of the information and tests
described herein is necessary but not sufficient for an explosive material to be Final (Type)
Qualified for a specific application in an operational or training device. Final (Type) Qualification
is subject to the demonstration of safety and suitability of the explosive in that specific application
with testing performed in accordance with STANAG 4297 and AOP-15. A general discussion on
Final (or Type) Qualification is provided in Chapter 9 of this document.

7.1.8 For ready reference, the STANAGs on agreed tests that are used by participating nations to
obtain data to support the Qualification of explosive materials in accordance with STANAG 4170
are listed in Chapter 10 of this document.

(TOC)

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7.2.0 PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES

7.2.1 Primary explosives are sensitive materials used to initiate a detonation or a burning reaction. By
nature, these materials are sensitive to thermal, mechanical and electrical stimuli. In general,
they are not used beyond the safety and arming device. The information required for Qualification
is used to make an assessment of the safety of the explosive in comparison with in-service
explosives for which adequate safety has been demonstrated. Materials used in initial and
intermediary charges for primers, igniters, detonators, caps, relays, electric matches, fuze heads,
delays, explosive bolts, explosive switches, explosive valves, explosive cutters, and explosive
pistons are included when these do not qualify for evaluation and assessment under other
sections of this chapter.

7.2.2 The following data and information are necessary for the Qualification of primary explosives.
However, because of the sensitive nature of these explosives the tests identified below may not
always be appropriate. Thus on a case-by-case basis, the National Authority may substitute
other tests when the test apparatus or the test procedures required by the STANAGS listed in this
section are not appropriate.

7.2.2.1 General Characteristics.

a. Composition. A specification for the explosive material with its ingredients and, if
applicable, their permissible ranges specified shall be provided. The samples used for
the Qualification tests must comply with the specification and must be made by the
approved method of manufacture.

b. Intended Application. Information on the intended application (i.e., detonator, igniter,


etc.) shall be provided.

c. Loading. Information on the final state of the material in its intended application (i.e.,
pressed, cast, etc.) and, as appropriate, its nominal loading density in the anticipated
applications shall be provided.

d. Related Service Applications and Compositions. Information on existing service


applications of the explosive or closely related explosives shall be provided if available.

e. Hazard Classification. Information on transportation and storage hazard classification per


STANAG 4123, UN, or national regulations shall be provided.

7.2.2.2 Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Properties.

a. Stability. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4515 to support a determination of


how the explosive reacts to elevated temperatures over a period of time shall be
provided.

b. Compatibility. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4147 to determine the


compatibility of the explosive with materials used in its manufacture and in its intended
application shall be provided.

c. Ageing. Data acquired following accelerated ageing to determine whether the material
characteristics will change with time shall be provided. Any change that could affect
safety and reliable performance is of particular concern. Example ageing protocols are
presented in Chapter 8 of this document.
(TOC

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Hazard Assessment.

a. Sensitivity/Sensitiveness. Data shall be provided on the sensitivity/sensitiveness of the


explosive to credible stimuli including:

b. Ignition Temperature. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4491 or 4515 as


appropriate shall be provided.

c. Electrostatic Discharge. Data acquired in accordance with Annex A of STANAG 4490


shall be provided. Ease of ignition is presented in terms of the minimum energy required
for initiation.

d. Impact. Drop-weight impact data acquired in accordance with appropriate national test
procedures which may include those of STANAG 4489 shall be provided. National
Authorities may require information on the degree of sensitization by grit on a case-by-
case basis.

e. Friction. Data acquired in accordance with appropriate national test procedures which
may include those of STANAG 4487 shall be provided.

(TOC)

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7.3.0 BOOSTER EXPLOSIVES

7.3.1 Booster explosives are used to transmit and augment the reaction initiated by the primary
explosive with sufficient energy to initiate a detonation reaction in the high-explosive charge. A
detonation reaction of the booster explosive would normally be communicated to the high-
explosive charge when the fuze is in both the armed or unarmed condition. Booster explosives
need to be relatively sensitive materials, but to be Qualified, they must have been shown to be
sufficiently safe to be used beyond the safety and arming device or in-line fuze systems.

7.3.2 Explosives used in leads, relays, detonating cords, boosters, or in any other element used in
direct line (uninterrupted) with the high-explosive charge of an end item application are included
under the booster explosive requirements. The Qualification documents issued by the National
Authority should specify any restrictions in the role for which the booster explosive is qualified.

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7.3.3 Historically, tetryl was deemed to be an acceptable comparison explosive and often used to
assess the sensitivity of new booster materials. It was used successfully in fuzes for many years
but many countries no longer produce it. Also, tetryl is not acceptable for operational use in
munitions designed to meet the Insensitive Munitions (MURAT) requirements per STANAG 4439
and AOP-39. Thermal heating of tetryl loaded items such as occurs in fast and slow cook-off tests
often leads to a detonation reaction that can transmit to the high-explosive charge in a weapon.

7.3.4 The data and other information obtained during the Qualification process are used by the National
Authority to assess the safety and suitability for service of the explosive material used in a
particular role. The following table provides the minimum criteria that should be considered by
National Authorities to judge the suitability for service of a booster explosive. The thresholds
established are based on test results obtained with tetryl; however, the values shown therein are
not necessarily the values obtained with all tetryl batches. A material that does not meet the
requirements set forth in table 1 should not be considered for use as a booster explosive. The
pass-fail criteria may be waived by the National Authority depending on the use of an explosive in
a specific application such as, for example, detonating cords.

7.3.5 In addition to table 1 (shown below), the following data and information are necessary for the
Qualification of booster explosives:

(TOC

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TABLE 1
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR BOOSTER EXPLOSIVES

TEST STANAG/PARAMETER
TEST PERFORMED CRITERIA
MEASURED

4556 MANOMETER/ NO MORE THAN 1.0 cm3/g


VACUUM THERMAL STABILITY TRANSDUCER AT 100oC FOR 40 HOURS

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DECOMPOSITION EXOTHERM
4515 DTA/DSC
PEAK > 180C AT 5C/min
THERMAL PROPERTIES
OR
4491
TEMPERATURE OF TEMPERATURE OF IGNITION
THERMAL PROPERTIES
IGNITION T of I > 180C AT 5C/min

NO EVIDENCE OF REACTION
BAM
AT 80 N FOR 10 OUT OF 10 TRIALS
4487
FRICTION
FIGURE OF FRICTION
ROTARY FRICTION
F of F > 3.0

NO EVIDENCE OF DETONATION AT
SMALL SCALE
1 GPa AT DENSITY OF APPLICATION FOR
GAP TEST
10 OUT OF 10 TRIALS
4488
SHOCK
NO EVIDENCE OF DETONATION AT 1.4
INTERMEDIATE SCALE
GPa AT DENSITY OF APPLICATION FOR
GAP TEST
10 OUT OF 10 TRIALS

4490 SMALL-SCALE
SEE NATIONAL SECTIONS IN
ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE SPARK TEST
CHAPTER 10

NO DETONATION AT 12 cm FOR 10 OUT


ERL-BRUCETON TEST
OF 10 TRIALS

4489 FIGURE OF INSENSITIVENESS


ROTTER IMPACT TEST
IMPACT F of I > 60

NO REACTION AT
BAM IMPACT
3 JOULE LEVEL FOR 10 OUT
TEST
OF 10 TRIALS

(TOC

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7.3.5.1 General Characteristics.

a. Composition. A specification for the explosive material with its ingredients and, if
applicable, their permissible ranges specified shall be provided. The samples used for
the Qualification tests must comply with the specification and must be made by the
approved method of manufacture.

b. Intended Application. Information shall be provided on the intended application (i.e.


booster, detonating cord, lead, etc.).

c. Loading. Information on the final state (i.e., pressed, cast, etc.) and the density of the
material in its intended application shall be provided.

d. Related Service Applications and Compositions. Information on existing service


applications of closely related explosives shall be provided, if available.

e. Hazard Classification. Information on transportation and storage hazard classification per


STANAG 4123, UN, or national regulations shall be provided.

7.3.5.2 Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Properties.

a. Stability & Thermal Characterization. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4515
and 4556, as appropriate, to support a determination of how the explosive reacts to
elevated temperatures over a period of time shall be provided.

b. Ageing. Data acquired following accelerated ageing to determine whether the material
characteristics will change with time shall be provided. Any change that could affect
safety and reliable performance is of particular concern. Example ageing protocols are
presented in Chapter 8 of this document.

c. Compatibility. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4147 to determine the


compatibility of the explosive with materials used in its manufacture or in its intended
application shall be provided.

d. Density. Data on theoretical maximum density and acceptable loading density reported
in accordance with National procedures shall be provided.

e. Melting Point. When applicable. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4515 or
other methods found acceptable for use in explosive materials STANAGs, i.e., STANAG
4284 (HMX) shall be provided.

f. Glass Transition Point. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4540 shall be
provided for explosives made with polymeric binders.

g. Mechanical/Rheological Properties: Data per STANAG 4443, 4506, 4507, and 4525 may
be required for boosters made with polymeric binders.

7.3.5.3 Hazard Assessment.

a. Sensitivity/Sensitiveness. Data shall be provided on the sensitivity/sensitiveness of the


explosive to credible stimuli including:

(1) Ignition Temperature. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4491 or 4515,
as appropriate.
(2) Explosive Response when Ignited (Confined and Unconfined). Data acquired in
accordance with STANAG 4491.
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(3) Electrostatic Discharge. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4490.

(4) Impact. Drop-weight impact data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4489.

(5) Friction. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4487.

(6) Shock. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4488.

7.3.5.4 Performance Assessment.


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a. Detonation Velocity. Detonation velocity measured by high-speed photography, ionization


probes, or any other method accepted by the National Authority shall be provided.

b. Critical diameter. Minimum size required to sustain a steady state detonation shall be
provided. This may be estimated or measured by any method accepted by the National
Authority.

(TOC)

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7.4.0 HIGH EXPLOSIVES

7.4.1 High explosives are compounds or formulations that are used as the final charge and detonated
to obtain the desired effect for the end-item application. The information acquired for
Qualification is used to assess the safety of the new explosive in comparison with in-service high
explosives for which adequate safety has been demonstrated. Materials demonstrated to be in
the same range of sensitivity in the hazard tests as in-service booster explosives, such as CH-6,
should be classed as booster rather than high explosives. National Authorities may allow a
booster explosive to be used as a main charge high explosive in certain instances. However
before a booster explosive is considered for a main charge application a safety assessment must
be performed and the potential application approved by the National Authority. The following data
and information are necessary for the Qualification of high explosives:

7.4.1.1 General Characteristics

a. Composition. A specification for the explosive material with its ingredients and, if
applicable, their permissible ranges specified shall be provided. The samples used for the
Qualification tests must comply with the specification and must be made by the approved
method of manufacture.

b. Intended Application. Information shall be provided on the intended application (i.e.


warhead, demolition charge, etc.).

c. Loading. Information on the final state (i.e., pressed, cast, etc.) and the density of the
material in its intended application shall be provided.

d. Related Service Applications and Compositions. Information on existing service


applications of the explosive or closely related explosives shall be provided, if available.

e. Hazard Classification. Information on transportation and storage hazard classification per


STANAG 4123, United Nations, or national regulations shall be provided.

7.4.1.2 Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Properties.

a. Stability & Thermal Characterization. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4515
and 4556, as appropriate, to support a determination of how the explosive reacts to
elevated temperatures over a period of time shall be provided.

b. Ageing. Data acquired following accelerated ageing to determine whether the material
characteristics will change with time shall be provided. Any change that could affect
safety and reliable performance is of particular concern. Example ageing protocols are
presented in Chapter 8 of this document.

c. Compatibility. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4147 to determine the


compatibility of the explosive with materials used in its manufacture or in its intended
application shall be provided.

d. Density. Data shall be provided on the theoretical maximum density and the acceptable
loading density. The data shall be acquired in accordance with National procedures.

e. Melting Point. When applicable. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4515 or
other methods found acceptable for use in explosive materials STANAGs, i.e., STANAG
4284 (HMX) shall be provided.

f. Glass Transition Point. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4540 shall be
provided for explosives that are made with polymeric binders.
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g. Mechanical/Rheological Properties: Data per STANAG 4443, 4506, 4507, and 4525 may
be required for high explosives made with polymeric binders.

7.4.1.3 Hazard Assessment.

a. Sensitivity/Sensitiveness. Data shall be provided on the sensitivity/sensitiveness of the


explosive to credible stimuli including:

(1) Ignition Temperature. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4491 or 4515,
as appropriate.

(2) Explosive Response When Ignited (Confined and Unconfined). Data acquired in
accordance with STANAG 4491.

(3) Electrostatic Discharge. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4490.

(4) Impact. Drop-weight impact data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4489.

(5) Friction. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4487.

(6) Shock. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4488.

7.4.1.4 Performance Assessment.

a. Detonation Velocity. Detonation velocity measured by high-speed photography, ionization


probes, or any other method accepted by the National Authority shall be provided.

b. Critical Diameter. Minimum size required to sustain a steady state detonation shall be
provided. This may be estimated or measured by any method accepted by the National
Authority.

(TOC)

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7.5.0 SOLID GUN AND ROCKET PROPELLANTS

7.5.1 Solid gun and rocket propellants are substances or mixtures of substances that are required to
burn in a controlled manner in devices such as guns, rocket motors, or gas generators.
Propellants comprise a wide range of formulations each of which is tailored to a specific
application. It is thus difficult to define a concise list of data requirements for Qualification
common to all propellants. It is possible, however, to establish basic requirements and indicate,
where appropriate, the types of propellants that apply. Because final adjustments to the
formulations must be made throughout the propulsion or gas generator unit development period,
the Qualification of solid propellants may be concurrent with Final (or Type) Qualification of the
propellant for use in a specific application. The following data and information are necessary for
the Qualification of solid propellants:

7.5.1.1 General Characteristics.

a. Composition. A specification for the explosive material with its ingredients and, if
applicable, their permissible ranges specified shall be provided. The samples used for
the Qualification tests must comply with the specification and must be made by the
approved method of manufacture.

b. Intended Application. Information on the intended application (i.e. gun, rocket motor, gas
generator, etc.) shall be provided.

c. Loading. Information on final state of the material (i.e. cast, pressed, extruded, etc.) and
the density of the material in its intended application shall be provided.

d. Related Service Applications and Compositions. Information on existing service


applications of the propellant or closely related propellants shall be provided, if available.

e. Hazard Classification. Information on transportation and storage hazard classification per


STANAG 4123, UN, or national regulations shall be provided.

7.5.1.2 Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Properties.

a. Stability & Thermal Characterization. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4515

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and 4556 to support a determination of how the propellant reacts to elevated
temperatures over a period of time shall be provided. Also, data on stabilizer depletion
shall be provided. Depending on the formulation, stabilizer depletion shall be measured in
accordance with AOP-48.
b. Ageing. Data acquired following accelerated ageing to determine whether the material
characteristics will change with time shall be provided. Any change that could affect
safety and reliable performance is of particular concern. Example ageing protocols are
presented in Chapter 8 of this document.

c. Compatibility. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4147 to determine the


compatibility of the propellant with materials used in its manufacture or in its intended
application shall be provided.

d. Density. Data on theoretical maximum density and acceptable loading density acquired in
accordance with National procedures shall be provided.

e. Glass Transition Point. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4540 shall be
provided for solid propellants that use a polymeric binder.

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f. Tensile Strength. Data on uni-axial tensile properties acquired in accordance with
STANAG 4506 and data on stress relaxation in tension in accordance with STANAG
4507 shall be provided for solid rocket propellants.

g. Compressive Strength. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4443 shall be


provided for gun and rocket propellants.

h. Thermomechanical Analysis. Data in accordance with STANAG 4525 shall be provided


for rocket and gun propellants.

7.5.1.3 Hazard Assessment.

a. Sensitivity/Sensitiveness. Data shall be provided on the sensitivity/sensitiveness of the


propellant to credible stimuli including:

(1) Ignition Temperature. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4491 or 4515,
as appropriate.

(2) Explosive Response When Ignited (Confined and Unconfined). Data acquired in
accordance with STANAG 4491.

(3) Electrostatic Discharge. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4490.

(4) Impact. Drop-weight impact data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4489.

(5) Friction. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4487.

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(6) Shock. Shock sensitivity data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4488 shall
be provided. For gun propellants, tests are performed with propellant grains
loaded into the gap-test tube.

7.5.1.4 Performance Assessment.

a. Critical Diameter. Minimum size required to sustain a steady state detonation shall be
provided. This may be estimated using data on similar compositions or measured by any
method accepted by the National Authority. This is not required for compositions that do
not detonate in the shock sensitivity test performed in accordance with STANAG 4488.

(TOC)

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7.6.0 LIQUID PROPELLANTS

7.6.1 Liquid propellants are substances or mixtures of substances that are required to react in a
combustion chamber in a controllable and predictable manner. Liquid propellants are as varied
as the uses in which one finds them. These may be mono-propellants, bi-propellants, or hybrids
comprised of liquids and solids. Mono-propellants are generally single substances or mixtures of
pre-mixed substances that burn when ignited. Bi-propellants are generally comprised of
separately stored fuels and oxidizer materials that are mixed and ignited in a combustion
chamber. The fuel and oxidizer components may be hypergolic and ignite spontaneously on
contact or may require an ignition source to initiate the reaction. The hybrids are generally
comprised of solid fuels, which are reacted with liquid oxidizers. The following data and
information are required for the Qualification of liquid propellants:

7.6.1.1 General Characteristics.

a. Composition. A specification for the explosive material with its ingredients and, if

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applicable, their permissible ranges specified shall be provided. The samples used for
the Qualification tests must comply with the specification and must be made by the
approved method of manufacture.

b. Propellant Type and Intended Application. Information on the type of propellant and its
intended application, e.g. gun propellant, rocket propellant, naval torpedo propellant etc.
shall be provided.

c. Loading. Information shall be provided on the proposed mixing and handling procedures
and on any unusually hazardous conditions in these operations.

d. Related Service Applications and Compositions. Information shall be provided on existing


service applications of the propellant or closely related propellants, if available.

e. Hazard Classification. Information on transportation and storage hazard classification in


accordance with STANAG 4123, UN or national regulations shall be provided.

7.6.1.2 Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Properties.

a. Stability & Thermal Characterization. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4515 to
determine if its properties change with time shall be provided. Also, where appropriate
data on stabilizer depletion shall be provided. Analytical techniques used to determine
stabilizer depletion must be approved by the National Authority.

b. Ageing. Data acquired following accelerated ageing shall be provided to determine


whether the material characteristics will change with time shall be provided. Any change
that could affect safety and reliable performance is of particular concern.

c. Compatibility. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4147 to determine the


compatibility of the propellant with materials used in its manufacture and intended
application shall be provided.

d. Toxicity. Information shall be provided on the toxicity hazards of the explosive and on its
component materials in accordance with national procedures.

e. Boiling Point. Information in accordance with national procedures shall be provided.

f. Flash Point. Information in accordance with UN or national procedures shall be provided.

g. Vapor Pressure. Information in accordance with national procedures shall be provided.


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h. Specific Gravity. Data on specific gravity reported in accordance with national
procedures shall be provided.

i. Freezing/Melting Point. Information in accordance with UN or national procedure shall be


provided.

7.6.1.3 Hazard Assessment.

a. Sensitivity/Sensitiveness. Data shall be provided on the sensitivity/sensitiveness of the


propellant and, as applicable, its component parts to credible stimuli including:

(1) Ignition Temperature. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4491 or 4515
as appropriate.

(2) Explosive Response when Ignited (Confined and Unconfined). Data acquired in
accordance with STANAG 4491.

(3) Impact. Drop-weight impact sensitivity data acquired in accordance with


STANAG 4489 or accepted national procedures.

(4) Shock. Shock sensitivity data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4488.

(5) Critical Film Thickness. For materials that detonate in the shock sensitivity test,
data on the critical diameter or critical liquid film thickness for detonation
propagation is required. Test procedures must be documented and approved by
the National Authority.

(6) Electrostatic Discharge. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4490.

(TOC)
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7.7.0 PYROTECHNIC COMPOSITIONS

7.7.1 Pyrotechnic compositions undergo an energetic chemical reaction at a controlled rate intended to
produce, on demand, time delays or quantities of heat, noise, smoke, light, or IR radiation. In
general, pyrotechnic compositions can be readily ignited, burn rapidly, and are very hot when
they burn. Because final adjustments to the formulations must be made throughout the end-item
development phase, Qualification of pyrotechnic materials may be concurrent with Final (or Type)
Qualification. The following data and information are required for their Qualification:

7.7.1.1 General Characteristics.

a. Composition. A specification with the ingredients and, if applicable, their permissible


ranges specified shall be provided. The samples used for the Qualification tests must
comply with the specification and must be made by the approved method of manufacture.

b. Intended Application. Information shall be provided on the intended application (i.e. flare,
smoke, etc.).

c. Loading. Information shall be provided on the final state of the material (i.e. granular,
cast, pressed, extruded, etc.), and the density of the material in its intended application.

d. Related Service Applications and Compositions. Information shall be provided on existing


service applications of the pyrotechnic composition or related compositions, if available.

e. Hazard Classification. Information shall be provided on transportation and storage


hazard classification per STANAG 4123, UN, or national regulations.

7.7.1.2 Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Properties.

a. Stability & Thermal Characterization. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4515 to
support a determination of how the pyrotechnic material reacts to elevated temperatures
over an extended period of time shall be provided.

b. Ageing. Data acquired following accelerated ageing to determine whether the material
characteristics will change with time shall be provided. Any change that could affect
safety and reliable performance is of particular concern. Chapter 8 of this document
provides examples of ageing protocols.

c. Compatibility. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4147 to determine the


compatibility of the pyrotechnic composition with materials used in its manufacture or in
its intended application shall be provided.

d. Density. Data shall be provided on theoretical maximum density and acceptable loading
density reported in accordance with national procedures.

e. Glass Transition Point. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4540 shall be
provided for pyrotechnics that use a polymeric material as the binder shall be provided.

f. Mechanical/Rheological Properties: Data per STANAG 4506, 4507, and 4443 may be
required for pyrotechnics made with polymeric binders.
(TOC

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7.7.1.3 Hazard Assessment.

a. Sensitivity/Sensitiveness. Data shall be provided on the sensitivity/sensitiveness of the


explosive to credible stimuli including:

(1) Ignition Temperature. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4491 or 4515
as appropriate.

(2) Explosive Response When Ignited (Confined and Unconfined). Data acquired in
accordance with STANAG 4491.

(3) Electrostatic Discharge. Data acquired in accordance with Annex A of STANAG


4490.

(4) Impact. Drop-weight impact data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4489.

(5) Friction. Data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4487.


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(6) Shock. Shock sensitivity data acquired in accordance with STANAG 4488, if
appropriate.

(TOC)

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(Edition 2, Rev. 1)
CHAPTER 8

8.0 AGEING PROTOCOLS

8.1 Accelerated ageing studies on new explosives are recommended and should begin early during
the qualification-testing phase. Ageing studies should be started shortly after the physical and
chemical characteristics of the new explosive have been defined. It may often be desirable to
request Qualification by the National Authority before the accelerated ageing studies are
completed. But in any case, these studies should be in progress and continue until there is
reasonable assurance that no unanticipated ageing problems exist. The objective of beginning an
ageing protocol before Qualification is to determine, early, if characteristics of the explosive
material are apt to change with time and if any of the changes are likely to affect the safety and
suitability for service of the material in an end-item application.

8.2 The decision to grant or deny Qualification before the accelerated ageing studies are completed
is left to the National Authority. In so far as possible, the data acquired along with safe-life and
service-life predictions based on changes in the explosive properties, if any, should be submitted
to the National Authority with the Qualification request package. Based on the data available at
the time and, if it is deemed appropriate, the Qualification request submission should contain a
recommendation concerning the need to conduct additional ageing studies before or after Final
(type) Qualification of the explosive material for the end-item application.

8.3 Tables 2 through 7, provided on the following pages, are examples of ageing protocols used by
some of the participating countries. These can serve as examples that can be used by other
countries to develop their own ageing protocols.

(TOC)

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TABLE 2
AGEING PROTOCOLS PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES

UNITED
PROCEDURE FRANCE GERMANY NETHERLANDS SWITZERLAND USA (NAVY)
KINGDOM
71C for 4
70 C for 6, 12
weeks National
months in
Ageing in sealed Authority to
1 60 C for 6, 12 sealed
conditions: containers decide if
No criteria given months in sealed containers
a. Without 60 C for 2 months [80C/4 weeks2] ageing is
containers and 25C at
nitrate esters 23 C for 4 appropriate
30%RH until
present weeks at 30, 50, on a case by
Final (Type)
65, & 83% RH case basis
Qualification.
b. With nitrate
As above As above As above As above As above As above
esters
Impact
AOP-7 Yes Yes
sensitivity
Friction
AOP-7 Yes Yes Yes
sensitivity
Priming ability Yes Yes
Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100

ESD sensitivity Yes


Chemical
Yes
analysis
Hot wire
Yes
ignitability
Temperature of
Yes
ignition
Thermal stability
DSC/DTA/TG STANAG 4515 DSC Yes
Closed vessel 3
Yes
test
Heat of
Yes3
explosion
Notes:
Note 1. HFC glass ampoules
Note 2. If extreme thermal stress within service lifetime can be predicted
Note 3. Only for non-detonating mixtures

(TOC

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(Edition 2) Rev 1
TABLE 3
AGEING PROTOCOLS - BOOSTER EXPLOSIVES

UNITED
PROCEDURE FRANCE GERMANY NETHERLANDS SWITZERLAND USA (NAVY)
KINGDOM
90C for 1 month;
1
sealed containers
2 60C for 1,2 & 4 60C for 1,2,4,6,8
(65C for 2 months )
months months
Temperature cycle 60C for 3 & 6
Ageing conditions: No criteria given 70C for 1,2 & 4 70C for 1,2,4,6
program: months at ambient
60C for 6 months months months
-40C [3hr] to +63C 3 and 40% relative
a. Without nitrate esters present sealed containers 4 sealed containers
[3hr]. (Max. 100 humidity
(polyester binders (polyester binders
cycles) Temperature
also at 30%RH) also at 30%RH)
change within 1 hr
1
sealed containers
50C for 1,3, 6, 9 &
12 months
60C for 1,2,4,6,8
50C for 1,3,6,9 &
60C for 1,2, & 3 months
Ageing conditions: 12 months;
months at ambient 25C at 30%RH
60C for 6 months As above 60C for 1,2,4,6 & 8
5 and 40% relative until final (type)
b. With nitrate esters months 4
humidity qualification
sealed containers
Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100

(polyester binders
also at 30%RH)
8
Impact sensitivity STANAG 4489C Yes STANAG 4489B Yes
8
Friction sensitivity STANAG 4487A Yes STANAG 4487B Yes
Uniaxial tensile test STANAG 4506 20C Yes Yes Yes (3 temps)
Uniaxial compression test STANAG 4443 20C Yes Yes Yes
DMA glass transition temp. Yes (if relevant) STANAG 4540
11
Shock sensitivity STANAG 4488B Yes
Friability AOP-7
8
Temperature of ignition Yes STANAG 4491 Yes
8
Thermal stability STANAG 4491 Yes
Vacuum thermal stability STANAG 4556
10
DTA/DTG or DSC Yes Yes Yes
12
X-ray Yes
6 9 13
Cube crack test Yes (cylinder) Yes 30 d/ 80C Yes
7
Heat flow calorimetry Yes
Projectile impact Yes
Safe life or service prediction Yes (if applicable) Yes
Sol/gel level Yes (if applicable)
Weight and volume change Yes
Stabilizer/antioxidant content Yes (if applicable) Yes (if applicable) Yes (if applicable)
See Notes on following page.

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NOTES ON TABLE 3, AGEING PROTOCOLS FOR BOOSTER EXPLOSIVES

Note 1. Welded aluminum bags


Note 2. Explosives containing wax or low melting explosives like TNT
Note 3. Glass, welded aluminum bags or silicone cured thick aluminum foil
Note 4. National Authority to decide if storage at 40% relative humidity is necessary
Note 5. These conditions also apply if acetates are in the HE composition
Note 6. Cylinder geometry 30/60 days at 60C (where applicable)
Note 7. HFC test at 70C for 30 days and 60C for 90 days
Note 8. Test conducted after maximum storage interval only
Note 9. Not after accelerated ageing
Note 10. DTA 2 grams, 1C/minute. Performed on baseline and after completion of accelerated ageing
Note 11. Without nitrate esters or other energetic plasticizers 60C/8 months; 70C/6 months.
With nitrate esters or other energetic plasticizers 50C/12 months; 60C/8 months.
Note 12. X-ray for compositions with nitrate esters or other energetic plasticizers
Note 13. 30/60 days at 60C; 6 cubes, where applicable on compositions with nitrate esters or other
energetic plasticizers

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(Edition 2)
TABLE 4
AGEING PROTOCOLS - HIGH EXPLOSIVES
PROCEDURE FRANCE GERMANY NETHERLANDS SWITZERLAND UNITED KINGDOM USA (NAVY)
90C for 1 mon
1
th; sealed containers
2 Time and 60C for 1,2 & 4
(65C for 2 months )
temperature months 60C for 1,2,4,6,8 months
Temperature cycle
dependant on 70C for 1,2 & 4 60C for 3 & 6 months at 70C for 1,2,4,6 months
Ageing conditions: 60C for 6 program:
specific composition months ambient and 40% relative sealed containers
a. Without nitrate esters present months -40C [3hr] to +63C [3hr] 3 4
sealed containers humidity (polyester binders also at
(Max. 100 cycles).
(polyester binders also 30%RH)
Temperature change
at 30%RH)
within 1 hr
1
sealed containers
50C for 1,3, 6, 9 & 12
months
50C for 1,3,6,9 & 12 60C for 1,2,4,6,8 months
months; 60C for 1,2, & 3 months 25C at 30%RH
60C for 6
b. With nitrate esters As above As above 60C for 1,2,4,6 & 8 at ambient and 40% until final (type)
months 5 4
months relative humidity qualification
sealed containers
(polyester binders also at
30%RH)
8
Impact sensitivity STANAG 4489C Yes Yes STANAG 4489B Yes
8
Friction sensitivity STANAG 4487A Yes Yes STANAG 4487B Yes
Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
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STANAG 4506
Uniaxial tensile Yes Yes Yes Yes (3 temps)
20C
STANAG 4443
Uniaxial compression Yes Yes Yes Yes
20C
Stress relaxation Yes
DMA glass transition temp. Yes (if relevant) STANAG 4540
11
Shock sensitivity STANAG 4488B Yes
Friability AOP-7
Hardness Shore A Yes
8
Temperature of ignition Yes STANAG 4491 Yes
8
Thermal stability Yes STANAG 4491 Yes
Vacuum thermal stability STANAG 4556
10
DTA/DTG or DSC Yes Yes Yes
12
X-ray Yes
6 9 13
Cube crack Yes (cylinder) Yes 30 d/ 80C Yes
7
Heat flow calorimetry Yes
Projectile impact Yes
Exudation Yes
Safe life or service prediction Yes (if applicable) Yes
Sol/gel level Yes (if applicable)
Weight and volume change Yes
Stabilizer/antioxidant content Yes (if applicable) Yes (if applicable) Yes (if applicable) Yes (if applicable)
See Notes on following page.
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NOTES ON TABLE 4, AGEING PROTOCOLS FOR HIGH EXPLOSIVES

Note 1. Welded aluminum bags


Note 2. Explosives containing wax or low melting explosives like TNT
Note 3. Glass, welded aluminum bags or silicone cured thick aluminum foil
Note 4. National Authority to decide if storage at 40% relative humidity is necessary
Note 5. These conditions also apply if acetates are in the HE composition
Note 6. Cylinder geometry 30/60 days at 60C (where applicable)
Note 7. HFC test at 70C for 30 days and 60C for 90 days
Note 8. Test conducted after maximum storage interval only
Note 9. Not after accelerated ageing
Note 10. DTA 2 grams 1C/minute. Performed on baseline and after completion of accelerated ageing
Note 11. Without nitrate esters or other energetic plasticizers 60C/8 months; 70C/6 months
With nitrate esters or other energetic plasticizers 50C/12 months; 60C/8 months
Note 12. X-ray for compositions with nitrate esters or other energetic plasticizers
Note 13. 30/60 days at 60C; 6 cubes, where applicable on compositions with nitrate esters or other
energetic plasticizers

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(Edition 2)

TABLE 5
AGEING PROTOCOLS SOLID GUN PROPELLANTS

UNITED
PROCEDURE FRANCE GERMANY NETHERLANDS SWITZERLAND USA (NAVY)
KINGDOM
60C for 1, 2, 4 60C for 1,2,4,6,8
months 70C for 1,2,4 months
Time and temperature
50C for 3,6,12,24 months in 60C for 1,2,4,8 70C for 1,2,4,6
Ageing conditions: 60C for 3 months dependant on specific
weeks and 12, 24 2 sealed containers months at ambient months
a. Without nitrate esters present in sealed containers composition 6
months ( if polyester binder and 40%RH sealed containers
present also at ( if polyester binder
30%RH) present use 30%RH)
50C for 1,3,6,9, 12
50C for 3, 6, 9 months
months 60C for 1,2,3,6 60C for 1,2,4,6,8
b. With nitrate esters
As above As above As above 60C for 1,2, 3, 6 months at ambient months
6
months and 40%RH sealed containers
5
70C for 2,4,8 weeks 25C at 30%RH until
final (type) qualification
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7
Impact sensitivity Yes Yes Yes
7
Friction sensitivity Yes Yes Yes
8
Shock sensitivity Yes
7
Ignition temperature Yes (DTA) Yes Yes Yes
9
DSC/DTA Yes Yes
3
HFC STANAG 4582 Yes STANAG 4582
Stabilizer/Antioxidant content Yes Yes Yes (if applicable) Yes Yes Yes (if applicable)
Safe life prediction Yes Yes Yes (chem & ser.)
1
Compressive strength Yes Yes Yes Yes
DMA STANAG 4540
4
Closed vessel Yes Yes
7
Thermal stability STANAG 4491 Yes
Vacuum stability STANAG 4556
10
X-ray Yes
Sol-gel determination Yes (if applicable)
GPC Yes
See Notes on following page.

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NOTES ON TABLE 5, AGEING PROTOCOLS FOR SOLID GUN PROPELLANTS

Note 1. After 6 and 24 months ageing


Note 2. Welded aluminum bags
Note 3. One week at 85C, 3 weeks at 75C and 9 weeks at 65C as a minimum
Note 4. Closed vessel test after applying quasi-static compression
Note 5. These conditions also apply where acetates are present in the composition
Note 6. National Authority to decide if storage at 40% relative humidity is necessary
Note 7. Test to be conducted only after maximum storage interval
Note 8. Without nitrate esters or other energetic plasticizers; 60C/8 months, 70C/6 months
With nitrate esters or other energetic plasticizers; 50/12 months, 60C/8 months
Note 9. DTA 2g at 1C/minute. Performed on baseline and after accelerated ageing
Note 10. Compositions with nitrate esters or other energetic plasticizers

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TABLE 6
AGEING PROTOCOLS SOLID ROCKET PROPELLANTS

UNITED
PROCEDURE FRANCE GERMANY NETHERLANDS SWITZERLAND USA (NAVY)
KINGDOM
50C for 4,8,16, 32 63C for 1, 2, 4, 8
60C for 3 months in 60C for 1,2,4,6,8
1 weeks months 74C for
sealed containers months
Ageing conditions: 60C for 2,4,8,16 1,2,4, 6 months in 60C for 1,2,4,8
Temp program 3 70C for 1,2,4,6 months
60C for 6 months weeks sealed containers months at ambient
-46C [2hr] to 23C [2hr] 7 sealed containers
a. Composite propellants sealed bags, low RH. ( if polyester binder and 40%RH
to 63C [2hr] up to 100 ( if polyester binder
[40C and 70C may present also at
cycles; T 5 secs present use 30%RH)
also be used] 30%RH)
50C for 1,3,6,9, 12
50C for 1,3, 6, 9 months
(12) months 60C for 1,2,3,6 60C for 1,2,4,6,8
b. Nitrate ester propellants
50C for 6 months As above As above 60C for 1,2, 4, 6 months at ambient months
7
8 months and 40%RH sealed containers
25C at 30%RH until
final (type) qualification
8
Impact sensitivity STANAG 4489C Yes Yes Yes
8
Friction sensitivity STANAG 4487A Yes Yes Yes
Shock sensitivity Yes
8 10
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Ignition temperature Yes Yes Yes


11
DSC/DTA Yes Yes
HFC
Stabilizer/Antioxidant content Nitrate ester only Yes Yes (if applicable) Yes Yes
Chemical analysis Nitrate ester only Yes (plasticizer) Notes 4 & 5
2
Safe life prediction Yes (safe & serv) Yes (safe & serv) Yes (safe & serv)
Uniaxial tensile test STANAG 4506 20C Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (3 temps)
Compressive strength
Stress relaxation test Yes Yes
Shore A hardness Yes
DMA Yes
Closed vessel test
Linear burning rate Yes
8
Thermal stability Yes Yes Yes Yes
Vacuum stability STANAG 4556
Microscopy Control of aspect
6 9 12
Cube crack test Yes (if applicable) Yes (if applicable) Yes (if applicable)
13
X-ray Yes
Density Composite only
Sol-gel determination Yes Yes (if applicable)
See Notes on following page.

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NOTES ON TABLE 6, AGEING PROTOCOLS FOR SOLID ROCKET PROPELLANTS

Note 1. Welded aluminum bags


Note 2. Service life prediction is done at system level
Note 3. Glass, welded aluminum bags or silicone cured thick aluminum foil
Note 4. Ammonium nitrate containing propellants, humidity test (?)
Note 5. Plasticizer migration
Note 6. Cube crack performed on cylinder of diameter as cube edge 30/60 days at 60C
Note 7. National Authority to decide if storage at 40% humidity is necessary
Note 8. Test to be conducted only after maximum storage interval
Note 9. Thirty days at 80C but not after accelerated ageing
Note 10. Without nitrate esters or other energetic plasticizers; 60C/8 months, 70C/6 months
With nitrate esters or other energetic plasticizers; 50/12 months, 60C/8 months
Note 11. DTA 2g at 1C/minute. Performed on baseline and after accelerated ageing
Note 12. Compositions with nitrate esters or other energetic plasticizers, 6 cubes 30/60 days at 60C
Note 13. Compositions with nitrate esters or other energetic plasticizers

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TABLE 7
AGEING PROTOCOLS - PYROTECHNICS

UNITED
PROCEDURE FRANCE GERMANY NETHERLANDS SWITZERLAND USA (NAVY)
KINGDOM
23C for 4 weeks
at 30, 50, 65, & Time, temperature 70C for 3, 6, 12 70C for 6, 12
83% RH and humidity vary months sealed National Authority months in sealed
Ageing conditions: Temp program depending on containers under to decide if ageing containers
60C for 2 months
-35C [3hr] to specific controlled is appropriate on a and 25C at
63C [3hr] 4 composition humidity case by case basis 30%RH until final
weeks sealed (Type) qual.
1
containers
Impact sensitivity STANAG 4489C
Friction sensitivity STANAG 4487A
Chemical life prediction Yes
Ignitability Yes (by black pr) Yes
Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100

Temperature of ignition Yes Yes


Thermal stability Yes
STANAG 4515
DSC/DTA/TG Yes Yes (DSC/TG) Yes (DSC/TG) Yes
DSC
2
HFC Yes (3-4 temps) Yes

Notes:
Note 1. Welded aluminum bags
Note 2. 60% relative humidity; 70C/30 days, 60C/90 days

(TOC)

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CHAPTER 9

9.0 FINAL (or TYPE) QUALIFICATION

9.1 This chapter provides information about Final (or Type) Qualification of an explosive material. A
national or a military service authority generally reviews the safety and suitability data and grants
this approval level. This is generally the final approval level and it allows an explosive to be used
operationally by the military forces. Some call this step Final Qualification while others call it
Type Qualification. Whatever name is given to this level of approval however, this final review
and assessment should be executed, in some way, by all countries before an item loaded with
this explosive is released for operational or training use. Final (or Type) Qualification was the
name agreed by the NATO AC/326 for this approval level for military explosive materials.

9.2 The Final (or Type) Qualification process provides the explosive materials scientists and safety
experts an opportunity to perform a final review of the safety and the suitability for service data
acquired on the material. This generally includes a review of the stability, compatibility, ageing,
mechanical and physical properties, and sensitivity data acquired during both the explosive
Qualification program and the end-item application research, development, and sensitivity test
programs. After reviewing this information, the safety authorities are in a better position to provide

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the national approval authority a complete evaluation and a recommendation on the safety and
suitability for service of the explosive in the intended application.

9.3 The Final (or Type) Qualification process requires that tests and assessments be performed in
accordance with STANAG 4297 and AOP-15. In some cases, Qualification (as required by
STANAG 4170) and Final Qualification evaluations are performed at the same time. This is
especially true for solid propellants and pyrotechnics because formulations are often modified
until the desired end-item performance is achieved.

9.4 Data submitted to the National Authority for Final (or Type) Qualification of an explosive should
be sufficient to show that the explosive is safe and suitable for operational or training use in the
intended application. Tests to acquire the data may be performed on the complete ordnance
package or on subsystems, e.g., warhead, rocket motor, etc., as long as extrapolation of
vulnerability characteristics to all-up ordnance item can be justified.

9.5 In some instances assessments may be used to satisfy some of the testing requirements. This is
particularly true where data from generic tests conducted on the explosive material in simulated
application-type containers are available. Justification for such assessments, with supporting
data, should be included in the Final (or Type) Qualification data package. Computer modeling
may be used in conjunction with generic tests results and data from the Qualification phase (see
chapter 7) as a tool to assess the behavior of explosive materials under a wide range of stimuli
and scenarios. Qualification data define many of the intrinsic properties of the energetic material
and allow for the generation of a range of modeling parameters that can be used in the
assessment.

9.6 For Final (or Type) Qualification, chemical compatibility with materials the explosive is likely to be
in contact with and accelerated ageing data should be available. The chemical compatibility data
should include information obtained with the explosive in contact with all materials (both energetic
and inert) with which it will come in contact in production and in the specific end item in which it
will be used.

9.7 The following are some of the sensitivity test STANAGS that relate to Final (or type) Qualification
and are used in conjunction with STANAG 4297 and AOP-15:

a. Liquid Fuel Fire: This test is performed in accordance with STANAG 4240

b. Bullet Attack: This test is performed in accordance with STANAG 4241


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c. Safety Drop: This test is performed in accordance with STANAG 4375

d. Slow Heating: This test is performed in accordance with STANAG 4382

e. Sympathetic Reaction: This test is performed in accordance with STANAG 4396

f. Fragment Impact: This test is performed in accordance with STANAG 4496

(TOC)

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CHAPTER 10

10.0 NATIONAL QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES AND TEST INFORMATION SHEETS

10.1 This chapter identifies the National Authorities and provides information on the procedures used
to Qualify explosive materials in each participating nation. In addition, it contains a list of NATO
STANAGs used to describe Qualification tests and brief descriptions of tests that are used by
member nations to satisfy the Qualification requirements but are not detailed by NATO
STANAGs.

10.2 Countries that have not provided information to include in this chapter are invited to send their
contribution to the Chairman of AC/326 Subgroup 1 (Energetic Materials) and to the Custodian
Nation. Even if a country does not have a formal qualification procedure per STANAG 4170 in
place, it is important to note that fact along with a description of the process used to accept an
explosive material for use by its military in this chapter. The Custodian Nation will add new inputs
to this chapter upon receipt.

10.3 All nations accept, as a minimum, the information and data requirements documented in Chapter
7 of this manual. Some nations have unique tests and passing criteria for certain types or classes
of explosives. Where these exist, they are documented in the national sections of this chapter.

10.4 QUALIFICATION TESTS STANAGs and AOPs

a. STANAG 4147 Explosives, Chemical Compatibility of Ammunition Components with


Explosives and Propellants (Non-Nuclear Applications).

b. STANAG 4443 - Explosives, Uniaxial Compressive Test.

c. STANAG 4487 - Explosives, Friction Sensitivity Test(s).


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d. STANAG 4488 - Explosives, Shock Sensitivity Test(s).

e. STANAG 4489 - Explosives, Impact Sensitivity Test(s).

f. STANAG 4490 - Explosives, Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity Test(s).

g. STANAG 4491 - Explosives, Thermal Sensitivitness and Explosiveness Test(s).

h. STANAG 4506 Explosive Materials, Physical/Mechanical Properties, Uniaxial Tensile


Test.

i. STANAG 4507 - Explosives, Physical/Mechanical Properties, Stress Relaxation Test.

j. STANAG 4515 - Explosives, Thermal Characterization by Differential Thermal Analysis,


Differential Scanning Calorimetry, and Thermogravimetric Analysis.

k. STANAG 4525 - Explosives, Physical/Mechanical Properties, Thermomechanical


Analysis for Determining the Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (TMA).

l. STANAG 4540 - Explosives, Procedures for Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and
Determination of Glass Transition Temperature.

m. STANAG 4556 - Explosives, Vacuum Stability Test(s).

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n. STANAG 4581 Explosives, Assessment of Ageing Characteristics of Composite
Propellants Containing Inert Binders.

o. AOP-48 - Explosives, Nitrocellulose Based Propellants, Stability Test Procedures and


Requirements Using Stabilizer Depletion and its covering document, STANAG 4620.

10.4.1 NOTE: STANAGs 4117, 4527, 4541, and 4542 which may be referenced in some documents
have been replaced by AOP-48

(TOC)

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10.5.0 TEST INFORMATION SHEETS

10.5.1 Test information sheets are used to provide summaries of the national tests used to supplement
the STANAGs referenced in this document.

10.5.2 For consistency among nations and ease of reference, each test information sheet is assigned an
AOP-7 registry number. The qualification test categories and sub-categories for each explosive
material are identified under Type of Test in the Test Information Sheets. The tests are divided
into three major categories: (a) Chemical, Mechanical, and Physical properties; (b) Hazard
Assessment; and (c) Performance. Each category and sub-category is assigned a number as
shown below:

10.5.3 CATALOGUE OF TESTS

Category 100 Chemical, Physical and


Mechanical Properties

101.01.XXX Analytical Tests


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101.02.XXX Other Tests

102.01.XXX Mechanical Properties

102.01.XXX Uniaxial Tensile Creep


102.01.XXX Uniaxial Tensile Relaxation
Tensile & Volumetric Dilatation (Farris)
102.01.XXX Shear
102.01.XXX Torsion
102.01.XXX Bi-axial Tensile
102.01.XXX Tri-axial (Poker Chip)
102.01.XXX Charpy V
102.01.XXX Hardness
102.01.XXX Penetrometry
102.01.XXX Fracture Susceptibility (Critical Stress
Intensity Factor)
102.01.XXX Shotgun
102.01.XXX Bond in Tension
102.01.XXX Bond in Shear
102.01.XXX Bond in Peel

102.02.XXX Physical Properties


102.02.XXX Thermal Conductivity
102.02.XXX Specific Heat (Other than DSC)
102.02.XXX Heat of Explosion
102.02.XXX Thermal Calorimetry
102.02.XXX Pycnometry
102.02.XXX Density
102.02.XXX Wave Propagation Velocity
102.02.XXX Hygroscopicity

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Category 200 Hazard Assessment

201.XX.XXX Sensitivity/Sensitiveness &


Explosiveness

201.01.XXX Impact
201.02.XXX Friction
201.03.XXX Electrical Discharge
201.04.XXX Shock
201.05.XXX Projectile Impact
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201.06.XXX Fragment Impact


201.07.XXX Shaped Charge Jet Impact
201.08.XXX Other

202.XX.XXX Stability & Thermal Behavior


202.01.XXX Thermal
202.02.XXX Other

203.XX.XXX Compatibility
203.01.XXX Reactivity
203.02.XXX Other

204.XX.XXX Toxicity and Environmental Impact


204.01.XXX Toxicity Evaluation
204.02.XXX Environmental Impact Assessment

205.XX.XXX Dimensional Effects


205.01.XXX Critical Diameter
205.02.XXX DDT
205.03.XXX Other

Category 300 Performance Assessment

301.XX.XXX Theoretical Methods


301.01.XXX Thermodynamic Models
301.02.XXX Other Models

302.XX.XXX Experimental Methods


302.01.XXX Detonation Velocity
302.02.XXX Burning Rate/Time
302.03.XXX Other

10.6 Results from reference standard explosives are included in "typical results" on the Test
Information Sheets.

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10.7 NATIONAL QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES

NOTES: The information in this section is as approved by the National Authority in each
participating nation. Any changes made to the national sections must comply with the methods
outlined in Chapter 6 of this manual.

To access the National Qualification sections return to the Table of Content, TOC.

(TOC)

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10.7.1 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES OF CANADA

PARAGRAPH PAGE

10.7.1.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION CN-1

10.7.1.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITY (IES) CN-3

10.7.1.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES CN-4

10.7.1.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS CN-4

a. HIGH EXPLOSIVES CN-5

(1) Primary Explosives CN-5


(2) Booster Explosives CN-5
(3) Main Charge High Explosives CN-5

b. PROPELLANTS CN-6

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(1) Solid Propellants CN-6
(2) Liquid Propellants CN-7

c. PYROTECHNICS CN-7

10.7.1.5 LIST OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS CN-8

10.7.1.6 CATALOGUE OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS CN-11

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10.7.1.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION

10.7.1.1.1 The National Authority has established an Explosive Qualification Advisory Committee to
advise on all matters pertaining to the qualification of explosives. This committee decides
on the tests, reviews results, and recommends whether an explosive satisfies the criteria
for qualification.

10.7.1.1.2 The committee is chaired by the Director of Ammunition Procurement and Maintenance
(DAPM) of the Department of National Defense. He reports directly to the National
Authority. Members of the committee consist of a Secretary from the DAPM staff and
experienced personnel from the following Government organizations:

a. The Defense Research Establishments;

b. The Headquarters of the Chief, Research and Development, Department of


National Defense; and

c. The Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory (CERL), Department of Energy,


Mines and Resources.

10.7.1.1.3 The Explosives Qualification Advisory Committee selects expertise from other
departments of Government or private industry, when necessary.

10.7.1.1.4 The Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory provides a source of independent


information and judgment. The department of natural resources is responsible for the
safety in manufacture of all military and industrial explosives, and for the safety of
industrial explosives used in mining, quarrying, construction, demolition and related uses.

10.7.1.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITY(IES)

10.7.1.2.1 The National Authority for Military Explosives is the Director Ammunition Procurement
and Maintenance (DAPM) of the Department of National Defense. This office is
responsible for the design of all munitions for the Canadian Armed Forces.

10.7.1.2.2 The National Authority performs the following functions:

a. Coordinates the implementation of STANAG 4170 in Canada;

b. Prepares, publishes and maintains the Canadian sections of Allied Ordnance


Publication No. 7 (AOP-7);

c. Provides a Canadian point-of-contact to other NATO countries for the exchange


of information on the safety of explosives and the qualification of explosive
materials; and

d. Maintains a data bank of qualified explosive materials used by the Canadian


Armed Forces.

10.7.1.2.3 The address for the Custodian National Authority is as follows:

Director Ammunition Procurement and Maintenance


National Defense Headquarters
Louis St-Laurent Building
Hull, Canada
KlA 0K2

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10.7.1.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES

10.7.1.3.1 Requests for qualification are submitted to the National Authority who normally refers the
request to the Explosives Qualification Advisory Committee for consideration and
appropriate actions.

10.7.1.3.2 In Canada most of the research on military explosives of all types is performed in the
following two defense research establishments of the Department of National Defense:

a. Defense Research Establishment Valcartier (DREV) -concerned with


pyrotechnics, high explosives, solid rocket propellants and gun propellants; and

b. b. Defense Research Establishment Suffield (DRES) - concerned with research


into fuel-air and foam explosives.

Some research, development and evaluation of military explosives and propellants is


done in private industry such as SNC TEC, Bristol Aerospace Limited, Expro Chemical
Products/Energetic Materials and Mining Resources Engineering Limited.

10.7.1.3.3 Most of the qualification tests used by Canada are identical to or based on tests
developed and used by the United Kingdom and United States. Although the reasons for
this are historical, there is a present-day advantage in terms of standardization and
interoperability. US MIL-STDs and NATO STANAGs are extensively used for specifying
Canadian military items.

10.7.1.3.4 In general, formal qualification testing is not done until an explosive has successfully
passed all stages of research and development including pilot-scale production. The
explosive also must have been produced in pre-production lots using full scale production
equipment, conditions and methods. However, it is customary to use appropriate
qualification tests during the research and development phases to ensure that when an
explosive finally reaches production it will be unlikely to encounter unforeseen problems.

10.7.1.3.5 Before qualification it is necessary for an explosive to have its transportation and storage
hazard classification determined in accordance with NATO STANAG 4123, "Methods to
Determine and Classify Hazards of Ammunition." This action is the responsibility of the
Department of National Defense for Military Explosives and of the Department of Natural
Resources.

10.7.1.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS

10.7.1.4.1 DAPM has no test facilities. Therefore tests are normally done by the Defense Research
Establishments, the Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory or other Government
agencies. In some cases tests may be conducted in the test laboratories of industry with
DAPM providing an observer or test supervisor. The establishment or agency which has
conducted the tests must report to the Secretary of the Explosives Qualification Advisory
Committee the results and any observations. The Secretary is then responsible for
arranging a review meeting of the Advisory Committee to decide the following:

a. Whether results are sufficient to qualify the explosive;

b. Whether further tests are needed; or

c. Whether the explosive should be considered unsuitable for qualification.

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10.7.1.4.2 When the Advisory Committee is satisfied that the explosive warrants qualification, the
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Secretary prepares the appropriate papers and data sheets for approval and issuance by
the National Authority.

10.7.1.4.3 High Explosives:

a. Mandatory Data for Primary Explosives:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Impact Sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4489C


(2) Friction Sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4487A
(3) Electric Spark STANAG 4490A
(4) Vacuum Thermal Stability STANAG 4556
(5) Compatibility - Vacuum Stability-Reactivity STANAG 4147

b. Mandatory Data for Booster Explosives:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Impact Sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4489C


(2) Friction Sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4487A
(3) Electric Spark STANAG 4490A
(4) Shock (Card Gap) 201.04.001/STANAG 4488
(5) Vacuum Thermal Stability STANAG 4556
(6) Woods Metal Bath STANAG 4491 B2
(7) Toxicity 204.01.001
(8) Detonation Velocity 302.01.001

c. Mandatory Data for Main Charge High-Explosives

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Impact Sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4489C


(2) Friction Sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4487A
(3) Electric Spark STANAG 4490A
(4) Shock Sensitivity (Card Gap) 201.040001/STANAG 4488
(5) Vacuum Thermal Stability STANAG 4556
(6) Woods Metal Bath STANAG 4491 B2
(7) Ease of Ignition (Safety Fuze) 202.01.007
(8) Exudation Characteristics 202.01.009
(9) Growth Characteristics 202.01.010
(10) Toxicity 204.01.001
(11) Detonation Velocity 302.01.001

d. Optional Data for Main-ChargeHigh Explosives: Some of these and other tests
may be required to augment the data derived from mandatory tests:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Calibrated Shock Wave 201.01.003


(2) AWRE Charge Oblique Impact 201.01.004
(3) Adiabatic Sensitivity (DREV Set-Back) 201.01.005
(4) Cap Test/Lead Block Comparison 201.04.004
(5) Differential Thermal Analysis STANAG 4515 B2
(6) Trough (Train) Test 202.01.008
(7) Differential Scanning Calorimeter STANAG 4515 B2
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10.7.1.4.4 PROPELLANTS:

a. Mandatory Data for Solid Rocket Propellants:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Uniaxial Mechanical Properties STANAG 4507


(Constant Strain Rate)
(2) Specific Gravity 102.01.071
(3) Impact Sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4489C
(4) Friction Sensitivity 9BAM) STANAG 4487A
(5) Electric Spark STANAG 4490A
(6) Vacuum Thermal Stability STANAG 4556
(7) Ease of Ignition (Safety Fuse) 202.01.007
(8) Trough (Train) Test 202.01.008
(9) Compatibility with Materials STANAG 4147
(10) Toxicity 204.01.001
(11) Theoretical Performance Calculations 301.01.001
(12) Sub-scale Motor 302.03.001

b. Optional Data for Solid Rocket Propellants:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Shock Sensitivity (Card Gap) STANAG 4488


(2) Cap Test/Lead Block Compression 201.04.004
(3) Woods Metal Bath (100 C/Min.) STANAG 4491
(4) Differential Thermal Analysis STANAG 4515 B2
(5) Burning Rate - Closed Vessel STANAG 4115
(6) Burning Rate - Strand Burner 302.02.002

c. Solid propellants are tested in two stages, as formulations and in specific motors:

(1) As formulations the following data are obtained and evaluated:

(a) compatibility
(b) chemical, physical properties including mechanical properties,
(c) sensitivity
(d) ballistic properties

(2) In specific rocket motors, the following data are obtained and evaluated:

(a) ballistic properties


(b) performance

d. Mandatory Data for Solid Gun Propellants:

NOTE: Most Canadian gun propellants are developed in other countries and adapted to
Canadian needs when required. Manufacturing processes and equipment are
usually based on those used in other countries. The qualification tests are either
identical or similar to tests used in other countries.

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(Edition 2)
Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Specific Gravity 102.02.001


(2) Impact Sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4489C
(3) Friction Sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4487A
(4) Electric Spark STANAG 4490A
(5) Vacuum Thermal Stability STANAG 4556
(6) Differential Thermal Analysis STANAG 4515 B2
(7) Ease of Ignition (Safety Fuse) 202.01.007
(8) Trough (Train) 202.01.008
(9) Stability STANAG 4117
(10) Compatibility with Materials STANAG 4147
(11) Theoretical Performance Calculations 301.01.002
(12) Burning Rate - Closed Vessel STANAG 4115

e. Optional Data for Solid Gun Propellants:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Shock Sensitivity 201.04.003


(2) Cap Test/Lead Block Compression 201.04.004
(3) Woods Metal Bath STANAG 4491 B2

f. Mandatory Data for Liquid Propellants:

NOTE: The liquid propellants used by the Canadian forces in naval torpedoes or other
uses are generally procured from other countries. The data required for these
materials is as documented in Chapter for liquid propellants.

10.7.1.4.5 PYROTECHNICS

a. Mandatory Data for Pyrotechnics:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Thermal Gravimetric Analysis STANAG 4515 B3


(2) Impact Sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4489C
(3) Friction Sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4487A
(4) Electric Spark STANAG 4490 A
(5) Woods Metal Bath STANAG 4491
(6) Ease of Ignition (Safety Fuse Test) 202.01.007
(7) Trough Test (Train Test) 202.01.008
(8) Compatibility with Materials STANAG 4147
(9) Burning Characteristics (loose) 302.02.003

b. Optional Tests for Pyrotechnics:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Specific Gravity (Density) 102.01.070


(2) Impact (Ball and Disk Test) 201.01.002
(3) Shock Sensitivity (Card Gap) STANAG 4488
(4) Cap Test/Lead Block Compression 201.04.004
(5) Vacuum Thermal Stability STANAG 4556
(6) Differential Thermal Analysis STANAG 4515 B2
(7) Toxicity 204.01.001
(8) Effect of Moisture 302.02.004
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10.7.1.5 LIST OF CANADAS TEST INFORMATION SHEETS

Category 100 Chemical ,Physical &


Mechanical Properties

102.01.003 Uniaxial Tensile Stress Relaxation


102.01.010 Uniaxial Compression (Gun
Propellants)
102.01.023 Hardness Measurement
102.01.051 Thermal Conductivity
102.01.060 Dilatometer
102.01.070 Density (Helium Gas Pycnometer)
102.01.071 Specific Gravity (Density)
102.01.340 Bond in Tension

Category 200 Hazards Assessment


Sensitiveness/Sensitivity/
Explosiveness

201.01.001 CERL Impact - Modified NOL


201.01.002 Ball and Disc
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201.01.003 Calibrated Shock Wave


201.01.004 AWRE Charge Oblique Impact
201.01.005 Adiabatic Sensitivity (DREV
Setback)
201.03.001 CERL Electric Spark
201.04.001 Shock Sensitivity - DREV
201.04.003 Shock Sensitivity - Propellant
201.04.004 Cap Test/Lead Block
Compression
202.01.008 Trough Test (Train)
202.01.009 Exudation Characteristics
202.01.010 Growth Characteristics
202.01.011 Methyl-Violet
203.01.003 Pyrotechnics - Compatibility with
Materials
204.01.001 Toxicity Evaluation

Category 300 Performance Assessment


Theoretical/ Experimental
Methods

301.01.001 Theoretical Performance


Calculations (Solid Rocket
Propellants)
301.01.002 Theoretical Performance
Calculations (Solid Gun
Propellants)
302.01.001 Detonation Velocity - Camera
Technique

302.02.002 Burning Rate (Linear) Strand


Burner
302.02.002 Burning Characteristics (Loose)
302.02.004 Effect of Moisture Content on
Burning
302.03.001 Sub-Scale Motor
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AOP-7
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10.7.1.5 CATALOGUE OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS FOR CANADA

NOTE: The Test Information Sheets are listed consecutively in accordance with the
Registry number.

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(Edition 2)

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Canada/102.01.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE:

2. TEST TITLE: Uniaxial Tensile Stress Relaxation Modulus

a. Type of Test: Viscoelastic Properties in Tension

b. Description: 0.4 X 0.4 X 4.0 in (10 X 10 X 10 mm) specimen is cut from block with
band saw. Wooden tabs are bonded to specimen with 5-minute epoxy. A 5% strain is
applied by a spring-actuated relaxation testing machine equipped with a
temperature/humidity conditioning box. After conditioning at the specified test
temperature (from -82C to 72C), the spring mechanism is actuated and the decay of
force is measured as time progresses. Four replicates at each test temperature are
tested. Test duration of the order of 1000 minutes is required to define the relaxation
curve. Time duration of aging and humidity are important. A master curve in the form of
a Prony series as a function of reduced time using a non-linear curve fitting technique or
the original WLF equation is reported.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

(1) Application: Characterization of rocket propellants. The master curve Prony-series is


used as input into VISTA, a Canadian developed, 3D, thermoviscoelastic FE code.
(2) Significance: Used to determine the constitutive equation of the material.
(3) Limitations: Assumes that the material is thermorheologically simple and linear
viscoelastic.

d. Typical Results: A master curve of the relaxation modulus as a function of shifted time
often presented in the form of a Prony series.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: High repeatability among specimens. Fair


reproducibility among test facilities (affected by process related parameters).

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES: N/A

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/102.01.010

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Uniaxial Compression Test of Gun Propellants

a. Type of Test: Drop-Weight Compression

b. Description:

(1) Apparatus: Drop-weight mechanical property tester.


(2) Specimen: Right circular cylinder L/D= 1 0, 1, 7 or 19 perforations.
(3) Strain-Rate: On the order of 100 s-1.
(4) Temperature: Can be varied between -5OC and 70C.
(5) Data: Load and displacement determined independently.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

(1) Application: Mechanical property characterization.


(2) Significance: Mechanical property parameters, failure characteristics
assessment.
(3) Limitations: Specimen age and deviations from right circular cylinder geometry
may affect the results. Machining of each sample is highly recommended.
(4) Properties: Elastic modulus (Eo ), strain rate (er), stress at failure (sf), strain
failure (ef).

d. Typical Results:

(1) M30 (19C):


Eo = 3.81 + 0.18 GPa
sf = 112 + 5MPa
e = 287 + s-1
ef = 5.0 + 0.1 %

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


(1) Repeatability - very easy.
(2) Reproducibility - fluctuations up to 15% may occur specially is samples have not
been machined to assure perfectly parallel surfaces.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES: To be supplied

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(Edition 2)
Canada/102.01.023

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE:

2. TEST TITLE: Hardness Measurement

a. Type of Test: Shore-A Hardness

b. Description: Sample is normally 4-in. diameter by 0.7-in. thick, but any smooth surface is
suitable. There are two possibilities: tester applied by hand or mounted on a "CONVE
LOADER". When applied by hand, a light pressure must be applied and the reading is
taken after 15 sec. The reading varies with time, pressure, surface quality and
homogeneity of the sample.

A CONVE LOADER is a stand that holds the tester and depresses it on the sample with
constant pressure. More repetitive results are obtained. Three readings are taken at
various locations on the sample and a mean value is given.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test gives the hardness of a rubbery
(composite) material in the Shore "A" range. Hardness is used with curable materials to
monitor the curing reaction of polymers or polymer bounded composites. Readings are
taken with time (from day to day) and when the hardness ceases to increase the curing is
considered complete.

d. Typical Results: To be supplied

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Repeatability and reproducibility are good, but depend

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on the operator unless the "conveloader" is used.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) The Shore Instrument & Mfg. Co.

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(Edition 2)
Canada/102.01.051

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Thermal Conductivity, Hot Plate Method

a. Type of Test: Physical Testing

b. Description: See ASTM Standard Test Method C1045

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

(1) Application: Thermal conductivity is required to carry out transient thermal stress
analysis of rocket propellant grains.
(2) Significance: Essential.
(3) Limitations:
(4) Properties: Density.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Typical HTPB/AP/Al propellant: k = 75 W/mm C.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES: N/A


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(Edition 2)
Canada/102.01.060

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Explosives/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Dilatometer Testing

a. Type of Test: Physical Properties

b. Description: Specimen: 12.7 mm x 12.7 mm x 5O.8 mm. Experimental Method: The


apparatus consists of a Dilatometer, a bell jar, a controlled heating system, a recorder
and a thermocouple. The specimen is cooled to -l30C, then heated to 80C at a rate of
1C/min. The elongation is recorded as a function of temperature. The independent
variables are temperature and heating rate. Results: Tg, the glass transition temperature
and alpha, the coefficient of linear thermal expansion.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

(1) Application: The CTE is required for thermal stress analysis of rocket propellant
grains and explosive charges. Tg, is used to assess the lowest operating
temperature limit of a propellant or explosive.
(2) Significance: Essential.
(3) Limitations: The measured Tg is often different from the one measured with TMA or
DMA.
(4) 4. Properties:

d. Typical Results:

(1) For a HTPB propellant, Tg = -81.5C and a = 12.4x10-6 /C.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility

(1) Tg = + 2% a = + 4.5%

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
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(1) Bedford, F. and Ouellet, A., A linear Dilatometer for use with polymeric
materials", DREV TN-1977/71, 1971.

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Canada/102.01.070

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants/Pyrotechnic Compositions

2. TEST TITLE: Density Measurement with Helium Gas Pycnometer

a. Type of Test: Physical properties

b. Description: The specimen must be small enough to fit into a 156 ml test cell (50 mm in
diameter). The specimen is placed in the test cell and the Pycnometer is purged with
helium gas. The volume of the test cell is then increased by a known volume and the
volume of the specimen is calculated from the pressure difference resulting from the
change in volume of the test cell. The density is obtained by dividing the weight of the
specimen by the volume measured with the Pycnometer.

d. Information Requirements for Assessment:

(1) Application: Density measurement of any solid of any shape; very useful for
perforated gun propellant grains.
(2) Significance: Essential.
(3) Limitations: Not recommended for liquids.
(4) Properties: To be supplied

d. Typical Results:

(1) 1.560 g/ml for Canadian PBX CX-84A

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

(1) Error on the volume is not greater than 0.5 ml (0.32%).

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3. NATIONAL REFERENCES: N/A

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(Edition 2)
Canada/102.01.071

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Specific Gravity (Density)

a. Type of Test: Physical Property - Mandatory for gun and rocket solid propellants and
Optional for high explosives.

b. Description: This test is the same as US/Propellant/ 102.02.001. It is used to determine


the specific gravity of gun and rocket solid propellants by immersing a sample of the
material in a liquid of known specific gravity and volume and measuring the volume and
weight change of the combined materials.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Specific gravity/density data is necessary for


rocket motor design and for determining the output characteristics of propellants.
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d. Typical Results: Densities of gun propellants are about 1.6 g/cc and about 1.8 g/cc for
solid rocket propellants.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

(1) Specific gravity/density values are very precise and reproducible if good
equipment and normal care are used.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) U.S. MIL-STD-2100 (OS), "Military Standard: Propellant, Solid, Characterization of,
30 March 1979, Method 5.4.21.
(2) U.S. MIL-STD-286B Methods 510.1.1 and 510.2.1,1 December 1967.

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AOP-7
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- (Edition 2)
Canada/102.01.340

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE:

2. TEST TITLE: Bond in Tension

a. Type of Test: Uniaxial Bond Test

b. Description: To accomplish this test, the material of interest, punched into a 3.75 cm
diameter disc, is placed between two cylindrical aluminum anvils having a diameter of 6
cm. Then, the sample-to-anvils bond is achieved by pressing the assembly at 900 KPa
for 1 hour at 60C. The test is carried out at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min using an
Instron machine. The bond strength and the strain of the samples are measured at peak
load and rupture. Even though this test is designed for self- adhesive materials, it could
apply to other assemblies.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Results of this test allow the characterization
of the bond strength of components related to the insulation of rocket motors. The
resulting interfaces can be made up of insulants, liners, restrictors, and propellants.

d. Typical Results: To be supplied.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

(1) This test produces fluctuations in results, and the coefficient of


variation can be as high as 10-15%.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES: N/A

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Canada/201.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: CERL Impact Test - (NOL Test with Modified Type 12 Tools)

a. Type of Test: Impact - Mandatory for primary, booster, and main charge high explosives,
solid rocket and gun propellants, and pyrotechnics.

b. Description: An unconfined sample is subjected to a compression wave by the impact


of a falling weight. The sample is placed on a piece of fine sandpaper which helps create
hot spots in the explosive and acts as a "witness". In some cases, tests are done without
the sandpaper. Type 12 intermediate striker pins were altered to have the same mass as
that of falling weights. The usual configuration consists of a 2.5 Kg drop weight and a 2.5
Kg striker with a 30 mg sample placed on "extra-fine" sandpaper resting on the anvil.
The arrangement is coded "M2525 sp". Shock pressure waves in the anvil during the
drop may be monitored for size and duration.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Results are compared with suitable


standards.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Explosive 50% Point CM (M2525 sp)


Lead Styphnate 3.5
PETN (fine) 5.0
Lead Azide 13.0
Black Powder 20.1
TNT (200 Mesh) 24.8
Smokeless Powder 25.2
Nitrostarch 63.0

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory Explosives Test Manual.


(2) U.N. Group of Experts on Explosives - 24th Session, 27January 1984: Draft
Manual of Tests. Test Para 24, pp 114-188.

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Canada/201.01.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Ball and Disc Test for Sensitive Explosives

a. Type of Test: Safety/Impact - Mandatory for primary explosives - Optional for sensitive
pyrotechnics.

b. Description: This test is the same as AOP-7 Registry No. U.K./High


Explosives/201.01.002. Energy is transmitted from a falling steel ball to a small sample of
explosive through a striker which has a small replaceable steel ball attached to its lower
end. The small ball rests on a brass disc which in turn covers the explosive sample that
has been placed on a steel roller bearing anvil.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test is a better measure for impact
sensitivity of sensitive explosives and pyrotechnics than the CERL Impact Test
(Canada/High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics/201.01.001).

d. Typical Results: To be supplied

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Sensitiveness Collaboration Committee: Manual of Tests, Test No. 14/66,


RARDE, Oct.. 1988.
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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/201.01.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Calibrated Shock Wave Test

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a. Type of Test: Safety/Impact - Optional for main charge high explosives.

b. Description: This test measures the initiation sensitivity of an explosive by using shock
waves of a given intensity and duration. An explosively driven metal flyer plate is caused
to impact simultaneously across the plane face of a receptor explosive. The strength of
the incident shock will be a function of the velocity of the flyer plate, its material and its
thickness. The energy transferred to the receptor explosive is calculated and a curve of
critical initiation pressure as a function of shock duration is obtained.

c. Information Requirement for Assessment: To determine the critical initiation pressure of


an explosive.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Threshold Initiation Energy


Composition B: 142 J/cm2 (from 0.17ms to 1.80ms)

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Report of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of TTCP WTP-1, Quebec,


Canada, October 1984.

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/201.01.004

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: AWRE Charge Oblique Impact Test

a. Type of Test: Safety-Impact/Friction

b. Description: This test is the same as AOP-7 Registry No. U.K./High


Explosive/201.01.003. It is used to assess the combined impact/friction hazard
associated with the handling of bare explosives charges. In the test a 355 mm (14-inch)
diameter hemisphere is caused to strike a standard surface, simulating concrete, at an
oblique angle. A variation of the test uses a 127 mm (5-inch) diameter cylinder with a
hemispherical end. The comparative sensitiveness of explosives is judged from the
heights of fall necessary to cause an observable reaction. Explosiveness is indicated by
the severity of the damage resulting from a reaction.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To be supplied

d. Typical Results: To be supplied

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Sensitiveness Collaboration Committee: Manual of Tests,Test No. 16/66,


RARDE, Oct. 1988.
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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/201.01.005

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Adiabatic Sensitivity (DREV Setback Simulator)

a. Type of Test: Safety-Adiabatic Compression - Optional for main charge high explosives.

b. Description: The purpose of this test is to assess the sensitiveness of an explosive to


adiabatic heating induced by setback forces from gun firing of filled shell. A realistic
simulation of these forces is achieved by using a square-wave force applied to a specific
piston which reproduces most of the launch conditions for a cylindrical explosive
specimen.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To be supplied

d. Typical Results: (105 M1 Shell)

Explosive Base separation Acceleration Results


(mm) (gn)
(Frequency) (Type)
Comp B 0.50 25,000 3/5 E
0.50 20,000 0/5 N
0.33 25,000 0/5 N
TNT 0.50 25,000 1/5 P
0.50 20,000 0/5 N
0.33 25,000 0/5 N
E = Explosion; P = Heavy partial; N = No reaction

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Report of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of TTCP WTP-1 Quebec, Canada,
October 1983.

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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization


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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/201.03.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: CERL Electric Spark Test

a. Type of Test: Electrostatic Discharge Susceptibility - Mandatory for high explosives,


propellants, and pyrotechnics.

b. Description: Small samples of explosive are subjected to discharge of static electricity

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up to 25 kv through metal-to-metal or metal-to-conductive-rubber in a positive to negative
direction. Polarities may be reversed. The electrical value of 1.0 microfarad is selected
so that anticipated accidental energy levels of sparks from humans are attained at the
relatively low level of 5000 volts.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Compositions are rated according to


determined 0% firing levels as follows:

(1) Levels above 0.025 joules - routine precautions required,


(2) levels between 0.012 and 0.025 Joules - antistatic precautions required, and
(3) levels below 0.012 Joules - substances may beprocessed under special license
only.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Explosive Energy Levels 0% Ignitions


TNT 0.025+
RDX 0.025+
PETN (Commercial) 0.025+
KClO3/Acaroid 0.012
BaClO3/Acaroid 0.012
BaNO3/Aluminum 0.012

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory-Explosives Test Manual.

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/201.04.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Explosive Shock Sensitivity Test - DREV

a. Type of Test: Shock Initiation- Mandatory for booster and main charge high explosives.

b. Description: The sensitivity of an explosive to the shock induced by another explosive is


measured by the thickness of an inert "gap" across which the explosive under test (the
acceptor) is initiated with a probability of 50% by a specified explosive charge (the donor).
The inert material used in the "gap" is aluminum plus laminated shim aluminum. The donor
consists of two pressed tetryl pellets each of 15.7 mm diameter x 16.8 mm length, initiated
by a REYNOLDS RP-83 Exploding bridgewire detonator.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:This test provides a measure of the sensitivity of


an explosive to initiation in high order by an explosive induced shock.

d. Typical Results:

Composition B (r=1.68): 11.48 + 0.07 mm

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Report of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of TTCP WTP-1, Quebec, Canada,
October 1984.

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/201.04.003
T
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Explosive Shock Sensitivity Test/Propellant

a. Type of Test: Shock Initiation - Optional for solid rocket and gun propellants and
pyrotechnics.
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b. Description: This test is the same as AOP-7 Registry No. 11 US/Propellant/201.04.002.


It measures the sensitivity of a material to the shock from a detonating high explosive.
The sample as granular, cast or machined is placed in a seamless steel tube 1-7/16-inch
ID x 1-7/8-inch OD x 5 inches long. This rests vertically on a mild steel witness plate 3/5-
inch thick with plastic spacers creating an air gap of 1/16 inch between the bottom of the
sample and the witness plate. The donor consists of two pentolite pellets each 2-inches
diameter by 1-inch in length. The shock from the donor is attenuated by placing disks of
cellulose acetate 0.01 inches thick between the donor and acceptor. The donor is
initiated by a No. 13 or Engineer's Special electric blasting cap held in a wood centering
block. Tests are done by varying the number of cellulose acetate disks in a prescribed
manner until a thickness of disks is reached at which detonation of the sample will occur
50 percent of the time. Detonation is indicated when a clean hole is punched in the
witness plate.

c. Information Requirement for Assessment:This test provides data on the sensitivity of the
propellant or composite pyrotechnic to explosive induced shock.

d. Typical Results: To be supplied

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3I. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) U.S. MIL-STD-2100(0S), Method 5.4.5.

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/201.04.004

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Cap Test/Lead Block Compression

a. Type of Test: Shock Initiation Optional.

b. Description: This test is similar to US/High Explosives/ 201.04.009. The purpose is to


determine if the material can be initiated by a No. 8 electric blasting cap with shaped
charge indent. For insensitive materials in powder, granular or liquid form, the cap may
be inserted in the sample. For more sensitive materials the cap is held in a centered
block so that its bottom end is flush with the top of the sample. The lower end of the
sample "sits" on a solid lead cylinder. The criterion of propagation of detonation of the
sample is the compression or deformation of the lead cylinder.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test determines the ability of an explosive
material to be initiated from a small detonating source.

d. Typical Results: To be supplied

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory - Explosives Test, Manual.


(2) U.S. MIL-STD-2100 (OS), "Military Standard Propellant, Solid, Characterization
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of", 30 March 1979, Test 5.4.6.3. United Nations Group of Experts on Explosives,
ST/SG/AC.lO/C.l/R.lll/Rev. 1. Draft Manual of Tests, 27 January 1984.

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/202.01.007
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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Ease of Ignition (Safety Fuse) Test

a. Type of Test: Thermal - Ignition - Mandatory for main charge high explosives, solid
propellants and pyrotechnics.

b. Description: This test is similar to U.K./High Explosive/Propellant/Pyrotechnic


202.01.001. A sample of the explosive, confined in a test tube, is subjected to short
bursts of flame from the end of a length of safety fuze. The behavior of the sample is
characterized by the following:

(1) - failure to ignite


(2) - ignites and burns quietly
(3) - ignites and burns vigorously
(4) - explodes

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:The test is used to evaluate the behavior of


the material when subjected to a short flame pulse or non-electric spark.

d. Typical Results:

(1) SR 399 - Exploded


(2) SR 371B - Violent ignition
(3) SR 372B - Ignited
(4) SR 524 - Violent ignition

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory - ExplosivesTest Manual.

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/202.01.008

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

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2. TEST TITLE: Trough Test (Train Test)

a. Type of Test: Thermal Ignition/Burning - Mandatory for pyrotechnics and solid


propellants - Optional for booster and main charge high explosives.

b. Description: This test is similar to U.K./202.01.003. An iron trough 30 cm long x 1.58 cm


inside diameter is filled with loose sample material. One end is ignited with a tightly
coiled igniter cord.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The response of the explosive material. The
following information is reported:

(1) - burning rate (cm/sec)


(2) - type of burning
(3) - fails to ignite
(4) - ignites but supports train fitfully
(5) - ignites and supports train steadily throughout
(6) - ignites and supports train vigorously throughout
(7) - explodes

d. Typical Results:

(1) SR 44 - burns vigorously throughout


(2) RDX - burns steadily throughout
(3) Smokeless Powder - burns steadily throughout

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory Explosives Test Manual.


(2) U.K. Sensitiveness Collaboration Committee; Explosives Hazard Assessment
Manual of Tests, SCC No. 3, Test No. 5/66.

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/202.01.009

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Exudation Characteristics

a. Type of Test: Thermal - Mandatory test for all main charge high explosives containing
TNT.

b. Description: This test is the same as US/High Explosives/202.01.011. Exudation can


cause degradation of the quality of TNT based shell fillings. The test simulates the
conditions in a filled HE shell subject to hot storage. A paper wrapped cylinder of the
explosive is placed upright into a heavy walled metal cylinder which is heated in an oven
to 70C (158F) for a specified time. The paper wrapping absorbs the exudate. At the
end of the test the paper is removed and weighed. The increase in weight is a measure
of the exudation behavior of the explosive.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To determine the exudation behavior of a


TNT based main charge filling on being subjected to storage at elevated temperature.

d. Typical Results: To be supplied

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Voigt, H.W., "Exudation Test for TNT Explosives Under Confinement: Exudation
Control and Proposed Standards", ARRADCOM Technical Report
ARLCD-TR-83004, 3 February 1983.

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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization


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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/202.01.010
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Growth Characteristics

a. Type of Test: Thermal - Mandatory for main charge high explosives.

b. Description: This test is the same as US/High Explosives/ 202.01.012. The test
measures irreversible growth in main charge fillings caused by such factors as liquid
impurities or additive in the solid explosive.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:To determine if temperature cycling of an


explosive causes irreversible dimensional changes or exudation.

d. Typical Results: To be supplied


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e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) NAVORD OD 44811 of 8 September 1971, Chapter V, Method 5.6.

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/204.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Toxicity Evaluation

a. Type of Test: Toxicity - Mandatory for booster and main charge high explosives, and for
solid rocket propellants - Optional for pyrotechnics.

b. Description: No one test will cover all concerns with respect to toxicity of ingredients and
products during manufacture, storage and use. Decisions on tests to be done are made
in consultation with the Canadian Department of Health and Welfare.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:Tests will be concerned with possible health


hazards from contact, breathing or ingestion of ingredients and products. Tests are
determined on a case by case basis from many available sources.

d. Typical Results: To be supplied

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES: N/A

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/301.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants


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2. TEST TITLE: Theoretical Performance Calculations - Solid Rocket Propellants

a. Type of Test: Performance - Mandatory for solid rocket propellants.

b. Description: To calculate thermodynamic properties and performance characteristics of


solid rocket propellants. The methods used are from a NASA computer program SP-273,
"Computer Equilibrium Compositions, Rocket Performance, Incident and Reflected
Shocks and Chapman Jouget Detonations". Some of the parameters which can be
calculated are the adiabatic flame temperature, products of combustion, enthalpy,
entropy, ratio of specific heats, characteristic velocity, specific impulse and thrust
coefficients for equilibrium and frozen flow.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The data generated by this program are used
in the design and characterization of the propellants and rocket motors and for the
prediction of performance.

d. Typical Results: To be supplied

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) NASA Computer Program SP-273 by Sanford Gordon and Bonnie J. McBride.

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/301.01.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET


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1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Theoretical Performance Calculations - Solid Gun Propellants

a. Type of Test: Performance

b. Description: Theoretical performance calculations for solid gun propellants are made by
using one of the followings: BLAKE general thermodynamic code or BAGHEERA which is
a NATO standard.
c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To be supplied

d. Typical Results: To be supplied

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory Technical Report ARBRL-TR-02411,


July 1982., "BLAKE - A Thermodynamic Code Based on TIGER: Users' Guide
and Manual".

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/302.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Detonation Velocity - Camera Technique (DREV)

a. Type of Test: Performance - Mandatory for booster and main charge high explosives.
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b. Description: This test is similar to U.S. High Explosives/302.01.004. The detonation


velocity of an explosive will depend on its diameter, density and on the degree of any
confinement of the explosive. For most booster and main charge explosives the critical
diameter (the diameter below which the explosive will not maintain a stable high order
detonation) and the infinite diameter (the diameter beyond which the detonation velocity
does not increase) are both relatively small. In this test the detonation velocity is usually
measured with little or no confinement. The length of the explosive charge is never less
than 4 times its diameter, which is usually 5 cm. The explosive charge is initiated by a
plane wave generator and a suitable detonator and booster arrangement. Near the end
of the cage a scribe mark 20 cm long is made. A Model 150A Cordin camera operated in
the streak mode is used to determine the detonation velocity by being aligned on the
scribe mark. Variants of the test may be used to determine detonation velocities at other
diameters. A detailed test description based on methods used at the Canadian Defense
Research Establishment Valcartier will be prepared.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To be supplied

d. Typical Results: To be supplied

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES: N/A

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/302.02.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

. TEST TITLE: Burning Rate (Linear) - Strand Burner

a. Type of Test: Performance - Optional for rocket propellants.

b. Description: This test is the same as AOP-7 Registry No. U.S./Propellants/3O2.02.001.


The linear burning rates of propellants are measured at designated temperatures and
pressures using a Crawford type Strand Burning Rate vessel. The vessel has a volume
of about 980 cm3(60 in.3) and is operated at pressures up to 35 MP (5000 psi). The
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vessel with the propellant is conditioned at specified temperatures as low as -65C


(-85F) and as high as about 99C (210F).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Data are used to determine burning rate and
performance characteristics.

d. Typical Results: To be supplied

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

These are good at burning rates less than 7.5 cm (3 in) per second.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) U.S. MIL-STD-286B, method T803.1, 1 December 1967.

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/302.02.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Burning Characteristics (Loose)

a. Type of Test: Performance - Mandatory test for pyrotechnics.

b. Description: This test may be varied to suit different circumstances. It is used to observe
the burning behavior of loose pyrotechnic compositions in quantities and conditions
relevant to manufacturing conditions. The material is ignited by a suitable squib on
tables, trays or containers. When tested in the Trough Test (Canada/ High
Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics/2O2.01.008) the explosive exhibited "Vigorous
Burning".

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: For safety in manufacture, handling, storing


of pyrotechnics.

d. Typical Results: Pyrotechnics may undergo a wide range of behaviors, from very slow
burning to rapid burning with extensive flame to fast deflagration.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Under the same conditions of test a pyrotechnic


composition will in general exhibit similar combustion behavior from test to test.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) McLain, Joseph H., Lectures on "Pyrotechnics and Solid State Chemistry",
Philadelphia, PA, 14-18 August 1978.
(2) McLain, Joseph H., Pyrotechnics, The Franklin Institute Press, Philadelphia, PA
(1980).
(3) Ellern, Herbert, "Military and Civilian Pyrotechnics", Chemical Publishing Co. Inc.,
New York, NY (1968).

NOTE: The Pyrotechnic Hazard Classification proposed by McLain in his above noted lectures is a useful
guide.

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/302.02.004

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Effect of Moisture Content on Burning

a. Type of Test: Performance Optional

b. Description: Many of the ingredients of the pyrotechnic compositions are affected by


moisture or react with moisture, e.g., metal powders are hygroscopic. Small amounts of
moisture thus may have a large effect on the performance of a pyrotechnic formulation.
Tests are needed to determine the acceptable range of moisture content for each
composition based on performance. Standard analytical methods may be used for
measuring moisture content. Tests such as the Trough Test may be used to determine
performance. Performance should be studied for the composition used as either a donor
or acceptor.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To determine the range of moisture content


within which the performance of the pyrotechnic is acceptable.

d. Typical Results: To be supplied

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) McLain, J. H., Pyrotechnics, The Franklin Institute Press, Philadelphia, PA


(1980).

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Canada/302.03.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Rocket Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Sub-Scale Motor Test

a. Type of Test: Performance - Mandatory for new rocket motor propellants.

b. Description: Static testing of new rocket motor propellants in sub-scale motors is a step
in the development process. The conditions for individual tests will vary according to the
type of propellant, its proposed end use, etc. But in general, the motors are designed for
average pressures of 1000 to 4000 psi and firings are carried out with the motors
conditioned to selected temperatures between -55C and +70C.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Data on the burning rate with temperature
and pressure, burning uniformity, and thrust are essential for the development of
propellants for full-scale motors.

d. Typical Results: To be supplied

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) There is no fixed test or series of tests. However,U.S. MIL-STD-2100 (OS),


"Military Standard: Propellant, Solid, Characterization of", 30 March 1979, is used
for guidance.

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(Edition 2)

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(Edition 2)

10.7.2 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC

PARAGRAPH PAGE

10.7.2.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION CZ-3

10.7.2.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITY (IES) CZ-3

10.7.2.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES CZ-3

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10.7.2.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS CZ-5

10.7.2.5 LIST OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS CZ-10

10.7.2.6 CATALOGUE OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS CZ-11

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CZ-2
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(Edition 2)

10.7.2.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION

VOP-026 Sternberk, s.p. division VTUVM Slavicin has full responsibility for qualification
of explosives for military use.

10.7.2.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITY (IES)

10.7.2.2.1 VOP-026 Sternberk, s.p. division VTUVM Slavicin is the appointed National Authority
for the Czech Republic and is responsible for the following functions in accordance with

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STANAG 4170:

a. Initiation of the qualification procedure, assessment of preliminary data and


selection of tests necessary for qualification of explosive materials used by the
military services of the Czech Republic;

b. Conduct of the tests and preparation of the qualification reports;

c. Assessment of the explosive in accordance with STANAG 4170 and


determination of the qualification status;

d. Decision on the application of the qualified explosive in a specific role;

e. Creation and maintenance of Czech data bank of qualified explosive materials


used by the Czech military services;

f. Coordination of the implementation of STANAG 4170 within the Czech Republic;

g. Serve as a Point of Contact within the Czech Republic for inputs to AOP-7 and
AOP-26;

h. Serve as a Point of Contact to other NATO countries for the exchange of


information;

i. Release the qualification data to other NATO nations in accordance with


STANAG 4170.

10.7.2.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES

10.7.2.3.1 The basis for the Czech assessment for the qualification of an explosive composition is
laid down in the Czech Defence Standard 137601Organization and Methods for the
Qualification of Explosives for Military Use. This defence standard is in line with
requirements of STANAG 4170 and STANAGs for explosives testing quoted in STANAG
4170. This qualification procedure does not include the assessment of the explosive in a
particular ammunition system (final or type qualification) or legal provisions for storage
and transportation.

10.7.2.3.2 In the Czech Republic, research and development of new explosive materials intended
for military use are mainly carried out by private firms - e.g. Explosia Pardubice-Semtin
(high explosives and propellants), Sellier & Bellot Vlasim (primary explosives), ZEVETA
Bojkovice (pyrotechnics). Additionally, research may also be carried out in certain state
institutes sponsored by the Czech MOD.

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10.7.2.3.3 In general, research and development of new military explosives are usually carried out
under contracts awarded by Czech Ministry of Defence or Czech Ministry of Industry and
Commerce. However, they may also result from a private firms initiative. Import of
explosives or munitions with explosives not qualified according to STANAG 4170 is also a
subject for the qualification procedure. In this context a new explosive is an explosive
which has not yet been qualified, whose composition, nature, manufacturing procedure,
manufacturer or manufacturing location has been changed, or which is intended for a role
for which it has not been qualified. Existing in-service explosives with unchanged material
specification may be regarded as being qualified by sufficient long experience
representative for its expected service life and intended use.

10.7.2.3.4 Written requests for qualification of a new explosive are to be submitted to the National
Authority. Requests may be submitted by the military services (Army, Air Force),
developers, manufacturers or importers of explosives and ammunition.

10.7.2.3.5 Before the start of the qualification procedure, an applicant requesting the assessment of
the new explosive must identify some basic characteristics of the explosive, according to
Table 1 to STANAG 4170 and must present results of tests obtained in the development
phase. The information is evaluated by the National Authority and can be returned for
revision if unsatisfactory or incomplete. A producer of the new explosive also has to prove
that the explosive can be manufactured and processed in a full production scale and the
quality levels required can be met consistently. The National Authority can refuse further
qualification testing if it is clear from the preliminary results that the new explosive will not
satisfy general requirements for safety and suitability in the intended role.

10.7.2.3.6 In case of positive results of the preliminary assessment, the National Authority prepares
a list of tests for qualification of the explosive. The tests listed in STANAG 4170 are
always taken as mandatory for this purpose, the national tests listed in AOP-7 are usually
taken as optional (except those referred by STANAG 4170 to AOP-7, such as electric
spark test, detonation velocity and critical diameter test). Other tests not included in
STANAG 4170 or AOP-7, but which are suitable to obtain the required information, may
also be used in the qualification testing. Results of the optional tests can be taken from
the development phase of the new explosive.

10.7.2.3.7 The National Authority is responsible for the conduct of the qualification tests in its testing
laboratories and the subsequent assessment of the new explosives regarding their safety
and basic suitability for military purposes. If any particular test cannot be conducted by
the facilities of the National Authority, the National Authority will delegate other testing
laboratory for conducting the test under supervision of a representative of the National

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Authority.

10.7.2.3.8 Results of the qualification tests, together with other observations and recommendations
are evaluated by an expert committee of the National Authority, consisted of explosives
and ammunition specialists of VOP-026, General Staff and Ministry of Defence. The
results are evaluated in relation to the results of the same tests carried out on materials of
a similar type and role that have proven history of safe and satisfactory use in service.
After completion of the investigation, the National Authority prepares a qualification report
in accordance with STANAG 4170 and the qualification certificate with resulting
qualification status: (a) qualified, (b) not qualified, (c) qualified with certain restrictions.

10.7.2.3.9 If the National Authority concludes that a new explosive is suitable for military use, an
organization developing, manufacturing or importing the explosive will prepare a technical
specification for this qualified explosive. The technical specification stipulates
characteristics of the explosives such as composition, nature, manufacturing process,

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type and source of raw materials and use, as far as these ensure reproducible
manufacture and delivery. The quality requirements for the explosive, the testing
methods, provisions on quality assurance, packaging, storage and transportation
conditions are also reflected in this document. The final version of this document is
ratified by organizations participating on production, processing or use of the explosive (a
developer, a manufacturer, a processing company, military authority representatives to
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these companies, the national authority, military standardization office, end user etc.).

10.7.2.3.10 In case of development of an ammunition system requiring the new explosives, these
explosives must be qualified before the system design is finalized. The introduction of the
explosive for a particular role before conclusion of the qualification procedure and before
completion of the technical specification is prohibited in general.

10.7.2.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS

10.7.2.4.1 List of Tests for Primary explosives:

10.7.2.4.1.1 Mandatory Tests

Test Registry/STANAG No.


a. Thermal characterization by DTA STANAG 4515
b. Thermal characterization by DSC STANAG 4515
c. Thermal characterization by TGA STANAG 4515
d. Chemical compatibility with materials by dynamic TGA* STANAG 4147
e. Chemical compatibility with materials by DSC* STANAG 4147
f. Chemical compatibility of azides with materials
by chemical analysis* STANAG 4147
g. Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491 (B1)
h. Impact sensitivity test STANAG 4489 (C)
i. Friction sensitivity test STANAG 4487 (A)
j. Electric spark test 201.03.001

10.7.2.4.1.2 Optional Tests

Test Registry/STANAG No.


a. Pycnometry 102.02.001
b. Small scale BAM friction sensitivity test 201.02.001
c. Large scale differential thermal analysis 202.01.003

10.7.2.4.2 List of Tests for Booster and Main Charge High Explosives:

10.7.2.4.2.1 Mandatory Tests

Test Registry/STANAG No.

a. Thermal characterization by DTA STANAG 4515


b. Thermal characterization by DSC STANAG 4515
c. Thermal characterization by TGA STANAG 4515
d. Vacuum stability test STANAG 4556 (2B)
e. Chemical compatibility with materials
by vacuum stability test* STANAG 4147

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f. Chemical compatibility with materials by dynamic TGA* STANAG 4147


g. Chemical compatibility with materials by DSC* STANAG 4147
h. Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491 (B1)
i. Slow cook-off STANAG 4491 (C3)
j. Fast cook-off STANAG 4491 (C3)
k. Impact sensitivity test STANAG 4489 (C)
l. Friction sensitivity test STANAG 4487 (A)
m. Electric spark test 201.03.001
n. Large scale electrostatic discharge sensitivity test STANAG 4490 (B)
o. Shock sensitivity tests
(small, intermediate and superlarge scale gap test) STANAG 4488 (ABD)
p. Large scale gap test 201.04.001
q. Critical diameter test 202.05.001
r. Detonation velocity test 302.01.001
s. Uniaxial compressive test STANAG 4443
t. Uniaxial tensile test (only for PBX) STANAG 4506
u. Stress relaxation test in tension (only for PBX) STANAG 4507
v. Thermomechanical analysis STANAG 4525
x. Dynamic mechanical analysis (only for PBX) STANAG 4540

10.7.2.4.2.2 Optional Tests

Test Registry/STANAG No.


a. Pycnometry 102.02.001
b. Large scale differential thermal analysis 202.01.003
c. Lead block compression test 302.03.001
d. Ballistic mortar test 302.03.002
e. Lead block expansion test 302.03.003

10.7.2.4.3 List of Tests for Solid gun propellants

10.7.2.4.3.1 Mandatory Tests

Test Registry/STANAG No.


a. Thermal characterization by DTA STANAG 4515
b. Thermal characterization by DSC STANAG 4515
c. Thermal characterization by TGA STANAG 4515
d. Vacuum stability test STANAG 4556 (2B)
e. Chemical stability tests by stabilizer depletion AOP-48
f. Chemical compatibility with materials
by vacuum stability test* STANAG 4147
g. Chemical compatibility with materials by dynamic TGA* STANAG 4147
h. Chemical compatibility with materials by DSC* STANAG 4147
i. Chemical compatibility with materials by stabilizer depletion* STANAG 4147
j. Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491 (B1)
k. Slow cook-off STANAG 4491 (C3)
l. Fast cook-off STANAG 4491 (C3)
m. Impact sensitivity test STANAG 4489 (C)
n. Friction sensitivity test STANAG 4487 (A)
o. Electric spark test 201.03.001
p. Large scale electrostatic discharge sensitivity test STANAG 4490 (B)
q. Shock sensitivity tests
(intermediate and superlarge scale gap test) STANAG 4488 (BD)
r. Large scale gap test 201.04.001

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s. Critical diameter test 202.05.001


t. Uniaxial compressive test# STANAG 4443
u. Stress relaxation test in tension# STANAG 4507
v. Thermomechanical analysis# STANAG 4525
x. Dynamic mechanical analysis# STANAG 4540

10.7.2.4.3.2 Optional Tests

Test Registry/STANAG No.


a. Pycnometry 102.02.001
b. Deflagration to detonation transition test 202.05.002
c. 100oC heat test 202.01.001
d. Czech vacuum stability test 202.01.002
e. Large scale differential thermal analysis 202.01.003
f. Closed vessel test 302.02.001
g. Heat of explosion 302.03.004

10.7.2.4.4 List of Tests for Solid rocket propellants

10.7.2.4.4.1 Mandatory Tests

Test Registry/STANAG No.


a. Thermal characterization by DTA STANAG 4515
b. Thermal characterization by DSC STANAG 4515
c. Thermal characterization by TGA STANAG 4515
d. Vacuum stability test STANAG 4556 (2B)
e. Chemical stability tests by stabilizer depletion
(only for nitrocellulose based propellants) AOP-48
f. Chemical compatibility with materials
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by vacuum stability test* STANAG 4147


g. Chemical compatibility with materials by dynamic TGA* STANAG 4147
h. Chemical compatibility with materials by DSC* STANAG 4147
i. Chemical compatibility with materials by stabilizer depletion*
(only for nitrocellulose based propellants) STANAG 4147
j. Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491 (B1)
k. Slow cook-off STANAG 4491 (C3)
l. Fast cook-off STANAG 4491 (C3)
m. Impact sensitivity test STANAG 4489 (C)
n. Friction sensitivity test STANAG 4487 (A)
o. Electric spark test 201.03.001
p. Large scale electrostatic discharge sensitivity test STANAG 4490 (B)
q. Shock sensitivity tests
(intermediate and super large scale gap test) STANAG 4488 (BD)
r. Large scale gap test 201.04.001
s. Critical diameter test 202.05.001
t. Uniaxial compressive test STANAG 4443
u. Uniaxial tensile test STANAG 4506
v. Stress relaxation test in tension STANAG 4507
x. Thermomechanical analysis STANAG 4525
y. Dynamic mechanical analysis STANAG 4540

10.7.2.4.4.2 Optional Tests

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AOP-7
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Test Registry/STANAG No.


a. Pycnometry 102.02.001
b. 100oC heat test (only for nitrocellulose based propellants) 202.01.001
c. Czech vacuum stability test
(only for nitrocellulose based propellants) 202.01.002
d. Large scale differential thermal analysis 202.01.003
e. Heat of explosion 302.03.004

10.7.2.4.5 List of Tests for Liquid Propellants

The tests required for liquid propellants are listed in Chapter 7 of this document.

10.7.2.4.6 List of Tests for Pyrotechnics

10.7.2.4.6.1 Mandatory Tests

Test Registry/STANAG No.


a. Thermal characterization by DTA STANAG 4515
b. Thermal characterization by DSC STANAG 4515
c. Thermal characterization by TGA STANAG 4515
d. Vacuum stability test STANAG 4556 (2B)
e. Chemical compatibility with materials by dynamic TGA* STANAG 4147
f. Chemical compatibility with materials by DSC* STANAG 4147
g. Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491 (B1)
h. Slow cook-off STANAG 4491 (C3)
i. Fast cook-off STANAG 4491 (C3)
j. Impact sensitivity test STANAG 4489 (C)
k. Friction sensitivity test STANAG 4487 (A)
l. Electric spark test 201.03.001
m. Shock sensitivity tests# STANAG 4488 (BD)
n. Large scale gap test# 201.04.001
o. Critical diameter test# 202.05.001
p. Uniaxial compressive test# STANAG 4443
q. Thermomechanical analysis# STANAG 4525
p. Dynamic mechanical analysis# STANAG 4540

10.7.2.4.6.2 Optional Tests

Test Registry/STANAG No.


a. Pycnometry 102.02.001
b. Small scale BAM friction sensitivity test 201.02.001
c. Large scale differential thermal analysis 202.01.003
d. Heat of explosion 302.03.004

10.7.2.4.7 Remarks :
* two compatibility tests are usually chosen from the list
#
applicability of the test depends on a resolution of the national authority

10.7.2.4.8 Ageing Characterization

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10.7.2.4.8.1 Determination of the influence of ageing on a new explosives properties is an important


part of the qualification process. The ageing characterization is mostly based on artificial
ageing at higher temperatures (50 70oC) for several months with packaging
corresponding to the final application of the explosive. Determination of changes in
selected properties is conducted after the artificial ageing. Some types of explosive
materials (especially rocket propellants and main charge high explosives) can also be
aged using temperature and humidity cycling and temperature shocks. The final version
of the ageing protocol for different types of explosives is established by case-by-case
basis in such a manner allowing to determine the important properties of the explosive
after artificial ageing corresponding to at least the end of its guaranteed service life.

10.7.2.4.8.2 Determination of changes in properties of a new explosive before and after the artificial
ageing is done by the following methods, in general:

Methods Types of explosives


Impact, friction and electrostatic discharge All types of explosives
sensitivity
Shock wave sensitivity Booster and main charge high
explosives
Thermal stability (DTA, TGA, DSC, temperature of All types of explosives (except
ignition, cook-off) primary explosives for cook-off tests)
Vacuum stability test All types of explosives
Stabilizer or antioxidant depletion Propellants
Mechanical properties (in tension, pressure, Propellants, plastic bonded high
relaxation, DMA, TMA, hardness) explosives
Chemical properties (plasticizer migration, active Propellants, pyrotechnics
metal degradation)
Performance properties (heat of explosion, closed Propellants, pyrotechnics
vessel test, live firings from ballistic weapons)

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10.7.2.5 LIST OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS

Category 100 Chemical, Physical and


Mechanical Properties

102.02.XXX Physical Properties


102.02.001 Pycnometry

Category 200 Hazard Assessment

201.XX.XXX Sensitivity/Sensitiveness &


Explosiveness
201.02.001 Small Scale BAM Friction Sensitivity
Test
201.03.001 Electric Spark Test
201.04.001 Large Scale Gap Test

202.XX.XXX Stability & Thermal Behavior


202.01.001 100 oC Heat Test
202.01.002 Czech Vacuum Stability Test
202.01.003 Large Scale Differential Thermal
Analysis

205.XX.XXX Dimensional Effects


205.01.001 Critical Diameter
205.02.001 DDT

Category 300 Performance Assessment

302.XX.XXX Experimental Methods


302.01.001 Detonation Velocity Test
302.02.001 Closed Vessel Test
302.03.001 Lead Block Compression Test
302.03.002 Ballistic Mortar Test
302.03.003 Lead Block Expansion Test
302.04.004 Heat of Explosion

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10.7.2.6 CATALOGUE OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS

NOTE: The Test Information Sheets are listed consecutively in accordance with the
Registry Number.
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CZ/102.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

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1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Pycnometry

a. Type of Test: Physical Property

b. Description: The density is calculated as a quotient of mass and volume of a sample.


The mass is measured with an analytical balance (resolution 0.0001 g) and the volume is
measured with a pycnometer by a liquid displacement method at 20 oC. Liquid that does
not dissolve the sample is used as a medium for the pycnometric measurements (e.g.
water for high explosives, parafinic oil for propellants and pyrotechnics). A solid sample is
used in a form of small pieces that will pass through the pycnometer neck, with smooth
surfaces free from crevices and dust.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test is used for material characterization
and quality control before some qualification tests.

d. Typical Results:

Cast TNT loading density: 1.58 g.cm-3

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

Good ( 0.005 g.cm-3)

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

CSN 66 8102

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CZ/201.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary Explosives/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Small Scale BAM Friction Sensitivity Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Friction

b. Description: The sensitivity of primary explosives and some sensitive pyrotechnics is tested
by means of the scale-down version of standard BAM friction test apparatus (described in
Annex A to STANAG 4487). The applied friction load ranges from 0.1 N to 18 N. Sensitivity of
an explosive is usually expressed as a down level (the maximum load giving 0 ignitions of 6
trials) and an upper level (the minimum load giving 6 ignitions of 6 trials).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test is used to determine the sensitivity of
primary explosives and sensitive pyrotechnics at very low loads that can produce imprecise
results if using the standard type of BAM friction test apparatus.

d. Typical Results: Results are quoted as minimum loads for obtaining 6 ignitions or explosions
of 6 trials (upper level)

(1) Potassium Chlorate + Red Phosphorous 75/25: 0.4 N (explosion)


(2) Lead Trinitroresorcinate: 5 N (explosion)

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
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ON 66 8093

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CZ/201.03.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET


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1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary/Booster/High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Electric Spark Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Electric Spark

b. Description: An explosive sample of volume of 5 mm3 is placed between two electrodes.


Electrostatic energy stored on a charged variable capacitor (capacity of 100 pF - 350 nF,
charged with 4 - 10 kV potential) is discharged to the sample. The standard test interval
ranges from 0.01 mJ to 16 J. Using an oscilloscope and high voltage sensors, voltage vs.
time dependence is measured on the electrodes and the software determines the real energy
transferred into the sample. Two values of electrostatic discharge sensitivity of explosives are
obtained from this test E50 and Emin. E50 is a total energy at 50 % probability level of
initiation (E50) determined by an up and down Bruceton method. Emin is a minimum energy
for initiation of the sample calculated from the oscilloscopic measurements. The test is
considered to be more representative than usual spark tests thanks to direct measurement of
spark energy transferred to the sample.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To determine the electrostatic charge required for
ignition of an explosive material.

d. Typical Results (E50):

(1) RDX: 55 mJ
(2) PETN: 30 mJ
(3) Tetryl: 83 mJ (criterion for booster explosives)
(4) TNT: 116 mJ

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

Czech Defence Standard COS 137601 Organization and Methods for the Qualification of
Explosives for Military Use, chapter 6.16

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CZ/201.04.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Large Scale Gap Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Detonative Shock

b. Description: A flat shock wave from a conical donor charge of cast TNT (density of
1.58 g.cm-3, diameter at the bottom of the charge of 68 mm) with a coating layer of
PETN/TNT 50/50 and a small booster charge of PETN/wax 90/10 is attenuated by
layers of PMMA discs (diameter of 68 mm). The occurrence of detonation of the
acceptor charge in a steel tube (internal diameter of 60 mm, wall thickness of 5
mm, length of 200 mm) is assessed by the degree of damage to a 15 mm thick
steel witness plate under a 3 mm air gap. Thickness of the attenuator giving a 50%
probability of detonation is determined by a simplified Bruceton method.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines the sensitivity to


shock initiation of explosives that will propagate detonation in confined charges
with a diameter of 60 mm.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

Czech Defence Standard COS 137601 Organization and Methods for the Qualification of
Explosives for Military Use, chapter 6.18

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CZ/202.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants (Nitrocellulose based gun and rocket propellants)

2. TEST TITLE: 100 oC Heat Test

a. Type of Test: Stability/Thermal

b. Description: 10 g samples of propellants, enclosed in standardised glass test tubes, are


heated at 100 oC in a heating block. The number of days required to cause clearly visible
yellow or red fumes of nitrogen oxides is recorded.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines the stability level of
nitrocellulose based propellants.

d. Typical Results:
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(1) Double base propellants: 2 - 10 days


(2) Single base propellants: 6 - 14 days

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: within 6 hours

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

Czech Defence Standard COS 137603 Surveillance of explosive materials of the Czech Army

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CZ/202.01.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants (Nitrocellulose based gun and rocket propellants)

2. TEST TITLE: Czech Vacuum Stability Test

a. Type of Test: Stability/Thermal

b. Description: Samples of propellants (2 grams) enclosed in standardised glass test tubes


(volume of 20 1 cm3) with adapters for connection of electronic pressure transducers
and a vacuum pump are heated in initial vacuum for a specified period of time at a
specified temperature in a heating block. Single based propellants are heated for 5 hours
at 125 oC, double based propellants for 5 hours at 115 oC. The volume of gases evolved
during the test is recorded from the transducers by computer in regular intervals and
volume of gases vs. time graph is finally plotted for each sample. Together with total
volume of gases evolved in the test, rate of steady gas evolution is determined from the
curve. The rate (extrapolated to 20 hours) is taken as a value for stability evaluation.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines a stability level of the
nitrocellulose based propellants.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Double base propellants: 6 - 16 cm3.g-1.20hours (115 oC)


(2) Single base propellants: 10 - 25 cm3.g-1.20hours (125 oC)

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Within 0.2 cm3.g-1.20hours.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

CSVN 26 910

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(Edition 2)

CZ/202.01.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary/Booster/High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Large Scale Differential Thermal Analysis

a. Type of Test: Stability/Thermal

b. Description: DTA equipment with reinforced design is used for this test. The apparatus is
capable to withstand explosion of up to 50 mg of primary explosives. Sample weight of 50
- 500 mg of non-primary explosives can be used. In this apparatus, endothermic and
exothermic changes of the sample in a small glass test tube are observed and recorded
during heating at a constant rate (usually 5 - 20 oC.min-1) under air atmosphere. The
apparatus is very suitable for measurement of highly heterogeneous samples (esp.
pyrotechnics) that can produce unrepeatable results with low sample weights.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines the thermal stability of an
explosive - start, onset and peak of exothermal decomposition.

d. Typical Results (peaks of decomposition for 50 mg sample weight and at 5 oC.min-1


heating rate):
(1) TNT: 295 oC
(2) RDX: 220 oC
(3) PETN: 190 oC
(4) Double Base Propellants: 165 170 oC
(5) Black Powder: 320 oC

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: 2 oC of peak temperatures

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

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Czech Defence Standard COS 137603 Surveillance of explosive materials of the Czech Army

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CZ/202.05.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster/High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Critical Diameter Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Critical Diameter

b. Description: The sample is contained in a 100 cm long steel tube with a selected internal
diameter and a wall thickness of 10 % of internal diameter and initiated by a detonator or
a booster charge. The remains of the tube are examined to determine whether the
detonation has propagated through the whole length of the charge. If detonation
propagated, internal diameter of the next steel tube is reduced to its half. If detonation
failed, internal diameter of the next steel tube is doubled. Using this procedure, critical
diameter of the explosive at given loading density is determined as a minimum diameter
of the tube at which complete detonation occurs.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines the critical diameter of
an explosive material for sustaining a detonation through a long confined explosive
charge.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

Czech Defence Standard COS 137601 Organization and Methods for the Qualification of
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Explosives for Military Use, chapter 6.19

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CZ/202.05.002
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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Deflagration to Detonation Transition Test

a. Type of Test: Safety

b. Description: The sample is contained in a steel tube (inside diameter of 32 mm, wall
thickness of 3 mm, length of 500 mm), which is closed at one end with a welded steel
disc 3 mm thick. Initiation occurs by means of electric squib at the open end of the tube.
The lengths of deflagration and detonation zones are determined by means of a
mechanical sensor made of 3.15 mm thick steel wire wrapped with 0.6 mm thick copper
wire. The mechanical sensor is located inside the tube along all its length. After
explosion, the mechanical sensor is collected. The first cut of the copper wire into the
steel wire corresponds to the transition point from deflagration to detonation.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines a tendency of a


propellant charge to transition from burning to detonation.

d. Typical Results:

(1) A porous nitrocellulose sheet propellant: 250 mm

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

(1) Czech Mining Office Ordinance 246/1996 Sb., Test No.24

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CZ/302.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives (Booster, Main Charge)

2. TEST TITLE: Detonation Velocity Test

a. Type of Test: Performance/Experimental

b. Description: Two measurement probes (insulated copper foils or wires wrapped round or
pressed to each other) are inserted into the explosive charge of the selected diameter,
length and confinement. The explosive charge is initiated by means of a detonator or a
booster charge and the two probes are short-circuited by the passing detonation wave that
removes insulation from the probes. The time between the two generated pulses is
measured by an electronic counter. The average detonation velocity is calculated from the
time and the distance between the two probes.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines the detonation velocity of
an explosive charge - one of important performance parameters of high explosives.

d. Typical Results:
(1) TNT (pressed to 1.62 g.cm-3): 6800 m.s-1
(2) RDX/wax 95/5 (pressed to 1.62 g.cm-3): 8150 m.s-1

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Precision 2%

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

Czech Defence Standard COS 137601 Organization and Methods for the Qualification of
Explosives for Military Use, chapter 6.20

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CZ/302.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Closed Vessel Test

a. Type of Test: Performance/Experimental

b. Description: Basic internal ballistic properties of a propellant are determined in a closed


high-pressure combustion chamber of constant volume (5 - 200 cm3). The propellant
charge is ignited by a small black powder charge. Loading density of a propellant in the
bomb should be 0.19 - 0.22 g.cm-3. The pressure rise is measured by a piezoelectric
pressure transducer, with computer evaluation of the pressure-time curve. The force,
covolume, quickness, vivacity, form and other ballistic parameters of the propellant are
calculated from the curve.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The results of the test are used for a ballistic
assessment of the propellant.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

U.S. MIL-STD-286C, Military Standard: Propellant, Solid, Sampling, Examination and Testing,
Method 801.1

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CZ/302.03.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives (Booster, Main Charge)

2. TEST TITLE: Lead Block Compression Test

a. Type of Test: Performance/Brisance

b. Description: 50 g explosive charge with diameter of 40 mm is placed on steel plates 10 -


30 mm thick situated on the top of a lead cylinder with diameter of 40 mm and height of
60 mm. The charge is initiated by means of a detonator. After explosion, resulting
compression of the lead cylinder is measured.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The value of the lead cylinder compression
corresponds to a brisance of the explosive.

d. Typical Results: (with steel plates 30 mm thick)


(1) TNT (pressed, 1.60 g.cm-3): 22 mm
(2) RDX/TNT 75/25 (cast, 1.71 g.cm-3): 28.5 mm

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: within 0,5 mm


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3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

(1) Czech Mining Office Ordinance 246/1996 Sb., Test No.8

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CZ/302.03.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives (Booster, Main Charge)

2. TEST TITLE: Ballistic Mortar Test

a. Type of Test: Performance/Explosive power

b. Description: 10 g explosive charge is detonated in a heavy (300 kg) steel mortar, closed
by a steel projectile (15 kg). The mortar is attached to a pendulum bar and suspended
on knife edges. After explosion of the charge, resulting degree of swing is compared to
that produced on detonation of a specific amount of TNT. The result is expressed as
percentage of TNT.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The value corresponds to an explosive


power (working ability) of the explosive.

d. Typical Results:
(1) RDX/TNT 75/25: 144 % TNT

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: 2 % TNT

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

Czech Mining Office Ordinance 246/1996 Sb., Test No.7

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CZ/302.03.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives (Booster, Main Charge)

2. TEST TITLE: Lead Block Expansion Test

a. Type of Test: Performance/Explosives

b. Description: 10 g sample is placed into a tube with diameter of 25 mm made of tin sheet
and a standard detonator is inserted. The charge is then put into a hole in a lead block of
diameter and length of 200 mm. Volume produced by the explosion of the charge is
measured.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The value corresponds to an explosive power


(working ability) of the explosive.

d. Typical Results:
(1) TNT (flake): 300 cm3
(2) RDX/Al/wax 76/20/4: 471 cm3

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: within 1% TNT

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

Czech Mining Office Ordinance 246/1996 Sb., Test No.6

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CZ/302.03.004

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Heat of Explosion

a. Type of Test: Performance

b. Description: The heat of explosion of an explosive is determined in a gas-tight stainless


steel container. This container is placed in an adiabatic water-bath calorimeter and the
heat of explosion of the sample is determined from the temperature raise of the water-
bath. Knowing the heat capacity of the calorimeter obtained by combustion of a reference
material, the heat of explosion of the explosive can be calculated.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Determination of an energetic content of


explosives.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

Czech Mining Office Ordinance 246/1996 Sb., Test No.22

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10.7.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES OF DENMARK

PARAGRAPH PAGE

10.7.3.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION DN-3

10.7.3.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITIY(IES) DN-3

10.7.3.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES DN-3

10.7.3.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS DN-4

a. HIGH EXPLOSIVES DN-4

(1) Primary Explosives DN-4


(2) Booster Explosives DN-4
(3) Main Charge High Explosives DN-4

b. PROPELLANTS DN-5

(1) Solid Propellants DN-5


(2) Liquid Propellants DN-5

c. PYROTECHNICS DN-5

10.7.3.5 LIST OF TESTS INFORMATION SHEETS NA 1

10.7.3.6 CATALOGUE OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS NA1

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1
Not Applicable since Denmark does not perform tests.

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10.7.3.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION

10.7.3.1.1 Denmark does not qualify new military explosives since no new explosives are developed
in this country.

10.7.3.1.2 Denmark procures explosives from foreign producers as part of a complete munition or
weapon system design or bulk explosives for production or rework of ammunition.

10.7.3.1.3 The approval of explosives, in Denmark, is done as part of the approval of the
specifications of the complete ammunition or weapon system as procured from either
Danish or foreign contractors.

10.7.3.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITY(IES)

10.7.3.1.1 The following authorities within the Danish Defense Organization are responsible for
approving the specifications for explosives contained in munitions:

a. Haerens Materielkommando (Army Materiel Command)


b. Sovaernets Materielkommando (Naval Materiel Command)
c. Flyvematerielkommandoen (Air Materiel Command)

10.7.3.2.2 The Danish National Authority does not approve explosives for military use. This is done
by the Materiel Commands. The Danish National Authority serves as point of contact for
STANAG 4170 and for specific explosive material STANAGs.

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10.7.3.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES

10.7.3.3.1 Approval of new explosives for military use is done by the above mentioned Materiel
Commands. If necessary the Materiel Commands may forward safety questions
concerning the introduction of new explosives to the Ministry of Defense Explosives
Safety Commission (the Danish National Authority) for further evaluation. The Danish
Defense authorities procure only ammunition and weapon systems containing explosives
approved by the military authorities in the country of origin. Normally, procurement takes
place from other NATO countries.

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10.7.3.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS

10.7.3.4.1 The basis for the approval of new explosives is the specifications with related
test-methods and requirements given in NATO-STANAGs used for approval in other
NATO countries. Specific Danish test methods for explosives do not exist. Consequently
Test Information Sheets are not relevant. The tests which the Danish authorities
consider mandatory for assessing the safety of an explosive material are listed below.

10.7.3.4.2 High Explosives

a. Mandatory Data for Primary Explosives

(1) Impact Sensitivity


(2) Friction Sensitivity
(3) Electrostatic Sensitivity
(4) Heat Test/Temperature of Ignition
(5) Vacuum Thermal Stability
(6) Compatibility
(7) Toxicity

b. Mandatory Data for Booster Explosives

(1) Impact Sensitivity


(2) Friction Sensitivity
(3) Electrostatic Sensitivity
(4) Heat Test/Temperature of Ignition
(5) Shock Sensitivity
(6) Vacuum Thermal Stability
(7) Compatibility

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(8) Detonation Velocity
(9) Toxicity

c. Mandatory Data for Main Charge High Explosives

(1) Impact Sensitivity


(2) Friction Sensitivity
(3) Electrostatic Sensitivity
(4) Heat Test/Temperature of Ignition
(5) Shock Sensitivity
(6) Vacuum Thermal Stability
(7) Exudation
(8) Detonation Velocity
(9) Toxicity

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10.7.3.4.3. Propellants

a. Mandatory Data for Solid Propellants

(1) Impact Sensitivity


(2) Friction Sensitivity
(3) Electrostatic Sensitivity
(4) Temperature of Ignition
(5) Stability
(6) Bergmann-Junk Test 132C/120C
(7) Weight Loss Test (Holland Test) 110C/105C
(8) Methyl-Violet Test 134,5C/120C
(9) Abel Test 80C
(10) Chemical Analysis (Stabilizer Content)
(11) Compatibility
(12) Burning Rate
(13) Toxicity

b. Mandatory Data for Liquid Propellants

NOTE; The liquid propellants used by the Danish forces in naval torpedoes or other uses are generally
procured from other countries. The data required for these materials are as documented in Chapter 7 for
liquid propellants.

10.7.3.4.4 PYROTECHNICS

a. Mandatory Data for Pyrotechnics

(1) Thermal Gravimetric Analysis


(2) Impact Sensitivity
(3) Friction Sensitivity
(4) Electric Spark
(5) Woods Metal Bath
(6) Ease of Ignition (Safety Fuse Test)
(7) Trough Test (Train Test)
(8) Compatibility with Materials
(9) Burning Characteristics (loose)

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10.7.4 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES OF FINLAND

To be provided

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10.7.6 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES OF FRANCE

PARAGRAPH PAGE

10.7.6.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION FR-3

10.7.6.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITY FR-3

10.7.6.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES FR-3

10.7.6.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS FR-5

10.7.6.4.1 Primary Explosives FR-6

10.7.6.4.2 Booster Explosives FR-7

10.7.6.4.3 High Explosives FR-8

10.7.6.4.4 Solid Gun Propellants FR-9

10.7.6.4.5 Solid Rocket Propellants FR-10

10.7.6.4.6 Liquid Propellants FR-11

10.7.6.4.7 Pyrotechnics FR-11

10.7.6.5 LIST OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS FR-12

10.7.6.6 CATALOGUE OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS FR-15

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(Edition 2)
10.7.6.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION
(cf. STANAG 4170 Ed2 3)

10.7.6.1.1 The procurement of all weapon systems for the armed forces is under the responsibility
of DGA (Dlgation Gnrale pour lArmement). According to DGA instruction 11500 -
which is the national STANAG 4170 implementation document - Qualification is
mandatory for all explosive material to be used in munitions intended for the 4 Services:
Army, Navy, Air Force and Gendarmerie (state police force). So DGA has the full
responsibility of qualifying all explosive materials to be used by the French forces.

10.7.6.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITY


(cf. STANAG 4170 Ed2 4(a) & Annex A)

10.7.6.2.1 Within DGA, the office appointed as National Authority for the Qualification of explosive
materials is the bureau de la scurit pyrotechnique (explosive safety office) part of the
Inspection de larmement pour les poudres et explosifs (Armament Inspectorate for
Propellants and Explosives):

INSP/IPE/SM
8 Boulevard Victor Paris
00303 ARMEES

10.7.6.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES

10.7.6.3.1 General: (cf. STANAG 4170 Ed2 3 & 4(c))


According to STANAG 4170, the Qualification of an explosive material is a process
whereby it is officially acknowledged that:

a. this well specified explosive material has the necessary properties to provide an
expectation of an adequate level of safety and suitability for service in military
use, for a given intended role,

b. the manufacture and quality of the explosive material are adequately controlled.

10.7.6.3.2 Qualification request:

a. Generally, and especially for a new composition, the official request for qualifying
an explosive has to come from the designer of this explosive.

b. In some cases, the request could come from the manufacturer of the explosive,
or even from the munition or munition-component designer, which then acts as
the explosive designer by proxy. This request is sent directly to the National
Authority.

10.7.6.3.3 Approach: (cf. STANAG 4170 Ed2 4 & 5)

a. In order to make the Qualification decision, the following information has to be


brought to INSP/IPE/SM:

(1) the precise identification/specification of the explosive material to be qualified


(which include the manufacturing process), [type A information],

(2) the assessment data (from tests performed on material coming from industrial
production batches) on which the judgement of safety and suitability for
service use will be based, [type B information],

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(3) the information justifying that the manufacturing process and quality are
adequately controlled, [type C information].

b. According to STANAG 4170 (and DGA instruction 11500), all this information is
collated in the Qualification report upon which is based the Qualification decision.

10.7.6.3.4 DGA offices involved:

a. The validity and quality of the information produced are ensured by involving two
intervening parties of DGA, DPM/SQ and DCE/ETBS:

(1) DPM/SQ - the quality assurance office for all armament programmes - mainly
involved in verifying that both the designer and the manufacturer of the
explosive have a good quality assurance system, and that the manufacturer
has the capability of producing it in conformity with the designer
specifications,

(2) DCE/ETBS - the Bourges establishment of the directorate for technical


expertise and testing in participating in the design of the Qualification

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programme as well as giving advice on the Qualification report. (Generally,
but this is not always the case, ETBS is also involved for the performing of
some of the tests of the qualification programme).

10.7.6.3.5 The steps of the qualification procedure:


(cf. STANAG 4170 Ed2 4 & 5)

a. The following table provides the different steps of the qualification procedure and
the parties involved in them:

Step Participants

From Explosive Designer (or other requester)


1 Request for Qualification
To INSP/IPE/SM
Definition of the Qualification By INSP/IPE/SM With DCE/ETBS
2
programme (issue of the Qualification document)
Performing of the Qualification By Explosive Designer (or other requester)
3
programme Under the control of DPM/SQ
Production of the By INSP/IPE/SM or Explosive Designer (or other
4
Qualification report requester)
5 Advice on this report By INSP/IPE/SM With DPM/SQ and DCE/ETBS
By INSP/IPE/SM
6 Qualification decision
(issue of the Qualification certificate)

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10.7.6.3.6 The different types of Qualification decisions:

a. Qualification as defined in STANAG 4170. When it is possible to completely follow


the process as described under 5 of STANAG 4170 Ed2 and particularly to provide type
A, B (as described hereafter under 10.7.6.4) and C information as defined here above
under 10.7.6.3.3 Approach of this document, INSP/IPE/SM is making the actual
Qualification decision of the explosive material.

b. In principle Qualification (cf. STANAG 4170 Ed2 4(e)). A decision can be taken to
qualify an explosive material, even if there is no immediate application envisaged for it. In
that case, because, most of the time, there is not yet an industrial production of this
material, and so just type A and B (limited to a lab scale preparation of the necessary
samples) information is available, INSP/IPE/SM is just making an In principle
Qualification (Homologation de definition) decision of the explosive material which will
have to be completed with a confirmation of type B information (to be performed on
production batches of the material) and type C information prior to any military use in a
munition, this in order to verify that the manufacturer is producing it according to its
defined specifications.

c. Qualification de facto (cf. STANAG 4170 Ed2 3 & 6). Explosives already in service
for which there is a well-established history of safe and satisfactory use [type B
information], providing the original material specifications remains the same, may be
qualified for use in the same role. Without further testing, or with a very limited testing
programme, and so just on the basis of type A, B (instead of type B) and C information,
INSP/IPE/SM is making a Qualification de facto (Homologation de fait) decision with
possible restrictions of the role.

d. Recognition of Qualification (cf. STANAG 4170 Ed2 3). According to DGA


instruction 11500, Qualification by the French authority is mandatory for all explosive
material to be used in munitions intended for the French services. If an explosive material
was already qualified according to STANAG 4170 by a foreign National Authority,
INSP/IPE/SM is just making a recognition of the Qualification - given by this foreign
National Authority - decision. This is done on the basis of the Qualification certificate
produced by this Authority and, if necessary, of the Qualification report (which should
include type A, B -or eventually B- and C information on this explosive material). Most of
the time, INSP/IPE/SM is also asking for additional data according to the methods and
tests described at 10.7.6.4.

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10.7.6.4 QUALIFICATION (HOMOLOGATION) METHODS AND TESTS

10.7.6.4.1. List of Tests for Primary Explosives

a. Mandatory Tests:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Impact (small BAM apparatus) 201.01.005


(2) Friction (small BAM apparatus) 201.02.002
(3) Spark sensitivity (small-scale) STANAG 4490A
(4) Differential thermal analysis (DSC) STANAG 4515B2
(5) Thermal stability at 60 C or lower 202.01.009

b. Optional Tests:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Heat of combustion under oxygen 102.02.001


(2) Potential calorimeter 102.01.002
(3) Density 102.02.011
(4) Particle size by laser diffraction 102.02.020
(5) Particle size by microscopic examination 102.01.021
(6) Crushing impact 201.01.006
(7) Stab initiation 201.01.007
(8) Hot wire sensitivity 201.08.007
(9) Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491B1
(10) Thermogravimetric analysis STANAG 4515B3
(11) Compatibility with materials STANAG 4147
(12l) Initiation power (primary explosives) 302.03.004
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10.7.6.4.2 List of Tests for Booster Explosives:

a. Mandatory Tests

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Uniaxial tensile STANAG 4506


or Uniaxial compression STANAG 4443
(2) Impact sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4489C
(3 Friction sensitivity (BAM)) STANAG 4487A
(4) Spark sensitivity (small-scale) STANAG 4490A
(5) Shock sensitivity (plastic barrier) STANAG 4488B
or Initiability by a primer 201.04.002
(6) Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491B1
(7) Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) STANAG 4515B2
(8) Thermogravimetric analysis STANAG 4515B3
(9) Vacuum stability STANAG 4556
(10) Thermal stability at 60 C or lower 202.01.009
(11) Critical temperature of self-ignition 202.01.012

b. Optional Tests:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) STANAG 4540


(2) Density (Gravimeter) 102.02.012
(3) Particle size by laser diffraction 102.02.021
(4) Particle size by underwater screening 102.02.022
(5) Impact sensitivity (Bourges apparatus) 201.01.002
(6) Impact sensitivity (30kg apparatus) 201.01.004
(7) Electrostatic discharge (small-scale) STANAG 4490B
(8) Initiability by a booster 201.04.003
(9) Water Gap Test STANAG 4488A
(10) Friability 201.08.004
(11) Fast cook-off under confinement 202.02.002
(12) Critical diameter 205.01.001

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(13) Compatibility with materials STANAG 4147
(14) Detonation velocity 302.01.001
(15) Initiability by a primer 302.03.001
(16) Initiability by a booster 302.03.002
(17) Initiating power of a booster 302.03.003
(18) Critical diameter 302.03.005

c. For booster explosive, France uses the table I in chapter 7 but some criteria are
more severe or some additional tests can be conducted:

(1) Friction test : STANAG 4487A: ISF (Bruceton) 170 N


(2) Shock sensitivity : 201.04.002: e50 at 5.7 mm
(3) Impact test: STANAG 4489C: ISI (Bruceton) 5 J (or 14J with test 201.01.002)

d. Tetryl from the reference lot M35 DNAG 82 meets the above criteria. If these
criteria are not met, supplementary tests are necessary. These are selected
based on the particular end item use and are addressed in the ammunition safety
report in accordance with AOP-15.

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10.7.6.4. 3 List of Tests for Main Charge High Explosives:

a. Mandatory Tests:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Uniaxial tensile STANAG 4506


or Uniaxial compression STANAG 4443
(2) Impact sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4489C
(3) Impact sensitivity (Bourges apparatus) 201.01.002
(4) Friction sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4487A
(5) Electrostatic discharge (small-scale) STANAG 4490B
(6) Shock sensitivity (plastic barrier 40) STANAG 4488B
or Initiability by a booster 201.04.003
(7) Friability 201.08.004
(8) Critical diameter 205.01.001
(9) Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491B1
(10) Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) STANAG 4515B2
(11) Thermogravimetric analysis STANAG 4515B3
(12) Vacuum stability STANAG 4556
(13) Thermal stability at 60 C or lower 202.01.009
(14) Critical temperature of self-ignition 202.01.012
(15) Detonation velocity 302.01.001

b. Optional Tests:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Relaxation STANAG 4507


(2) Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) STANAG 4540
(3) Linear dilatation coefficient 102.01.060
(4) Shore Hardness 102.01.065
(5) Density 102.02.012
(6) Impact sensitivity (30kg apparatus) 201.01.004
(7) Spigot intrusion 201.01.008
(8) Spark sensitivity (small scale) STANAG 4490A
(9) Shock sensitivity (plastic barrier 75) STANAG 4488C
(10) 12.7 mm bullet impact in vehicle 201.05.002
(11) Heavy spherical fragment impact (250 g) in vehicle 201.06.002
(12) Light fragment impact (16 g) in vehicle 201.06.003
(13) 62 mm shaped charge in vehicle 201.07.001
(14) Fast cook-off in vehicle 201.09.001
(15) Fast cook-off under confinement 201.09.002
(16) Slow heating (3.3C/min) in vehicle 201.09.003
(17) Compatibility with materials STANAG 4147
(18) Initiability by a booster 302.03.002
(19) Critical diameter 302.03.005

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10.7.6.4.4 List of Tests for Solid Gun Propellants:

a. Mandatory Tests:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Content of particular ingredients 101.01.002


(2) Volatile matter (CPG) 101.01.003
(3) Moisture content (Fisher) 101.01.004

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(4) Potential calorimeter 102.02.002
(5) Density (gas pycnometer) 102.02.010
(6) Impact sensitivity (30kg apparatus) 201.01.004
(7) Friction sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4487A
(8) Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491B1
(9) Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) STANAG 4515B2
(10) Thermal stability at 60 C or lower 202.01.009
(11) Closed bomb 302.02.002

b. Optional Tests:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Hygroscopicity 101.02.001


(2) Radial compression 102.01.011
(3) Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) STANAG 4540
(4) Density (gravimetry) 102.02.011
(5) Free surface (B.E.T.) 102.01.030
(6) Impact sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4489C
(7) Spark sensitivity (small scale) STANAG 4490B
(8) Shock sensitivity (plastic barrier) STANAG 4488B
(9) 12.7 mm bullet impact in vehicle 201.05.002
(10) Light fragment impact (16 g) in vehicle 201.06.003
(11) 62 mm shaped charge in vehicle 201.07.001
(12) Fast cook-off in vehicle 202.02.001
(13) Fast cook-off under confinement 202.02.002
(14) Slow heating (3.3C/min) in vehicle 202.02.003
(15) Vacuum stability STANAG 4556
(16) Critical temperature of self-ignition 202.01.012
(17) Compatibility with materials STANAG 4147
(18) Critical height for detonation 205.02.001
(19) Train propagation (trough test) 302.02.001

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10.7.6.4. 5 List of Tests for Solid Rocket Propellants:

a. Mandatory Tests:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Uniaxial tensile STANAG 4506


or Uniaxial compression STANAG 4443
(2) Density (gas pycnometer) 102.02.010
(3) Impact sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4489C
(4) Friction sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4487A
(5) Electrostatic discharge (large scale) STANAG 4490B
(6) Friability 201.08.004
(7) Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491
(8) Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) STANAG 4515B2
(9) Thermogravimetric analysis STANAG 4515B3
(10) Vacuum stability STANAG 4556
(11) Thermal stability at 60 C or lower 202.01.009

b. Optional Tests:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Content of particular ingredients 101.01.002


(2) Moisture content (Fisher) 101.01.004
(3) Relaxation STANAG 4507
(4) Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) STANAG 4540
(5) Density 102.02.012
(6) Impact sensitivity (30 kg apparatus) 201.01.004
(7) Spigot intrusion 201.01.008
(8) Shock sensitivity (plastic barrier) STANAG 4488B
(9) 12.7 mm bullet impact in vehicle 201.05.002
(10) Heavy spherical fragment impact (250 g) in vehicle 201.06.002
(11) Light fragment impact (16 g) in vehicle 201.06.003
(12) 62 mm shaped charge in vehicle 201.07.001
(13) Fast cook-off in vehicle 202.02.001
(14) Fast cook-off under confinement 202.02.002
(15) Slow heating (3.3C/min) in vehicle 202.02.003
(16) Compatibility with materials STANAG 4147
(17) Burning rate (strand burner) 302.02.003
(18) Standard motor firing 302.02.004

FR-10
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10.7.6.4.6 List of Tests for Liquid Propellants:

a. The Tests required for liquid propellants is as documented in Chapter 7 of this


document.

10.7.6.4.7 List of Tests for Pyrotechnics:

a. Mandatory Tests:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Potential calorimeter 102.02.001


(2) Impact sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4489C
or Impact sensitivity (small BAM) 201.01.005
(3) Friction sensitivity (large BAM) STANAG 4487A
or Friction sensitivity (small BAM) 201.02.002

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(4) Spark sensitivity (small scale) STANAG 4490A
(5) Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491B1
(6) Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) STANAG 4515B2
(7) Thermogravimetric analysis STANAG 4515B3
(8) Vacuum stability STANAG 4556
(9) Thermal stability at 60 C or lower 202.01.009

b. Optional Tests:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Content of particular ingredients 101.01.002


(2) Density (gas pycnometer) 102.02.010
(3) Density (gravimetry) 102.02.011
(4) Particle size laser diffraction 102.02.020
(5) Compatibility with materials STANAG 4147
(6) Train propagation (trough test) 302.02.001

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10.7.6.5 LIST OF FRANCES TEST INFORMATION SHEETS

Category100 Chemical, Physical &


Mechanical Properties

101.01.XXX Analytical tests

101.01.002 Content of particular ingredients


101.01 003 Volatile matters by CPG
101.01.004 Moisture content (Fisher)

101.02.XXX Other tests

101.02.001 Hygroscopicity

102.01.XXX Mechanical properties

STANAG 4443 Uniaxial compression


STANAG 4506 Uniaxial tensile
STANAG 4507 Stress relaxation
STANAG 4540 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)
102.01.011 Radial compression
102.01.060 Linear dilatation coefficient
102.01.065 Shore hardness

102.02.XXX Physical properties

102.02.001 Heat of combustion in oxygen


102.02.002 Potential calorimeter
102.02.010 Density (gas pycnometer)
102.02.011 Density (gravimetry)
102.02.012 Density
102.02.020 Particle size laser diffraction
102.02.021 Particle size by microscopic
examination
102.02.022 Particle size by underscreening
102.02.030 Free surface (B.E.T.)

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Category 200 Hazard Assessment
Sensitiveness/Sensitivity/
Explosiveness

201.01.XXX Impact

STANAG 4489C Impact sensitivity (BAM)


201.01.002 Impact - Bourges apparatus
201.01.004 Impact - 30 kg apparatus
201.01.005 Impact - small BAM apparatus
201.01.006 Crushing impact
201.01.007 Stab initiation
201.01.008 Spigot intrusion

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201.02.XXX Friction

STANAG 4487A Friction sensitivity (BAM)


201.02.002 Friction -Small BAM apparatus
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201.03.XXX Electric discharge

STANAG 4490A Spark sensitivity (small scale)


STANAG 4490B Electrostatic discharge (large scale)

201.04.XXX Shock

STANAG 4488A Water gap test


STANAG 4488B Shock sensitivity (plastic barrier 40)
STANAG 4488C Shock sensitivity (plastic barrier 75)
201.04.002 Initiability by a primer
201.04.003 Initiability by a booster

201.05.XXX Projectile impact

201.05.002 12.7 mm bullet impact in vehicle

201.06.XXX Fragment impacts

201.06.002 Heavy spherical fragment- (250 g)


impact in vehicle

201.06.003 Light fragment impact (16 g) in


vehicle

201.07.XXX Shaped charge jet impact

201.07.001 62 mm shaped charge in vehicle

201.08.XXX Other tests

201.08.004 Friability
201.08.007 Hot wire sensitivity

202.01.XXX Thermal tests

STANAG 4491B Temperature of ignition


STANAG 4515B2 Thermal characterization by DSC
STANAG 4515B3 Thermal characterization by TGA
STANAG 4556 Vacuum stability
202.01.009 Thermal stability at 60 C or lower
202.01.012 Critical temperature of self-
ignition

202.02.XXX Other tests

202.02.001 Fast cook-off in vehicle


202.02.002 Fast cook-off under confinement
202.02.003 Slow heating (3.3C/min) in
vehicle

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203.01.XXX Compatibility/Reactivity

STANAG 4147 Compatibility

205.01.XXX Critical diameter evaluation

205.01.001 Critical diameter for detonation

205.01.XXX Other tests

205.02.001 Critical height for detonation

Category 300 Performance Evaluation


Theoretical/Experimental
methods

302.01.XXX Detonation velocity

302.01.001 Detonation velocity

302.02.XXX Burning rate

302.02.001 Train propagation (trough test)


302.02.002 Closed bomb
302.02.003 Strand burner
302.02.004 Standard motor firing

302.03.XXX Other tests

302.03.001 Initiability by a primer


302.03.002 Initiability by a booster
302.03.003 Initiating power (booster
explosive)
302.03.004 Initiation power (primary
explosives)
302.03.005 Critical diameter

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10.7.6.6 CATALOGUE OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS

NOTE: The Test Information Sheets are listed consecutively in accordance with their
Registry Number.

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France/101.01.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Levels of certain components

a. Type of Test: Chemical test

b. Description: The method involves determination of the full composition of the powder
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using appropriate techniques

(1) The organic components are identified and measured by the following
methods: gas chromatography, liquid chromatography etc

(2) The levels of nitroguanidine, nitroglycerine and perchlorate are measured


specifically.

(3) Mineral salts are measured by atomic absorption after mineralization.

(4) The combustion ashes are analysed using X-rays to make sure that all the
minerals present have been noted. The composition is checked by
comparing the measured potential with the potential calculated from the
different levels of materials found.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all propellants.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FP-101-A-1 NF T 70-303 NF T 70-310


FP-102-B-1 NF T 70-304 FP-211-A-1
FP-106-A-1 NF T 70-305 FP-212-A-1
NF T 70-306 FP-202-I-1 FP-302-A-2
NF T 70-301 FP-202-J-1
FP-202-C-5 FP-203-C-2
FP-306-A-1 FP-204-A-1

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France/101.01.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Levels of volatile materials by Gas Chromatography

a. Type of Test: Chemical test

b. Description: The method consists in separating the solvents by gas chromatography


using a column filled with a Porapak Q-type polymer or a Megabore column. A flame
ionization detector is used. Measurement is by internal calibration.

The current method of preparation is dissolution of 1.5 to 3 g of powder in ethyl acetate,


then precipitation of the nitrocellulose and injection of the supernatant liquid after
centrifuging.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to grain propellants.

d. Typical Results:

d. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FP-105-D-1
FP-105-E-1
FP-105-G-1

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France/101.01.004

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Moisture content (Fischer)

a. Type of Test: Chemical trial

b. Description: 1.5 to 3 g of the sample to be analysed is dissolved in anhydrous ethyl


acetate.
The water in the collodion formed is measured by the Karl Fischer method. This involves
the reduction of iodine by sulphurous acid in the presence of water. The consumption of a
mole of water causes the reduction of a mole of iodine which plays the role of titrant.

The method may be volumetric (direct or indirect), or coulometric with the generation of
iodine in situ by electrolysis.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Propellants, including those containing lead


salts or less than 5% acetone.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FP-103-D-1

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France/101.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Hygroscopic characteristic

a. Type of Test: Other trials

b. Description: The loss or gain in mass is measured as a function of the time spent in
hermetic enclosures in which there are relative humidities of 33, 52, 65, 76 and 93%. The
powder is first treated by holding it in an enclosure with 65% relative humidity.
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The degree of humidity is measured before and after the test. The curve of equilibrium
humidity levels as a function of the relative humidity is deduced from these figures.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

d. Typical Results:

(1) Powder B B.19T (1.34) 1.30% 50% RH


1.90% at 70% RH
(2) Powder LB LB.Tu.72 (0.4) 0.55% at 50% RH
0.85% at 70% RH
(3) Powder
(double base) GB.Pa (0.075) 0.40% at 50% RH
0.60% at 70% RH

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FP-801-A-1

FR-20
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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/102.01.011

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2. TEST TITLE: Radial compression

a. Type of Test: Mechanical trial

b. Description: The test piece, which is a grain of powder machined at the ends (with a
length/diameter ratio close to 1), is compressed radially in a machine at a constant rate of
movement.

The curve which plots the force as a function of the movement allows deduction of:

(1) the point where rupture or cracking of the test piece begins;
(2) the radial stress;
(3) the deformation relative to the shattering force.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to propellants in grains


with diameters greater than or equal to 5 mm.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

Nil

FR-21
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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

France/102.01.060

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Linear expansion coefficient

a. Type of Test: Mechanical trial

b. Description: A test piece whose length lies between 5 and 25 mm and whose
length/transverse dimension ratio is greater than 1 is subjected to a temperature increase
of 0.5 to 2C/min under a very small constant load.

Measurement of the elongation of the test piece as a function of temperature permits


determination of the linear expansion coefficient.

This method can also be used to estimate the glass transition temperature.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to shaped solid


materials.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

NF T 70-313

FR-22
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED --``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization


Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/102.01.065

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Shore hardness

a. Type of Test: Mechanical trial

b. Description: The hardness of the material is estimated from the degree of indentation
caused by a penetrator under a constant force exerted by a calibrated spring for a
determined period.

The measurement is made using a test piece of minimum thickness 4 mm and a Shore
type A or D hardness tester.
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to shaped solid


materials with hardness ranging from the least measured by the Shore A test to the
hardest measured by the Shore D test.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

NF T 70-316

FR-23
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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

France/102.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Heat of combustion in oxygen

a. Type of Test: Physical trial

b. Description: The quantity of heat liberated by the combustion of 1.5 g of primary


explosive is determined.

The measurement is carried out at constant volume in an oxygen bomb calorimeter.

The quantity of heat liberated is determined by measuring the increase in the


temperature of the water in the calorimeter by a thermometer or a temperature probe.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all primary


explosives.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Lead styphnate: 1250 cal/g


(2) Lead azide: 590 cal/g

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FA-600-A-1

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

FR-24
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/102.02.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Calorimetric potential

a. Type of Test: Physical trial

b. Description: The potential of an explosive substance is the heat of combustion at


constant volume in the absence of oxygen. It is calculated by measuring the water
temperature reached in an adiabatic calorimeter

Stainless steel calorimeters containing 340 to 500 cm3 are used; ignition is by a hot wire
which may be complemented by a certain quantity of powder with a potential of about
1200 cal/g. The mass of the powder under analysis and the added powder corresponds
to a charging density of 15 g/dm3, i.e. 5.1 g for the usual volume of 340 cm3.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

d. Typical Results:

(1) GB.Pa (0.075) 1198 cal/g


(2) LB.Tu.72 (0.4) 720 cal/g

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

2 cal/g

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FP 807-A-1
FP 807-A-2
FP 807-A-3

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FP 807-A-4
FC 705-A-1

FR-25
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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

France/102.02.010

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Absolute density by gas pycnometer

a. Type of Test: Physical trial

b. Description: The volume of a known mass of sample is measured, using a gas


--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

pycnometer based on the following principle:

Two cylinders are connected by a differential-pressure gauge, and the container holding
the sample communicates with one of the cylinders. Each cylinder has a piston which
allows slow compression of the gas in it. The compression is stopped when the piston of
the reference cylinder reaches its end stop, and the other piston is moved until the
pressure is the same in both cylinders. The sample cylinder is graduated so that the
position indicates the volume of the sample. This trial is carried out under either air or
helium.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all materials.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Double-base powder GB.Pa (0.075) = 1670 kg/m3


(2) Ignition powder TB A1 = 3000 kg/m3

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FE 203-C-1
FP 803-C-1

FR-26
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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/102.02.011

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Apparent density by gravimetric method

a. Type of Test: Physical trial

b. Description: The method is to measure the mass of a certain quantity of the material
which, loose in bulk, exactly fills a container of a given volume.

The bulk state is obtained by filling the container with the material flowing freely from the
orifice of a funnel located a specified distance above the said container, without
compaction.

The ratio of the mass to the volume represents the apparent density of the material (in
kg/m3).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

d. Typical Results:

(1) Lead styphnate: 1300 kg/m3


(2) Lead azide: 1600 kg/m3
(3) Grain propellant B.19T (0.34)C: 950 kg/m3

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FA 303-A-1
FC 402-A-1
FP 819-A-1
FP 819-B-1
FP 819-B-2
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

FR-27
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

France/102.02.012

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Overall density

a. Type of Test: Physical trial

b. Description: The overall density is determined by applying Archimedes principle to 2 to


20 g of the material.
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

The piece of explosive is suspended below the pan of a set of scales weighing to within
1/10th mg, and is immersed in a suitable liquid (generally water plus a wetting agent).

If the material is porous, it should be very lightly coated with Vaseline oil.

The overall density is expressed in kg/m3.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to materials in the form
of blocks, grain or plates.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Hexabu: 1620 kg/m3


(2) Compressed Hexal: 1850 kg/m3

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FE 203-A-1

FR-28
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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/102.02.020

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Granulometry by laser diffraction

a. Type of Test: Physical trial

b. Description: A specimen of material representative of the entire sample is held in


suspension in a dispersing agent which does not dissolve the material.

The laser diffractometer measures the angle of the diffraction caused by particles in
suspension which pass across a fine laser beam. Small fixed detectors (concentric
diodes) measure the diffracted luminous intensities.
Their positions correspond to particle sizes. A calculation programme transforms the

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
particle size into a volume corresponding to the sphere.

Particle counting gives us the differential and cumulative particle-size distribution curves.
From this we can deduce the mean diameter at 50% of the cumulative curve.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Counting of particles with sizes between 0.1
and 600 microns.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FA-302-C-1
PPH-400

FR-29
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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

France/102.02.021

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Granulometry by microscopic examination

a. Type of Test: Physical trial

b. Description: A representative fraction of the sample to be analysed is placed on and


glued to the electron microscope plate.
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

The enlargement is adapted to the material under examination in order to determine the
shape and size of the crystals or particles

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all materials.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

Nil

FR-30
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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/102.02.022

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Granulometry by screening with water

a. Type of Test: Physical trial

b. Description: The method uses a screening machine vibrating at 50 Hz with variable


amplitude. 50 g of the material which has previously been homogenized is placed on the
upper screen with the largest mesh. A cover with a water feed allows a continuous flow of
water throughout the screening process (generally 1 hour).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to materials in powder


form which are insoluble in water.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

NF T 70-332
NF T 70-333

FR-31
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

France/102.02.030

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants/High Explosives/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: B.E.T. specific surface ratio

a. Type of Test: Physical trial

b Description: The method relies on the fixation of a layer of gas to the surface and within
each open pore of the sample by Van der Waals bonding. Krypton gas is used for
specific surfaces of less than 5 m2/g and nitrogen for those of more than 5 m2/g.

The method is to plot the gas adsorption curve at the temperature of liquid nitrogen for
different adsorbed gas pressures. Processing of the results by the B.E.T. method allows
calculation of the volume of gas adsorbed corresponding to a monolayer.

The specific surface obtained is divided by the apparent surface per unit mass calculated

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
for the material.

The result is a dimensionless figure indicating the ratio of the real surface to the apparent
surface of the propellant.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to propellants.

d. Typical Results:

(1) LB.Tu.72 (0.4): 4 m2/g


(2) B.19T (0.36)C: 15 m2/g
(3) GB.Se (0.3): 3 m2/g

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FR 901-B-1

FR-32
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/201.01.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Bourges drop-hammer impact

a. Type of Test: Impact

b. Description: The method of Bruceton is used to determine the energy bringing a 0.5
probability of a pyrotechnic event with an explosive placed in a capsule on which a
variable mass is dropped from an adjustable height.

The energies applied vary from 5 J to 200 J in discrete steps. A minimum of 50 tests are
carried out. The result is considered satisfactory if the mean energy converges towards
an asymptotic value.

The tests are carried out on 25 mg of liquid or powder explosive.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all explosive


materials.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Tetryl: 18 J
(2) Hexocire [RDX/wax]: 28 J
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FMD 410-B-1

FR-33
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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

France/201.01.004

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: 30 kg drop-hammer impact

a. Type of Test: Impact

b. Description: The method is to determine the pyrotechnic behaviour of an explosive


material subject to the impact of a mass of 30 kg falling from a height which varies from
0.25 m to 4 m.

The mass is dropped on one end of a test piece of thickness 8 mm placed in a tank of
mild steel 0.4 mm thick of dimensions 8 mm x 50 mm x 150 mm. Charging may be by
insertion of a machined plate, by direct casting, or by charging at gravimetric density
where powder materials are concerned.

The aim is to find the drop height at which 3 negative tests occur (that is tests where the
reaction is not a violent pyrotechnic event) provided that at the height which is one step of
0.25 m greater there is at least one positive test (violent decomposition with propagation).

The drop height for non-reaction is determined in the same way.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all explosive


materials except primary explosives.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Tetryl : 2.5 m


(2) Powder B (fine) :>4m
(3) Composite propellant : > 4 m

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

NF T 70-501

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FR-34
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/201.01.005

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary Explosives/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Impact with small BAM drop hammer

a. Type of Test: Impact

b. Description: 15 mm3 of material placed in a cell in the form of a recess are subjected to
the impact of a striker with a flat end hit by a guided mass of 1 kg falling from an
adjustable height.

The height corresponding to a 0.5 probability of a positive reaction is determined after a


series of 30 tests (Bruceton method).

The possible results of a test fall into one of the following categories:

(1) Negative reaction: no reaction


(2) Positive reaction: audible explosion, visible ignition or other observable
decomposition.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to primary explosives


and to primary compositions of mainly powdery nature.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Tetrazene: 165 mm

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FA 503-A-2

FR-35
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

France/201.01.006

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Percussion by crushing

a. Type of Test: Impact

b. Description: 19 mm3 of primary explosive compressed in a cell in the form of a recess are
subjected to rapid crushing between:

(1) the bottom of the recess deformed inwards by the impact of a striker with a sharp
end hit by a guided mass of 112.5 g falling from an adjustable height.
(2) an anvil of rounded form.

The height corresponding to a 0.5 probability of a positive reaction is determined after a


series of 30 tests (Bruceton method).

The possible results of a test fall into one of the following categories:

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(1) Negative reaction: no reaction
(2) Positive reaction: audible explosion, visible ignition or other observable
decomposition.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all primary


explosives in powder form.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Tetrazene: 125 mm

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FA 507-A-1

FR-36
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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/201.01.007

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Percussion by penetration

a. Type of Test: Impact

b. Description: 19 mm3 of primary explosive compressed in a cell in the form of a recess are
subjected to percussion by a striker with a sharp end hit by a guided mass of 3.2 g falling
from an adjustable height.

The height corresponding to a 0.5 probability of a positive reaction is determined after a


series of 30 tests (Bruceton method).

The possible results of a test fall into one of the following categories:

(1) Negative reaction: no reaction


(2) Positive reaction: audible explosion, visible ignition or other observable
decomposition.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all primary


explosives in powder form.

d. Typical Results:
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(1) Mixture of lead azide/tetrazene (95/5): 150 mm

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FA 507-B-1

FR-37
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

France/201.01.008

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Explosives/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Punching

a. Type of Test: Impact

b. Description: The sensitivity to punching of the explosive material confined in a mock-up


container is assessed by determining the mean height at which a 50% level of reaction is
observed due to the penetration of a punch attached to a 45 kg mass falling from a
variable height (Bruceton method).

The mock-up comprises a body of steel 4 mm thick, and the explosive material takes the
form of a cylinder of diameter 40 mm and height 123 mm.

The drop heights lie between 0.89 and 10 m.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to compact solid


materials.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

SEN-209

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

FR-38
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/201.02.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary Explosives/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Friction with the small BAM apparatus

a. Type of Test: Friction

b. Description: The method is to determine the forces causing 0% and 100% functioning of
a pyrotechnic material deposited on a rough porcelain plate attached to a moving
assembly which makes a single to-and-fro movement of amplitude 10 mm relative to a
rough stylus resting on the explosive material.

The test sample is 5 mg of material on each plate.

After making 6 preliminary tests, the method is to determine:

(1) either the threshold of non-sensitivity as the force at which 10 successive negative
tests (with no functioning) are observed,
(2) or the threshold of sensitivity as the force at which 10 successive functioning events
are observed.

The possible results of a test fall into one of the following categories:

(1) non-functioning: no reaction,

(2) functioning: audible explosion,


visible ignition
or other decomposition observed.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Any pyrotechnic material whose sensitivity (or
non-sensitivity) threshold lies between 0.1 N and 10 N.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

NF T 70-509

FR-39
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization


Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

France/201.04.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Capability of initiation by an initiator

a. Type of Test: Sensitivity to shock wave

b. Description: See 302.03.001

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: ditto

d. Typical Results: ditto

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: ditto

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES: ditto


--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

FR-40
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/201.04.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Capability of initiation by a booster

a. Type of Test: Sensitivity to shock wave

b. Description: See 302.03.002

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: ditto


--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

d. Typical Results: ditto

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: ditto

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES: ditto

FR-41
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

France/201.05.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: 12.7 calibre bullet impact

a. Type of Test: Vulnerability to projectile impact

b. Description: The explosive materials are placed in containers which are representative of
real objects in terms of volume and geometry, for example:

(1) explosives: in high-strength steel cylinders, of thickness 10 mm and internal


dimensions 240 mm height and 123 mm diameter, with one end screwed on and the
other welded (mass contained: about 5 kg).
(2) blocks of propellant: in steel cylinders of static bursting pressure 20.5 mm, with
internal dimensions 360 mm height and 123 mm diameter. The propellant block has
a central channel of diameter 62 mm, and one of the ends of the mock-up container
has a membrane seal of rupturing pressure 4 MPa (mass contained: about 5 kg).
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(3) grain propellants: in a 90 mm shell case (352 mm high) closed by a seamed


cylindrical round of mass about 3 kg (mass contained: about 2 kg).

The mock-up, which is replaced for each firing, is held in a vertical position by its base
and attacked horizontally in its environment. The velocities of impact lie between 400 and
1000 m/s. A test is carried out for each velocity.

A table is drawn up to indicate, for each bullet velocity, the type of reaction observed
(type I to type V or non-reaction).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


This method applies to any confined explosive material which can be used for charging a
munition. Comparisons are only possible between materials tested in the same type of
mock-up.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

VUL-102

FR-42
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/201.06.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Impact of (spherical) heavy fragment weighing 250 g

a. Type of Test: Vulnerability fragment impact

b. Description: The explosive materials are placed in containers which are representative of
real objects in terms of volume and geometry, for example:

(1) explosives: in high-strength steel cylinders, of thickness 10 mm and internal


dimensions 240 mm height and 123 mm diameter, with one end screwed on and
the other welded (mass contained: about 5 kg).
(2) blocks of propellant: in steel cylinders of static bursting pressure 20.5 mm, with
internal dimensions 360 mm height and 123 mm diameter. The propellant block
has a central channel of diameter 62 mm, and one of the ends of the mock-up
container has a membrane seal of rupturing pressure 4 MPa (mass contained:
about 5 kg).
(3) grain propellants: in a 90 mm shell case (352 mm high) closed by a seamed
cylindrical round of mass about 3 kg (mass contained: about 2 kg).

The mock-up is held in a vertical position. It is attacked in its centre by the impact of a
steel ball (of diameter 39.5 mm and mass 252 g) travelling at a speed which may reach
2400 m/s.

The aim is to find the maximum velocity of the ball which does not cause the detonation

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
of the material.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This method applies to any confined


explosive material which can be used for charging a munition. Comparisons are only
possible between materials tested in the same type of mock-up.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

NF T 70-512

FR-43
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

France/201.06.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Impact of light fragment weighing 16 g

a. Type of Test: Vulnerability fragment impact

b. Description: The explosive materials are placed in containers which are representative of
real objects in terms of volume and geometry, for example:

(1) explosives: in high-strength steel cylinders, of thickness 10 mm and internal


dimensions 240 mm height and 123 mm diameter, with one end screwed on and
the other welded (mass contained: about 5 kg).
(2) blocks of propellant: in steel cylinders of static bursting pressure 20.5 mm, with
internal dimensions 360 mm height and 123 mm diameter. The propellant block
has a central channel of diameter 62 mm, and one of the ends of the mock-up
container has a membrane seal of rupturing pressure 4 MPa (mass contained:
about 5 kg).
(3) grain propellants: in a 90 mm shell case (352 mm high) closed by a seamed
cylindrical round of mass about 3 kg (mass contained: about 2 kg).

The mock-up is held in a vertical position. It is attacked in its centre by the impact of a 16
g steel fragment in the form of a cylinder of diameter 12.7 mm with a conical point
travelling at velocities lying between 500 and 2000 m/s. A test is carried out for each
velocity.

A table is drawn up to indicate, for each fragment velocity, the type of reaction observed
(type I to type V or non-reaction).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This method applies to any confined


explosive material which can be used for charging a munition. Comparisons are only
possible between materials tested in the same type of mock-up.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

VUL-101

FR-44
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization


Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/201.07.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Shaped-charge jet of diameter 62 mm

a. Type of Test: Vulnerability shaped-charge jet

b Description: The explosive materials are placed in containers which are representative of
real objects in terms of volume and geometry, for example:

(1) explosives: in high-strength steel cylinders, of thickness 10 mm and internal


dimensions 240 mm height and 123 mm diameter, with one end screwed on and
the other welded (mass contained: about 5 kg).
(2) blocks of propellant: in steel cylinders of static bursting pressure 20.5 mm, with
internal dimensions 360 mm height and 123 mm diameter. The propellant block
has a central channel of diameter 62 mm, and one of the ends of the mock-up
container has a membrane seal of rupturing pressure 4 MPa (mass contained:
about 5 kg).
(3) grain propellants: in a 90 mm shell case (352 mm high) closed by a seamed
cylindrical round of mass about 3 kg (mass contained: about 2 kg).

A 62 mm shaped charge is fired at the mock-up through a metal screen of variable


predetermined thickness. The aim is to find the minimum screen thickness corresponding
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

to the thresholds of non-violent reaction and of non-detonation of the material.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This method applies to any confined


explosive material which can be used for charging a munition. Comparisons are only
possible between materials tested in the same type of mock-up.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

NF T 70-511

FR-45
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

France/201.08.004

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Friability

b. Type of Test: Fragmentation

c. Description: A bare 9 g cylinder of explosive material is projected against a flat steel


surface, with its axis of revolution impinging at normal incidence. The friability of the
explosive material is characterized, as a function of the velocity of impact, by the
maximum value taken by the function dP/dt of the signal P(t) measured when burning the
fragments collected after the impact in a pressure vessel at constant volume.

The friability is characterized by the value of (dP/dt)max obtained at 150 m/s or by the
limiting impact speed corresponding to a given value of (dP/dt)max (for example 15
MPa/ms for explosives and 18 MPa/ms for propellants).

d. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all compact solid
explosive materials.

e. Typical Results:

f. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

SEN-216

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

FR-46
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/201.08.007

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Sensitivity to Hot Wire

a. Type of Test: Sensitivity

b. Description: The method is to determine the electric current in a resistance wire which causes
the initiation of a primary explosive in powder form.

The test device consists of a capsule of plastic material filled with 115 mm3 of
uncompacted explosive through which passes a 60 micron nickel-chrome 80/20
resistance wire.

The current is provided by a generator of progressively increasing current with a gradient


of 12 mA/s capable of delivering up to 1 amp.

The initiating current intensity (in mA) is obtained by taking the mean of 10 tests which
cause initiation of the primary explosive.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all primary


explosives in powder form.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Lead azide : 400 mA


(2) Tetrazene : 360 mA
(3) Lead styphnate : 350 mA

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FA 501-A-1

FR-47 --``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

France/202.01.009

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE:Behaviour under long period at 60C or a lower temperature

a Type of Test: Thermal trial

b. Description: Samples of 1 to 60 g of the material placed in hermetically-sealed flasks are


left to age in an enclosure or building where the temperature is maintained at 60C or at a
lower temperature.

After predetermined periods of heating (for example 42 days, 3 months, 6 months, 1


year, 2 years etc) a sample of the material under test is removed from the enclosure or
building.

After its return to ambient temperature, the material is examined visually and then
analysed to establish its physico-chemical, mechanical, ballistic, sensitivity and reactivity
characteristics etc.
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

The characteristics after ageing are compared with those of the unaged material.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all explosive


materials.

d. Typical Results:

For a single-base grain propellant, the loss of stabilizer (diphenylamine) after ageing at
50C for 42 days is generally less than 0.2%.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FP 406-C-1
FP 406-C-2

FR-48
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/202.01.012

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Critical temperature of thermo-initiation

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
a. Type of Test: Thermal trial

b. Description: The method is to determine the behaviour of an explosive material placed in


an aluminium boat and subjected to a specified thermal environment in a heated
enclosure.

The sample is 50 mm high and the boat 150 mm high.

The aim is to find the maximum temperature which does not lead to a pyrotechnic event
or, if there is always a pyrotechnic event, the temperatures leading to this event after 20
hours and 100 hours of exposure.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to shaped solid


materials.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

SEN-307

FR-49
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

France/202.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants

2 TEST TITLE: Behaviour in a kerosene fire

a. Type of Test: Vulnerability thermal trial

b. Description: The explosive materials are placed in containers which are representative of
real objects in terms of volume and geometry, for example:

(1) explosives: in high-strength steel cylinders, of thickness 10 mm and internal


dimensions 240 mm height and 123 mm diameter, with one end screwed on and
the other welded (mass contained: about 5 kg).
(2) blocks of propellant: in steel cylinders of static bursting pressure 20.5 mm, with
internal dimensions 360 mm height and 123 mm diameter. The propellant block
has a central channel of diameter 62 mm, and one of the ends of the mock-up
container has a membrane seal of rupturing pressure 4 MPa (mass contained:
about 5 kg).
(3) grain propellants: in a 90 mm shell case (352 mm high) closed by a seamed
cylindrical round of mass about 3 kg (mass contained: about 2 kg).

The container is placed horizontally 25 cm above a 2 m x 2 m kerosene fire ignited by


vehicle-fuel petrol. Thermocouples placed 10 cm under the mock-up give an indication of
the validity of the test. Two tests are carried out.

The results noted are the time before the appearance of a pyrotechnic reaction and the
type of reaction observed (type I to type V or non-reaction).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This method applies to any confined


explosive material which can be used for charging a munition. Comparisons are only
possible between materials tested in the same type of mock-up.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

NF T 70-513 --``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

FR-50
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/202.02.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Behaviour in a fire under confinement

a. Type of Test: Thermal trial

b. Description: The test is to determine the pyrotechnic behaviour of an explosive material,


contained in a steel tube closed by two screw caps, under the effect of a fuel-oil fire. The
tube has the following dimensions: diameter 40 mm, length 200 mm, and thickness 4
mm. The material may be granular, machined or cast in situ. The results noted are the
duration of the fire before a reaction and the nature (type) of that reaction.

The test is repeated 3 times; the least advantageous result is the one taken into
consideration.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all explosives and to
all propellants in block or grain form.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

SEN-104

FR-51
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization


Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

France/202.02.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Very slow heating, at 3.3C/h

a. Type of Test: Vulnerability thermal trial

b. Description: The explosive materials are placed in containers which are representative of
real objects in terms of volume and geometry, for example:

(1) explosives: in high-strength steel cylinders, of thickness 10 mm and internal


dimensions 240 mm height and 123 mm diameter, with one end screwed on and the
other welded (mass contained: about 5 kg).
(2) blocks of propellant: in steel cylinders of static bursting pressure 20.5 mm, with
internal dimensions 360 mm height and 123 mm diameter. The propellant block has a
central channel of diameter 62 mm, and one of the ends of the mock-up container
has a membrane seal of rupturing pressure 4 MPa (mass contained: about 5 kg).
(3) grain propellants: in a 90 mm shell case (352 mm high) closed by a seamed
cylindrical round of mass about 3 kg (mass contained: about 2 kg).

The mock-up is placed in an oven. An automatic regulation system increases the


temperature of the oven by 3.3C per hour. 2 tests are carried out. The results noted are
the temperature at which a pyrotechnic event occurs and the type of reaction observed

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(type I to type V or non-reaction).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all explosives and to
all propellants in block or grain form.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

NF T 70-515

FR-52
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/205.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Critical diameter

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
a. Type of Test: Deflagration-detonation transition

b. Description: See 302.03.005

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: ditto

d. Typical Results: ditto

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: ditto

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES: ditto

FR-53
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

France/205.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Critical detonation height

a. Type of Test: Deflagration-detonation transition

b. Description: The trial is intended to determine the powder height threshold leading to an
explosion with or without detonation of a tube in a vertical position, open towards the top,
after a local ignition within the base of the tube. A 3 mm thick tube of diameter 82 mm
and height 1000 mm is used.

Firing is by inductive heating.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all granular


propellants.

d. Typical Results: Height of detonation

(1) Single-base powder (coarse): 1000 mm


(2) Double-base powder (fine): 200 mm

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FMD-862-A-1

FR-54 --``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/302.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Detonation Velocity

a. Type of Test: Velocity of the detonation reaction

b. Description: A test piece in the form of a cylinder of diameter 30 mm or a parallelepiped


of cross-section (30 x 30) mm is initiated at one end. The time taken for the detonation
front to travel between two points at least 100 mm apart is measured.
The passage of the detonation front is registered by the short-circuiting of trigger probes
connected to a timing device with a resolution of 20 ns. The test is performed with 2 such
bases for measurement; the value measured is only taken into consideration if the
difference between the 2 velocities is less than 100 m/s. The result of the trial is the mean
of 4 valid individual tests.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all explosives whose
velocity of detonation is greater than 5000 m/s.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Tolite [TNT]: 6620 m/s


(2) Tetryl: 7340 m/s

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

NF T 70-700

FR-55
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

France/302.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Deflagration in free air in a channel

a. Type of Test: Velocity of combustion

b. Description: The trial involves determination of the rate of flame propagation in a fine train
of pyrotechnic material laid out in free air in a semi-cylindrical channel with thick walls
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

and ignited at one end.

The dimensions of the channel are:

(1) Length = 2 m, diameter = 20 mm for propellants in grain form,


(2) Length = 1 m, diameter = 5 mm for pyrotechnic compositions.

The material is poured into the horizontal channel with its normal gravimetric density, and
is then levelled off.

The flame heating device is placed under the channel, vertically beneath one end.

The rate of combustion is determined by measuring the time taken to travel between
marks placed a known distance apart, using a manual stop watch or a recording
chronograph.

The result taken as the velocity of propagation is the mean of at least two tests. Other
phenomena are also noted (time before reaction commences, failure to ignite,
interruption, explosion).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to grain propellants and
pyrotechnic compositions in powder form.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

NF T 70-507

FR-56
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/302.02.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Firing in a closed pressure vessel

a. Type of Test: Velocity of combustion

b. Description: The curve of variation of pressure as a function of time is recorded for x g of


powder placed in a closed vessel whose internal pressure can be measured.

The usual density of charging is 200 kg/m3. The volume of the container is 700 or
200 cm3. 1 to 2 g of black powder initiated by an electric heating wire are used for ignition
purposes.

The various ballistic parameters, such as maximum pressure, force, powder quickness
etc, are calculated by comparison with a reference powder or as absolute figures.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to grain or stick


powders.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Artillery powders: quickness 1 to 2 m3/s.kg

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FB 665-A-1
FB 666-A-1

FR-57
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED --``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization


Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

France/302.02.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Rate of combustion of propellant sticks

a. Type of Test: Velocity of combustion

b. Description: After inhibition by a lacquer, a stick of propellant (of variable cross-section


depending on the material) fitted with fuses at regular intervals is placed in a hermetic
container at the selected temperature and pressure.

After ignition, the intervals of time between the cutting off of the fuses are measured.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to propellants in block


form.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FAP 100-A-1
FAP 102-A-1
FAP 102-B-1
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

FR-58
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Provided by IHS under license with NATO Licensee=NSWC - Dahlgren/7152600100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/09/2008 12:00:09 MDT
NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
France/302.02.004

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Firing in standard motor

a. Type of Test: Velocity of combustion

b. Description: Fuel blocks made of the propellant to be tested are fired in standard motors
in which the operating pressure and the temperature can be selected.

Such firing allows the main characteristics of the propellant to be deduced, in particular
its rate of combustion. The fuel blocks used are:

(1) for the pictte and Nitrargols propellants (cast double-base): Panisse block
or Bates block,

(2) for the SD propellants (extruded double-base): 32 x 16 block

(3) for composite cast propellants: Mimosa block or Bates block.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to the various


propellants in block form.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FAP 104-A-1

FR-59
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France/302.03.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Capability of initiation by an initiator

a. Type of Test: Assessment of performance

b. Description: The Bruceton method is used to determine the thickness of a barrier which
gives a 0.5 probability of initiation of a booster explosive by a defined initiator-detonator.
The transmission of the detonation to the explosive under test is observed with the help
of a witness plate placed under the latter

The arrangement ensures confinement of the explosive. The thickness of the barrier
varies in discrete steps from 1 to 10 mm. A minimum of 50 tests are carried out. The
result is considered satisfactory if the mean thickness converges towards an asymptotic
value.

The trial is carried out on cylindrical test pieces of diameter 10 mm and height 18 mm,
obtained by casting, compression or machining.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all solid explosives
which can be put in the form defined above.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Tetryl: 4.25 mm


(2) Hexocire [RDX/wax]: 2.70 mm
(3) Octocire [HMX/wax]: 2.80 mm

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FMD-210-A-1

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France/302.03.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Capability of initiation by a booster

a. Type of Test: Assessment of performance

b. Description: The Bruceton method is used to determine the thickness of a barrier which
gives a 0.5 probability of initiation of an explosive charge by a defined PETN booster. The
transmission of the detonation to the explosive under test is observed with the help of a
witness plate placed under the latter

The arrangement ensures confinement of the explosives. A minimum of 50 tests are


carried out. The result is considered satisfactory if the mean thickness converges towards
an asymptotic value.

The trial is carried out on cylindrical test pieces of diameter 10 mm and height 18 mm,
obtained by casting, compression or machining.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all solid explosives
which can be put in the form defined above.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Tolite [TNT]: 10.50 mm

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FMD 210-A-2

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France/302.03.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Initiating power of a booster

a. Type of Test: Assessment of performance

b. Description: The Bruceton method is used to determine the thickness of a barrier which
gives a 0.5 probability of initiation by a booster explosive, the acceptor explosive being a
PETN pellet. The transmission of the detonation to the explosive under test is observed
with the help of a witness plate placed under the latter

The arrangement ensures confinement of the explosives. The thickness of the barrier
varies in discrete steps. A minimum of 50 tests are carried out. The result is considered
satisfactory if the mean thickness converges towards an asymptotic value.

The trial is carried out on cylindrical test pieces of diameter 9 mm and height 10 mm,
obtained by casting, compression or machining.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all solid explosives
which can be put in the form defined above.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Tetryl : 21.70 mm


(2) Hexocire [RDX/wax] : 25.10 mm

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FMD-211-A-2

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France/302.03.004

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Initiating power (primary explosives)

a. Type of Test: Experimental method

b. Description: The initiating power of a primary explosive relative to a secondary explosive


used as a reference is characterized by the maximum thickness in mm of a barrier which
permits the initiation of the secondary explosive.

The inert barrier which attenuates the shock wave emitted by the primary explosive is
made of aluminium disks. The secondary explosive is considered to be initiated when it
pierces an aluminium witness perforation disk 3 mm thick.

The test quantities are 150 mg of primary explosive and 300 mg of secondary explosive.

The two explosives and the barriers between them undergo compression at 1000 bars.

The primary explosive is initiated by a laser providing an energy of 2 joules.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to primary explosives in


powder form.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Lead azide: 4 mm (associated with hexogen [RDX])

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

FA -603-A-1
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France/302.03.005

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Critical diameter

a. Type of Test: Critical dimensions

b. Description: A test piece comprising coaxial cylinders of decreasing diameter is initiated


to detonate at its larger end. The point where the detonation stops, observed with the
help of a lead plate and possibly a resistance-wire probe, indicates the greatest diameter
of the part of the test piece which does not detonate. The length of each cylinder is equal
to 4 diameters. The critical diameter is determined to within 0.5 mm.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all solid explosives
whose critical diameter lies between 2 and 20 mm.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

NF T 70-701

FR-64
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10.7.5 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES FOR GERMANY
(updated document September 2003)

PARAGRAPH PAGE

10.7.5.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION GE-3

10.7.5.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITY(IES) GE-3

10.7.5.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES GE-4

10.7.5.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS GE-6

10.7.5.4.3 MANDATORY DATA FOR EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS GE-6

10.7.5.4.4 LIST OF GERMANYS TEST INFORMATION SHEETS GE-7

10.7.5.5 CATALOGUE OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS GE-8


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10.7.5.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION

10.7.5.1.1 The Federal Office of Military Technology and Procurement (Bundesamt fr Wehrtechnik
und Beschaffung - BWB) has full responsibility for qualification of explosives. Within the
scope of qualification of a new explosive, the technical sections of BWB are responsible
for the following tasks:
a. Initiation of the qualification procedure;
b. Identification of the explosive characteristics (together with the Defence Institute
for Materials, Explosives, Fuels and Lubricants (Wehrwissenschaftliches Institut
fr Werk-, Explosiv- und Betriebsstoffe - WIWEB));
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c. Decision on the application of the qualified explosive which is characterized by


the substance specification;
d. Decision on the release of explosives data to other NATO partner nations in
accordance with STANAG 4170.

10.7.5.1.2 Within the scope of qualification of a new explosive the WIWEB is responsible for the
following tasks:
a. Identification of the explosive characteristics (together with the technical sections
of BWB);
b. Selections of the required tests in agreement with the technical sections of BWB;
c. Conduct tests and preparation of the qualification report;
d. Assessment of the explosive in accordance with STANAG 4170 and
determination of the qualification status;
e. Documentation and updating of qualification records and test data;
f. Release of explosives data to NATO nations in accordance with STANAG 4170
(with the agreement of the project manager in BWB);
g. Preparation of the substance specification for the qualified explosive.

10.7.5.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITY(IES)


10.7.5.2.1 WIWEB is the appointed National Authority for Germany and is responsible for the
following functions in accordance with STANAG 4170:
a. Establish and maintain a data base of qualified explosives used by the military
services of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG);
b. Coordinate the implementation of STANAG 4170 within the FRG;
c. Serve as Point of Contact within Germany for inputs to AOP-7;
d. Serve as Point of Contact to other NATO nations for the exchange of information.

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10.7.5.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES
10.7.5.3.1 In Germany the term "explosives" comprises igniting and initiating substances and
mixtures of these, propellants, high explosives and pyrotechnic compositions. The
development of new explosives intended for military use is mainly carried out by private
companies. It is also the task of certain institutes sponsored by the GE MOD to carry out
research in the field of explosives.
10.7.5.3.2 A "new explosive" is defined as one which has not yet been used or qualified, whose
composition, nature, manufacturing procedure, manufacturer or manufacturing location
has subsequently been changed, or which is intended for a role for which it has not yet
been qualified.
10.7.5.3.3 In general, studies and developments are carried out under study or development
contracts awarded by the GE MOD or BWB. However, they may also result from a
companys initiative. Beside an application related development, a general development,
i.e., without relation to a particular equipment or weapon system, is also practiced.
10.7.5.3.4 The decision as to the suitability of an explosive in principle, which was developed within
the scope of one of the above mentioned contracts, is made by BWB after the completion
of the study or development contract. This decision is based on various factors, including
the fulfillment or nonfulfillment of basic safety requirements and of requirements set up in
a specification on which the contract was based.
10.7.5.3.5 After an investigation by WIWEB, the technical sections of BWB also decide on the use
in principle of such new explosives which are proposed by firms for a particular role.
10.7.5.3.6 A new explosive whose use is desired, is subjected to a qualification procedure in
accordance with STANAG 4170 to ensure that it possesses properties which permit its
military use. The appropriate technical sections of BWB are responsible for the initiation
of the qualification procedure. WIWEB is responsible for the conduct of the qualification
and the subsequent assessment of the new explosive regarding its safety and its basic
suitability for military purposes.
10.7.5.3.7 The qualification procedure does not include the equipment/system integrated assess-
ment of the explosive. The qualification procedure is initiated by a written application of
the technical sections of BWB to WIWEB.
10.7.5.3.8 Before the start of the investigation, these sections and WIWEB must identify the
characteristics which are essential for the type, composition and nature of the explosive
and for its intended general use. This identification must not only take into consideration
the normal state in which the explosive is used, but also the state after stress caused by
expected storage and operational conditions, and must also include the effects of
environmental influences, in particular temperature, on the safety and performance
characteristics.
10.7.5.3.9 Based on these characteristics, WIWEB (in agreement with the section which applied for
the qualification) prepares the list of tests necessary to determine the characteristic data
of the explosive. The selection of the tests is influenced by the type, composition and
nature of the explosive, the intended role and application and the similarity with
explosives already qualified or used for similar purposes.
10.7.5.3.10 The investigation program must take into consideration the legal provisions for explosives
and transportation, and must permit an assessment of handling safety, stability,
compatibility and service life. In addition, it must provide for the determination of
chemical, physical, physicochemical and mechanical properties and performance data.

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10.7.5.3.11 The national tests listed in AOP-7 and the tests identified in STANAG 4170 are used for
this purpose. Other tests not included in AOP-7, but which are suitable to obtain the
required information, may also be used.
10.7.5.3.12 After completion of the investigations, WIWEB prepares an investigation report which not
only contains a substance characterization including the manufacturing process, and the
legal aspects with regard to explosives and transportation, but also the test procedures
applied and their results. The report also contains the assessment of the new explosive
in accordance with STANAG 4170 and the resulting qualification status:
(a) qualified,
(b) not qualified,
(c) qualified with certain restrictions.
The assessment includes:
a. The evaluation of the new explosive on the basis of the legal provisions for
explosives and transportation; and
b. the evaluation of handling safety, stability, compatibility, service life and
performance based on the results of the individual tests and on the comparison
with results of explosives already qualified or used for similar purposes.
10.7.5.3.13 If WIWEB determines that a new explosive is suitable in general for military use, it will
prepare a document which characterizes this qualified explosive (specification). This
specification stipulates the explosive characteristics such as composition, nature,
manufacturing process and use, as far as these ensure reproducible manufacture and
delivery. The technical requirements for the explosive, the testing instructions required for
their examination, and further, provisions on quality assurance and packaging, are also
reflected in this document.
10.7.5.3.14 After the substance specification has been written, the new explosive is approved for
immediate or later use. BWB is responsible for the decision to use it in ammunition.
10.7.5.3.15 In case of equipment or system developments requiring the development of explosives,
these explosives must be qualified before the equipment design is finalized.
10.7.5.3.16 The qualification of new explosives must be carried out independent of the equipment
tests and provings.
10.7.5.3.17 The introduction of the explosive for a particular role before conclusion of the qualification
procedure, before declaration of its basic suitability, and before completion of the
substance specification is prohibited in general.

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10.7.5.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS
10.7.5.4.1 The qualification of high explosives, propellants and pyrotechnic compositions is based
on mandatory data obtained in tests listed herein.
10.7.5.4.2 Special interest is focused on the safety characteristics of booster explosives used in
fuzes beyond the shutter to transmit and augment a detonation reaction initiated by a
primary explosive. The tests and requirements for booster explosives are to be found in
Chapter 7 Section 7.3 of this document.
10.7.5.4.3 Mandatory Data for Explosive Materials:
Name of Test Registry or STANAG No. See page
HPLC Analysis of Propellants AOP-48 GE- 9
HPLC Analysis of High Explosives 101.01.002 GE-10
BAM Impact STANAG 4489 GE-20
BAM Friction STANAG 4487 GE-21
Electrostatic Sensitivity 201.03.001 GE-22
BICT Gap STANAG 4488 GE-23
Initiation Test in Steel Pipes 201.04.004 GE-24
Bullet Impact 201.05.001 GE-25
Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition 201.08.001 GE-26
Steel Tube (Koenen-Test) STANAG 4491 GE-27
105C (110C) Weight Loss (Holland-Test) 202.01.001 GE-28
Loss of Weight Test at 90C 202.01.002 GE-29
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Bergmann-Junk-Siebert 202.01.003 GE-30


BAM Ignitability (Standard Heat Sources) 202.01.004 GE-31
Vacuum Stability STANAG 4556 GE-32
Temperature of Ignition (Wood's Metal Bath) STANAG 4491 GE-33
Simultaneous DTA/TGA STANAG 4515 GE-34
Microcalorimetry STANAG 4582 GE-35
Stabilizer Depletion AOP-48 GE-36
Compatibility (VST) STANAG 4147 GE-37
Compatibility (microcalorimetry) STANAG 4147 GE-38
Compatibility (DSC/TGA) STANAG 4147 GE-39
Strand Burning 302.02.001 GE-40
Closed Vessel 302.02.002 GE-41
Eprouvette 302.03.001 GE-42

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10.7.5.4.4 List of Germanys Test Information Sheets
Category Test Number Test Name see page
Category 100 (Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Properties)
101.01.XXX (Chemical Tests) 101.01.001 HPLC Analysis of Propellants GE- 9
101.01.002 HPLC Analysis of High Explosives GE-10
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102.01.XXX (Mechanical Tests) 102.01.001 Uniaxial Tensile GE-11


102.01.002 Creep GE-12
102.01.003 Stress Relaxation GE-13
102.01.010 Uniaxial Compression GE-14
102.01.022 Charpy GE-15
102.01.042 Peel GE-16
102.01.060 Thermal Mechanical Analysis GE-17
102.01.XXX (Physical Tests) 102.01.070 Density (Pycnometry) GE-18
102.01.080 Heat of Explosion GE-19
Category 200 (Hazard Assessment, Sensitiveness, Sensitivity, Explosiveness)
201.XX.XXX (Sensitivity) 201.01.001 BAM Impact GE-20
201.02.001 BAM Friction GE-21
201.03.001 Electrostatic Sensitivity GE-22
201.04.001 BICT Gap GE-23
201.04.004 Initiation Test in Steel Pipes GE-24
201.05.001 Bullet Impact GE-25
201.08.001 Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition GE-26
201.08.002 Steel Tube Test (Koenen) GE-27
202.01.XXX (Thermal Stability) 202.01.001 105C (110C) Weight Loss (Holland Test) GE-28
202.01.002 90C Weight Loss GE-29
202.01.003 Bergmann-Junk-Siebert GE-30
202.01.004 BAM Ignitability (Standard Heat Sources) GE-31
202.01.007 Vacuum Stability GE-32
202.01.009 Ignition Temperature (Wood's Metal Bath) GE-33
202.01.010 Simultaneous DTA/TGA GE-34
202.01.011 Microcalorimetry GE-35
202.01.012 Stabilizer depletion GE-36
203.01.XXX (Compatibility) 203.01.001 Reactivity Test GE-37
203.01.002 Microcalorimetric Determination of GE-38
Compatibility
203.01.003 Determination of Compatibility by DSC/TG GE-39
Category 300 (Performance Assessment)

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302.02.001 Linear Burning Rate GE-40
302.02.002 Closed Vessel Test GE-41
302.03.001 Eprouvette Test GE-42

10.7.5.5 CATALOGUE OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS


NOTES:
The Test Information Sheets are listed consecutively in accordance with their Registry Number.
The following abbreviations are used throughout all Test Information Sheets:
TL: Technische Lieferbedingungen (technical specifications of BWB)
AV: Arbeitsvorschrift (number of test method within a TL)
DIN: Deutsche Industrie-Norm (Specification of the German Institute for Standardization)

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Germany/101.01.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Nitrocellulose Based Gun and Rocket Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: HPLC Analysis of Propellants

a. Type of Test: Chemical Property

b. Description: 100-120 mg of the sample is dissolved in acetonitrile. Afterwards the


nitrocellulose is precipitated by adding a methanol/water mixture, filtered and injected into
an HPLC apparatus. The soluble ingredients (blasting oils, stabilizers, plasticizers etc.)
are separated on a reversed phase C18 HPLC column. The solvent used is a methanol/
water mixture. The detection occurs by UV, usually at 225 nm. The identification of the
compounds is performed by their retention time and their UV spectrum (comparison with
UV spectra of reference materials).
For a quantitative determination a calibration has to be performed prior to measurement
with pure reference materials, usually in the concentration range of the sample. A
quantification is only possible, when the peaks are baseline separated.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

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Applications: Characterization, quality control, ageing (stabilizer depletion)

d. Typical Results
not applicable

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


(1) Standard deviations of 5% or less can be achieved if concentrations of
ingredients are significantly higher than the detection limit.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) TL 1376-0600, AV 1.31.4, July 2000.

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Germany/101.01.002
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: HPLC Analysis of High Explosives

a. Type of Test: Chemical Property

b. Description: 20-40 mg of the high explosive is dissolved in acetonitrile. PBX samples


require an extraction procedure. An ultrasonic bath may be applied to speed up the
extraction procedure.
The HPLC analysis is performed on a reversed phase C18 HPLC column. The solvent
used is either an acetonitrile/water mixture (for RDX, HMX) or a methanol/water mixture
(for all other types of high explosives). The detection occurs by UV, usually at 225 nm.
The identification of the compounds is performed by their retention time and their UV
spectrum (comparison with UV spectra of reference materials).
For a quantitative determination a calibration has to be performed prior to measurement
with pure reference materials, usually in the concentration range of the sample. A
quantification is only possible, when the peaks are baseline separated.

b. Information Requirements for Assessment:


Applications: Characterization, quality control

d. Typical Results
not applicable

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e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:
(1) Standard deviations of 5% or less can be achieved if concentrations of
ingredients are significantly higher than the detection limit.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) TL 1376-0800, A.11, dated November 1999.
(2) WIWEB-Standard Operational Procedure 7-5.8.01.03, dated February 2003.

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Germany/102.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosive, High Explosives, Propellants, and Pyrotechnics

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2. TEST TITLE: Uniaxial Tensile Test

a. Type of Test: Mechanical Property

b. Description: A test sample with a standard geometry is deformed by a constant strain


rate to evaluate the uniaxial tensile properties of a material. For details see STANAG
4506

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


(1) Applications: Characterization, quality control.
(2) Significance: Material response(including failure)at different rates of deformation
and temperatures.
(3) Limitations: Specimen preparation and preconditioning may influence the results.
Elongation must be measured directly on the specimen.

d. Typical Results: (50 mm/min, 293 K)

(1) DB rocket prop.: B = 5 MPa, B = 30%, E0 = 200 MPa.


B B

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


(1) Good

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) TL 1376-0701, Teil II, Blatt 4, dated October 1976.
(2) DIN 53455 (Testing of plastics; tensile test).

GE-11

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Germany/102.01.002
TEST INFORMATION SHEET
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Plastic bonded high explosives and composite propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Creep Test

a. Type of Test: Mechanical Property

b. Description: A JANNAF type specimen (see tensile test) is deformed by an uniaxial


constant tensile stress (load). The elongation of the specimen with time is measured.
Main physical parameters affecting the results are: temperature, stress, and relative
humidity.
The creep compliance J(t) (strain(t)/stress) and the strain at failure are calculated. From
the results at different temperatures a shift factor aT can be determined.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


(1) Applications: Material characterization
(2) Significance: Stress analysis, calculation of visocelastic properties.
(3) Limitations: To be supplied
(4) Properties: Specimen dimensions.

d. Typical Results:
(1) Results depend strongly on test conditions and on type of material.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


(1) Good with the same specimen type.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) DIN 53444 (Testing of plastics; tensile creep test).

GE-12

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Editon 2)
Germany/102.01.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants and plastic bonded high explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Stress Relaxation Test

a. Type of Test: Mechanical Property

b. Description: A specimen, e.g. JANNAF type, is deformed to a preset stress or strain. The
strain is kept constant during the relaxation test. Stress (load) is recorded vs time.
Main physical parameters affecting results: temperature, initial stress, initial strain and
initial strain rate. The relaxation modulus Er (t) (stress (t)/strain) is calculated and plotted.
From stress relaxation measurements at different temperatures the shift factor aT is
determined.
For details see STANAG 4507.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


(1) Applications: Characterization of viscoelastic properties.
(2) Significance: Used for stress analysis or constitutive equation.
(3) Limitations: To be supplied
(4) Properties: Specimen dimensions.

d. Typical Results:
(1) Modulus vs time and temperature.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


(1) Good, if test facilities are the same.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) DIN 53441 (Testing of plastics; stress relaxation test).

GE-13

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Germany/102.01.010

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High explosives, rocket and gun propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Uniaxial Compression Test

a. Type of Test: Mechanical Property

b. Description: A test sample with a standard geometry is compressed by various strain or


loading rates to evaluate the mechanical response of a material under conditions as
close to operational as possible. For details see STANAG 4443.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


(1) Applications: Material characterization.
(2) Significance: Material response (including failure).
(3) Limitations: Friction of specimen ends; no mathematical procedure until now to transfer results
from single grains to a powder bed; buckling and web size.
(4) Properties: Specimen dimensions.

d. Typical Results:
(1) (293 K, = 2 10-2 s-1)
(2) RDX: dB = 50 MPa, dB = 2%, E0 = 1850 MPa.

(3) Composite rocket propellant: dB = 3 MPa, dB = 30%.


(4) E0 = 200 MPa.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


Good

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) TL 1376-0701, Teil II, Blatt 5, dated October 1976.
(2) DIN 53454 (Testing of plastics; compression test).
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

GE-14

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Editon 2)
Germany/102.01.022
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Composite and nitrocellulose based rocket propellants


--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

2. TEST TITLE: Charpy Test

a. Type of Test: Physical Property

b. Description: Specimen: bar-shaped, 6 mm 6 mm 70 mm (notched or unnotched). The


specimen is fractured in a Charpy tester (4 J, 2.9 m/s) at different temperatures.
Specimen taken out of the temperature bath must be fractured within three seconds. The
energy required to break the specimen is determined from the loss in kinetic energy of
the hammer. Main physical parameters affecting the results: Temperature and specimen
geometry. Impact strength an is calculated and plotted versus temperature. Straight lines
through the data points in the low impact strength region and the high impact strength
region cross over in the transition region. Their crossing over marks the transition
temperature Tv (brittle to viscous transition).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


(1) Applications: Quality control, material characterization.
(2) Significance: Toughness is important for safety.
(3) Limitations: Specimen preparation influences results.

d. Typical Results:
(1) Tv = 215 K (Tv > Tg)
(2) an (215 K) = 5 mJ/mm2

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


(1) Good

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) TL 1376-0701, Teil II, Blatt 8, dated November 1976.
(2) DIN 53453 (Testing of plastics; determination of impact resistance).

GE-15

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Germany/102.01.042
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Composite and nitrocellulose based rocket propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Peel Test

a. Type of Test: Mechanical property; adhesion

b. Description: Specimen:
a) Rectangular bar, consists of two materials. The two materials are partly separated
and each part is mounted in one fixture of a tensile tester.
b) Disk-shaped specimen, the outer layer (second material) is partly separated and
mounted in a fixture of a normal tensile tester. The disk is fixed in the center by a
bolt. The sample is pulled and the force required to separate the two materials is
measured. Main physical parameters affecting the results are: Temperature, strain
rate and peeling angle. The result of the peel test is quoted as the mean force
divided by the specimen width.
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


(1) Applications: Quality control
(2) Significance: Good adhesion is an important property.
(3) Limitations: To be supplied
(4) Properties: To be supplied

d. Typical Results:
(1) T = 2 N/mm

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


(1) Good

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) DIN 53530 (Testing of organic materials; test for separating layers of laminated
woven fabrics).

GE-16

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Editon 2)
Germany/102.01.060

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High explosives, rocket and gun propellants

2. TEST TITLE: TMA (Thermal Mechanical Analysis)

a. Type of Test: Thermomechanical

b. Description: Specimen: cylindrical or rectangular bar, exact dimension depends on


material (e.g. GP grain) or device. The length of the specimen is measured over a range
of temperatures. Temperature change can be continuous or at fixed intervals. The reso-
lution of the measurement system should be 1 m or better. Main physical parameters
affecting the results: The temperature and, with anisotropic material, the measured axis
of the specimen. The coefficient of linear thermal expansion is calculated by dividing the
slope of the length-temperature plot by the length at 293 K. A great change in a small
temperature interval indicates a transition temperature.
Details see STANAG 4525

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


(1) Applications: Material characterization
(2) Significance: Required to calculate thermal stress
(3) Limitations: To be supplied
(4) Properties: Specimen geometry

d. Typical Results:
(1) Tg = 200 K, = 2 10-4 K-1 for a composite rocket propellant

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


(1) Good

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) DIN 53752 (Testing of plastics; determination of the coefficient of linear thermal
expansion).

GE-17

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Germany/102.01.070
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High explosives, gun and rocket propellants, and pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Density

a. Type of Test: Physical Property

b. Description: The density is calculated as quotient of mass and volume. The mass is
measured with a balance (resolution 0,0001 g) and the volume is measured with a gas
pycnometer (air or helium). The specimen must be small enough to fit into the test cell.
The main physical property that affects the result is the temperature.
The density is measured as g/cm3.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


(1) Applications: Material characterization, quality control
(2) Significance: Basic property of an explosive.
(3) Limitations: To be supplied.
(4) Properties: To be supplied.

d. Typical Results:
(1) PBX: 1,6 g/cm3.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


(1) Good ( 0,004 g/cm3).

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) DIN 53479 (Testing of plastics and elastomers; determination of density.)
(2) TL 1376-0600, AV 3.32 (1999).

GE-18

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Editon 2)
Germany/102.01.080
TEST INFORMATION SHEET
1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellants, Pyrotechnics, and Igniting Mixtures

2. TEST TITLE: Heat of Explosion

a. Type of Test: Physical Property

b. Description: 2.5 g of the sample (1.0 g of pyrotechnics) are enclosed in an explosive-


proof steel container (bomb), whose volume doesnt change during the reaction. This
bomb is then submerged in water which absorbs the heat of reaction. After temperature
compensation between bomb and water the sample will ignited. The heat of explosion
can be calculated from the temperature rise. It must be corrected with the water
equivalent and the contribution of the fuse wire and the ignition.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


(1) Applications: Material characterization, quality control
(2) Significance: Basic property of an explosive
(3) Limitations: To be supplied
(4) Properties: To be supplied

d. Typical Results:
(1) Graphite: - 14110 kJ/kg (- 3370 kcal/kg)
(2) Nitrocellulose, 12.14% nitrogen: + 3735 kJ/kg (+ 892 kcal/kg)
(3) Nitrocellulose, 13.15% nitrogen: + 4325 kJ/kg (+ 1033 kcal/kg)
(4) Nitroglycerin: + 7474 kJ/kg (+ 1757 kcal/kg)
(5) Dinitrotoluene: - 620 kJ/kg (- 148 kcal/kg)

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


(1) The test has good repeatability and reproducibility (each < 10 J/g).

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) DIN 51900, Teil 1 bis 3.
(2) TL 1376-0600, AV 3.41, October 2002.
(3) TL 1376-0600, AV 3.41.1, July 2000.
GE-19

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Germany/201.01.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET
1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives, High Explosives, Propellants, Pyrotechnics, Primary
Explosives and Igniting Mixtures

2. TEST TITLE: BAM Impact Test


a. Type of Test: Safety/Impact
b. Description: This test evaluates the sensitivity of explosive materials to impact. The test
focusses on hazards associated with accidental impact during handling and transporting.
It determines, primarily, the lowest response level. The apparatus consists of a steel
block mounted on a concrete base. A steel anvil bearing the impact device is embedded
in the steel block. A column to support the guide rails of the free-falling drop weight is
attached to the rear of the steel block. Drop weights of 100g, 1 kg, 5 kg and 10 kg, each
assigned a given drop height test range, are used. The maximum height of the apparatus
is 1 m. The test substance of 40 mm rests between two coaxially arranged steel
cylinders fixed by a steel guide ring. An intermediate steel anvil and a steel centering ring
containing vent-holes complete this impact device. Powdered substances are dried and
sieved to a size of 0,5 to 1,0 mm before testing. Pressed or cast substances are crushed
and sieved to the afore-mentioned particle size. For liquids, a gap of 1 mm is left between
upper and lower cylinder. The upper cylinder is held in position by a rubber ring. The
sensitivity is the lowest height at which in a series of six tests at least one explosion is
registered. These values are quoted together with the resulting impact energy.
c. Information Requirements for Assessment:
Used to determine the impact sensitivity of explosives in powdered, gelatinous and liquid
form. It is required by the German Explosives Law, Transportation Regulations and is
accepted for qualification testing of explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics.
d. Typical Results:
Explosives Drop Weight Drop Height Impact Energy
PETN 1 kg 30 cm 3.0 Joule
Tetryl 1 kg 40 cm 4.0 Joule
RDX 5 kg 15 cm 7.5 Joule
TNT 5 kg 30 cm 15.0 Joule
Most solid rocket propellants have impact energies between 4 and 15 Joule (chips) and
15 to 35 Joule (pieces). Solid gun propellants lie between 3 and 10 Joule, whereas
pyrotechnic mixtures have impact energies over the entire range of the apparatus.
e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:
Repeatability is within the range of approximately 1 test increment.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) H. Koenen, K.H. Ide, K.H.Swart, Explosivstoffe 9 (1961) 4-13, 30-42.
(2) P. Langen, BICT Report 2.2-9/5867/82, Sensitivity to Impact: Test Description
and Procedure.
(3) Gesetz ber explosionsgefhrliche Stoffe (Sprengstoffgesetz) vom 10.
September 2002, Bundesgesetzblatt I S 3518.
GE-20

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Editon 2)
Germany/201.02.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives, High Explosives, Propellants, Pyrotechnics, Primary


Explosives and Igniting Mixtures

2. TEST TITLE: BAM Friction Test


--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

a. Type of Test: Safety/Friction


b. Description: The test is used to evaluate the sensitivity of all types of explosive
substances to friction. Liquid and gelatinous substances are usually not tested due to
their lubricating tendencies and the resulting low heat development that is not sufficient to
cause a reaction. The explosive sample is held between a porcelain plate and a
porcelain peg under a given load. Frictional forces are applied by a horizontal movement
of the porcelain plate. An electric motor drives an eccentric disc and a connecting rod
which is fastened to the carriage of the plate. Movement of the plate relative to the peg is
a forward and backward motion of 10 mm each, with an average velocity of 5 cm/s. The
peg fixture also carries the load arm, which has six equally spaced notches for the
attachment of one of nine weights. By various combinations of weight and position on the
load arm one can apply loads from 5 to 360 Newton on the test substance. Before
testing, powdered substances are sieved through a 0.5 mm mesh screen. Pressed or
cast substances are crushed before sieving. The relative sensitivity to friction is indicated
by the lowest load expressed in Newton that leads to ignition, crackling or explosion at
least once in a series of six tests. The lowest load and the type of reaction observed are
registered on the data sheet.
c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test determines the sensitivity to friction
of explosives. It is required by the German Explosives Law, Transportation Regulations
and is acceptable for the qualification testing of explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics.
d. Typical Results:
Explosives Load Reaction
PETN 60 Newton crackling
Tetryl 360 Newton crackling
RDX 180 Newton crackling
HMX 160 Newton crackling
TNT > 360 Newton
Comp. B > 360 Newton
Solid rocket propellants react with crackling between 40 and 360 Newton. Gun
propellants show crackling between 120 and 240 Newton. Pyrotechnics mixtures begin to
react with crackling at 20 Newton. The most insensitive lie above 360 Newton.
e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Repeatability of results is within the range of 1 test
increment.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
(1) H. Koenen, K.H. Ide, Explosivstoffe 3 (1955) 57-65, 89-93.
(2) H. Koenen, K.H. Ide, K.-H. Swart, Explosivstoffe 9 (1961) 13-14, 30-42.
(3) Gesetz ber explosionsgefhrliche Stoffe (Sprengstoffgesetz) vom 10.
September 2002, Bundesgesetzblatt I S 3518.
(4) P. Langen, BICT Report 2.2-9/5868/82, Sensitivity to Friction, Test Description
and Procedure.

GE-22

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Editon 2)
Germany/201.03.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives, High Explosives, Propellants, Pyrotechnics, Primary


Explosives and Igniting Mixtures

2. TEST TITLE: Electrostatic Sensitivity Test

a. Type of Test: Safety

b. Description: In this test small samples (approximately 25 mm) of the explosive or


propellant material are subjected to an electrostatic discharge in order to determine the
relative ease of ignition. The test may be conducted in the energy range of 0.001 to 10
Joule using a device consisting essentially of a spring-activated approaching needle
electrode and a plane base electrode. The latter supports a large-diameter Trovidur block
containing a centrally located Teflon washer as a sample holder. An insulating tape
attached to the filled sample holder confines the test substance thereby assuring that the
discharge will pass through the entire sample. A series of ten tests is performed at each
of the chosen energy levels.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test is used to determine the lowest
discharge energy that will ignite an explosive or propellant sample under the given
conditions.

d. Typical Results:

PETN 2 Joule: reaction


TNT up to 32 Joule: no reaction
Lead Azide 0.0005 Joule: reaction

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


good

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) P. Langen, BICT Report 220/7100/86.

GE-23

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Germany/201.04.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives, High Explosives, and Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: BICT Gap Test


a. Type of Test: Shock Wave Sensitivity and Detonability
b. Description: The shock sensitivity and the detonability of an explosive are determined as
a function of the height of a water column that is used to transmit and attenuate the
shock output of a standard donor explosive. Evidence of a detonation is provided by a
detonating cord placed on the acceptor charge and with its other end attached to a lead
witness plate. In the normal version, the donor charge of RDX/wax/graphite (94.5/4.5/1)
has a diameter of 21 mm and a length of 20 mm. Its density is 1.6 g/cm3. Initiation is
conducted with a standard electric detonator. The acceptor charge has a diameter of
21 mm and a length of 40 mm. Donor, water and acceptor are enclosed in a plexiglass
tube of 21 mm inner diameter and 25 mm outer diameter. Explosive materials with a
critical diameter greater than 20 mm are tested in a scaled-up version of the test where
the plexiglass tube has an inner diameter of 50 mm and an outer diameter of 60 mm. The
donor charge consists of 140 g of RDX/wax/graphite pressed to a density of 1.6. g/cm3.
The dimensions are 50 mm diameter and 50 mm length. The acceptor has a diameter of
50 mm and a length of at least 100 mm. The limits of non-detonation (shock wave
sensitivity) and detonation (detonability) are determined by a type of up-and-down
procedure. Tests above the non-detonation limit will always give negative results and
tests below the detonation limit will always result in a detonation. Results are specified as
"mm water gap" and may also be supplemented by the corresponding shock pressure. A
substance is considered to be more sensitive to shock waves than others if its non-
detonation limit is greater than that of the other substance at a given density.
c. Information Requirements for Assessment:
(1) The test is used to determine the shock wave sensitivity of explosives, and
occasionally of propellants. It is required by German military specifications (TL)
and is acceptable for qualification testing.
d. Typical Results:
Explosive Density Limit of Non-Detonation Detonation
TNT, cast 1.6 g/cm3 7 mm 99.5 kbar 6 mm 49.0 kbar
TNT, pressed 1.6 g/cm3 21 mm 17.2 kbar 20 mm 18.3 kbar
Comp B 1.7 g/cm3 12 mm 33.0 kbar 11 mm 35.7 kbar
Tetryl 1.6 g/cm3 24 mm 14.3 kbar 22 mm 16.2 kbar
Tetryl 1.2 g/cm3 37 mm 5.4 kbar 35 mm 6.2 kbar
PBX-N5 1.7 g/cm3 25 mm 13.3 kbar 24 mm 14.3 kbar

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


(1) Repeatability is 2 mm, Adjustment of the water gap is 1 mm.
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

GE-24

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Editon 2)
(1) F. Trimborn, Explosivstoffe 15 (1967) 2-8.
(2) F. Trimborn, R. Wild, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 7 (1982) 87-90.
(3) P. Langen, BICT Report 2.2-9/5901/S2.

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

GE-25

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Germany/201.04.004
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Initiation Test in Steel Pipes

a. Type of Test: Safety/Detonability


--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

b. Description: In this test a propellant is confined in a 1" steel pipe and 300 mm long. A
0,6 g PETN detonator is used to initiate the propellant sample. The purpose of the test is
to determine whether a standard donor shock will initiate a detonation in the propellant
and if so, whether the detonation will propagate through the entire length of the propellant
column. Type and extent of reaction are determined by the examination of the remains of
the steel pipe. If there is no propagation under these conditions, the test is repeated
using a 2" pipe having a length of 500 mm. In this case a standard 50 g RDX/wax pellet
serves as a booster charge.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test is used to determine the detonability
of propellants under confinement. Also in certain cases other explosive substances that
are not expected to sustain a detonation in their normal mode of application are tested.

d. Typical Results:
To be supplied

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


good

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) H. Koenen, K.H. Ide, K.-H. Swart, Explosivstoffe 9 (1961) 4-13, 30-42.
(2) TL 1376-0701, Teil III, Blatt 5.

GE-26

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Editon 2)
Germany/201.05.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosive, High Explosives, and Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Rifle Bullet Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Projectile Impact

b. Description: The test is reproducible and the behavior of the test substance in its mode of
application is determined. The test can differentiate between the behavior of an explosive
in the powdered, pressed, or cast state. Normally, the explosive or propellant is tested in
its state of application, i.e., density, cast, pressed, extruded. It is confined in a seamless
steel cylinder with an inner diameter of 50 mm, an outer diameter of 55 mm, and a length
of 200 mm. Steel caps of 5 mm thick enclose the substance at both ends. The cylinder is

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
placed in a test stand and a .50 inch mm projectile is fired using a .50 machine gun set
up 15 m from the cylinder. It impacts the flat end of the cylinder with a velocity of
approximately 900 m/s. In a series of 3 tests, a detonation, partial detonation, explosion,
deflagration, or burning is determined. The damage to the steel cylinder is also noted.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


(1) The test is used as an indication of the sensitivity of an explosive or propellant to
projectile impact.

d. Typical Results:
Reaction Explosives
3 deflagration Tetryl, TNT pressed, TR 8870
3 detonation PETN/wax 95/5
3 burning TNT cast
3 deflagration Comp B

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


good

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) WIWEB Standard Operation Precedure 410/006.

GE-27

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Germany/201.08.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition Test

a. Type of Test: Safety

b. Description: The test is used to determine whether an explosive substance initiated by


heat will transit from burning to detonation. For this purpose the test sample is loaded in
a steel pipe of 50 mm inner diameter, 60 mm outer diameter, and 500 mm length which is
closed at both ends. Burning is initiated at one end by means of an igniter composition
consisting of equal parts of black powder and RDX and weighing 5, 10, or 20 grams. No
instrumentation is provided, the results being assessed from the degree of fragmentation
of the steel pipe.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


(1) The test is used to determine the tendency of an explosive or propellant to
undergo a deflagration-to-detonation transition.

d. Typical Results:
To be supplied

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
To be supplied

GE-28

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization


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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Editon 2)
Germany 201.08.002
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosive, High Explosives, Propellants, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Steel Tube Test (Koenen Test)


a. Type of Test: Safety/Thermal
b. Description: The sensitivity of explosives to thermal stimulus is determined. Solid, liquid
and gelatinous materials are tested in steel tubes of 24 mm inner diameter, 0.5 mm wall
and 75 mm long. The open end of a tube is sealed with one of a number of steel orifices
plates having orifices with diameters from 1 to 20 mm. A plate is secured by a threaded
collar. An additional diameter of 24 mm results when the test is performed without a
plate. The tube is suspended between two rods placed through holes in the opposite
walls of a steel protective box. One side and the top of the box are open. The walls and
the base are fitted with burners arranged so that the tube and the closure are heated.
Three tests are done at each diameter. If an explosion occurs, testing is continued with a
larger diameter orifice plate. The relative degree of thermal sensitivity is denoted by the
largest plate diameter at which the test substance explodes at least once in a series of
three tests with fragmentation of the steel tube into at least three pieces. This diameter is
the limiting diameter. In assessing the behavior of the substance, the time t1 from ignition
of the burners to the onset of a visible decomposition reaction (flame burning) and the
duration t2 of this reaction, resp. the time to explosion, are also considered. The thermal
sensitivity increases with increasing limiting diameter and decreasing times t1 and t2.
c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test is used to determine the thermal
sensitivity of explosive substances. It is required by the German Explosives Law,
Transportation Regulations and is acceptable for the qualification testing of explosives,
propellants and pyrotechnics.
d. Typical Results:
Explosives: Largest plate diameter
(1) High Explosives Comp B, TNT 4 mm
Tetryl, PETN 6 mm
HMX, RDX 8 mm
(2) Solid gun propellants (chips) 12 to 20 mm
(cylinders) 1 to 2 mm
(3) Pyrotechnic mixtures 14 to 16 mm

d. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


(1) Repeatability is dependent from the diameter of the orifice plate, i.e.
0.5 mm for diameters from 1 to 3 mm;
1.0 mm for diameters from 3 to 6 mm;
2.0 mm for diameters from 6 to 20 mm.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

GE-29

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization


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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
(1) H. Koenen, K.H. Ide, Explosivstoffe 4 (1956) 119-125, 143-148.
(2) H. Koenen, K.H. Ide, K.-H. Swart, Explosivstoffe 9 (1961) 4-13, 30-42.
(3) Gesetz ber explosionsgefahrliche Stoffe Sprengstoffgesetz) vom 10. Sept.
2002, Bundesgesetzblatt I S 3518.
(4) P. Langen, BICT Report 2.2-9/5880/82, Sensitivity to Heat: Test Description and
Procedure.

GE-30

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization


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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Editon 2)
Germany/202.01.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: 105C (110C) Weight Loss Test (Holland-Test)

a. Type of Test: Safety/Stability

b. Description: The Holland-Test is used for the assessment of the safe chemical life of gun
and rocket propellants. In the test, the weight loss caused by the decomposition of the
propellant is determined as a measure of the thermal stability. Test samples of 4 g are
heated in standardized tubes with glass stoppers in an aluminum heating block. Single
base gun propellants are tested at 110C, double and triple base gun propellants and
nitrocellulose based rocket propellants are tested at 105C. The test is terminated after
72 hours. The amount of weight loss after this time is reduced by the loss determined
after the first 8 hours and is quoted as percent weight loss.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


The weight loss caused by the decomposition of the propellant is a measure of its
thermal stability. The Holland-Test is required by German specifications TL 1376-0600,
AV 2.21.1 (gun propellants) and TL 1376-0701, Blatt 19 (rocket propellants).

d. Typical Results:
(1) Single base gun propellants typically show weight losses of 0.5 to 1.5%.
(2) Double base gun and rocket propellants show weight losses between 0.8 and 1.3%.
(3) Triple base gun propellants typically show weight losses between 0.5 and 1.2%.
(4) Typical weight loss limits are 1.2 to 1.5%.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


Typical relative standard deviations in multiple determinations are 3-10%. Higher relative
standard deviations occur when the weight loss is very small or when incompatible
formulations are tested.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) TL 1376-0600, AV 2.21.1, dated July 1999.
(2) TL 1376-0701, Blatt 19, dated May 1981.
GE-31

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization


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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Germany/202.01.002
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: 90C Weight Loss Tests

a. Type of Test: Safety/Stability

b. Description: Samples of 5 g in glass tubes are heated at 90C in a metal heating block.
The weight loss is determined periodically (in intervals of 5 days). The amount of weight
loss is plotted against time. Testing is continued until the weight loss increases sharply,
indicating the onset of the autocatalytic decomposition of the propellant. If autocatalysis
is not observed the test on gun propellants is discontinued when the amount of weight
loss has reached 10%. For most rocket propellants it suffices to determine the time
needed to reach a weight loss of 3%. The required data are taken from the weight loss
vs. time. Typically these are the times corresponding to 3% weight loss and the onset of
autocatalysis.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


The Weight Loss Tests are used to assess the safe chemical life of propellants. They are
required by German specifications TL 1376-0600, AV 2.31.1 (gun propellants) and TL
1376-0701, Blatt 20 (rocket propellants).

d. Typical Results:
Single base propellants must have a weight loss below 3% within 28 days. Double and
triple base propellants must not show a weight loss of more than 3% (or the onset of the

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autocatalysis) prior to 18 days.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


The relative standard deviation is around 5-10%. Higher standard deviations are typical
for incompatible formulations (e.g. double base propellants stabilized with DPA).

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) TL 1376-0600, AV 2.31.1, dated July 1999.
(2) TL 1376-0701, Blatt 20, dated May 1981.

GE-32

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Editon 2)
Germany/202.01.003
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Bergmann-Junk-Siebert Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Stability

b. Description: The thermal stability of single and double base gun propellants and double
base rocket propellants is examined in this test. Propellant samples of 5 g are heated in
standardized tubes in an aluminum heating block. Single base gun propellants are
heated for 5 hours at 132C, double base gun and rocket propellants are tested for 16
hours at 115C.
As a measure of the thermal stability, the nitrogen oxide evolved is determined
acidimetrically. The results are expressed as consumption of titrant per weight of sample,
i.e., ml x n/100 NaOH/5g propellant.

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
c. Information Requirements for Assessment:
The Bergmann-Junk-Siebert Test is used to assess the safe chemical life of propellants.
It is required by German specification TL 1376-0600, AV 2.22.1 (gun propellants) and TL
1376-0701 Blatt 17 (rocket propellants).

d. Typical Results:
Single and double base propellants typically show 5-10 ml n/100 NaOH/5 g propellant.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


0,2 ml n/100 NaOH/5 g propellant

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) TL 1376-0600, AV 2.22.1, dated August 1999.
(2) TL 1376-0701, Blatt 17, dated May 1981.

GE-33

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Germany/202.01.004
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives, High Explosives, Propellants, Igniting Mixtures, and
Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: BAM Ignitability Test (Standard Heat Sources)

a. Type of Test: Safety/Thermal

b. Description: In the test, a standard mass of explosive substance is exposed to various


sources of heat. Observations are made to determine whether or not the explosive is
ignited and if ignition occurs, whether or not it continues to burn after removal from the
heat source. Substances that are ignited immediately by the sparks of a cerium-iron
igniting device, a short burst of flame of a black powder fuze, or within one second by a
gas flame are classified "easy to ignite". Explosives that are ignited by a red-hot bar, a
burning match, or after more than one second by a gas flame are classified "ignitable".

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Finally, substances that ignite only after their introduction into a red-hot iron crucible are
classified "difficult to ignite".

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


(1) The test is used to determine the ease of ignition of explosive substances.

d. Typical Results:
(1) Explosives: ignitable
(2) Gun Propellants: ignitable
(3) Rocket Propellants (Chips): easy to ignite
(4) Pyrotechnics: easy to ignite

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


good

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) H. Koenen, K.H. Ide, K.-H. Swart, Explosivstoffe 9 (1961) 4-13.

GE-34

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Editon 2)
Germany/202.01.007
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives, High Explosives, Propellants, Pyrotechnics, Igniting


Mixtures, and Primary Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Vacuum Stability Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Stability

b. Description: The test material is heated at a constant temperature of 100C for 40 hours
in a vacuum. The volume of gas evolved from 2.5 g of the tested substance is measured
at the end of the heating period.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


VST is required by military specifications and used to determine the stability of explosives
and propellants alone or in contact with other materials. The following requirements are
verified:

Material/Sample Volume of gas evolved (ml/2.5 g sample)


High Explosives 3
Nitrocellulose Based Propellants 5

d. Typical Results:

High explosive Volume of gas evolved Propellant Volume of gas evolved


[ml/2.5 g sample] [ml/2.5 g sample]
RDX 0.25 Single base 0.5-2.5
RDX/Wax 0.24 Double base 0.5-2.5
Comp B 0.04 Triple base 1.4-1.8
TR 8870 0.35 DB rocket 0.2-1.0

e Repeatability and Reproducibility:


(1) 0.05 ml/2.5 g, dependent also on the material under test.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) TL 1376-0701, Blatt 24, dated May 1981.
GE-35

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization


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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
(2) TL 1376-0800, A 3.2, dated November 1999.
(3) TL 1376-0600, AV 4.11, dated August 1999.

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GE-36

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Editon 2)
Germany/202.01.009
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives, High Explosives, Propellants, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Ignition Temperature Test (Wood's Metal Bath)

a. Type of Test: Safety/Thermal

b. Description: The ignition or decomposition temperature is determined by heating a


standard mass of explosive at a standard rate in a Wood's Metal Bath. Three glass test
tubes containing 0.5 g of the explosive are immersed to a fixed depth in the bath which
has been preheated to 100C. Nitrocellulose and nitrocellulose containing substances
are heated at a rate of 5 K/min whereas the heating rate for all other substances is 20
K/min. The lowest temperature where a visible sign of ignition or decomposition is
observed is recorded as the temperature of ignition or decomposition.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


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(1) The test is used to determine the temperature at which an explosive ignites or
decomposes.

d. Typical Results:

Explosive: Decomposition or ignition temperature [C]


Tetryl: 202
RDX/Wax/Graphite: 232
Comp B: 205
TATB: no visible sign of reaction up to 360C
Gun Propellants: 170-175

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) H. Koenen, K.H. Ide, K.-H. Swart, Explosivstoffe 9 (1961) 4-13.

GE-37

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Germany/202.01.010
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives, High Explosives, Propellants, Pyrotechnics, Igniting


Mixtures, and Primary Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Simultaneous Differential Thermal Analysis/Thermogravimetric Analysis

a. Type of Test: Safety/Thermal

b. Description: About 20 mg of a sample are heated on a thermobalance with DTA


instrumentation at a rate of 5 K/min until deflagration or explosion occurs. The normal
test atmosphere is dry air. Vacuum, moisture, or temperatures down to -150C may be
used in special cases. During the test period, the weight loss and the temperature
difference between sample and reference material are continuously recorded and plotted
against the temperature of the reference material.

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c. Information Requirements for Assessment:
(1) Used to determine all changes in enthalpy and the loss of weight as a result of
chemical or physical changes of the substance during heating at a constant rate.
Thus, information on thermal stability is obtained.

d. Typical Results:
(1) Silver Azide: crystal transformation 190C
melting 289C
explosion 307C
(2) HMX: crystal transformation 180C
beginning of exothermal decomposition 262C
explosion 271C

d. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


(1) Melting and transformation temperatures 1 K; loss of weight 1%.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) G. Krien, Explosivstoffe 13 (1965), 204-220.

GE-38

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Editon 2)
Germany/202.01.011
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Nitrocellulose Based Gun and Rocket Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Microcalorimetry

a. Type of Test: Safety/Stability


--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

b. Description: The heat of decomposition is measured at various constant temperatures as


a function of storage time using a microcalorimeter. A glass ampoule is completely filled
with the material. The ampoule is tightly closed and afterwards inserted in one of the
holes of the microcalorimeter. The measuring temperature may be varied from 50C to
89C, the corresponding measuring times are listed in STANAG 4582.
As heat is generated by decomposition reactions the temperature in the sample ampoule
rises slightly above the temperature of the empty reference ampoule in the reference
channel. This difference is the measuring signal. The heat generated per unit time and
mass is plotted as a function of storage time. Activation energies according to the law of
Arrhenius can be calculated using an iso- -method, if the sample was measured at least
at three different temperatures.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


The results are used to determine the chemical stability, the critical diameter and the time
to self-ignition.

d. Typical Results:
Single base propellants show maximum heat generation rates of 50 to 100 W/g within the first 3.83 days
at 89C. Double and triple base propellants show values from 100 up to 250 W/g within the first 3.83
days at 89C. The STANAG 4582 limit (314 W/g) must not be exceeded.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


Less than 5% if measuring conditions are exactly the same.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) TL 1376-0600, AV 2.51.1, dated July 2000.
(2) S. Wilker, G. Pantel, P. Guillaume, M. Rat, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics
26 (2001), 51-57.

GE-39

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Germany/202.01.012
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Nitrocellulose Based Gun and Rocket Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Stabilizer depletion

a. Type of Test: Safety/Stability

b. Description: The stabilizer depletion is measured in those samples that have been aged
in the microcalorimeter (see test 202.02.011). The ampoules are opened and the
propellant is prepared in accordance with test 101.01.01 (description see on page GE-9)

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


Used to determine the stabilizer depletion after controlled ageing at high temperatures.

d. Typical Results:
Single and triple base propellants show a stabilizer depletion of 10-40% of the original
stabilizer, double base propellants usually have stabilizer depletion of 20-60%, each
determined after the STANAG 4582 time. DPA is much faster consumed than Centralite,
Akardite or 2-nitro-DPA.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


Very good.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES
(1) S. Wilker, U. Ticmanis, L. Stottmeister, Comparative evaluation of stability and
compatibility data of propellants, Proc. 4th Int. Heat Flow Calorimetry Seminar,
Otley (UK), September 2003.

GE-40

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Editon 2)
Germany/203.01.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives, High Explosives, Propellants and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Reactivity Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Compatibility

b. Description: The explosives and the contact materials as well as a 50:50 mixture of both
are heated at a constant temperature of 100C for 40 hours in a vacuum. The volume of
gas evolved from 2.5 g of the substance under test is measured at the end of the heating
period. The volume of the gas evolved of the mixture is compared with the volume
evolved when these substances are heated separately under identical conditions.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


Required by military specifications for explosives in contact with other materials. The
following requirements are verified:

Material/Sample Volume of gas evolved


[ml/2.5 g sample]
High Explosive/Contact Material: 3
Propellant/Contact Material: 5
Pyrotechnics/Contact Material 5

d. Typical Results:
not applicable.

e Repeatability and Reproducibility:


0.05 ml/2.5 g, dependent also on the material under test.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(1) TL 1376-0701, Blatt 24, dated May 1981.


(2) TL 1376-0800, A 3.2, dated November 1999.
(3) TL 1376-0600, AV 4.11, dated August 1999.

GE-41

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Germany/203.01.002
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Nitrocellulose Based Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Microcalorimetric Determination of Compatibility

a. Type of Test: Safety/Compatibility

b. Description: The heat of decomposition of a mixture of an explosive with a contact


material is compared with the heat of decomposition of the individual components using a
microcalorimeter. The measurement is performed at a constant temperature as a
function of storage time. Ageing times and temperatures are according to those listed in
STANAG 4582. For this purpose three microcalorimetric experiments are necessary: The
mixture, the explosive alone and the contact material alone. The calculation of
compatibility is performed by subtracting the energy release of the two single
components from the energy release of the mixture within the STANAG 4582 time.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


The results are used to determine the chemical compatibility of the explosive with the
contact material and the chemical stability of the mixture.

d. Typical Results:
The compatibility of materials is given, if the difference of energy release does not
exceed 30 J/g within the first 3.83 days at 89C. The chemical stability of the mixture is
given, if the maximum heat flow does not exceed 314 W/g within the first 3.83 days.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


Less than 5% if measuring conditions are exactly the same.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) TL 1376-0600, AV 4.12, dated October 2001.
(2) S. Wilker, G. Pantel, P. Guillaume, ICT-Jahrestagung 33, 110 (2002).
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

GE-42

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Editon 2)
Germany/203.01.003
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives, High Explosives, Propellants, Pyrotechnics, Igniting


Mixtures, and Primary Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Compatibility Determination by Simultaneous Differential Thermal Analysis/


Thermogravimetric Analysis

a. Type of Test: Safety/Compatibility

b. Description: About 20 mg of a sample, of a contact material and of a mixture of these two


compounds are heated on a thermobalance with DTA instrumentation at a rate of 5 K/min
until deflagration or explosion occurs. The normal test atmosphere is dry air. Isothermal
testing may be used in special cases. During the test period, the weight loss and the
temperature difference between sample and reference material are continuously
recorded and plotted against the temperature of the reference material. The compatibility
of the explosive with the contact material is determined by comparing the mixture with the
single components. Earlier (lower) decomposition temperatures and higher weight losses
of the mixture compared to the single component indicate an incompatibility.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

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Used to determine all changes in enthalpy and the loss of weight as a result of chemical
or physical changes of the mixture compared to that of the single components during
heating at a constant rate. Thus, information on compatibility is obtained.

d. Typical Results:
not applicable

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


(1) Melting and transformation temperatures 1 K; loss of weight 1%.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) G. Krien, Explosivstoffe 13 (1965) 204-220.

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Germany/302.02.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Linear Burning Rate

a. Type of Test: Performance

b. Description: In this test the strand burning technique is employed to determine the linear
burning rate of solid rocket propellant under defined temperature and pressure conditions.
Before testing begins, the strands having lengths of 190 mm and diameters of 6 mm, are
coated with an inhibitor to prevent premature burning of the superficies. Also, holes are
drilled into the strands for attaching fuse wires and gauges necessary for ignition and
determination of the burning rate. After these wires have been introduced, the strand is
fastened to a holding device in the bomb head, which is then screwed into the bomb. The
Crawford bomb itself has a volume of 1 liter and may be pressurized to a maximum of 400
bar. Test temperatures may be adjusted between -40C and +50C. Constant pressure is
maintained throughout burning by means of an expansion tank connected to the bomb. The
time of burning between the gauges is recorded, converted to a burning rate, and plotted as a
function of pressure and temperature.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


(1) The results from the test are used for quality assurance.

d. Typical Results:
To be supplied

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


(1) The test has both good repeatability and reproducibility of 1%.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) TL 1376-0701, Teil II, Blatt 2, February 1997.

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Germany/302.02.002
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Closed Vessel Test

a. Type of Test: Performance

b. Description: The closed vessel is a high pressure combustion chamber of constant volume
used to determine the burning characteristics of gun propellants. Closed vessels of 200 cm3
volume designed for maximum pressures of 5000 resp. 8000 bars are utilized. The
propellant charge is ignited by a black powder charge weighing approximately 5% of the
propellant charge. The density of loading in the vessel is selected so that the sample
consists of at least 10 grains. The pressure rise is measured by a piezoelectric pressure
transducer. Using a computer program, the dynamic vivacity of the test propellant is
determined from the pressure-time curve.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


(1) The results of the test are used for a ballistic assessment of the test propellant.

d. Typical Results:
To be supplied

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


(1) The test has both good repeatability and reproducibility of 1%.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) TL 1376-0600, AV 5.11, July 2000.

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Germany/302.03.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Black Powder

2. TEST TITLE: Eprouvette Test


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a. Type of Test: Performance

b. Description: The eprouvette is used for the determination of the performance of black
powder. It consists essentially of a cylindrical combustion chamber having a conical opening
at the upper end and a super-imposed cylindrical weight of 10 kg mass. Both are mounted
upright on a device similar to that of the impact test apparatus. In testing, a 10 g sample of
black powder is placed in the combustion chamber and ignited by means of an electric fuze
head. On ignition the weight is accelerated vertically upward between two guide rails and
arrested on reaching the maximum height. This height is determined as a measure of the
performance of the black powder.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:


(1) The test is used to assess the performance of black powder.

d. Typical Results:
Y-5930-1: 55 cm
Y-5930-4: 70 cm
Y-5930-6: 15 cm
Y-5950: 25 cm

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:


6 cm

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) TL 1376-0591, para. 5.7, dated 1972.

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10.7.7 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES OF ITALY

PARAGRAPH PAGE

10.7.7.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION IT-3

10.7.7.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITY IT-3

10.7.7.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES IT-3

10.7.7.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS IT-6

10.7.7.4.1 Primary Explosives IT-6

10.7.7.4.2 Booster Explosives IT-7

10.7.7.4.3 High Explosives IT-8

10.7.7.4.4 Solid Gun Propellants IT-9

10.7.7.4.5 Solid Rocket Propellants IT-10

10.7.7.4.6 Liquid Propellants IT-11

10.7.7.4.7 Pyrotechnics IT-11

10.7.7.5 LIST OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS IT-13

10.7.7.6 CATALOGUE OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS IT-15


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10.7.7.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION
(cf. STANAG 4170 Ed2 3)

10.7.7.1.1 The procurement of weapon systems for the Armed Forces is under the responsibility of the
three different bodies :

Body Procurement of
Direzione Generale degli Armamenti Terrestri (DGAT or TERRARM) Land Armament Systems
Direzione Generale degli Armamenti Navali (DGAN or NAVARM)- Navy Armament Systems
Direzione Generale degli Armamenti Aeronautici (DGAA or ARMAEREO) Air Force Armament Systems

These three General Directorates are subordinated to Defence General Secretariat and
National Armament Director (SGD/DNA), which is the national STANAG 4170 implementation
responsible.
Qualification is mandatory for all explosive material to be used in munitions intended for the 4
Services: Army, Navy, Air Force and Carabinieri.

10.7.7.2 NATIONAL AUTHORTY


(cf. STANAG 4170 Ed2 4(a) & Annex A)

10.7.7.2.1 Within SGD/DNA, the office appointed as National Authority for the Qualification of explosive
materials is the DGAT. So DGAT has the full responsibility of qualifying all explosive materials
to be used by the Italian forces.

Direzione Generale degli Armamenti Terrestri


Via Marsala, 104
00185 Roma

10.7.7.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES

10.7.7.3.1 General: (cf. STANAG 4170 Ed2 3 & 4(c))

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According to STANAG 4170, the Qualification of an explosive material is a process whereby it
is officially acknowledged that:

a. this well specified explosive material has the necessary properties to provide an
expectation of an adequate level of safety and suitability for service in military use, for a
given intended role,

b. the manufacture and quality of the explosive material are adequately controlled.

10.7.7.3.2 Qualification request:

a. Generally, and especially for a new composition, the official request for qualifying an
explosive has to come from the designer of this explosive.

b. In some cases, the request could come from the manufacturer of the explosive, or even
from the munition or munition-component designer. This request is sent directly to the
National Authority.

10.7.7.3.3 Approach: (cf. STANAG 4170 Ed2 4 & 5)

a. In order to make the Qualification decision, the following information has to be brought
to the DGAT:

(1) the precise identification/specification of the explosive material to be qualified


(which include the manufacturing process),

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(2) the assessment data (from tests performed on material coming from industrial
production batches) on which the judgement of safety and suitability for service use
will be based,

(3) the information justifying that the manufacturing process and quality are adequately
controlled.

b. According to STANAG 4170, all these informations are collated in the Qualification
report upon which is based the Qualification decision.

10.7.7.3.4 The validity and quality of the informations produced are ensured by involving the DGAT offices
and the AQ Services (Army or Navy or Air Force), located on the manufacturers:

(1) DGAT - for technical expertise and testing in participating in the design of the
Qualification programme as well as giving advice on the Qualification report.

(2) AQ Services for the quality assurance for all armament programmes - mainly
involved in verifying that both the designer and the manufacturer of the explosive
have a good quality assurance system, and that the manufacturer has the
capability of producing it in conformity with the designer specifications. AQ
Services verifies that the tests are carried on according to the applicable
STANAGs.

10.7.7.3.5 The steps of the qualification procedure:


(cf. STANAG 4170 Ed2 4 & 5)

a. The following table provides the different steps of the qualification procedure and the
parties involved in them:

Step Participants

From Explosive Designer or munition manufacturer (or


1 Request for Qualification other requester)
To DGAT
Definition of the Qualification By DGAT;
2
programme (issue of the Instructions for Qualification)
By Explosive Designer or munition manufacturer (or
Performing of the Qualification
3 other requester)
programme
Under the control DGAT and/or AQ Service
Production of the By Explosive Designer or munition manufacturer (or
4
Qualification report other requester), verified by AQ Service
By DGAT
5 Qualification decision
(issue of the Qualification certificate)

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10.7.7.3.6 The term Qualification is applied in the following different cases :

a. When it is possible to completely follow the process as described under 5 of STANAG 4170
Ed2 and particularly as described under 10.7.7.3.3 Approach of this document, DGAT
makes the Qualification decision of the explosive material.

b. For the Explosives already in service for which there is a well-established history of safe and
satisfactory use, providing the original material specifications remains the same, may be
qualified for use in the same role. Without further testing, or with a very limited testing
programme, DGAT makes the Qualification decision with possible restrictions of the role.

c. If an explosive material was already qualified according to STANAG 4170 by a foreign National
Authority, DGAT is just making a recognition of the Qualification - given by this foreign
National Authority - decision. This is done on the basis of the Qualification certificate produced
by this Authority and, if necessary, of the Qualification report (which should include all
informations on this explosive material). Most of the time, DGAT is also asking for additional
data according to the methods and tests described at 10.7.7.4.

d. A decision can be taken to satisfy a request from the designer or the manufacturer to qualify a
new explosive material, even if there is no immediate application envisaged for national military
use. In that case DGAT applies the criteria as described in previous point a.

IT-5
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10.7.7.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS

10.7.7.4.1. List of Tests for Primary Explosives

a. Mandatory Tests:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Impact STANAG 4489


(2) Friction STANAG 4487
(3) Spark sensitivity (small-scale) STANAG 4490
(4) Thermal characterization STANAG 4515
(5) Compatibility with materials STANAG 4147
(6) Thermal stability 60 or lower 202.01.001

b. Optional Tests:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491


(2) Thermogravimetric analysis STANAG 4515

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10.7.7.4.2 List of Tests for Booster Explosives:

a. Mandatory Tests

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Uniaxial tensile (PBX) STANAG 4506


or Uniaxial compression STANAG 4443
(2) Impact sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4489
(3 Friction sensitivity (BAM)) STANAG 4487
(4) Spark sensitivity (small-scale) STANAG 4490
(5) Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491
(6) Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) STANAG 4515
(7) Thermogravimetric analysis STANAG 4515
(8) Vacuum stability STANAG 4556
(9) Compatibility with materials STANAG 4147
(10)Shock Sensitiveness (small scale) STANAG 4488
(11)Stress relaxation STANAG 4507
(12) DMA STANAG 4540
(13) TMA STANAG 4525
(14) Thermal stability at 60 C or lower 202.01.001
(15) Critical temperature of thermo-ignition 202.01.002
(16) Critical diameter 302.03.001
(17) Density (gravimetric) 102.02.001
(18 )Detonation velocity 302.01.001

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10.7.7.4. 3 List of Tests for Main Charge High Explosives:

a. Mandatory Tests:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Uniaxial tensile (PBX) STANAG 4506


or Uniaxial compression STANAG 4443
(2) Impact sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4489
(3 Friction sensitivity (BAM)) STANAG 4487
(4) Spark sensitivity (small-scale) STANAG 4490
(5) Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491
(6) Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) STANAG 4515
(7) Thermogravimetric analysis STANAG 4515
(8) Vacuum stability STANAG 4556
(9) Compatibility with materials STANAG 4147
(10)Shock Sensitiveness (small scale) STANAG 4488
(11)Stress relaxation STANAG 4507
(12) DMA STANAG 4540
(13) TMA STANAG 4525
(14) Thermal stability at 60 C or lower 202.01.001
(15) Critical temperature of thermo-ignition 202.01.002
(16) Detonation velocity 302.01.001

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(17) Critical diameter 302.03.001

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10.7.7.4.4 List of Tests for Solid Gun Propellants:

a. Mandatory Tests:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Uniaxial compression STANAG 4443


(2) Impact sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4489
(3 Friction sensitivity (BAM)) STANAG 4487
(4) Spark sensitivity (small-scale) STANAG 4490
(5) Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491
(6) Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) STANAG 4515
(7) Thermogravimetric analysis STANAG 4515
(8) Vacuum stability STANAG 4556
(9) Compatibility with materials STANAG 4147
(10)Shock Sensitiveness (small scale) STANAG 4488
(11)Stress relaxation STANAG 4507
(12) DMA STANAG 4540
(13) TMA STANAG 4525
(14) Propellant stability STANAG 4117
(15) Ageing STANAG 4527
(16) Propellant stability (DB + DPA) STANAG 4541
(17) Propellant stability (DB + 2-DPA) STANAG 4542
(14) Thermal stability at 60 C or lower 202.01.001
(15) Critical temperature of thermo-ignition 202.01.002
(16) Detonation velocity 302.01.001
(17) Closed bomb 302.02.001
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10.7.7.4. 5 List of Tests for Solid Rocket Propellants:

a. Mandatory Tests:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Uniaxial tensile STANAG 4506


(2) Electrostatic discharge (large scale) STANAG 4490
(3) Uniaxial compression STANAG 4443
(4) Impact sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4489
(5 Friction sensitivity (BAM)) STANAG 4487
(6) Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491
(7) Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) STANAG 4515
(8) Thermogravimetric analysis STANAG 4515
(9) Vacuum stability STANAG 4556
(10) Compatibility with materials STANAG 4147
(11)Shock Sensitiveness (small scale) STANAG 4488
(12)Stress relaxation STANAG 4507
(13) DMA STANAG 4540
(14) TMA STANAG 4525
(15) Propellant stability STANAG 4117
(16) Ageing STANAG 4527
(17) Propellant stability (DB + 2-DPA) STANAG 4542
(18) Thermal stability at 60 C or lower 202.01.001

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10.7.7.4.6 List of Tests for Liquid Propellants:

a. IT is not interested to the liquid propellants.

10.7.7.4.7 List of Tests for Pyrotechnics:

a. Mandatory Tests:

Test Registry/STANAG Number

(1) Impact sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4489C


(2) Friction sensitivity (large BAM) STANAG 4487A
(3) Spark sensitivity (small scale) STANAG 4490A
(4) Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491B1
(5) Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) STANAG 4515B2
(6) Thermogravimetric analysis STANAG 4515B3
(7) Vacuum stability STANAG 4556
(8) Compatibility with materials STANAG 4147
(9) Thermal stability at 60 C or lower 202.01.001
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10.7.7.4.8 Other Tests

a. Chemical analysis

To determine the chemical characteristics of the different types of explosive materials, others
general tests can be conducted.
The tests, specific for each explosive material which have to be defined, will be conducted
according to the applicable STANAGs or national procedures.

b. Insensitive Munitions ( IM_ MURAT )

In case of IM-MURAT (explosives and/or munitions) IT carries on the specific tests according
to STANAG 4439, in addition to the mandatory tests of the STANAG 4170.

IT-12
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10.7.7.5 LIST OF ITALYS TEST INFORMATION SHEETS

Category 100 Chemical, Physical &


Mechanical Properties

102.01.XXX Mechanical properties

STANAG 4443 Uniaxial compression


STANAG 4506 Uniaxial tensile
STANAG 4507 Stress relaxation
STANAG 4540 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)
102.01.001 Apparent density by gravimetric method
102.01.002 Granulometry by microscopic examination
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Category 200 Hazard Assessment


Sensitiveness/Sensitivity/
Explosiveness

201.01.XXX Impact

STANAG 4489 Impact sensitivity (BAM)

201.02.XXX Friction

STANAG 4487 Friction sensitivity (BAM)

201.03.XXX Electric discharge

STANAG 4490 Spark sensitivity (small scale)


STANAG 4490 Electrostatic discharge (large scale)

201.04.XXX Shock

STANAG 4488 Water gap test


STANAG 4488 Shock sensitivity (plastic barrier 40)
STANAG 4488 Shock sensitivity (plastic barrier 75)

201.05.XXX Projectile impact

STANAG 4241 Bullet Impact Test

201.06.XXX Fragment impacts

STANAG 4496 Heavy Fragment-Impact Test


STANAG 4496 Light Fragment Impact Test

201.07.XXX Shaped charge jet impact

STANAG 4526 Shaped Charge Jet Impact Test

201.08.XXX Other tests

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STANAG 4396 Sympathetic detonation

202.01.XXX Thermal tests

STANAG 4491 Temperature of ignition


STANAG 4515 Thermal characterization by DSC
STANAG 4515 Thermal characterization by TGA
STANAG 4556 Vacuum stability
202.01.001 Thermal Stability 60 C or lower
202.01.002 Critical temperature of thermo-ignition

202.02.XXX Other tests

STANAG 4240 Fast Heating Test


STANAG 4382 Slow Heating Test

203.01.XXX Compatibility/Reactivity

STANAG 4147 Compatibility

205.01.XXX Critical diameter evaluation

205.01.001 Critical diameter for detonation

Category 300 Performance Evaluation


Theoretical/Experimental methods

302.01.XXX Detonation velocity

302.01.001 Detonation velocity

302.02.XXX Burning rate

302.02.001 Closed bomb

302.03.XXX Other tests

302.03.001 Critical diameter

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10.7.7.6 CATALOGUE OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS

NOTE: The Test Information Sheets are listed consecutively in accordance with their Registry
Number.

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Italy/102.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Apparent density by gravimetric method

a. Type of Test: Physical trial

b. Description: The method is to measure the mass of a certain quantity of the material which,
loose in bulk, exactly fills a container of a given volume.

The bulk state is obtained by filling the container with the material flowing freely from the orifice
of a funnel located a specified distance above the said container, without compaction.

The ratio of the mass to the volume represents the apparent density of the material (in kg/m3).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

d. Typical Results:

(1) Lead styphnate: 1300 kg/m3


(2) Lead azide: 1600 kg/m3
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Italy/102.02.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Granulometry by microscopic examination

a. Type of Test: Physical trial

b. Description: A representative fraction of the sample to be analysed is placed on and glued to


the electron microscope plate.

The enlargement is adapted to the material under examination in order to determine the shape
and size of the crystals or particles

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all materials.


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Italy/202.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Thermal Stability: behaviour under long period at 60C or a lower temperature

a Type of Test: Thermal trial

b. Description: Samples of 1 to 60 g of the material placed in hermetically-sealed flasks are left to


age in an enclosure or building where the temperature is maintained at 60C or at a lower
temperature.

After predetermined periods of heating (for example 42 days, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2
years etc) a sample of the material under test is removed from the enclosure or building.

After its return to ambient temperature, the material is examined visually and then analysed to
establish its physico-chemical, mechanical, ballistic, sensitivity and reactivity characteristics etc.

The characteristics after ageing are compared with those of the unaged material.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all explosive materials.

d. Typical Results:

For a single-base grain propellant, the loss of stabilizer (diphenylamine) after ageing at 50C for
42 days is generally less than 0.2%.
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Italy/202.01.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Critical temperature of thermo-ignition

a. Type of Test: Thermal trial

b. Description: The method is to determine the behaviour of an explosive material placed in an


aluminium boat and subjected to a specified thermal environment in a heated enclosure.

The sample is 50 mm high and the boat 150 mm high.

The aim is to find the maximum temperature which does not lead to a pyrotechnic event or, if
there is always a pyrotechnic event, the temperatures leading to this event after 20 hours and
100 hours of exposure.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to shaped solid materials.

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Italy /205.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Critical diameter

a. Type of Test: Deflagration-detonation transition

b. Description: See 302.03.001

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Italy /302.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Detonation Velocity

a. Type of Test: Velocity of the detonation reaction

b. Description: A test piece in the form of a cylinder of diameter 30 mm or a parallelepiped of


cross-section (30 x 30) mm is initiated at one end. The time taken for the detonation front to
travel between two points at least 100 mm apart is measured.
The passage of the detonation front is registered by the short-circuiting of trigger probes
connected to a timing device with a resolution of 20 ns. The test is performed with 2 such bases
for measurement; the value measured is only taken into consideration if the difference between
the 2 velocities is less than 100 m/s. The result of the trial is the mean of 4 valid individual tests.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all explosives whose
velocity of detonation is greater than 5000 m/s.

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Italy/302.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Firing in a closed pressure vessel

a. Type of Test: Closed Bomb: Velocity of combustion

b. Description: The curve of variation of pressure as a function of time is recorded for x g of


powder placed in a closed vessel whose internal pressure can be measured.

The usual density of charging is 200 kg/m3. The volume of the container is 700 or 200 cm3. 1 to
2 g of black powder initiated by an electric heating wire are used for ignition purposes.

The various ballistic parameters, such as maximum pressure, force, powder quickness etc, are
calculated by comparison with a reference powder or as absolute figures.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to grain or stick powders.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Artillery powders: quickness 1 to 2 m3/s kg

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)

Italy /302.03.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Critical diameter

a. Type of Test: Critical dimensions

b. Description: A test piece comprising coaxial cylinders of decreasing diameter is initiated to


detonate at its larger end. The point where the detonation stops, observed with the help of a
lead plate and possibly a resistance-wire probe, indicates the greatest diameter of the part of
the test piece which does not detonate. The length of each cylinder is equal to 4 diameters. The
critical diameter is determined to within 0.5 mm.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This trial is applicable to all solid explosives whose
critical diameter lies between 2 and 20 mm.

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10.7.9 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES OF NORWAY

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10.7.10 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES OF POLAND

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10.7.11 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES OF ROMANIA

PARAGRAPH PAGE

10.7.11.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION RO-3

10.7.11.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITY (IES) RO-3

10.7.11.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES RO-5

10.7.11.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS RO-7

10.7.11.4.1 HIGH EXPLOSIVES RO-7

a Primary Explosives RO-7


b Booster Explosives RO-7
c Main Charge High Explosives RO-8

10.7.11.4.2 PROPELLANTS RO-8

a Solid Gun Propellants RO-9


b Solid Rocket Propellants RO-9

10.7.11.4.3 PYROTECHNICS RO-10

10.7.11.5 LIST OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS RO-12

10.7.11.6 CATALOGUE OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS RO-13

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10.7.11.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION

10.7.11.1.1 In Romania, the Procurement and Services Department (P.S.D.) and its Research -
Development Directorate (R.D.D), from the Ministry of National Defense, has full
responsibility for the qualification of explosives and ammunitions. The Chief of the
Testing - Evaluation Department and the Program Managers has the responsibility for the
implementation of R.D.D policy.

10.7.11.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITY (IES)

10.7.11.2.1 In Romania, the Research - Development Directorate (R.D.D) is the appointed National
Authority. This directorate has responsibility for qualification of military explosives and
ammunitions used by Romanian Armed Forces.

10.7.11.2.2 Within the process for qualification of explosive materials and ammunitions, the Research
- Development Directorate collaborate with:

a. Military Equipment and Technologies Research Agency;

b. State Owned Company ROMARM S.A.;

c. Ammunition Test Center;

d. Military Technical Academy.

During the process of establishing the tasks, and during the final qualification, R.D.D. co-
operates with representatives from the Army, Air Force and Navy Staffs, in order to
ensure safety of use, storage and transport of the explosives and ammunitions.

10.7.11.2.3 National Authority performs the following functions:

a. Initiates the procedures of qualification, evaluates the preliminary data, selects


the tests for the qualification of military explosives and ammunition used by the
Romanian Army, following the Romanian Standard SMT 40362 2001
Principles and methodology for the qualification of military explosives and
ammunition, standard which is similar to STANAG 4170 and AOP-7.

b. Establishes the requirements for acceptance or rejection of the explosive


materials qualification;

c. Receives from agencies within Romania, or from other nations the test data for
qualifying explosive materials, and assesses whether the material is safe and
suitable for consideration for use by the Services in a particular role or appli-
cation;

d. Publishes the test data and assessment which enables qualification, with or
without limitations;

e. Co-ordinates the implementation of STANAG 4170, AOP-7, and other


international and NATO standards dealing with the explosives within Romania;

f. Co-operates with the Standardisation Bureau for maintaining and enriching the
central collection of national and international standards relating to explosive
materials and explosive safety test data;

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g. Maintains and up-dates a data bank of qualified explosive materials used by the
Romanian Armed Forces;

h. Provides a Romanian point-of-contact to other National Authorities from other


countries for the exchange of information, on the safety of explosives and the
qualification of explosive materials;

i. Liasing with the appropriate governmental organisations responsible for the


protection of the environment, regarding the impact of the military explosive and
ammunition on the environment, in order to ensure observance of the regulations
in this domain;

j. Prepares and up-dates Romanias section in AOP-7.

10.7.1.2.3 The address for the Romanian National Authority is the following:

Ministry of National Defense

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Procurement and Services Department
Research Development Directorate
9 11, Drumul Taberei Boulevard
Bucharest
ROMANIA
Telephone +40-1-413 02 52
Fax +40-1-411 59 41

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10.7.11.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES

10.7.11.3.1. Romania, as PfP nation, is determined to do its best to joint NATO. Regarding
ammunition and explosive safety and suitability for service, Romania is at the beginning
of STANAG 4170 implementation. Thus, the information contained in this section should
be considered as preliminary and can be a subject of change. All these things happen
because of the reorganization process of Romanian Ministry of National Defense and of
the institutions dealing with military materials research, development and production; it
also happens because of the process of lining up with the international standards.

10.7.11.3.2. Romania is able to produce and to load a wide range of explosive materials: Primary
Explosives, Solid Gun Propellants, Solid Rocket Propellants, Booster Explosives, Main
Charge High Explosives and Pyrotechnics. In the past, the process of Explosives
qualification proceeded according to the military standards of The Warsaw Treaty, and to
Romanian military standards. They were based upon the available international
regulations or the results of our national researches. The performing of the tests and
testing procedures were established by military standards, manuals of requirements and
internal norms. After 1990, Romania has dealt with the implementation of international
standards, especially NATO and MIL-STD. Thus, the Romanian technical military
standards were and will be modified so that the process of estimating assessing and the
tests for qualification will be performed according to STANAG 4170 and AOP-7.

10.7.11.3.3. SMT 40362-2001 The Principles and methodology for the qualification of military
explosives and ammunition is the Romanian standard, which settles the qualification and
represents the implementation in Romania of STANAG 4170. The other NATO standards,
established to be compulsory for qualification of explosive materials will be adopted as
SMT and will be implemented in the near future, depending on the capability of the
Romanian institutions responsible for ammunition and explosive safety and suitability in
service.

10.7.11.3.4. In Romania most of the research in military explosives of all types is performed in the
following research, design and production units of the Procurement and Services
Department or of the State Owned Company ROMARM:

a. Military Equipment and Technology Research Agency;

b. Ammunition Test Center;

c. Military Technical Academy;

d. Special Products Plant Fagaras;

e. Special Products Plant Victoria;

f. Mechanical Plant Sadu Gorj.

Part of the research, development and evaluation of military explosives and propellants is
done in private and public centers or civilian institutions such as National Center for
Mining Safety and Anti-explosives Protection INSEMEX Petrosani.

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10.7.11.3.5. Written requests for qualification of an explosive material are to be submitted to the
National Authority, which has to perform all legal actions for the beginning of the
qualification process.

10.7.11.3.6. In general, formal qualification testing of an explosive material is not done until it has
successfully passed all stages of research and development including laboratory model,
prototype lot and pilot - scale production. The explosive also must have been produced in
pre-production lots using full - scale production equipment, conditions and methods.
However, it is customary to use appropriate qualification tests during the research and
development phases to ensure that when an explosive finally reaches production it will be
unlikely to encounter unforeseen problems.

10.7.11.3.7. Before qualification, it is necessary for an explosive to have its transportation and storage
hazard classification determined in accordance with NATO STANAG 4123, "Methods to
Determine and Classify Hazards of Ammunition." This is the responsibility of the
Procurement and Services Department of Ministry of National Defense.

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10.7.11.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS

The Research-Development Directorate (R.D.D.) has no test facilities of its own.


Therefore, the tests are normally carried out in one or more of the Military Equipment and
Technologies Research Agency Laboratory, Test Ammunition Centers, Own State
Company ROMARM, Military Technical Academy. In some cases, tests may be
conducted in other government or private test laboratory, authorized by R.D.D. The
organizations or laboratories that have conducted the tests must report the results and
any observations occurring during the tests, to the Program Manager. Than, the Program
Manager is responsible for arranging a meeting review of the R.D.D. Then, the National
Authority can decide as following:

a. Whether the results are sufficient to qualify the explosive;

b. Whether further tests are needed; or

c. Whether the explosive should be considered unsuitable for qualification.

When the R.D.D. is satisfied that the explosive warrants qualification for safety and
suitability in service, the Program Manager prepares the appropriate papers and data
sheets for approval and issuance by the Chief of R.D.D and P.S.D.

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10.7.11.4.1 HIGH EXPLOSIVES:

a. Mandatory Tests for Primary Explosives


Test Registry / STANAG Number
(1) Impact Sensitivity (BAM) /(KAST) STANAG 4489 (C)/
201.01.001
(2) Friction Sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4487 (A)
(3) Electric Spark Sensitivity STANAG 4490
(4) Temperature of Ignition STANAG 4491 (B1)/
202.03.001
(5) Vacuum Thermal Stability STANAG 4556
(6) Chemical Compatibility with materials STANAG 4147
(7) Determination of Primary Explosives Components 101.01.001

b. Optional Tests for Primary Explosives


Test Registry / STANAG Number

(1) Ball and Disc impact 201.01.002


(2) Bulk Density 102.01.001
(3) Heat of Explosion 301.01.001
(4) Specific Volume 301.01.002

a. Mandatory Tests for Booster Explosives


Test Registry / STANAG Number

(1) Impact Sensitivity (BAM)/(KAST) STANAG 4489 (C)/


202.01.001
(2) Friction Sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4487 (A)
(3) Shock Sensitivity (Small Gap Test) STANAG 4488 (A)

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(4) Electric Spark Sensitivity STANAG 4490
(5) Temperature of Ignition STANAG 4491 (B1)/
201.03.001
(6) Vacuum Thermal Stability STANAG 4556
(7) Chemical Compatibility with Materials STANAG 4147
(8) Determination of Booster Explosives Components 101.02.001
(9) Detonation Velocity 302.01.001
(10) Melting Point 102.04.001
(11) Moisture Content 102.03.001

b. Optional Tests for Booster Explosives


Test Registry / STANAG Number

(1) Density 102.01.003


(2) Bulk Density 102.01.001
(3) Chemical Stability (Abel Method) 202.02.004
(4) Hygroscopicity 102.03.003
(5) Granulation 102.02.002

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a. Mandatory Tests for Main Charge High Explosives
Test Registry / STANAG Number

(1) Impact Sensitivity (BAM)/(KAST) STANAG 4489 (C)/


201.01.001
(2) Friction Sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4487 (A)
(3) Shock Sensitivity (Small Gap Test) STANAG 4488 (A)
(4) Electric Spark Sensitivity STANAG 4490
(5) Temperature of Ignition STANAG 4491 (B1)/
201.03.001
(6) Vacuum Thermal Stability STANAG 4556
(7) Chemical Compatibility with Materials STANAG 4147
(8) Determination of Main Charge Explosives Components 101.02.001
(9) Detonation Velocity 302.02.001
(10) Melting Point 102.04.001
(11) Moisture Content 102.03.001

b. Optional Test for Main Charge High Explosives


Test Registry /
STANAG Number

(1) Bulk Density 102.01.001


(2) Density 102.01.003
(3) Chemical Stability (Abel Method) 202.02.003

10.7.11.4.2 PROPELLANTS

a. Mandatory Tests for Solid Gun Propellants


Test Registry / STANAG Number
(1) Mechanical Strength 103.01.001/103.01.002
(2) Determination of Solid Gun Components 101.03.001
(3) Bulk Density 102.01.001
(4) Density 102.01.003/102.01.004
(5) Grain Geometry Conformity Test 102.02.001

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(6) Granulation 102.02.002
(7) Moisture and Volatile Contents 102.03.001/102.03.002
(8) Impact Sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4489C
(9) Friction Sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4487 (A)
(10) Temperature of Ignition STANAG 4491 (B1)/
201.03.001
(11) Electric Spark Sensitivity STANAG 4490
(12) Chemical Stability by Aging 202.01.001
(13 Vacuum Thermal Stability STANAG 4556
(14) Chemical Compatibility with Materials STANAG 4147
(15) Chemical Stability (Vieille Method at 106.5 0C) 202.02.001
(16) Burning Rate Closed Vessel STANAG 4115

b. Optional Tests for Solid Gun Propellants


Test Registry / STANAG Number
(1) Absolute Density (Mercury Method) 102.01.002
(2) Chemical Stability by Heating at 120 0C 202.02.002
(3) Chemical Stability by Weight Loss at 95 0C 202.02.003
(4) Heat of explosion 301.01.001
(5) Specific Volume 301.01.002

c. Solid Gun Propellants are tested for qualification in two stages, as formulation
and in specific charges in ammunitions.

(1) As formulation, the tests are conducted in order to obtain:


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(a) Chemical, Physical, Ballistic, and Mechanical Properties;


(b) Compatibility with Materials;
(c) Sensitivity and Stability.

(2) As Specific Charge Ammunitions the tests are conducted for:


(a) Ballistic Characteristics;
(b) The Temperature Influence of Ballistic Characteristics.

a. Mandatory Tests for Solid Rocket Propellants


Test Registry / STANAG Number

(1) Uniaxial Mechanical Properties (constant strain rate)STANAG 4507/


103.01.001
(2) Determination of Solid Rocket Propellants Components 101.03.001
(3) Density 102.01.003/102.01.004
(4) Volatile Contents 102.03.002
(5) Grain Geometry Conformity Test 102.02.001
(6) Impact Sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4489C
(7) Friction Sensitivity (BAM) STANAG 4487 (A)
(8) Temperature of Ignition STANAG 4491 (B1)/
201.03.001
(9) Vacuum Thermal Stability STANAG 4556
(7) Chemical Compatibility with Materials STANAG 4147
(8) Chemical Stability (Vieille Method at 106.5 0C) 202.02.001

b. Optional Tests for Solid Rocket Propellants

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Test Registry / STANAG Number

(1) Hygroscopicity 102.03.003


(2) Shock sensitivity STANAG 4488
(4) Heat of Explosion 301.01.001
(5) Specific volume 301.01.002

c. Solid Rocket Propellants are tested for qualification in two stages: as formulation
and in specific motors:

(1) As formulation, the following data are obtained and evaluated:


(a) Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Properties
(b) Compatibility with materials;
(c) Sensitivity and Stability.

(2) In specific rocket motors the following data are obtained and evaluated:
(a) Ballistic properties, such as: Thrust, Total Impulse, Specific Impulse;
(b) Temperature influence on performance characteristics.

10.7.11.4.3 PYROTECHNICS

a. Mandatory Test for Pyrotechnics


Test Registry / STANAG Number

(1) Determination of Pyrotechnics Components 101.04.001


(2) Granulation 102.02.002
(3) Impact Sensitivity (BAM)/(KAST) STANAG 4489C
(4) Friction Sensitivity STANAG 4487A
(5) Electric Spark Sensitivity STANAG 4490 A
(6) Chemical Compatibility with Materials STANAG 4147
(7) Vacuum Thermal Stability STANAG 4556

b. Optional Test for Pyrotechnics


Test Registry / STANAG Number

(1) Bulk Density 102.01.001


(2) Moisture and Volatile 102.03.001/102.03.002
(2) Hygroscopicity 102.03.003
(3) Heat of Explosion 301.01.001
(4) Specific Volume 301.01.002

RO-10
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10.7.11.5 LIST OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS

Category 100 Chemical, Physical & Mechanical Properties

101.XX.XXX Chemical Properties


101.01.001 Determination of Primary Explosives Components
101.02.001 Determination of Main Charge Explosives Components
101.03.001 Determination of Solid Propellants Components
101.04.001 Determination of Pyrotechnics Components

102.XX.XXX Physical Properties


102.01.001 Bulk Density
102.01.002 Absolute Density (Mercury Method)
102.01.003 Density of Regularly Shaped Samples
102.01.004 Density by Hydrostatic Method
102.02.001 Grain Geometry Conformity Test
102.02.002 Granulation
102.03.001 Moisture Content
102.03.002 Volatile Content
102.03.003 Hygroscopicity
102.04.001 Melting Point

103.XX.XXX Mechanical Properties


103.01.001 Uniaxial Mechanical Properties (constant strain rate)
103.01.002 Mechanical strength

Category 200 Hazard Assessment


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Sensitiveness / Sensitivity / Explosiveness

201.XX.XXX Sensitiveness and Sensitivity


201.01.001 Impact Sensitivity (KAST)
201.01.002 Ball and Disc impact
201.03.001 Temperature of Ignition

202.XX.XXX Chemical Stability


202.01.001 Chemical Stability by Aging
202.02.001 Chemical Stability (Vieille Method at 106.5 0C)
202.02.002 Chemical Stability by Heating at 120 0C
202.02.003 Chemical Stability by Weight Loss at 95 0C
202.02.004 Chemical Stability (Abel Method)

Category 300 Performance Assessment


Experimental methods

301.XX.XXX Solid Propellants Performance Assessment


301.01.001 Heat of Explosion
301.01.002 Specific Volume
302.XX.XXX High Explosive Performance Assessment
302.01.001 Detonation Velocity

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10.7.11.6 CATALOGUE OF ROMANIAN TEST INFORMATION SHEETS

NOTE: The Test Information Sheets are listed consecutively in accordance with the
registry number.

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RO/101.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Determination of Primary Explosives Components

a. Type of test: Chemical Property/Analysis using different techniques of Primary Explosives


Components

b. Description:
- The determination of individual components of Primary Explosives can be performed

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with different analytical techniques.
- Is determined:
Primary Explosive (Mercury Fulminate, TNRPb, Tetracene, Lead Azide);
oxidants (e.g. Ba(NO3)2, KClO3);
reducing agents (e.g. metallic powder, Sb2S3);
binders;
moisture and volatile.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test results are used to confirm that the
composition of the Primary Composition matches the declaration of the manufacturer, or
that the composition lies within the limits given in the product performance description.
The result represents a quality characteristic.

d. Typical results: The result depends on Primary Composition Type.


- Primary Composition type F:
TNRPb 40 %;
Tetracene 3 %;
Ba (NO3)2 44 %;
Sb2S3 13 %;

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Depends on analytical procedure used.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 PTMI 20-2000 Testing Procedure.
3.2 SF 17/32-1999. Technical quality requirements for TNRPb.
3.3 SF 15/32-1999. Technical quality requirements for Tetracene.
3.4 NI 5619-1974. Technical quality requirements for Barium Nitrate.
3.5 GOST 5593-1978. Technical quality requirements for metallic powders.
3.6 OST V 84-384-1971. Technical quality requirements for Antimony Sulfide.

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RO/101.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives/Main Charge HighExplosives

2. TEST TITLE: Determination of Main Charge Explosives Components

a. Type of test: Chemical Property/ Analysis using different techniques of Main Charge
Explosives Components

b. Description:

- The determination of individual components of Main Charge Explosives can be


performed with different analytical techniques, High Performance Liquid
Chromatography, Gas Chromatography.
- For pure Booster Explosives or Main Charge Explosives, acidity, impurities, ash and
insoluble material are determined. The melting point is performed for Booster
Explosives or Main Charge Explosives (RO/102.04.001) to verify the purity of
explosive material.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test results are used to confirm that the
composition of the Main Charge Explosives matches the declaration of the manufacturer,
or that the composition lies within the limits given in the product performance description.
The result represents a quality characteristic.

d. Typical results: The result depends on Main Charge Explosive Type. The methods work
for explosive compositions containing 0,01% to nearly 100 % of energetic material.
A IX-1 Main Charge Explosive Composition contents:
- RDX min. 94.5 %;
- Wax 5.0 6.5 %;
- Moisture and volatile max. 0.1 %;
- Insoluble particles in acetone max. 0.25 %;
- Ash max. 0.1 %;
- Acidity max. 0.05 %.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: If the composition of Main Charge Explosives is


inhomogeneous, multiple specimens at different locations must be investigated. The
relative error of quantitative results should be less than 0.5 %.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 STP-M 40232-1998. Technical quality requirements for re-crystallized RDX.
3.2 SMT 40251-1999. Technical quality requirements and testing procedures for PETN.
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(Corresponding to MIL-P-387 C).


3.3 SMT 40252-1999. Technical quality requirements and testing procedures for A IX-1.

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
RO/101.03.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants/Solid Rocket Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Determination of Solid Propellants Components

a. Type of test: Chemical Properties/Analysis using different techniques

b. Description:
The determination of Solid Propellants Components can be performed using
analytical techniques, by atomic absorption spectroscopy and gas chromatography.
For single base propellants is determine:
- NC content;
- Nitrogen content from NC;
- stabilizer content (DPA);
- inorganic substances content (KNO3, graphite);
- volatile content;
- moisture content.
For Double Base Propellants is determine:
- NC content;
- Nitrogen content from NC;
- other energetic material content (e.g. NG, NQ);
- stabilizer content (centralit I, II, III);
- volatile content.
Some title methods for establishing different contents are presented hereunder.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test results are used to confirm that the
composition of Solid Propellants matches the declaration of the manufacturer, or that the
composition lies within the limits given in the product performance description. The result
represents a quality characteristic.

d. Typical results: Results depend on Solid Propellant composition.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Depend on analytical procedure used. The result


relative error must be less than 0,1 %.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 SMT 40133-1995. Solid Propellant. Preparing methods for physical and chemical
tests.
3.2 STP-M 40235-1997. Black powder. Technical requirements.
3.3 SMT 40375/1-1996. Solid Propellants. Technical requirements.
3.4 SMT 40397-1995. Solid Rocket Propellants. Technical requirements.
3.5 STP-M 40375/2-1996. Solid Gun Propellants. Physical and chemical requirements.
3.6 STP-M 40376/1-1998. Nitrocellulose. Technical requirements and methods.
3.7 STP-M 40375/2-1996. Solid Gun Propellants. Physical and chemical requirements.
3.8 STP-M 40376-1992. Solid Gun Propellants. Technical requirements.
3.9 SMT 40164/1-1996. Solid Gun Propellants. Technical quality requirements and
testing procedures for DPA, camphor, alcohol and ethyl - ether.
3.10 SMT 40164/4-1996. Solid Gun Propellants. Camphor content determination method.
3.11 SMT 40210-1996. Solid Gun Propellants. Potassium Nitrate content determination
methods.
3.12 SMT 40211-1996. Solid Gun Propellants. Potassium Sulphate content determination
method.

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3.13 SMT 40212-1996. Solid Gun Propellants. Ash content determination method.
3.14 SMT 40231-1996. Solid Gun Propellants. Ceresine content determination method.
3.15 SMT 40163-1994. Solid Propellants. Graphite determination method.
3.16 SMT 40385-1995. Solid Gun Propellants. PVC content determination method.
3.17 SMT 40386-1995 Solid Gun Propellants. Colophony content determination method.
3.18 SMT 40395-1995. Nitrocellulose. Nitrogen content determination method.
3.19 SMT 40382-1993. Solid Rocket Propellants. Nitric ester content determination
methods.
3.20 SMT 40383-1993. Solid Rocket Propellants. Butyl phthalate content determination
method.
3.21 SMT 40398-1993. Solid Rocket Propellants. Low nitrocellulose content determination
method.
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3.22 SMT 40399-1994. Solid Rocket Propellants. Centralit content determination method.
3.23 SMT 40404-1996. Solid Rocket Propellants. Vaseline content determination method.
3.24 SMT 40414-1994. Solid Rocket Propellants. Lead dioxide, Calcium Carbonate and
Cobalt Trioxide content determination method.
3.25 SMT 40428-1995. Solid Rocket Propellants. Copper and Lead content by atomic
absorption spectroscopy.
3.26 SMT 40428-1996. Solid Propellants. Magnesium content by atomic absorption
spectroscopy.
3.27 SMT 40429-1995. Solid Propellants. Aluminium Oxide content by spectrophotometric
method UV-VIS.
3.28 SMT 40227-1998. Triple Base Propellants. NQ determination content.
3.29 SMT 40226-1998. Triple Base Propellants. Ethyl centralit determination content by
volumetric method.
3.30 SMT 40233-1997. Triple Base Propellants. Disc and cone method (similar to MIL-
STD-286C, method 103.1.3).
3.31 SMT 40246-1999. Triple Base Propellants. Cryolite determination method.
3.32 SMT 40303-2000. Triple Base Method. Graphite determination content by gravimetry.

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RO/101.04.001
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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Determination of Pyrotechnics Components

a. Type of test: Chemical Property/Analysis using different techniques

b. Description: The determination of Pyrotechnics Components can be performed using


analytical techniques and by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The determined
components are oxidizers (e.g. Nitrates, Chlorates, Perchlorates, Chromates), reducing
agents (e.g. Metallic Powders, Sulphur, Sulphates, Phosphorus), binders (e.g. Shellac,
PVC), and different aditives (moderators, coloring agents).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test results are used to confirm that the
composition of Pyrotechnic Compositions matches the declaration of the manufacturer, or
that the composition lies within the limits given in the product performance description.
The result represents a quality characteristic.

d. Typical results: The result depends on the pyrotechnic composition under investigation,
e.g. for V 11 Composition:
- PbO - 53,2 0,6 %;
- BaCrO4 - 24,6 0,6 %;
- KClO4 - 3,0 0,2 %;
- Zr - 16,8 0,5 %;
- S - 2,4 0,2 %;
- NC - 2,0 0,4 % (over 100%)

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Depends on analytical procedure used.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 STP-M 40239-1998. Initiation and Delay Pyrotechnic Compositions. Technical
requirements. Analytical Methods.

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RO/102.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Bulk Density (Gravimetric Density)

a. Type of test: Physical Properties /Determination of Bulk Density by filling the explosive
material into a vessel of defined volume.

b. Description: The test is applicable to dry grain and pulverulent material. The dimensions
and the volume of the vessel have to be specified since the gravimetric density depends
on its. The volume of vessel depends on material type (e.g. a cylinder with 1000 cm3
volume is used for Solid Gun Propellants). The sample is filled into a funnel which lower
opening in closed by a slide valve. After opening of the slide valve, the sample trickles
into the cylindrical vessel. The surplus of explosive material is removed by carefully
scarping off along the upper edge of the vessel. The explosives Bulk Density is calculated
as mass of explosive present in the vessel divided by the volume of the vessel.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test results represent a quality


characteristic of explosive material. The Bulk Density affects the loading density of the
Solid Gun propulsive charges or the specific density of explosive charges. Reduction of
Bulk Density means that less explosive material can be filled in ammunition cartridges or
into an explosive pressing mould. Variations in Bulk Density indicate changes in the
granulation process (e.g. extruding and cutting operations).

d. Typical results: The results depend of explosive material and it manufacturing process.
- Granular single and double base propellant: 550 1200 g/dm3;
- P-45 gun propellant: min. 550 g/dm3;
- 4/7 Tgr gun propellant: min. 900 g/dm3;
- Black Powder DRP 900 g/dm3.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: The relative error of measurements must be less than 0.1%.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 STP-M 40235-1997. Black Powders. Technical requirements.
3.2 SMT 40213-1996. Black Powders and solid gun propellants. Method to determine the
Bulk Density.

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RO/102.01.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Absolute Density (Mercury Method)

a. Type of test: Physical Properties/Determination of Absolute Density by measuring the


mercury volume displaced by a known quantity of energetic material.

b. Description: The test is applicable to dry grain and pulverulent explosive material. The
apparatus, a metallic cylindrical vessel, is provided with two hand-operated valves at the
top and bottom of the vessel, a vacuum pump, a mercury manometer and connecting
tubes. Metallic sieves are disposed between the cylindrical vessel and valves. The
cylindrical vessel is full fill by mercury using the vacuum pomp. The mass m2 is than
determined. The vessel is full empty and 100 0.1g energetic material is placed into it.
Than the vessel is full fill with mercury and the mass m3 is measured. The Absolute
Density is calculated with:
m1 Hg
=
m 2 m 3 + m1
Where:
m1 - energetic material mass [g];
m2 - the mass of cylindrical vessel filled with mercury [g];
m3 - the mass of cylindrical vessel filled with explosive and mercury [g];
Hg - the density of mercury at testing temperature [g/cm3].

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test results are a quality characteristic of
tested explosive. The Absolute Density affects the performance characteristics.

d. Typical results: Depend on the explosive type and its manufacture process.
- DRP 1R Black powder: 1.70 1.77 g/dm3;
- Single/double base solid propellant: 1.50 1.8 g/cm3.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Two parallel essays are performed and the median
value is calculated with 0.01 g/cm3 precision. The difference between the two results
must be less than 0.02 g/cm3.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 STP-M 40235-1997. Black Powders. Technical Requirements.

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RO/102.01.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives/Main Charge High Explosives/Solid Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Density of Regularly Shaped Samples

a. Type of test: Physical Properties/Determination of density by measuring the dimensions


of a well definite geometry sample.

b. Description: The density of pressed or extruded explosive samples can be calculated as


mass of explosive divided by its volume (=m/V). The test is applicable only to explosive
samples with a well definite geometry: cylinders, conical shapes, tubes, plates and
spangles.
- The sample mass is weighed with a high precision balance, the dimensions (height h,
inner diameter d and external diameter D) are measured with appropriate instruments
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(micrometers, calipers), and the volume is calculated.


- Because pressed pellets can have a slightly conical shape, at least three diameters
should be measured: one on top, one in the middle and one at the bottom. An
averaged value should be used for diameter.
- The density of cast samples is determined by weighing the mould before and after
the casting process. The volume can be calculated either from technical drawings, or
by determining the volume of a liquid, which is consumed to fill the mould.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test results are used to evaluate a quality
characteristic of tested explosives. The explosive density has many influences on the
performance and security characteristics. Variations in density mean changes in charge
manufacturing process. Reduced density may indicate defects and inclusions as voids
and fissures.

d. Typical results: The results depend on explosive type and the parameters of charge
manufacturing process.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Two parallel essays are performed and the median
value is calculated with 0.01 g/cm3 precision. The difference between the two results
must be less than 0.02 g/cm3.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 SMT 40165-1993. Cylindrical hexatol charges. Technical requirements.
3.2 SMT 40182-1993. Cylindrical TNT charges. Technical requirements.

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RO/102.01.004

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Density by Hydrostatic Method

a. Type of test: Physical Properties/ Determination of density by weighting the explosive in


air and by sinking in a liquid with known density.

b. Description:
- The explosive sample is weighed in air with a high precision balance ( 0,0002 g). The
explosive mass must be within 0,5 1 g (for gun propellants with web 0.8 mm) and
510 g (for gun propellants with web 0.8 mm).
- A glass container is filled with a known density liquid and then the recipient is disposed
under the hydrostatic balance. On the balance arm is hanging a metallic case, which is
placed in immersion at 15 20 mm. The metallic case mass (m1) is determined.
- Than the case is filled with explosive samples. The total mass (m2) is determined with
0.0002g precision.
- The density d1 is calculated with:
d2 m
d1 =
m (m 2 m1)
Where:
- d2 - liquid density;
- m - explosive mass, weighted in air;
- m1 - metallic case mass, weighted in liquid;
- m2 - metallic case and explosive sample mass, weighted in liquid.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test result is used to evaluate a quality
characteristic for Solid Gun Propellants.

d. Typical results:
- Single/double base propellants: 1,50 1,8 g/cm3.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: The final result is the average value of two parallel
essays. The difference between the two results must be less than 0.015 g/cm3.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 STP M 40178-1996. Solid Gun Propellants. Methods to determine density.

RO-23
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RO/102.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Grain Geometry Conformity Test

a. Type of test: Physical Properties/Determination of explosive grain dimensions by


micrometry or by measuring under a microscope.

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b. Description: The test is applicable to Solid Gun Propellants with one or multi perforated
grains, tubular, annular, lamellar, and flake grains.
- For one or multi perforated grains, and for tubular grains web thickness, grain diameters,
perforation diameter, and grain height are measured.
- For lamellar and flake grains web thickness, length, width are determined.
- For annular grains web thickness, inner diameter, and external diameter are measured.
- Because of the inhomogeneity of extruded propellants, at least 20 30 different grains
have to be measured in order to achieve reliable results.
- For lamellar grains, the web thickness is measured at least in three places: at the ends
and on the middle.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test results are used for quality
assurance. The interior ballistic behavior of a gun propellant depends strongly on its
dimensions.

d. Typical results: Depends on Solid Gun Propellant type.


- For 7/1 BP fl single base propellant: web=0.680.70 mm; d=0.250.35 mm;
l=2.73.3mm.
- For 7/14 gr single base propellants: web=0.700.85 mm; d=0.200.35 mm;
l=8.811mm.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: The measurement precision depends on propellant


type, measured parameter and used equipment.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 SMT 40133-1995. Solid Propellant. Preparing methods for physical and chemical
tests.
3.2 STP-M 40377-1993. Solid Gun Propellant. Methods to determine the grain conformity
dimensions.
3.3 STP-M 40234-1997. Triple base propellants. Method to determine the grains
dimensions (similar to MIL-STD-286C, method 504.1.1).

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(Edition 2)
RO/102.02.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Granulation

a. Type of test: Physical Properties/Determining the dimensions for propellant grains which
has not a regularly shape.

b. Description: The method is used for determining the granulation of low sensitivity
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explosives. The specimen shall consist of approximately 100 g of the explosive weighed
within 0.1g. The portions retained or passed by the various sieves shall be weighed and
the results calculated to a percentage basis.
- The sieves are of circular or square shapes, with 400 mm diameter/width.
- The mechanical shaker is set to produce 150 10 vibrations per minute, with 70 10
mm amplitude; the sieves, and the tested explosive must be covered and then shaken
for 3 minutes.
- The granulation fraction can be calculated with:

100 [%]
mi
xi =
m
Where mi is the explosive mass retained by i sieve, and m is the explosive total
mass.
- The minimum and maximum size for the utilized sieves are:
For VU fl propellant: 0.40-0.56 mm ... 0.7-0.8 mm;
For VTK propellant: 0.56-0.70 mm 1.1-1.4 mm.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test results are used to evaluating a
quality characteristic. The granulation can affect the bulk density.

d. Typical results: Depend on explosive type.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 STP-M 40310. Black Powders and Solid Gun Propellants. Method to determine the
granulation.
3.2 STP-M 40375/2-1992. Solid Gun Propellants. Technical requirements.

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(Edition 2)
RO/102.03.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives/Main Charge High Explosives/Solid Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Moisture Content

a. Type of test: Physical Properties/Determination of water content into explosive samples.

b. Description:
- The moisture content is determined by loss of weight, by water extraction with isopropyl
alcohol, by propellant decomposition with solvent mixture, and by Karl Ficher method
- Large propellants are ground or cut into pieces of maximum size 10x10x3mm.
- The loss of mass method is used for explosive which not contains volatile solvents. The
testing temperature is within 60-80 0C, and the loss of mass is recorded after 150
minutes.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The moisture content is used to evaluating a


quality characteristic. Knowledge of the moisture is important because uptake/loss of
moisture may lead changes for performance characteristics.

d. Typical results:
A IX-1 Main Charge Composition: max. 0.1 %;
PETN: max. 0.1 %;
ST 1 pyrotechnic composition: max. 0.2 %.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Two parallel essays are performed and the median
value is calculated with 0.01% precision. The difference between the two results must be
less than 0.03 %.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 SMT 40209-1996. Solid Gun Propellants. Methods to determine the moisture content.
3.2 SMT 40209/1-1993. Solid Rocket Propellants. Methods to determine the moisture
content.
3.3 SMT 40486-1996. High Explosives. Method to determine the moisture and volatile
content.
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RO/102.03.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Volatile Content

a. Type of test: Physical properties/Determination of the total volatile content by complete


dissolving, precipitation and drying to a constant mass.

b. Description:
- For single base propellants, the volatile substances are moisture (eliminated volatile)
and residual volatile (e.g. ethanol, ethyl ether or mixture).
- The residual volatile content is represented by the difference between total volatile
content and eliminated volatile content.
- The propellant sample is dissolved into an organic solvent. After precipitation, the
solvent is eliminate by drying at 75-85 0C, until a constant mass.
- Generally, the used solvent is acetone and the precipitation is performed with a mixture
ethanol/water (2/1).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test result is used for quality insurance of
manufacturing process. The volatile contents may change the performance
characteristics of the ammunitions.

d. Typical results:
- P-45 single base propellant: max. 1.8 %;
- VTH-20 single base propellant: max. 3.7 %
- 22/1 TR single base propellant: max. 5.6 %.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Two parallel essays are performed and the median
value is calculated with 0.1% precision. The difference between the two results must be
less than:
- 0.30 % - for web < 0.7 mm;
- 0.40 % - for 0.7 web 1.0 mm;
- 0.50 % - web > 1 mm.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 SMT 40164/3-1996. Solid Gun Propellants. Method to determine the volatile content
by precipitation.
3.2 STP-M 40375/1-1996. Solid Gun Propellants. Technical requirements.
3.3 STP-M 40375/2-1996. Solid Gun Propellants. Physical and chemical requirements.
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(Edition 2)
RO/102.03.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Hygroscopicity

a. Type of test: Physical Properties/Determination of the hygroscopicity by the change in


moisture content as a function of air humidity level.

b. Description: Large propellants are cut into small pieces of maximum size 10x10x2mm.
Approximately 10 g explosive sample are heated and dry at 100 0C for 30 minutes, until
the mass remain constant.
- After cooling into a desiccator, the explosive sample is weighed with 0.0002g precision.
- Than the sample is disposed into a desiccator which containing a KNO3/water solution
(1200g KNO3/1000 cm3 H2O).
- The testing temperature must be within 18 22 0C, and the sample is maintained into
desiccator during 12 h.
- The hygroscopicity is calculated with:
m
H= [%]
m
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c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Knowledge of the hygroscopicity is important


because the changes in moisture content can affect the performance characteristics or
lead to malfunction.

d. Typical results: Depend on explosive type.


- ST-1 pyrotechnic composition: max. 0.8 %.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Two parallel essays are performed and the median
value is calculated with 0.1% precision.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 STP-M 40235-1997. Black Powders. Technical requirements.

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(Edition 2)
RO/102.04.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives/Main Charge High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Melting Point

a. Type of test: Physical Properties/Determination the temperature of solid/liquid transition.

b. Description:
- This method is used for determining the melting point of explosives to be used as a
criteria of purity;
- The specimen shall consist of a portion of a sample (not exceeding 5 g).
- The heating apparatus is equipped with an electrical heating controller device, which
supplies constant heating speed (e.g. 11.5 0C / min.);
- The explosive sample is disposed into capillary tubes or between two glass plates. The
sample mass is according the used apparatus.
- The melting point is determined with accurately standardized centigrade thermometers.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The melting point is used to determinate the
purity of booster and main charge explosives. For an explosive composition, many
melting points can be determined.

d. Typical results:
- RDX: min. 200 0C;
- TNT I and II: min. 80.2 0C

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Two parallel essays are performed and the median
value is calculated with 0.1 0C precision. The difference between the two results must be
less than 0.3 0C.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 STP-M 40232-1998. Hexogen. Technical requirements.
3.2 STP-M 40500-1996. Trinitrotoluen. Technical requirements.

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(Edition 2)
RO/103.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Uniaxial Mechanical Properties (Constant Strain Rate)

a. Type of test: Mechanical Properties/Compression Behavior of Solid Propellants with


Constrain Strain Rate

b. Description: The testing compression equipment is provided with a mobile slab. The axial
motion may be selected with an appropriate constant rate. The strain indicator must
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indicate the load with 1% precision, and the elongation with 0.01-mm precision. The
samples can have many regularly shapes: cylindrical, tubular etc. During the test, the
force and elongation are recorded. After the test, it is possible to obtain the maximal
strain, E-module, strain-deformation diagram. Parameters as temperature, dimension of
the sample and strain rate are influencing the results and have therefore to be specified.
At least two tests must be performed.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test is used for characterizing the
mechanical behavior of the solid propellants. The data are required to assess the
mechanical properties, and the ability of the propellant to retain its integrity throughout
the range of operating conditions.

d. Typical results: To be supplied.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: The strain must be determined with 1 MPa precision.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 STP-M 40450-1996. Solid Propellants. Method to determine the compressing
strength.

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(Edition 2)
RO/103.01.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Mechanical Strength

a. Type of test: Mechanical Properties /The test consist in the determination of the
deformation of solid gun grains at 157 MPa Strain.

b. Description: The test is conducted for single base gun propellants. 20 grains are
subjected to geometric measurements. The medium diameter and crossing area are
calculated. The samples are machined from a middle region of propellant grain, at length
equal with the diameter at .1 mm precision. Than the samples are subjected to a maximal
157 MPa strain, during 5 seconds, until the crack of the sample. The load is calculated as
the product between strain and medium crossing area.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The compressive behaviour of solid gun


propellants is a safety and quality characteristic. The test is used to assess the
mechanical compressive strength that may have an effect upon the ballistic behaviour of
the propellant.

d. Typical results: The deformation who not produce the samples crack must be:
- Min. 35 % - for 7/7 single base propellants (web .7 mm);
- Min. 30 % - for 7/14 irregularly shaped grains.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 STP-M 40378-1993. Single Base Gun Propellants. Method to determinate the
mechanical strength.
3.2 STP-M 40375/2-1992. Single Base Gun Propellants. Physical and Chemical
Requirements.

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RO/201.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Solid Propellants, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Impact Sensitivity (KAST)

a. Type of test: Safety/Impact. The test is conducted so as to assess the explosive


response of fallhummer (striker) impact.

b. Description:
- The impact sensitivity test is used to determining the liquid, gelatinous and solid
energetic materials sensitivity.
- The KAST fallhammer apparatus consists in a solid plate, an anvil, and two guidance
bars from witch a striker is dropped down. Tetryl is used to verifying this device. The
explosive sample is placed in a confinement device, which consists of two coaxial
cylinders placed one on top of the other and guided by a steel ring.
- The weight hammers are 1, 2, 5 and 10 kg. For sensitive explosives such as primary
explosives, a small fallhammer is used.
- The usual fall heights are 0.1 1.5 m.
- The explosive samples (0.05 g for solid explosive) are sieved (0.9 mm sieve for granular
explosive) and pressed at 290 MPa between the steel cylinders.
- The inferior sensitivity (H0 4%), superior sensitivity (H96 100%), the impact sensitivity H50
and the frequency of explosions are determinate.
- 25 essays are conducted for every height.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test is conducted so as to determine the


sensitivity of explosive materials by a fallhammer impact between two steel cylinders.
The results are safety characteristics.

d. Typical results:

- Tetryl (0.2-0.27 mm grain size): H50 = 250 mm;


- RDX H50 = 150 mm.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: The impact sensitivity H50 is given with 50 mm


precision.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 The Kast method to determine the impact sensitivity of a small explosive samples.
A.T.M. Experimental Testing Proceeding.

RO-32
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(Edition 2)
RO/201.01.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary Explosive

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2. TEST TITLE: Ball and Disc Impact

a. Type of test: Safety/Impact. The test is used for Primary Explosive and Pyrotechnics -
Optional.

b. Description:
- A small sample of energetic granular material, 10 20 mg, is used for testing.
- The explosive sample is placed on a steel anvil and entirely covered by a metallic disc
(0.5 1 mm).
- It is then subjected to impact from a falling steel ball impacting on a striker with a
hemispherical end.
- The device (metallic disc, explosive sample, and the anvil) is placed under an
electromagnetic drop hammer.
- The method aims at establishing the sensitivity diagram, the height of 50 % explosions.
- 10 - 25 essays are conducted for every height.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test is aims at determining the impact
sensitivity of Primary Explosives and represents the first step in assessment of the primer
compositions. The result is a safety characteristic.

d. Typical results:
- Primary Composition: 16 17 cm.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 Method to determine the Ball and Disc Impact Sensitivity. A.T.M. Experimental
Testing Proceeding.

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RO/201.03.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives and Solid Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Temperature of Ignition (BAM)

a. Type of test: Safety/Temperature. The test is conducted to determine the temperature at


witch an event occurs, if the temperature is lower than 400 0C.

b. Description: The explosive sample is heated with 5 0C/min. or 20 0C/min and the
temperature at witch an event will occur is determinate.
- The apparatus consists of a heating electric bath, which is heated by a constant
standard rate, two thermometers (60 - 260 0C and 200 400 0C), and three glass tubes.
- A small quantity of energetic materials is placed into each glass tube (50 100 mg for
Solid Propellants and Main Charge Explosives or 5-20 mg for Primary Explosives).
- The initial bath temperature is 100 0C.
- When each event occurs (decomposition, deflagration, detonation), the temperature of
ignition is read on the thermometer.
- The final value of test is the lower temperature.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test result is used to determining the
thermal behavior of energetic materials. The temperature of ignition is a safety and
quality characteristic. The test is also used to assessing the changes after an ageing
process.

d. Typical results:
- primary composition type F: 259 - 263 0C;
- primary composition (based on Hg (ONC)2): 180 - 187 0C;
- primary composition (based on Hg (ONC)2)
aged at 65 0C for 8 days: 328 - 331 0C
- double base ball powder type SB 511: 160 - 165 0C;

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: The temperature of ignition is determined with 0.5 0C


precision.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 Method to determine the temperature of ignition. A.T.M. Experimental Testing
Proceeding.
3.2 STANAG 4491.

RO-34
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(Edition 2)
RO/202.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants/Solid Rocket Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Chemical Stability by Aging

a. Type of test: Stability. The quantity of remaining stabilizer after ageing process is used as
a measure of chemical stability.

b. Description:
- The propellant samples are kept 60 or 120 days at 65.5 0C temperature. Then the
quantity of remaining stabilizer is measured.
- 8 samples at 5 g are used for determinate the medium remaining stabilizer content.
- Each sample is placed in a hermetic glass tube (170 mm height and 27 mm diameter).
The tubes are placed in a heated device at 65.5 0C.
- 4 tubes are taken out after 60 days and the rest after 120 days.
- When the brown gases appear, the test is stopped, and the propellant is considered
unstable.
- Spectrometry, chromatography or other analytical methods may measure the remaining
stabilizer contents.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test is used for estimating the chemical
stability of the propellants.

d. Typical results:
- The propellant is considered stable, for 5 years, if the remaining stabilizer (after 60 days

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aging) is 1 % at least or it represents more than 50 % from initial content. The minimum
value of stabilizer content must be 0.3 %.
- The propellant is considered stable, for 10 years:
- If the remaining stabilizer is 1 % at least or it represents more than 75 % from
initial content after 60 days; the minimum value of stabilizer content must be 0.7 %;
- If the remaining stabilizer is 1 % at least or it represents more than 50 % from
initial content after 120 days; the minimum value of stabilizer content must be 0.3%.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 SMT-40584-2000. Triple base propellants. Method to determine the chemical stability
by aging.
3.2 STANAG 4117.
3.3 STP-M 40133-1995. Solid Propellants. Methods to prepare samples for physical and
chemical analysis.

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RO/202.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants/ Solid Rocket Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Chemical Stability (Vieille Method at 106.5 0C)

a. Type of test: Chemical Stability. Heating the sample at 106.5 0C for a given period of time
and measure the time until the indicator paper changes color.

b. Description:
- A standard mass of the propellant is heated in special apparatus at 106.5 0.5 0C.
- The test has more methods: simple, repeated (10 x simple).
- The samples are prepared by cutting, sieving and drying at 95-100 0C for 2 hours. The
propellant is not cut when its weight is under 1 g.
- Two 10 0.1 g samples are placed into two hermetic glass tubes (23.5 mm inner
diameter and 79 mm height). In each tube is introduced a blue litmus indicator paper.
- The samples are maintained in the heating apparatus until the indicator paper changes
its color or brown gases appear.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test is used for estimating the chemical
stability of the propellants.

d. Typical results: The test results are expressed in number of hours. For:
- simple method for single base propellant: Min 7 hours;
- repeated method:
- Min 50 hours for lamellar and porous propellant;
- Min 60 hours for other propellant.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: The test result is one-hour precision.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 STP-M 40294/1-1993. Solid propellants. Methods to determine the chemical stability
by blue litmus indicator paper at 106.5 0C.
3.2 STP-M 40133-1995. Solid Propellants. Methods to prepare samples for physical and
chemical analysis.

RO-36
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RO/202.02.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants/ Solid Rocket Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Chemical Stability at 120 0C

a. Type of test: Chemical Stability. Heating the sample at 120 0C for a given period of time
and measure the time until the methyl indicator paper changes color.

b. Description:
- A standard mass of the propellant (2.5 0.002 g) is heated in special apparatus at 120 0.5 0C
- 5 samples are putted into 5 glass tubes (15 mm inner diameter and 290 mm height). In
each tube are placed a methyl indicator paper (70x20mm).
- At each 5 minutes the sample are observed. When the indicator turns into pink, the test
is stopped and time is recorded.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test is used for estimating the chemical
stability of the propellants. The test results are safety and quality characteristics.

d. Typical results: To be supplied.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 STP-M 40238-1999. Triple base propellants. Method to determine the chemical
stability by heating at 393 0.5 K (120 0C).
3.2 MIL-STD-286C, Method 404.1.2.
3.3 STP-M 40133-1995. Solid Propellants. Methods to prepare samples for physical and
chemical analysis.
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RO/202.02.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants/ Solid Rocket Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Chemical Stability by Weight Loss at 95 0C

a. Type of test: Stability. Heating the sample at 95 0C until the propellant decomposition (for
a given period of time) and determination of the weight loss.

b. Description:
- 10 0.0002 g are weighed and placed into spherical glass ball (49 mm inner diameter)
and than the ball is closed.
- The sample is heated in a special apparatus at 95 0.5 0C.
- When 24 hours have passed, the ball with sample is weighed and the weight loss is
recorded.
- The weight loss is graphically represented as a function of time.
- The start of accelerate decomposition is represented by inflection point (the point where
the curve modifies its convexity). The sample is maintained 5 days more at 95 0C after
the inflection point is reached.
- The constant of decomposition characterizes the velocity of uniform decomposition. The
loss of weight, in mg for 100 g propellant and 24 hours, is calculated with expression:
C = a b
K100 1000
cd
Where: a - the loss of mass (%) till accelerate decomposition is reached;
b - the loss of mass (%) till uniform decomposition is reached;
c - the time (days) till accelerate decomposition is reached;
d - the time (days) until uniform decomposition is reached;

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test is used for estimating the chemical
stability of the propellants. The test results are safety and quality characteristics.

d. Typical results:
- For porous gun propellant: min. 8 days;
- For granular propellant: min 10 days.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 STP-M 40294-1995. Single base propellants. Method to determine the chemical
stability by weight loss.
3.2 STP-M 40375/2-1992. Solid propellant. Physical and chemical requirements.
3.3 STP-M 40133-1995. Methods to prepare samples for physical and chemical analysis.

RO-38
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RO/202.02.004

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Main Charge High Explosives and Solid Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Explosives stability (Abel Method)

a. Type of test: Stability. Heating the sample, at 80 0.5 0C, till iodine starch indicator
paper change its color

b. Description:
- Four samples, 1.0 0.001 g each of them, are placed into an hermetic glass tube (15.5
inner diameter and 140 mm height) In each tube a iodine starch indicator paper is
introduced too.
- The time passed until the indicator paper changes its color and is recorded.
- The test result is represented by the median value.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test is used to estimating the chemical
stability of the propellants. The test results are safety and quality characteristics.

d. Typical results:
- TNT : min. 1 hour;
- PETN: min 1 hour;
- Nitroglycerin: min 0.5 hour.
.
e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 Method to determinate the chemical stability of Explosives (Abel Method). A.T.M.
Experimental Testing Proceeding.

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RO/301.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary Explosives/Solid Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Heat of explosion

a. Type of test: Performance. The test determines the quantity of heat liberated in a closed
vessel.

b. Description:
- The energetic material is initiated in a vacuum stainless steel container. This container is
placed in an adiabatic water-bath calorimeter and heat of explosion of the sample is
determined from the temperature raise of the water-bath. Knowing the heat capacity of
the calorimeter the heat of explosion can be calculated.
- A standard mass is placed into the container.
- The test results represent the median value of two essays.
- The heat of explosion can be calculated with:
K T q am
Qv =

Where: K- heat capacity of apparatus;
T - raise temperature;
qam - heat of initiation device;
- mass of the tested sample.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The result is a performance characteristic.

d. Typical results:
- primary composition type F: 460 kcal/kg;
- 4/7 T gr single base gun propellant: max. 875 kcal/kg;
- SB 511 double base gun propellant: 1290 kcal/kg;
- red flare pyrotechnic composition: min. 1600 kcal/kg.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: The difference between the individual results of the
heat of explosion must be lower than:
- 0.6 % for the explosive materials with Qv1000 kcal/kg;
- 0.8 % for the explosive materials with metallic powder;
- 1.3 % for the rest of the Explosives, but not more than 47 kcal/kg.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 STP-M 40319-1993. Solid propellants. Methods to determine the heat of explosion.
3.2 STP-M 40375/2-1992. Solid propellants. Physical and chemical requirements.

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RO/301.01.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary explosives/Solid propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Specific Volume

a. Type of test: Performance. The test determines the volume of gases products liberated
during the explosion.

b. Description:
- The gas products are introduced into a hermetic container and the raise of pressure is
measured. The specific volume can be calculated with:
W 0 H 273.15
V 0sp =
760 (273.15 + t )
Where: W0 - volume of the container;
H - raise pressure;
- mass of tested sample;
t - ambient temperature.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test result is a performance


characteristic.

d. Typical results:
- primary composition type F: 235 l/kg;
- SB 511 double base propellant: 812,5 l/kg;
- MS-2 pyrotechnics composition: 12 l/kg.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 Method to determine the specific volume. A.T.M. Experimental Testing Proceeding.

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RO/302.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives/Main Charge High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Detonation Velocity

a. Type of test: Performance. The test determines the detonation velocity within the
explosive.

b. Description:
- The time that has slipped away between two points at known distance is measured and
the velocity is calculated.
- At least two measurement sensors are placed on the explosive charge.
- The final value of the test represents a medium of two essays.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test results are a quality characteristic.

d. Typical results:

Cast TNT 6950 m/s

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: The measurement precision is 2%.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
3.1 Method to determine the detonation velocity. A.T.M. Experimental Testing
Proceeding.

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10.7.8 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES OF THE NETHERLANDS

PARAGRAPH PAGE

10.7.8.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION NL-3

10.7.8.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITIY(IES) NL-3

10.7.8.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES NL-3

10.7.8.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS NL-4

HIGH EXPLOSIVES NL-4

10.7.8.5 LIST OF TESTS INFORMATION SHEETS NA

10.7.8.6 CATALOGUE OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS NA

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10.7.8.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION

10.7.8.1.1 The Netherlands does not qualify new military explosives since no new military explosives
are developed in this country.

10.7.8.1.2 The Netherlands procures explosives from foreign producers as part of a complete
munition or weapon system design or bulk explosives for production or rework of
ammunition.

10.7.8.1.3 The approval of explosives, in the Netherlands, is done as part of the approval of the
specifications of the complete ammunition or weapon system as procured from either
Netherlands or foreign contractors by the involved Materiel Command after consulting the
Militaire Commissie Gevaarlijke Stoffen 1 , MCGS.

10.7.8.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITY(IES)

10.7.8.2.1 The following authorities within the Netherlands Defense Organization are responsible for
approving the specifications for explosives contained in munitions:

a. Directoraat Matrerieel Koninklijke Landmacht (Army Materiel Command)


b. Directoraat Matrerieel Koninklijke Marine (Naval Materiel Command)
c. Directoraat Matrerieel Koninklijke Luchtmacht (Air Materiel Command)

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10.7.8.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES

10.7.8.3.1 It is required that the explosives are qualified before taken into service, the qualification is
part of the final classification. The properties of the explosive should be identified by TNO
Prins Maurits Laboratory (TNO-PML), either by assessing the data provided by the
manufacturer or by performing an (additional) experimental test program. This results in a
qualification report and draft specifications for the explosive substance.

1
Military Committee for Dangerous Substances.

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10.7.8.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS

10.7.8.4.1 The basis for the approval of new explosives is the specifications with related
test-methods and requirements given in NATO STANAGs used for approval in other
NATO countries. Specific Netherlands test methods for explosives do not exist.
Consequently, Test Information Sheets are not relevant. The tests which the Netherlands
authorities consider mandatory for assessing the safety of an explosive material are listed
below.

10.7.8.4.2 The activities required for setting up and implementing a qualification program are:

a. Identifying the relevant characteristic properties in relation to STANAG 4170,


STANAG 4123, MP 40-22, the expected life cycle and use of the explosive
substance.
b. Inaugurating the (additional) test program
c. Implementing the (additional) test program
d. Compiling a qualification report
e. Compiling the specification

The qualification of an explosive substance for military use is recorded by the chairman of
the MCGS in a qualification document.

10.7.8.4.3 High Explosives

a. Mandatory Data

(1) Impact Sensitivity (BAM test)


(2) Friction Sensitivity (BAM test)
(3) Electrostatic Sensitivity
(4) Shock Sensitivity (BICT gap test)
(5) Heat Sensitivity (Koenen test)
(6) Vacuum Thermal Stability

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10.7.12 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC

PARAGRAPH PAGE

10.7.12.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENT RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION SK-3

10.7.12.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITY SK-3

10.7.12.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES SK-3

10.7.12.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS SK-5

10.7.12.5 LIST OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS SK-10

10.7.12.6 CATALOGUE OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS SK-11

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10.7.12.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENT RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION

10.12.1.1 Military Technical and Testing Institute Zahorie (Vojensky Technicky a Skusobny Ustav
Zahorie - VTSU) has full responsibility for qualification of military explosives.

10.7.12.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITY

Military Technical and Testing Institute Zahorie (Vojensky Technicky a Skusobny Ustav
Zahorie VTSU) is the appointed National Authority for the Slovak Republic and is
responsible for the following functions in accordance with STANAG 4170:

a. Initiation of the qualification procedure, assessment of the preliminary data


and selection of the tests necessary for qualification of military explosive
materials used by the military services of the Slovak Republic.

b. Conducting tests and preparing the qualification reports

c. Assessment of the military explosive in accordance with STANAG 4170 and


AOP-7 and determination of the qualification status

d. Decision on the application of the qualified explosive

e. Creating and maintaining the Slovak data bank of qualified explosive


materials used by the Slovak military services

f Maintaining Slovak part of NATO Catalogue of Qualified Explosives


STANAG 4397 and AOP-26

g. Maintaining Slovak repository for NATO Standardization Agreements and


Slovak Technical Standards relating to the military explosive materials

h Coordination of the implementation of STANAG 4170 and AOP-7 within the


Slovak Republic

I. Acting as a Point of Contact within the Slovak Republic for inputs to AOP-7

j. Serving as a Point of Contact to other NATO countries for the exchange of


information

k. Releasing the qualification data to other NATO and PFP nations in


accordance with STANAG 4170
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10.7.12.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES

10.7.12.3.1 The Slovak Republic is in the implementation process of STANAG 4170 and AOP-7 into
its testing practice. Thus, the information contained in this section should be considered
as preliminary and can be a subject of the change. The basis for the Slovak assessment
for the qualification of an explosive composition is laid down in new Slovak
implementations documents mainly Technick podmienky pre skky a hodnotenie
vojenskch vbunn poda tandardov NATO -TP-SHVV-1080-ZH-00, implementating
NATO standards requirements for military explosive testing and qualification and in some
Slovak Technical Standards.

10.7.12.3.2 In the Slovak Republic, the research and the development of new military explosives

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intended for military use are mainly carried out by private firms - e.g. Konstrukta
Defence, a.s., Trencin (pyrotechnics), Zavody Vseobecneho strojarenstva, a.s., Dubnica
nad Vahom (high explosives, pyrotechnics) . Additionally, research may also be carried
out in certain state institutes sponsored by the Slovak MOD (e.g. Military Technical and
Testing Institute, Zahorie).

10.7.12.3.3 In general, the research and the development of new military explosives are carried out
under contracts awarded by Slovak Ministry of Defence, or Slovak Ministry of Economy.
However, they may also result from a private firms initiative. Import of military explosives
or munitions with military explosives not qualified according to STANAG 4170 can be
another source of new military explosives for qualification. In this context a new explosive
is an explosive which has not yet been qualified, whose composition, nature or
manufacturing procedure has been changed, or which is intended for a role for which it
has not been qualified. Existing military explosives may be regarded as being qualified by
sufficient long experience representative for its expected life cycle and intended use.

10.7.12.3.4 Written requests for qualification of a new explosive are to be submitted to the National
Authority. Requests may be submitted by the military services (Army, Air Force),
developers, manufacturers or importers.

10.7.12.3.5 Before the beginning of the qualification procedure, an applicant requesting the
assessment of the developed explosive must identify some basic characteristics of the
explosive, according to Table 1 to STANAG 4170 and must present results of tests
obtained in the development project. The information is evaluated by the National
Authority and can be returned for revision if they are unsatisfactory or incomplete. The
producer of the new military explosive has to prove the military explosive can be
manufactured and processed in a full production scale and the required quality levels can
be met consistently. The National Authority can refuse further qualification testing if it is
clear from the preliminary results that the new explosive will not satisfy general
requirements for safety and suitability in the intended role.

10.7.12.3.6 In case of positive results of the preliminary assessment, the National Authority prepares
a list of tests for qualification of the explosive. The tests listed in STANAG 4170 are
always taken as mandatory for this purpose; the national tests listed in AOP-7 are usually
taken as optional (except those referred by STANAG 4170 to AOP-7, such as electric
spark test, detonation velocity and critical diameter test). Other tests not included in
STANAG 4170 or AOP-7, but which are suitable to obtain the required information, may
also be used. The results of optional tests can be taken from the development project of a
new explosive.

10.7.12.3.7 The National Authority is responsible for conducting of the qualification tests and the
subsequent assessment of the new explosives regarding its safety and basic suitability
for military purposes. If any particular test cannot be conducted by the facilities of the
National Authority, the National Authority will delegate other testing laboratory for
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conducting the test. The qualification procedure does not include the assessment of the
explosive in a particular ammunition system (final or type qualification) or legal provisions
for storage and transportation.

10.7.12.3.8 The results of the qualification tests, together with other observations and
recommendations are considered by committee of specialists of the National Authority,
other Slovak military technical institutes, General Staff and Ministry of Defence. The
results are evaluated in relation to the results of the same tests carried out on materials of
a similar type and role which have proven history of safety and satisfactory use in service.
After completion of the investigation, the National Authority prepares a qualification report
in accordance with STANAG 4170 and the resulting qualification status: (a) qualified, (b)
not qualified, (c) qualified with certain restrictions.

10.7.12.3.9 If the National Authority determines that a new explosive is suitable for military use, an
organization developing, manufacturing or importing the explosive will prepare a technical
specification for this qualified explosive. The technical specification stipulate
characteristics of the explosives such as composition, nature, manufacturing process,
type and source of raw materials and use, as far as these ensure reproducible
manufacture and delivery. The technical requirements for the explosive, the testing
methods, provisions on quality assurance, packaging, storage and transportation
conditions are also reflected in this document.

10.7.12.3.10 After the technical specification for explosive has been written, it is to be sent for
comments by organizations participating on production, processing or use of the
explosive. The final version of this document is ratified by all the organizations (a
developer, a manufacturer, a processing company, military authority representatives to
these companies, the National Authority, end user etc.).
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10.7.12.3.11 In case of ammunition system developments requiring the new explosives, these
explosives must be qualified before the system design is finalized. The introduction of the
explosive for a particular role before conclusion of the qualification procedure and before
completion of the technical specification is prohibited in general.

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10.7.12.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS

10.7.12.4.1 List of Tests for Primary explosives:

a. Mandatory Tests

Test Registry/STANAG No.

(1) Thermal characterization by DTA STANAG 4515


(2) Thermal characterization by DSC STANAG 4515
(3) Thermal characterization by TGA STANAG 4515
(4) Chemical compatibility with materials by dynamic TGA* STANAG 4147
(5) Chemical compatibility with materials by DSC* STANAG 4147
(6) Chemical compatibility of azides with materials
by chemical analysis* STANAG 4147
(7) Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491 (B1)
(8) Impact sensitivity STANAG 4489 (C)
(9) Friction sensitivity STANAG 4487 (A)
(10) Electric spark 201.03.001

b. Optional Tests for Primary explosives

Test Registry/STANAG No.

(1) Small BAM friction sensitivity test 201.02.001


(2) Large scale differential thermal analysis 202.01.003

10.7.12.4.2 List of Tests for Booster and Main Charge High Explosives:

a. Mandatory Tests

Test Registry/STANAG No.

(1) Thermal characterization by DTA STANAG 4515


(2) Thermal characterization by DSC STANAG 4515
(3) Thermal characterization by TGA STANAG 4515
(4) Vacuum stability test STANAG 4556 (2B)
(5) Chemical compatibility with materials
by vacuum stability test* STANAG 4147
(6) Chemical compatibility with materials by dynamic TGA* STANAG 4147
(7) Chemical compatibility with materials by DSC* STANAG 4147
(8) Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491 (B1)
(9) Slow cook-off STANAG 4491 (C3)
(10) Fast cook-off STANAG 4491 (C3)
(11) Impact sensitivity STANAG 4489 (C)
(12) Friction sensitivity STANAG 4487 (A)
(13) Electric spark 201.03.001
(14) Large scale electrostatic discharge sensitivity STANAG 4490 (B)
(15) Shock sensitivity (small, intermediate, expanded
large and super large scale gap) STANAG 4488 (ABCD)
(16) Critical diameter 201.08.001
(17) Detonation velocity test 302.01.001
(18) Uniaxial compressive test STANAG 4443
(19) Uniaxial tensile test (only for PBX) STANAG 4506
(20) Stress relaxation test in tension (only for PBX) STANAG 4507
(21) Thermomechanical analysis STANAG 4525
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(22) Dynamic mechanical analysis (only for PBX) STANAG 4540

b. Optional Tests for Booster and Main Charge High Explosive

Test Registry/STANAG No.

(1) Density 102.01.071


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(2) Large scale differential thermal analysis 202.01.003


(3) Lead block compression 302.03.001
(4) Ballistic mortar 302.03.002
(5) Lead block expansion 302.03.003

10.7.12.4.3 List of Tests for Solid gun propellants

a. Mandatory Tests

Test Registry/STANAG No.

(1) Thermal characterization by DTA STANAG 4515


(2) Thermal characterization by DSC STANAG 4515
(3) Thermal characterization by TGA STANAG 4515
(4) Vacuum stability test STANAG 4556 (2B)
(5) Chemical stability tests by stabilizer depletion STANAG 4620
AOP-48
(6) Chemical compatibility with materials
by vacuum stability test* STANAG 4147
(7) Chemical compatibility with materials by dynamic TGA* STANAG 4147
(8) Chemical compatibility with materials by DSC* STANAG 4147
(9) Chemical compatibility with materials
by stabilizer depletion* STANAG 4147
(10) Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491 (B1)
(11) Slow cook-off STANAG 4491 (C3)
(12) Fast cook-off STANAG 4491 (C3)
(13) Impact sensitivity STANAG 4489 (C)
(14) Friction sensitivity STANAG 4487 (A)
(15) Electric spark 201.03.001
(16) Large scale electrostatic discharge sensitivity STANAG 4490 (B)
(17) Shock sensitivity (intermediate, expanded large
and super large scale gap) STANAG 4488 (BCD)
(18) Critical diameter 201.08.001
(19) Uniaxial compressive# STANAG 4443
(20) Thermomechanical analysis# STANAG 4525
(21) Dynamic mechanical analysis# STANAG 4540

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b. Optional Tests for Solid gun propellants

Test Registry/STANAG No.

(1) Density 102.01.071


(2) Deflagration to detonation transition 201.08.002
(3) 100oC heat 202.01.001
(4) Slovak vacuum stability 202.01.002
(5) Large scale differential thermal analysis 202.01.003
(6) Closed vessel 302.02.001
(7) Heat of explosion 302.03.004

10.7.12.4.4 List of Tests for Solid rocket propellants

a. Mandatory Tests

Test Registry/STANAG No.

(1) Thermal characterization by DTA STANAG 4515


(2) Thermal characterization by DSC STANAG 4515
(3) Thermal characterization by TGA STANAG 4515
(4) Vacuum stability STANAG 4556 (2B)
(5) Chemical stability tests by stabilizer depletion+
(only for double based propellants) STANAG 4620
AOP-48
(6) Chemical compatibility with materials
by vacuum stability test* STANAG 4147
(7) Chemical compatibility with materials by dynamic TGA* STANAG 4147
(8) Chemical compatibility with materials by DSC* STANAG 4147
(9) Chemical compatibility with materials by stabilizer
depletion* (only for double based propellants) STANAG 4147
(10) Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491 (B1)
(11) Slow cook-off STANAG 4491 (C3)
(12) Fast cook-off STANAG 4491 (C3)
(13) Impact sensitivity STANAG 4489 (C)
(13) Friction sensitivity STANAG 4487 (A)
(14) Electric spark 201.03.001
(15) Large scale electrostatic discharge sensitivity STANAG 4490 (B)
(16) Shock sensitivity (intermediate, expanded large and
super large scale gap) STANAG 4488 (BCD)
(17) Critical diameter 201.08.001
(18) Uniaxial compressive STANAG 4443
(19) Uniaxial tensile STANAG 4506
(20) Stress relaxation test in tension STANAG 4507
(21) Thermomechanical analysis STANAG 4525
(22) Dynamic mechanical analysis STANAG 4540

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b. Optional Tests for Solid rocket propellants:

Test Registry/STANAG No.

(1) Density 102.01.071


(2) 100oC heat test (only for double based propellants) 202.01.001
(3) Slovak vacuum stability
(only for double based propellants) 202.01.002
(4) Large scale differential thermal analysis 202.01.003
(5) Heat of explosion 302.03.004

10.7.12.4.5 List of Tests for Liquid Propellants

a. The tests required for liquid propellants are listed in Chapter 7 of this document.

10.7.12.4.6 List of Tests for Pyrotechnics

a. Mandatory Tests

Test Registry/STANAG No.

(1) Thermal characterization by DTA STANAG 4515


(2) Thermal characterization by DSC STANAG 4515
(3) Thermal characterization by TGA STANAG 4515
(4) Vacuum stability STANAG 4556 (2B)
(5) Chemical compatibility with materials by dynamic TGA* STANAG 4147
(6) Chemical compatibility with materials by DSC* STANAG 4147
(7) Temperature of ignition STANAG 4491 (B1)
(8) Slow cook-off STANAG 4491 (C3)
(9) Fast cook-off STANAG 4491 (C3)
(10) Impact sensitivity STANAG 4489 (C)
(11) Friction sensitivity STANAG 4487 (A)
(12) Electric spark 201.03.001
(13) Shock sensitivity# STANAG 4488 (BCD)
(14) Critical diameter# 201.08.001
(15) Dynamic mechanical analysis# STANAG 4540

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b. Optional Tests for Pyrotechnics

Test Registry/STANAG No.

(1) Density 102.01.071


(2) Small BAM friction sensitivity 201.02.001
(3) Large scale differential thermal analysis 202.01.003
(4) Heat of explosion 302.03.004

10.7.12.4.7 Remarks :
* two compatibility tests are usually chosen from the lists
+
selection of a suitable chemical stability test depends on composition of
a propellant under test
#
applicability of the test depends on a resolution of the national authority

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10.7.12.5 Aging Characterization

10.7.12.5.1 Determination of the influence of aging on a new explosives properties is an important


part of the qualification process. The aging characterization is mostly based on artificial
aging at higher temperatures (50-70oC) for several months with packaging corresponding
to the final application of the explosive and following determination of change in selected
properties. Some types of explosives materials can be also aged using temperature
cycling and shocks. Artificial ageing is carried out according to document TP-SHVV-
1080-(29)-00-ZH, but the concrete version of the aging protocol for different types of
explosives can be established by case to case basis in such a manner allowing to
determine the important properties of the explosive after artificial aging corresponding to
at least the end of its guaranteed service life (with some safety reserve).

10.7.12.5.2 Determination of change in properties of a new explosive before and after the artificial
aging is done by the TP-SHVV-1080-(29)-00-ZH, in general:

Explosives Ageing protocol Procedure


Primary 70C for 6 months Impact sensitivity
explosives Friction sensitivity
DTA
Electric spark
Primary 70C for 1 months and temperature Function tests
explosives in program: A-B-A-B-C-E-F-E-F-D* four
application times
Booster and 70C for 6 months Impact sensitivity
High Friction sensitivity
explosives Temperature of ignition
Shock sensitivity
Thermal stability
Vacuum thermal stability
Unaxial tensile test
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Unaxial compression test


Content of marking agent
Plasticity
Electric spark
Solid 65C for 6 months or temperature Impact sensitivity
propellants program A-B-A-B-C-E-F-E-F-D* two Friction sensitivity
and Solid times Temperature of ignition
rocket Thermal stability
propellants Vacuum thermal stability
Unaxial tensile test
Unaxial compression test
Electric spark
Pyrotechnic 65C for 6 months and temperature Impact sensitivity
mixture program A-B-A-B-C-E-F-E-F-D* two Friction sensitivity
times Temperature of ignition
Thermal stability
Vacuum thermal stability
* where: A: -40C 16 hours,
B: +70C, 95% RH 8 hours,
C: +20C, 64 hours,
D: +20C, 8 hours,
E: -40C, 8 hours,
F: +70C, 95% RH, 16 hours.

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10.7.12.6 LIST OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS

Category 100 Chemical, Physical &


Mechanical Properties
102.01.271 Density

Category 200 Hazard Assessment


Sensitiveness/Sensitivity/
Explosiveness

201.02.XXX Friction
201.02.001 Small BAM Friction Sensitivity
Test

201.03.XXX Electrostatic Discharge


201.03.001 Electric Spark Test

201.08.XXX Other Tests


201.08.001 Critical Diameter
201.08.002 Deflagration to Detonation
Transition

202.01.XXX Thermal Tests


202.01.001 100oC Heat Test
202.01.002 Slovak Vacuum Stability Test
202.01.003 Large Scale Differential
Thermal Analysis

Category 300 Performance Assessment


302.01.001 Detonation Velocity Test
302.02.001 Closed Vessel Test
302.03.001 Lead Block Compression Test
302.03.002 Ballistic Mortar Test
302.03.003 Lead Block Expansion Test
302.03.004 Heat of Explosion

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10.7.12.7 CATALOGUE OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS

NOTE: The Test Information Sheets are listed consecutively in accordance with the
Registry Number.

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SK/102.01.071

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster and Main Charge High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Density

a. Type of Test: Physical Property


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b. Description: The density is calculated as a quotient of mass and volume of a sample.


The mass is measured with an analytical balance (resolution 0.0001 g) and the volume is
measured with a pycnometer by a liquid displacement method at 20 oC. Liquid that does
not dissolve the sample is used as a medium for the pycnometric measurements (e.g.
water for high explosives, parafinic oil for propellants and pyrotechnics). A solid sample is
used in a form of small pieces that will pass through the pycnometer neck, with smooth
surfaces free from crevices and dust.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test is used for material characterization
and quality control before some qualification tests.

d. Typical Results:

Cast TNT loading density: 1.58 g.cm-3

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

Good ( 0.005 g.cm-3)

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) STN 66 8102

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SK/201.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary Explosives/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Small BAM Friction Sensitivity Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Friction - Used for Primary Explosives and Pyrotechnics

b. Description: The sensitivity of primary explosives and very sensitive pyrotechnics is


tested by means of the scale-down version of BAM friction test apparatus (according to
Annex A to STANAG 4487). The applied friction load ranges from 0.1 N to 18 N.
Sensitivity of an explosive is usually expressed as a down level (the maximum load giving
0 ignitions of 6 trials) and an up level (the minimum load giving 6 ignitions of 6 trials).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test is used to determine the sensitivity
of primary explosives and sensitive pyrotechnics at very low loads that can produce
errors in results using the standard type BAM friction test apparatus.

d. Typical Results: Results are quoted as minimum loads for obtaining 6 ignitions or
explosions of 6 trials (up level)

(1) Potassium Chlorate + Red Phosphorous 75/25: 0.4 N (explosion)


(2) Lead Trinitroresorcinate: 5 N (explosion)

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) ON 66 8095

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SK/201.03.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary, Booster, Main Charge High Explosives, Propellants, and
Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Electric Spark Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Electric Spark - used for all types of explosives.

b. Description: An explosive sample (2-30 mg) is placed between an adjustable needle


electrode and a static disc electrode. Electrostatic energy stored on a charged variable
capacitor (maximum capacity 350 nF, charged with 4-10 kV potential) is discharged to
the sample. The standard test interval ranges from 0.1 mJ to 16 J. Using an oscilloscope
and high voltage sensors, voltage vs. time dependence is measured on the electrodes
and software determines the real energy transferred into the sample. The 50 %
probability level of initiation is determined by an up and down Bruceton method. The
test should be more representative than usual spark tests owing to direct measurement
of spark energy transferred to the sample.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To determine the electrostatic charge


required to ignite and explosive material at an energy level greater than that found on
personnel.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Lead azide: 50 mJ


(2) RDX: 300 mJ

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

(1) TP-SHVV-1080-(01)-00-ZH, Edition 2

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SK/201.08.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster and Main Charge High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Critical Diameter Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Critical Diameter - Used for Booster and Main Charge High
Explosives, Propellants and Pyrotechnics

b. Description: The explosive under test, contained in a 100 cm steel tube with a selected
internal diameter and wall thickness of 10 % of internal diameter, is subjected to an
explosive shock known to be sufficient to initiate detonation (using detonator or a plastic
explosive booster) and the remains of the tube are examined to determine whether the
detonation has propagated through the whole length of the charge. If detonation
propagates, internal diameter of the next steel tube is reduced to its half. If detonation
fails, internal diameter of the next steel tube is doubled. Using this procedure, critical
diameter of the explosive at given loading density is determined as a minimum diameter
of the tube at which complete detonation occurs.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines the critical diameter of
an explosive for sustaining a detonation through a long confined explosive charge.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

(1) TP-SHVV-1080-(03)-00-ZH, Edition 2

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SK /201.08.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Deflagration to Detonation Transition Test

a. Type of Test: Safety - Used for Gun Propellants

b. Description: The explosive under test is contained in a steel tube (inside diameter of 32
mm, thickness of 3 mm, length of 500 mm), which is closed at one end by a welded steel
disc 3 mm thick. Initiation occurs by means of electric squib at the open end of the tube.
The lengths of deflagration and detonation zones are determined by means of a
mechanical sensor that is made of 3.15 mm thick steel wire wrapped with 0.6 mm thick
copper wire. The mechanical sensor is located inside the tube along all its length. After
explosion, the mechanical sensor is collected. The first cut of the copper wire into the
steel wire corresponds the transition point from deflagration to detonation.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines tendency of an explosive


to transition from burning to detonation

d. Typical Results:

(1) A porous nitrocellulose sheet propellant: 250 mm

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

(1) TP-SHVV-1080-(04)-00-ZH, Edition 2

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SK/ 202.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: 100oC Heat Test

a. Type of Test: Stability/Thermal - Used for Gun Propellants and Double Based Rocket
Propellants

b. Description: 10g samples of propellants, enclosed in standardised glass test tubes, are
heated at 100oC in a heating block. The number of days required to cause clearly visible
yellow or red fumes of nitrogen oxides is recorded.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines the stability level of the
single and double based propellants

d. Typical Results:

(1) Double based propellants: 2-10 days

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(2) Single based propellants: 6-14 days

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: within 6 hours

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

(1) STN 66 8102

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SKZ/202.01.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Slovak Vacuum Stability Test

a. Type of Test: Stability/Thermal - Used for Gun Propellants and Double Based Rocket
Propellants.

b. Description: Samples of explosives (2 grams), enclosed in standardised glass test tubes


(volume 20 1 cm3) with adapters for connection of electronic pressure transducers and
a vacuum pump are heated at initial vacuum for a specified period of time at a specified
temperature in a heating block. Single based propellants are heated for 4,5 hours at
125oC, double based propellants for 5 hours at 115oC. The volume of gases evolved
during the test is recorded from the transducers by computer in regular intervals (5-30
minutes) and volume of gases vs. time graph is finally plotted for every sample. Together
with total volume of gases evolved in the test, rate of steady gas evolution is determined
from the curve. The rate (extrapolated to 20 hours: cm3.g-1.20hours-1) is usually taken as
a value for stability evaluation.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines the stability level of the
propellants.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Nitroglycerine propellants: 6-16 cm3.g-1.20hours-1 (115oC)


(2) Single based propellants: 10-25 cm3.g-1.20hours-1(125oC)

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Within 0.2 cm3 ml.g-1.20hours for propellants.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

(1) STN 26 910

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SK/202.01.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary, Booster, Main Charge High Explosives, Propellants, and
Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Large Scale Differential Thermal Analysis

a. Type of Test: Stability/Thermal - Used for all types of explosives.

b. Description: Commercially available DTA equipment with reinforced design is utilised.


The apparatus is capable to withstand explosion of up to 10 mg of primary explosives.
Sample weight of up to 50 mg of non-primary explosives can be used. In this apparatus,
endothermic and exothermic changes of the sample in a small glass test tube are
observed and recorded during heating at a constant rate (usually 5-20 oC.min-1) under air
atmosphere. The apparatus is very suitable for measurement of highly heterogeneous
samples (esp. pyrotechnics) that can produce unrepeatable results with low sample
weights. The equipment is also suitable for preliminary assessment of thermal reactivity
of an unknown explosive before measurement at more sensitive apparatuses.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines the thermal stability of an
explosive - start, onset and peak of exothermal decomposition

d. Typical Results (peaks of decomposition at 50 mg sample weight and 5 oC.min-1 heating


rate):
(1) TNT: 295oC
(2) RDX: 220oC
(3) PETN: 190oC
(4) Double Based Propellants: 165-170oC
(5) Black Powder: 320oC

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: 2oC of peak temperatures

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

(1) TP-SHVV-1080-(05)-00-ZH, Edition 2


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SK/302.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster and Main Charge High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Detonation Velocity

a. Type of Test: Performance/Experimental - Used for Booster and Main Charge High
Explosives.

b. Description: Two measurement probes (insulated copper foils or wires wrapped round or
pressed to each other) are inserted into the explosive charge of the selected diameter,
length and confinement. The explosive charge is initiated by means of a detonator or a
booster charge and the two probes are short-circuited by the passing detonation wave
that removes insulation from the probes. The time between the two generated pulses is
determined by an electronic counter. Knowing the distance between the two probes, the
average detonation velocity is determined.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines the detonation velocity of
an explosive charge - one of important performance parameters

d. Typical Results:
(1) TNT (pressed 1.62 g.cm-3): 6800 m.s-1
(2) RDX/wax 95/5 (Pressed 1.62 g.cm-3): 8150 m.s-1

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Precision 2%


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3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

(1) STN 66 8066

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SK/302.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Closed Vessel Test

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a. Type of Test: Performance/Experimental - Used for Gun and Rocket Propellants

b. Description: The basic ballistic properties of a propellant are determined in a closed high-
pressure combustion chamber of constant volume (5-200 cm3). The propellant charge is
ignited by a small black powder charge. Loading density of a propellant in the bomb
should be 0.19-0.22 g.cm-3. The pressure rise is measured by a piezoelectric pressure
transducer, with computer evaluation of the pressure-time curve. The force, covolume,
quickness, vivacity, form and other ballistic parameters of the propellant are calculated
from the curve.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The results of the test are used for a ballistic
assessment of the test propellant

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

(1) TP-SHVV-1080-(06)-00-ZH, Edition 2

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SK/302.03.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster and Main Charge High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Lead Block Compression Test

a. Type of Test: Performance/Brisance - Used for Booster and Main Charge High
Explosives

b. Description: 50 g explosive charge of diameter 40 mm is placed on one to three steel


plates 10-30 mm thick situated on the top of a lead cylinder of 40 mm diameter and 60
mm height. The charge is initiated by means of a detonator. After explosion, resulting
compression of the lead cylinder is measured.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The value of the lead cylinder compression
corresponds to a brisance of the explosive.

d. Typical Results: (with 3 steel plates)


(1) TNT (pressed, 1.60 g.cm-3): 22 mm
(2) RDX/TNT 75/25 (cast, 1.71 g.cm-3): 28.5 mm (130% TNT)

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: within 0,5 mm

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

(1) STN 66 8065


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SK/302.03.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster and Main Charge High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Ballistic Mortar Test

a. Type of Test: Performance/Explosive power - Used for Booster and Main Charge High
Explosives

b. Description: 10 g explosive charge is detonated in a heavy (300 kg) steel mortar, damped
with a steel projectile (15 kg). The mortar is attached to a pendulum bar and suspended
on knife edges. After explosion of the charge, resulting degree of swing is compared to
that produced on detonation of a specific amount of TNT. The result is expressed as
percentage of TNT.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The value corresponds to an explosive


power (working ability) of the explosive.

d. Typical Results:
(1) RDX/TNT 75/25: 144% TNT

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: 2% TNT

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

(1) STN 66 8075

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SK/302.03.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster and Main Charge High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Lead Block Expansion Test

a. Type of Test: Performance/Explosives - Used for Booster and Main Charge High
Explosives

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b. Description: 10 g sample is placed into a tube of diameter 25 mm made of tin sheet and a
standard detonator is inserted. The charge is then put into a hole in a lead block of
diameter and length 200 mm. Volume produced by the explosion of the charge is
measured.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The value corresponds to an explosive power


(working ability) of the explosive.

d. Typical Results:
(1) TNT (powder): 300 cm3 (100% TNT)
(2) RDX/Al/wax 76/20/4: 471 cm3 (157% TNT)

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Within 1% TNT

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

(1) STN 66 8064

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SK/302.03.004

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Heat of Explosion

a. Type of Test: Performance - Used for Propellants and Pyrotechnics

b. Description: The heat of explosion of an explosive is determined in a gas-tight stainless


steel container. This container is placed in an adiabatic water-bath calorimeter and the
heat of explosion of the sample is determined from the temperature raise of the water-
bath. Knowing the heat capacity of the calorimeter obtained by combustion of a reference
material, the heat of explosion of the explosive can be calculated.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Determination of an energetic content of


explosives.
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d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

(1) TP-SHVV-1080-(07)-00-ZH, Edition 2

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10.7.13 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES OF SWEDEN

To be provided
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10.7.14 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES FOR SWITZERLAND

PARAGRAPH PAGE

10.7.14.1 GENERAL REMARKS CH-3

10.7.14.2 MILITARY DEPARTMENT'S RESPONSIBILITY FOR QUALIFICATION CH-3

10.7.14.3 NATIONAL AUTHORITY(IES) CH-3

10.7.14.4 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES CH-4

10.7.14.5 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS CH-5

a. HIGH EXPLOSIVES CH-6

(1) Primary Explosives CH-6


(2) Booster Explosives CH-6
(3) High Explosives CH-6

b. PROPELLANTS CH-7

(1) Solid Gun Propellants CH-7


(2) Solid Rocket Propellants CH-7

c. PYROTECHNICS CH-8

10.7.14.6 LIST OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS CH-9


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10.7.14.7 CATALOGUE OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS CH-11

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10.7.14.1 GENERAL REMARKS

10.7.14.1.1 Switzerland, as a Partnership for Peace, PfP, nation has taken the decision to make an
input in the national part of AOP-7 in view to declare its qualification tests and procedures
for explosives intended to be used in military applications. In case of STANAG
incompatible generation of data for qualification of explosives, a harmonisation between
Swiss tests and procedures and corresponding STANAG test requirements shall be
established as a long term objective.

10.7.14.1.2 As Switzerland does not join NATOs MAP (Member Action Plan), a ratification of
STANAGs is not foreseen in near future. So a reference to a STANAG within the Swiss
national part of AOP-7 does not imply the acceptance of this STANAG without any
restrictions. Thus, such references are made in sense of pure literature references.

10.7.14.1.3 In view of a further development of tests and procedures for qualification of explosives to
future needs and requirements, as also to harmonize tests and procedures in direction of
corresponding STANAGs, Swiss authorities keep the right to adapt those according to the
given situation.

10.7.14.2 MILITARY DEPARTMENT'S RESPONSIBILITY FOR QUALIFICATION

10.7.14.2.1 Swiss Defence Procurement Agency (DPA), and therein the "Weapon Systems and
Ammunition Test Center" (FA26), hereafter called "Test Center FA26", has full respon-
sibility for qualification of explosives for military applications.

10.7.14.3 NATIONAL AUTHORITY

10.7.14.3.1 The Test Center FA26 is the appointed Swiss National Authority for the qualification of
explosives for military purposes and is responsible for the following functions:

a. Defining the tests necessary to obtain evidence for the assessment of explosive
materials used by Swiss Army and Airforce, and the requirements applied for the
qualification of these materials.

b. Receiving from agencies within Switzerland, or from other nations the test data
for qualifying explosive materials, and assessing whether the material is safe and
suitable for consideration for use by the Services in a particular role or appli-
cation.

c. Publishing the test data and assessment which enables qualification, with or
without limitations.

d. Co-ordinating the implementation of international standards within Switzerland.

e. Maintaining a central collection of national and international standards relating to


explosive materials and explosives safety test data.

f. Providing a Swiss Point of Contact to other countries for the exchange of infor-
mation, as appropriate, on the safety of explosives.

g. Liasing with the appropriate security responsible of Swiss Defence Procurement


Agency to ensure that the security regulations, and requirements for commercial-
confidentiality governing the release of information are complied with in respect of
data to be provided in response to requests from other nations.

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(NOTE: Transportation hazard classifications are the responsibility of the Federal
Inspectorate of Dangerous Goods (EGI) which is located at berlandstrasse 129, CH-
8600 Dbendorf)

10.7.14.4 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES

10.7.14.4.1 In Switzerland research into explosives (of all types) for Army and Air Force is carried out
in governmental test centers or full or partially government owned private companies,
such as

a. Weapon Systems and Ammunition Test Center (FA26) at Thun

b. Swiss Ammunition Factory (SM) at Thun and Altdorf

c. Nitrochemie Wimmis AG (NCW) at Wimmis

10.7.14.4.2 Additionally, research may also be carried out in private industry, universities and further
governmental agencies under contract by Defence Procurement Agency (DPA).

10.7.14.4.3 When a munition containing explosive materials is to be designed within Switzerland or


purchased from an other country, the appropriate System Manager of the Swiss Defence
Procurement Agency (DPA) tasks for Test Center FA26 to advise on the Safety and
Suitability for Service of the munition.

10.7.14.4.4 The Test Center FA26 is a professionally independent, advisory body. It is normally
tasked by, and its advice addressed to, the appropriate System Manager of Defence
Procurement Agency (DPA).

10.7.14.4.5 The primary purposes of the Test Center FA 26 in view of explosives qualification are:

a. To provide impartial appraisal of the Safety, and advice on the suitability for
service, of those parts of weapon systems and stores within its field of
operations in which explosives are used. In this context, the term "suitability for
service" means that the explosive and associated elements of a weapon system
or store are capable of functioning technically as designed, and that neither this
functioning, nor safety, will be unacceptably degraded by the service
environment through the agreed service life. It does not embrace operational
effectiveness or reliability.

b. To provide the Defence Procurement Agency a focus for international

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standardisation in the field of safety and suitability of explosives.

10.7.14.4.6 During the evaluation phase of the munition procurement process the System Manager
has formally to inform the Test Center FA26 about the timetable in which the assessment
and qualification of explosive materials has to be considered (paragraph 10.7.14.4.7) and,
if appropriate, conducted.

10.7.14.4.7 In a first analysis, all energetic materials involved in a certain system are considered by
corresponding specialists to determine whether these are new to service, or known
materials being used in a novel role.

10.7.14.4.8 All energetic materials either being new to service or being used in a novel role become
subject of assessment and qualification, for their safety and suitability for consideration
for use in service. STANAG 4170 will be used as a guideline for this process.

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10.7.14.4.9 In certain circumstances, the Test Center FA26 may accept tasks from governmental
organisations or even private companies as specified in paragraph 10.7.14.4.1 for the
assessment and qualification of a new explosive material before it has been selected for
use by an ammunition project.

10.7.14.5 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS

10.7.14.5.1 The basis for the Swiss assessment for the qualification of an explosive are the
requirements of STANAG 4170, whereas restrictions and additional claims are in
responsibility of Test Center FA26. It sets out the information required for assessment,

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with general guidance on the suitable tests for the various types of explosives.

10.7.14.5.2 Selection of Tests. The selection of the specific tests to obtain data is a matter of
agreement between all organisations involved in the procurement and munition
surveillance process. If a qualification process is initiated outside the procurement
process (paragraph 10.7.14.4.9) the selection of tests is made to cover as far as possible
the requirements of STANAG 4170. In both cases consideration is given to type of
material, to its intended role and to the need to carry out tests at extremes of temperature
and on aged material.

10.7.14.5.3 For all materials, information is required to provide answers to Questions 1 to 8 of Table 1
in STANAG 4170.

10.7.14.5.4 Conduct of Tests. Once the test requirements for assessment and qualification have been
fixed by the relevant organisations, they are carried out in one or more test laboratories
as declared in paragraph 10.7.14.4.1 and 10.7.14.4.2.

10.7.14.5.5 Assessment. The results are considered in relation to the results of the same tests carried
out on materials of a similar type and role which have a proven history of safety and
satisfactory use in service.

10.7.14.5.6 Qualification. The test results, together with the discussion of the assessment, are
presented in a report, in which in case of positive overall conclusions is recommend that
the material is safe and suitable for consideration for use, with limitations if necessary.

10.7.14.5.7 Use in Service. Based on the recommendations and restrictions of the explosives qua-
lification report and the final munition evaluation test report, the system manager is
responsible for the use of the corresponding explosive materials to be introduced into
service.

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10.7.14.5.8 High Explosives

a. Mandatory Data for Primary Explosives:

Tests Registry/STANAG No.

(1) BAM Impact Test 201.01.001


(2) Julius Peters Friction Test 201.02.001
(3) Electrostatic Discharge Test 201.03.001
(4) Temperature of Ignition Test 202.01.002

b. Mandatory Data for Booster Explosives

Tests Registry/STANAG No.

(1) HPLC for Energetic Material used in High


Explosives not ruled in corresponding STANAGs 101.01.001
(2) Uniaxial Compression Test 102.01.010
(3) Density of Regularly Shaped Samples 102.01.071
(4) Bulk Density 102.01.072
(5) BAM Impact Test and Effect of Ageing 201.01.001
(6) Julius Peters Friction Test and Effect of Ageing 201.02.001
(7) Electrostatic Discharge Test 201.03.001
(8) 21mm BICT (WIWEB) Gap Test 201.04.001
(9) Steel Tube Test (KOENEN) 202.01.001
(10) Temperature of Ignition Test and Effect of Ageing 202.01.002
(11) Vacuum Stability Test (Stability) 202.01.006
(12) DSC/TG 202.01.007
(13) Heat Flow Calorimetry Test (Compatibility) 203.01.001
(14) Vacuum Stability Test (Compatibility) 203.01.002
(15) Detonation Velocity Test 302.01.001

c. Mandatory Data for Main Charge High Explosives

Tests Registry/STANAG No.

(1) HPLC for Energetic Material used in High


Explosives not ruled in corresponding STANAG's 101.01.001
(2) Uniaxial Tensile Test 102.01.001
(3) Uniaxial Compression Test 102.01.010
(4) Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test (DMA) 102.01.020
(5) Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) 102.01.021
(6) DSC (Glass Transition Temperature) 102.01.050
(7) Density of Regularly Shaped Samples 102.01.071
(8) Bulk Density 102.01.072
(9) Hygroscopicity Test 102.01.073
(10) BAM Impact Test and Effect of Ageing 201.01.001
(11) Julius Peters Friction Test and Effect of Ageing 201.02.001
(12) Electrostatic Discharge Test 201.03.001
(13) 21mm BICT (WIWEB) Gap Test 201.04.001
(14) Intermediate Scale Gap Test 201.04.002
(15) EIDS Bullet Impact Test 201.05.001
(16) High Velocity Fragment Impact Test 201.06.001
(17) Steel Tube Test (KOENEN) 202.01.001
(18) Temperature of Ignition Test and Effect of Ageing 202.01.002
(19) Vacuum Stability Test (Stability) 202.01.006

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(20) DSC/TG 202.01.007


(21) Tube Test (FCO & SCO) 202.01.010
(22) Heat Flow Calorimetry Test (Compatibility) 203.01.001
(23) Vacuum Stability Test (Compatibility) 203.01.002
(24) Detonation Velocity Test 302.01.001

10.7.14.5.9 PROPELLANTS

a. Mandatory Data for Solid Gun Propellants

Tests Registry/STANAG No.

(1) Determination of Propellant Components 101.01.002


(2) DSC (Glass Transition Temperature) 102.01.050
(3) Density (Gas Pyknometry) 102.01.070
(4) Bulk Density 102.01.072
(5) Hygroscopicity Test 102.01.073
(6) Grain Geometry Conformity Test 102.01.080
(7) Low Temperature Embrittlement Test 102.01.090
(8) BAM Impact Test and Effect of Ageing 201.01.001
(9) Julius Peters Friction Test and Effect of Ageing 201.02.001
(10) Electrostatic Discharge Test 201.03.001
(11) EIDS Bullet Impact Test 201.05.001
(12) Steel Tube Test (KOENEN) 202.01.001
(13) Temperature of Ignition Test 202.01.002
(14) Weight Loss Test at 90 C 202.01.003
(15) Bergmann-Junk-Siebert Test 202.01.004
(16) Heat Flow Calorimetry Test (Stability) 202.01.005
(17) Vacuum Stability Test (Stability) 202.01.006
(18) DSC/TG 202.01.007
(19) HPLC for Stabiliser Depletion not Covered by
STANAG 4117, 4541 and 4542 202.01.008
(20) HPLC for Stabiliser Depletion Covered by
STANAG 4117, 4541 and 4542 202.01.009
(21) Tube Test (FCO & SCO) 202.01.010
(22) Heat Flow Calorimetry Test (Compatibility) 203.01.001
(23) Vacuum Stability Test (Compatibility) 203.01.002
(24) Manometric Bomb Test 302.02.002
(25) Heat of Combustion Test 302.03.001

b Mandatory Data for Solid Rocket Propellants

Tests Registry/STANAG No.

(1) Determination of Propellant Components 101.01.002


(2) Uniaxial Tensile Test 102.01.001
(3) Double Plate Tensile Test 102.01.002
(4) Uniaxial Compression Test 102.01.010
(5) Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test (DMA) 102.01.020
(6) Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) 102.01.021
(7) DSC (Glass Transition Temperature) 102.01.050
(8) Density of Regularly Shaped Samples 102.01.071
(9) Hygroscopicity Test 102.01.073
(10) BAM Impact Test and Effect of Ageing 201.01.001
(11) Julius Peters Friction Test and Effect of Ageing 201.02.001

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(12) Electrostatic Discharge Test 201.03.001
(13) EIDS Bullet Impact Test 201.05.001
(14) High Velocity Fragment Impact Test 201.06.001
(15) 50mm Shaped Charge Impact Test 201.07.001
(16) Steel Tube Test (KOENEN) 202.01.001
(17) Temperature of Ignition Test 202.01.002
(18) Heat Flow Calorimetry Test (Stability) 202.01.005
(19) Vacuum Stability Test (Stability) 202.01.006
(20) DSC/TG 202.01.007
(21) HPLC for Stabiliser Depletion not Covered by
STANAG 4117, 4541 and 4542 202.01.008
(22) HPLC for Stabiliser Depletion Covered by
STANAG 4117, 4541 and 4542 202.01.009
(23) Tube Test (FCO & SCO) 202.01.010
(24) Heat Flow Calorimetry Test (Compatibility) 203.01.001
(25) Vacuum Stability Test (Compatibility) 203.01.002
(26) Plasticiser Migration Evaluation 203.02.001
(27) Heat of Combustion Test 302.03.001

10.7.14.5.10 PYROTECHNICS

a. Mandatory Data for Pyrotechnics

Tests Registry/STANAG No.

(1) Determination of Pyrotechnic Components 101.01.003


(2) Density of Regularly Shaped Samples 102.01.071
(3) Bulk Density 102.01.072
(4) BAM Impact Test 201.01.001
(5) Julius Peters Friction Test 201.02.001
(6) Electrostatic Discharge Test 201.03.001
(7) Steel Tube Test (KOENEN) 202.01.001
(8) Temperature of Ignition Test 202.01.002
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(9) Heat Flow Calorimetry Test (Stability) 202.01.005


(10) DSC/TG 202.01.007
(11) Heat Flow Calorimetry Test (Compatibility) 203.01.001
(12) Burning Rate Test 302.02.001
(13) Heat of Combustion Test 302.03.001

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10.7.14.6 LIST OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS

Category 100 Chemical, Physical &


Mechanical Properties Tests

101.01.XXX Chemical

101.01.001 HPLC for Energetic Material


used in High Explosives not
ruled in corresponding
STANAGs
101.01.002 Determination of Propellant
Components
101.01.003 Determination of Pyrotechnic
Components

102.01.XXX Physical & Mechanical


Properties Tests

102.01.001 Uniaxial Tensile


102.01.002 Double Plate Tensile
102.01.010 Uniaxial Compression
102.01.020 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
Test (DMA)
102.01.021 Thermomechanical Analysis
(TMA)
102.01.050 DSC (Glass Transition
Temperature)
102.01.070 Density (Gas Pyknometry)
102.01.071 Density of Regularly Shaped
Samples
102.01.072 Bulk Density
102.01.073 Hygroscopicity
102.01.080 Grain Geometry Conformity
102.01.090 Low Temperature Embrittlement

Category 200 Hazard Assessment

201.01.XXX Sensitiveness/Sensitivity/
Explosiveness Tests

201.01.001 BAM Impact


201.02.001 Julius Peters Friction
201.03.001 Electrostatic Discharge
201.04.001 21mm BICT (WIWEB) Gap
201.04.002 Intermediate Scale Gap
201.05.001 EIDS Bullet Impact
201.06.001 High Velocity Fragment Impact
201.07.001 50mm Shaped Charge Impact

202.01.XXX Stability Tests

202.01.XXX Thermal
202.01.001 Steel Tube (KOENEN)
202.01.002 Temperature of Ignition

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202.01.003 Weight Loss at 90 C
202.01.004 Bergmann-Junk-Siebert
202.01.005 Heat Flow Calorimetry
202.01.06 Vacuum Stabilityt
202.01.07 202.01.007 DSC/TG
202.01.008 HPLC for Stabiliser Depletion
not Covered by STANAG 4117,
4541 and 4542
202.01.009 HPLC for Stabiliser Depletion
Covered by STANAG 4117,
4541 and 4542
202.01.010 Tube Test (FCO & SCO)

203.01.XXX Compatibility & Reactivity Tests

203.01.001 Heat Flow Calorimetry


203.01.02 Vacuum Stability Test

203.02.XXX Other Tests

203.02.001 Plasticiser Migration Evaluation

Category 300 Performance Assessment

302.00.XXX Experimental Methods

302.01.001 Detonation Velocity Test

302.02.001 Burning Rate Test


302.02.002 Manometric Bomb Test

302.03.XXX Other Tests

302.03.001 Heat of Combustion Test

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10.7.14.7 CATALOGUE OF SWITZERLANDS TEST INFORMATION SHEETS

NOTE: The Test Information Sheets are listed consecutively in accordance with the
Registry Number.

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CH/101.01.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET
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1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives/Main Charge High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: HPLC for Energetic Material used in High Explosives not Ruled in Corresponding
STANAGs

a. Type of Test: Chemical Properties/Determination of the Individual Content of the


Components in the Explosives by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).

b. Description: A state of the art High Performance Liquid Chromatographic system, inclu-
ding a suitable UV detector and a gradient solvent system is needed. The explosive is
dissolved in acetone or in an other convenient solvent. The solution is then injected and
the sample components are separated with the aid of a reversed phase column. An
optimised liquid phase mixture which allows base line separation of the component peaks
has to be used. For a mixture containing RDX, HMX, TNT, Tetryl and PETN a C-18
reverse phase column as a stationary phase and an eluent mixture of about 65% acetoni-
trile and 35% water is recommended. All eluents need to have HPLC quality (Purity:
99.5% or better). A detector wave length of 220 nm is used. If a diode array detector is
available, an optimised wave length for each individual component can be used too. The
components of a sample are identified by their eluation time. The run time of the
mentioned explosives should be less than ten minutes. For the acquisition of quantitative
information the chromatographic peak areas have to be related to their corresponding
concentrations by following a sample concentration screening. Thereby the wave length
of detection has to be fixed for each component. Based on this calibration function and
the detected peak area for a certain component the corresponding concentration can be
calculated.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test results are used for the
characterisation of energetic materials or as a verification of product specifications.

d. Typical Results: Depends on explosive under investigation. The method works for
explosive compositions containing 0.01% to nearly 100% of energetic material.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: If the composition of the explosive is inhomogeneous,


multiple specimens at different locations must be investigated. The relative error of the
quantitative results should be less than 0.5 %.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Report FA26-SIG BE 980918 1462

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CH/101.01.002
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants/Solid Rocket Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Determination of Propellant Components

a. Type of Test: Chemical Properties/Analysis Using Different Techniques

b. Description:

(1) Determination of organic components (monomeric or oligomeric compounds):


Propellant samples (ground or not ground according to propellant type) are (i)
digested in acetonitrile (containing internal standard), followed by precipitation
with water and centrifugation, or (ii) extracted with dichlormethane (attention:
stabilisers such as akardite and centralite are only extracted quantitatively from
small propellant grains or from ground propellants). The organic compounds are
then determined by means of HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography),
by GC (gas chromatography), ore by other analytical techniques of similar
accuracy.
(2) Determination of residual solvents: Propellant samples (unground) are (i) diges-
ted in n-butylacetate as described above, or (ii) soaked in a solvent mixture that
swells the propellant and extracts the residual solvents (but not the
nitrocellulose). The residual solvents are then determined by means of GC (gas

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chromatography).
(3) Determination of inorganic components: (i) Propellant samples (ground except
for fine granular propellant) are digested in nitric acid. The inorganic compounds
(metal salts) are then determined by means of AAS (atomic absorption spectros-
copy). (ii) Soluble salts can also be extracted with water and then determined by
AAS. Other analytical techniques of similar accuracy, such as gravimetry, are
also allowed.
(4) Determination of moisture: The propellant is digested in a mixture of "Karl-
Fischer Reagent 1" and methanol; then titrated with "Karl-Fischer Reagent 2" in a
Karl Fischer titration apparatus.
(5) Determination of nitrocellulose content: (i) The nitrocellulose is
extracted from the residue of the dichlormethane extraction using acetone,
followed by precipitation with water (gravimetric determination).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test results are used to confirm that the
composition of the propellant matches the declaration of the manufacturer, or that the
composition lies within the limits given in the product performance description.

d. Typical Results: Depends on propellant type.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Depends on analytical procedure used.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) NITROCHEMIE WIMMIS AG; Different Testing Procedures


(2) German "Technische Lieferbedingungen" TL 1376-0600, Chapter 1

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
CH/101.01.003
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Determination of Pyrotechnic Components

a. Type of Test: Chemical Properties/Analysis using Different Techniques

b. Description: Pyrotechnic compositions consist typically of one or more reducing agents,


one or more oxidisers and a binder.

(1) Determination of the oxidisers: A sample of the pyrotechnic composition is dis-


solved in water or hydrochloric acid. The oxidiser content is determined by using
ion chromatography, ion-selective electrodes or by classical analytical methods.
(2) Determination of the reducing agent: A sample of the pyrotechnic composition is
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dissolved in nitric acid or in a convenient solvent. The reducing agents (metal


powders) are detected by using AAS (atomic absorption spectroscopy) or other
techniques of similar accuracy as mentioned above.
(3) Determination of the binder: A sample of the pyrotechnic composition is
dissolved in an organic solvent as e.g. acetone. The quantitative analysis is done
by using a gravimetric method, the identification of the substance is done by IR
(infrared spectroscopy) or NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy).
(4) Determination of moisture: A sample of the pyrotechnic composition is digested
in a mixture of "Karl-Fischer Reagent 1" and methanol; then titrated with "Karl-
Fischer Reagent 2" in a Karl Fischer titration apparatus.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test results are used to confirm that the
pyrotechnic composition matches the declaration of the manufacturer, or that the
composition lies within the limits given in the product performance description.

d. Typical Results: Depends on the pyrotechnic composition under investigation, e.g.: 20%
(w/w) Boron, 79% (w/w) Potassium Nitrate, 1% (w/w) Nitrocellulose.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Depends on analytical procedure used.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)

CH/102.01.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Rocket Propellants /Main Charge High Explosives (PBX)

2. TEST TITLE: Uniaxial Tensile Test

a. Type of Test: Mechanical and Physical Properties/Tensile Behaviour of Poly- mer


Based Propellants and Explosives.

b. Description: JANNAF (if geometry allows) or otherwise specified samples are cast or
machined from bulk. After conditioning, these samples are subjected to a defined load.
Force, elongation and time are recorded. Parameters as Temperature, dimension of the
sample and crosshead speed are influencing the results and have therefore to be
specified too.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Changes in the mechanical properties of


polymeric based propellants and explosives may affect their performance and
functionability. This test is used to assess the mechanical properties, to ascertain
physical ageing behaviour and chemical degradation and to predict the lifetime.

d. Typical Results: The mechanical properties of cured polybutadiene propellant (HTPB/AP)


at ambient temperature, JANNAF specimen, crosshead speed 50.8mm/min are

(1) Strain (max) 6 kg/cm2


(2) Elongation (max) 40 %
(3) Elongation (break) 43 %
(4) E-Module 46 kg/cm2

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

(1) Strain 0.5 kg/cm2


(2) Elongation (max) 7.0 %
(3) Elongation (break) 8.5 %
(4) E-Module 6.0 kg/cm2

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Report Nitrochemie AG, SIG BP2666


(2) Report FA26, Nr.1496

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(Edition 2)
CH/102.01.002
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Rocket Propellants (Case Bonded)

2. TEST TITLE: Double Plate Tensile Test

a. Type of Test: Mechanical and Physical Properties/Adhesion Between the Interfaces of


Propellant , Liner and Case.

b. Description: The test is limited to case bonded rocket motors only. In this test, tapped
solid specimen (12 mm x 25 mm x 25 mm) consisting of Propellant, Liner and Case are
put under mechanical load. Specimen are pulled in tension at low rate of strain until
failure. Bond Tensile Strength and Time to max. Stress are recorded. The Type of Failure
is described. Parameters such as specimen dimension, crosshead speed, temperature
and applied load will affect the results and have therefore to be specified.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Bond failure either between propellant and
liner or liner and case influences performance and functionality of a rocket motor. This
test is used to assess the state of the interfaces propellant/liner/case.

d. Typical Results: Cured polybutadiene propellant motors (HTPB/AP, HTPB, steel) show at
room temperature and a crosshead speed of 12.7 mm/min the following, typical values:

(1) - Bond Tensile Strength:0.85 N/mm2


(2) - Time to max. Stress: 0.09 minutes
(3) - Failure Pattern: Propellant on Liner, clean Separation of Case

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

(1) - Bond Tensile Strength: 0.2 N/mm2

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Report Nitrochemie AG, SIG BP2666

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
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CH/102.01.010
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives/Main Charge High Explosives/Solid Rocket Propel-


lants

2. TEST TITLE: Uniaxial Compression Test

a. Type of Test: Physical and Mechanical Properties/Uniaxial Compression at Constant


Deformation Rate.

b. Description: A tensile test equipment with a conditioning chamber (temperature) and a


computerised data acquisition system is used to perform uniaxial compression tests at
constant deformation rate. Breaking pressures and initial compression E-moduli may be
determined as a function of temperature and deformation rate. Cylindrical test samples
with a diameter of 21mm and a height of 21mm have to be used for this test. If samples
of other dimension are used, the dimension have to be specified and related to typical
standard samples. At least three tests have to be conducted.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test is used to assess the mechanical
behaviour of explosive pellets when exposed to compression. These parameters show a
correlation to sensitivity data of corresponding charges.

d. Typical Results: A wide range of compression moduli and breaking pressures may be
measured for high explosives and propellants, depending on composition and
application.

Max. Pressure Compression E-modulus


(1) LX-1419.4 0.3MPa 21613 770N/mm2
(2) Oktastit VIII 15.7 0.5MPa 11131 700N/mm2

Dimension: 21x15mm
Conditions: Deformation rate 0.005mm/s, ambient temperature

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Assuming that the test samples are homogeneous, the
breaking pressure should be within 1.0 MPa.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
CH/102.01.020
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Main Charge High Explosives (PBX)/Solid Rocket Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test (DMA)

a. Type of Test: Mechanical and Physical Properties/Mechanical Behaviour Under


Dynamic Load and Temperature.

b. Description: Solid specimens are either machined from bulk or cast. A typical
specimen is a rectangular bar of 10 mm x 6mm x 50 mm. Conditioned specimens are
cooled down and then heated up continuously (5K/min). The changes in length and
temperature are recorded. Changing of heating rate, mechanical load frequency and
specimen dimensions will affect the results. These parameters have to be specified.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test is used to determine the Glass
Transition Temperature (Tg) of polymer based propellants and main charge explosives
(PBX). The glass transition point defines the lower temperature limit for the application of
polymer based explosives and solid rocket propellants. If this temperature changes after
storage or artificial ageing, a change in the behaviour of the explosive has to be expec-
ted. Life time predictions can be made by monitoring the changes of Tg during artificial
ageing of the samples.

d. Typical Results: Glass Transition Temperature (Tg ):

(1) - Cured Polybutadiene propellant (HTPB/AP): - 78 C


(2) - Double Base propellant: - 30 C
(3) - LX-14: - 30 C

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: The results are repeatable within 2C

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3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Report FA26, Nr. 1521


(2) STANAG 4540

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(Edition 2)

CH/102.01.021
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Main Charge High Explosives/Solid Rocket Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Thermomechanical Analyses (TMA)

a. Type of Test: Mechanical and Physical Properties/Coefficient of Linear Thermal


Expansion.

b. Description: Specimen are cast or machined from bulk. Typical dimension of these solid
specimen are 10 mm in length and 10 mm in diameter. After conditioning the samples are
cooled down and then heated up continuously. A typical heating rate is 5K/min. A purging
gas, e.g. Helium, with a flow rate of 20ml/min is used. Specimen dimension and heating
rate are affecting the results. These parameters have to be specified.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test enables the characterisation of


the mechanical properties of polymer based propellants and explosives. Significant
changes in the coefficient of linear thermal expansion, (T), result in different behaviour
of the materials. By monitoring this Coefficient on samples artificially aged at elevated
temperatures, lifetime prediction is possible. Repeating this test several times on the
same sample allows to assess hysteresis effects.

d. Typical Results: Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion, (T), of cured polyurethane


propellant (HTPB/AP) is:

(1) 8.5 x 10-5 mm/C (-70C to 100C)


(2) 10.1 x 10-5 mm/C (-70C to 100C) Aged sample: 4 weeks, 63 C

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Report FA26, Nr. 1521


(2) STANAG 4525

CH-19
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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
CH/102.01.050
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Main Charge High Explosives (PBX)/Solid Gun Propellants/Solid Rocket
Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: DSC (Glass Transition Temperature)

a. Type of Test: Mechanical and Physical Properties/Low Temperature Behaviour of


Propellants and Explosives.

b. Description: Commercial equipment is used. Whenever possible the explosive


samples are used in their original form. If this is not possible, the samples are cut into
adequate pieces or ground and sieved. After loading 10 to 20 mg of this material (film,
powder, granular or crystalline form) into an aluminium crucible, the crucible is sealed
and then cooled down. Nitrogen is used as an inert purging gas (typical flow rate: 50
ml/min). The sample is then heated up at a constant rate of 20C/min, whereas heat flow
effects indicate a change in the physical state of a polymer. Scan rate, sample size,
physical state and purge gas are affecting the results. Therefore these parameters have
to be specified.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test is used to characterise the low
temperature behaviour of polymeric based propellants and main charge explosives
(PBX). Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) is measured. Also the heat capacity (cp) can be
extracted in a certain temperature range. The test allows further the assessment of
physical ageing and chemical degradation of polymers. The glass transition point defines
the lower temperature limit for the application of polymer based explosives.

d. Typical Results: Glass Transition Temperature (Tg ):

(1) Cured Polybutadiene propellant (HTPB/AP): - 82C


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e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: The Results are repeatable within 5C.

4. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Laboratory Report, FS261, 28.05.1999


(2) Report FA26, Nr. 1496

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)

CH/102.01.070
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Density (Gas Pyknometry)

a. Type of Test: Physical and Mechanical Properties/Determination of Density by Gas


Displacement in a Gas Pyknometer.

b. Description: The volume of air which is displaced by an accurately weighted portion of


sample is determined by means of a gas pyknometer. The density of the sample is then
calculated as quotient sample weight / sample volume.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test result is used for characterisation
and quality assurance. Reduced density values may indicate defects / inclusions such as
voids and fissures or insufficient gelatination of the nitrocellulose in the propellant.

d. Typical Results:

(1) 1.5 1.8 g/cm3 for single/double/triple base propellants.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: The measured density is accurate to 0.3%.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Testing Procedure P 8 010 040; NITROCHEMIE WIMMIS AG


(2) German "Technische Lieferbedingungen" TL 1376-0600, Procedure 3.31

CH-21
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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
CH/102.01.071
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives/Main Charge High Explosives/Solid Rocket Pro-


pellants/ Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Density of Regularly Shaped Samples

a. Type of Test: Physical and Mechanical Properties/Density.

b. Description: The density ( = m/V) of pressed cylindrical pellets can be determined by


weighting the pellet with a high precision balance and by calculating the corresponding
volume due to the measured height (h) and diameter (d) of the cylinder ( = 4m/d2h).
Because pressed pellets can have a slightly conical shape, at least three diameters
should be measured: one on top, one in the middle and one at the bottom of the pellet.
An averaged value should be used. The roundness of the pellet should also be checked.
The density of casted samples is determined by weighting the mould before and after the
casting process. The corresponding volume can be calculated either from technical
drawings under consideration of filling height or by determining the volume of a liquid
which is consumed to fill the mould. If the explosive sample is completely insoluble in
water, also the principle of Archimedes can be used. The advantage of this method is,
that also samples with a more complicated shape can be measured in an easy way.
Rough surfaces should be avoided. The water temperature has to be equilibrated
accurately to 20.0 C. The force used to hold the sample in air (F) and within a water bath
(Fw) is measured. The corresponding density can be calculated as = wF/(F-Fw), where-
as w = 998.206 kg/m3 at 20 C. Instead of water other adequate liquids can be used.
Also the temperature can be changed. The experimental conditions have to be specified.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test result is used for characterisation of
explosives and quality assurance of charge manufacturing processes. Reduced density
values may indicate defects/inclusions such as voids and fissures.

c. Typical Results:

(1) Hextro 60/40 cast cylinder 1.709 g/cm3


(2) LX-14 isopressed shaped charge 1.820 g/cm3
(3) LX-19 isopressed shaped charge 1.926 g/cm3

d. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Depends very much on the size of the sample and the
method used to determine the density. The accuracy of the density should be within
0.003 g/cm3

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Testing Procedure: Swiss Munition Enterprise (SM), PE 4945200 (13.12.1988)

CH-22
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(Edition 2)

CH/102.01.072
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives/Main Charge High Explosives/Solid Gun Propellants


and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Bulk Density (Gravimetric Density)

a. Type of Test: Physical and Mechanical Properties/Determination of Bulk Density by


Filling the Sample Through a Funnel Into a Container of Defined Volume.

b. Description: The test is only applicable to grain explosives. The dimensions of the
apparatus have to be specified since the result of the test may depend on vessel
dimension and filling height. In case of propellant testing, a cylindrical vessel having a
volume of 1 liter is used; adequate volumes for high explosives and pyrotechnics have to
be chosen.The sample is filled into a funnel which lower opening is closed by a slide
valve. After opening of the slide valve, the sample trickles into a cylindrical vessel. The
surplus explosive is removed by carefully scrapping off along the upper edge of the ves-
sel. The explosive's gravimetric density is calculated as mass of explosive present in the
vessel divided by the volume of the vessel.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:The test result is used for quality assurance.
Reduction in bulk density means that less explosive can be filled into the ammunition
cartridge or into a explosive pressing mould. Reduced bulk densities indicate changes in
the granulation process.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Single/double base granular propellants: 950 - 1100 g/dm3


(2) LX-14: 880 g/dm3

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: The measured bulk density is accurate to 0.3%.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Testing Procedure P 8 010 169; NITROCHEMIE WIMMIS AG


(2) German "Technische Lieferbedingungen" TL 1376-0600, Procedure 3.21

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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization


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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
CH/102.01.073
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Main Charge High Explosives/Solid Gun Propellants/Solid Rocket Pro-
pellants

2. TEST TITLE: Hygroscopicity Test

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a. Type of Test: Physical and Mechanical Properties/Determination of the Hygroscopicity
of the Propellant by Measuring the Change in Moisture Content as a Function of Air
Humidity Level.

b. Description: Large propellants are ground or cut into pieces of maximum size 20 mm x
20 mm x 3 mm. Air of defined humidity can be produced (i) through moistening an air
stream by bubbling it through water, followed by dilution with dry air, or (ii) by putting a
bowl containing a saturated salt solution into a desiccator. Temperature has to be kept
constant as the humidity level obtained does strongly depend on temperature. Humidity
levels between 45% and 85% (Swiss method), and between 22% and 86% (German
method) should be chosen.

The uptake/loss of moisture can be determined by weighting of the sample or by


determination of its water content by the Karl-Fischer method.The result can be displayed
as (i) equilibrium value (equilibrium moisture level in function of humidity; so called
"Hygroscopicity Curve", German method), or (ii) as curve showing the change in moisture
content for a specific humidity level in function of time (Swiss method).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Knowledge of the hygroscopicity is important,


as in cases when the explosives humidity is far from equilibrium during assembling of the
ammunition, uptake/loss of moisture may change the performance characteristics of the
ammunition or lead to malfunction.

d. Typical Results: At 65% relative humidity:

(1) - single base propellants: 0.5% 2.0% equilibrium moisture content


(2) - double base propellants: 0.1% 0.5% equilibrium moisture content

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) German "Technische Lieferbedingungen" TL 1376-0600, Procedure 6.11

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(Edition 2)

CH/102.01.080
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Grain Geometry Conformity Test

a. Type of Test: Physical and Mechanical Properties/Determination of Grain Geometry of


Propellants by Micrometry or by Measuring under a Microscope.

b. Description: The dimensions of propellants of larger size are determined using


micrometers. The dimensions of small propellant grains (granular, flake or ball propellant)
are determined by the use of an optical microscope especially equipped for distance
measurements (e.g. equipped with xy-stage being able to submit the actual position to a
computer).

For the determination of web-sizes of one- and multi perforated propellants, cutting of the
grains before measurements is sometimes necessary. Alternatively, a system consisting
of a video camera, combined with optical image analysis, can be used for the
assessment of grain geometry. Because of the inhomogeneity of extruded propellants, at
least 20 to 30 different grains have to be measured in order to achieve reliable results.
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c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test result is used for quality assurance.
The interior ballistic behaviour of a propellant depends strongly on its dimensions.

d. Typical Results: Depending on propellant type.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: The measured dimensions are accurate to 1% to 5%;


depending on propellant, measured parameter and used equipment.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Testing Procedure P 8 010 026; NITROCHEMIE WIMMIS AG

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(Edition 2)
CH/102.01.090
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Low Temperature Embrittlement Test

a. Type of Test: Physical and Mechanical Properties/Determination of the Increase of


Propellant Surface Caused by Compression at -40C The Increase in Surface is
Determined by Manometric Bomb Testing.

b. Description: At lower temperatures, propellants may become brittle. Due to this


brittleness, mechanical stress (as for example caused during ignition of the propellant)
might cause crushing of the propellant grains, leading to a dangerous increase in the
burning surface and, as a consequence, in the peak gas pressure. The test procedure
described here is aimed to show the tendency of a propellant to break at low
temperatures.
300 g of the propellant is stored in a cylindrical sample vessel of 110 mm inner
diameter, covered by an airtight bag, at -40C for at least 12 hours. The vessel is then put
into a press with piston diameter of 110 mm. The sample is then compressed with 30
MPa (300 bar) for 4 seconds. After equilibration at +21C, the pressed sample as well as
an unpressed (reference) sample are tested in the manometric bomb at +21C using
loading densities of 0.21 g/cm3.
For the interpretation, the quotients (vivacity of pressed sample / vivacity of refe-
rence sample) are calculated for p/pm-values between 0.2 and 0.7 and plotted in a
diagram. The extrapolation of a linear regression through the above data points to the
ordinate origin (p/pm = 0) yields a value which represents a measure for the relative
increase of propellant surface induced by the pressing at -40C.
Instead of using 300 g sample in a 110 mm vessel, a scaling down to 90 g
propellant in a sample vessel of 60 mm inner diameter is also possible. The pressure of
30 MPa is then obtained with a pressing force of 85'000 N.

c .Information Requirements for Assessment: The test result is used in order to reduce the
risk of accidents when firing the propellant (in the designated ammunition) at low
temperatures.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Values up to 130%: acceptable


(2) Values betw. 130 and 200%: acceptable with conditions Values above 200%:
not acceptable

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Better than 10%.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Handbuch Prfverfahren fr die innenballistische Sicherheit von Panzermunition,


BWB WM II 6 (Germany)
(2) German "Technische Lieferbedingungen" TL 1376-0600, Procedure 5.11

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)

CH/201.01.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary Explosives/Booster Explosives/Main Charge High Explo-


sives/Solid Gun Propellants/Solid Rocket Propellants/Pyrotechnics
2. TEST TITLE: BAM Impact Test

a. Type of Test: Sensitivity/Impact Test


b. Description: The BAM impact test is used to determine the sensitivity of solid,
gelatinous and liquid explosive substances to impact. The drop hammer apparatus
consist of a heavy base plate, a steel anvil, a column of steel pipe fixed to the base plate
and two guide rails for the drop weights fastened to the column. To the equipment belong
drop weights of (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 kg) 1 kg, 2 kg and 5 kg. The maximum height is 1
m. The test substance rests between two steel cylinders.
Powdered substances are dried and sieved on a definite particle size (e.g. Lead
azide <160 m, Lead Styphnate, Tetrazene <300 m) before testing. A sample size of 10
and/or 40 mm3 is used. The explosive material is tested with different fall heights until six
samples show no reaction at the same drop weight and height, and one or more samples
show a reaction with the next higher energy level.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test is used to determine the


sensitiveness of powdered material to initiation by mechanical impact between metal
surfaces. In ageing studies the change of impact sensitivity gives an indication about
shelf life of energetic material from point of view of handling safety.

d. Typical Results:

Explosives Drop Height Drop Weight Impact Energy


3
Lead Azide (40 mm ) 25 cm 1 kg 2.5 J
Lead Styphnate(10 mm3) 15 cm 1 kg 1.5 J
Octogen (40 mm3) 15 cm 5 kg 7.5 J
PETN (10 mm3) 30 cm 1 kg 3.0 J
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Repeatability of results is within the range of approxi-


mately +1 test increment.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
(1) Explosivstoffe (Sonderdruck Nr. 8, 9, 10/58); H. Koenen, K.H. Ide, W. Haupt, P. Langen,
BICT Report Az.:2.2-9/5867/82, Sensitivity to Impact: Test Description and Procedure.
(2) Julius Peters K.G., Berlin 21; Apparaturen zur Ermittlung der Sicherheitstechnischen
Kenndaten explosiver Stoffe.

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(Edition 2)
CH/201.02.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary Explosives/Booster Explosives/Main Charge High Explo-


sives/Solid Gun Propellants/Solid Rocket Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Julius Peters Friction Test

a. Type of Test: Sensitivity/Friction Test

b. Description: The sensitivity of explosive substances to friction is tested by means of


the BAM Friction Test. The apparatus and the experimental set-up is described in detail
in STANAG 4487. Powdered substances are sieved through a 0.5 mm mesh screen.
Shavings from solid samples or thin machined discs of the material can be used. A
porcelain plate of defined roughness is fixed on the carriage of the friction apparatus
transverse to the direction of movement. A test quantity of 10 mm3 is placed on the plate.
To define the force between peg and plate a weight is placed in the desired position on
the load arm. The sample is frictioned by moving the porcelain plate against the peg. Be-
cause the roughness of the plate and the peg is essential for the reaction of the material,
each part of the surface may be used only once. The explosive material is tested with
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different weights on the peg arm until six samples show no reaction at the same weight
and one or more samples show a reaction with the next higher weight. The resulting
behaviour of the sample are reported as "No Reaction", "Crackling", "Deflagration" and
"Detonation".

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The friction sensitivity is used for the
assessment of handling safety of energetic material. In ageing studies the change of
friction sensitivity gives an indication about shelf life of energetic material from point of
view of handling safety.

d. Typical Results:

(1) HMX Class C 96 N Crackling


(2) Nitrocellulose E 220 192 N Burning
(3) Igniter mixture 80 N Crackling (Ti(E)/KClO4/NC)
(4) Lead Azide 10 N Crackling

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Reproducibility of results is within the range of +1 test


increment.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) H. Koenen, K.H. Ide, Explosivstoffe 3(1955) 57-65, 89-93


(2) H. Koenen, K.H. Ide, K.-H. Swart, Explosivstoffe 9(1961) 13- 14, 30-42
(3) P. Langen, BICT Report Az 2.2- 9/5868/82, Sensitivity to Friction
(4) UN Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, 2nd edition (1995)
(5) STANAG 4487

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(Edition 2)

CH/201.03.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary Explosives/Booster Explosives/Main Charge High Explo-


sives/Solid Gun Propellants/Solid Rocket Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Electrostatic Discharge Test

a. Type of Test: Sensitivity/Spark Test

b. Description: The apparatus consists of two electrodes, a commercial available pin


with an exactly defined point and a brass plate with a defined surface. An electronic
control device controls the correct energy charge of the lowerable pin electrode.
Powdered substances are sieved through a 0.5 mm mesh screen. From solid samples
shavings or thin machined discs of the material can be used. 10 mm3 of the energetic
material is brought into each of the six holes on the sample holder, contacting the brass
plate. After an energy has been chosen the pin electrode is moved towards the sample
on the brass plate and the reaction of the energetic material is observed. The results are
reported as "No reaction", "Burning", "Deflagration" and "Detonation". The explosive
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

material is tested with different discharge energies until six samples show no reaction at
the same energy level and one or more sample show a reaction on the next higher
energy level.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The spark test is used for the assessment of
handling safety of energetic material. In ageing studies the change of electrostatic
discharge sensitivity gives an indication about shelf life of energetic material from point
of view of handling safety.

d. Typical Results:

(1) HMX 1,0 J Burning


(2) NC E 220 5.6 J No Reaction
(3) Zirconium Type CX 1.8 J Burning (Glowing)
(4) Lead Azide 200 J Burning

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Repeatability of results is within the range of +1 test


increment.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Report FA26-SIG BIBL / FSFO-SIG FO 10-21 075-01 870409

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(Edition 2)
CH/201.04.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives/Main Charge High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: 21 mm BICT (WIWEB) Gap Test

a. Type of Test: Sensitivity/Shock Wave Sensitivity and Detonability.

b. Description: In the BICT Gap Test, the shock wave sensitivity and the detonability of an
acceptor explosive are determined as a function of the height of a water column used to
transmit and attenuate the shock wave output of a standard donor explosive. Evidence of
a detonation is provided by a detonating cord placed on the acceptor charge and having
its other end attached to a lead witness plate. The donor charge is of RDX/wax/graphite
(94.5/4.5/1) and has a diameter of 21 mm and a length of 20 mm. Its density is 1.60
0.01 g/cm3. Donor, water and acceptor are enclosed in a plexiglas tube of 21 mm inner
diameter and 25 mm outer diameter. The critical diameter of the tested explosives has to
be well less than 21 mm.
The limits of non-detonation (shock wave sensitivity) and detonation
(detonability) are determined by a step of up-and-down procedure. Tests above the non-
detonation limit will always end negatively and tests below the detonation limit will always
lead to detonation. Results are quoted as "mm water gap" and may also be supplemen-
ted by the corresponding shock pressure. A substance is considered to be more sensitive
to shock waves than another if its non-detonation limit is greater than that of the other
substance at a given density.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test is used to determine the shock wave
sensitivity of booster and main charge explosives.

d. Typical Results:

Limit of
Explosive Density [g/cm3] Preparation detonation non-detonation
[mm] water gap [mm] water gap
TNT 1.6 cast 6 - 7 49.5 kbar
TNT 1.6 pressed 20 18.4 kbar 21 17.2 kbar
Oktastit VIII 1.82 pressed 20 18.4 kbar 22 16.2 kbar
PBXW-11 1.79 pressed 18 20.9 kbar 20 18.4 kbar
PBXN-110 1.63 cast-cured 16 24.1 kbar 18 20.9 kbar

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Repeatability is 1mm water gap

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Report FA26, Nr. 1492


(2) STANAG 4488

CH-30
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CH/201.04.002
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Main Charge High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Intermediate Scale Gap Test

a. Type of Test: Sensitivity/Shock Wave Sensitivity and Detonability

b. Description: In the Intermediate Scale Gap Test, the shock wave sensitivity and the
detonability of an acceptor explosive are determined as a function of the height of a
Cellulose Acetate Card barrier used to transmit and attenuate the shock output of a
standard donor explosive. The thickness of the Cellulose Acetate Cards is 0.19 mm.
Evidence of a detonation is proved by a witness charge on a 10 mm thick steel witness
plate. The donor and the witness charge are of RDX/wax/graphite (94.5/4.5/1) and have
a diameter of 40 mm and a length of 40 mm. Their density is 1.60+/-0.02 g/cm3. The test
specimens are prepared by either casting the sample directly into a 200 mm long steel
tube (inner diameter 40 mm, wall thickness 4 mm) or by inserting a cylindrical sample (40
mm diameter by 200 mm length). The critical diameter of the tested explosives has to be
well below 40 mm. Donor, Cellulose Acetate Cards, the steel tube with the acceptor
charge and the witness charge are placed in three overlapping cardboard tubes.
The limits of non-detonation (shock wave sensitivity) and detonation
(detonability) are determined by a step of up-and-down procedure. Tests above the non-
detonation limit will always end negatively and tests below the detonation limit will always
lead to detonation. Results are quoted as "mm barrier thickness", and are also be supple-
mented by the corresponding shock pressure. A substance is considered to be more
sensitive to shock waves than another if its non-detonation limit is greater than that of the
other substance at a given density.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test is used to determine the shock wave
sensitivity of main charge explosives.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) UN Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, 2nd edition (1995)

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(Edition 2)
CH/201.05.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Main Charge High Explosives/Solid Gun Propellants/Solid Rocket Pro-
pellants

2. TEST TITLE: EIDS Bullet Impact Test

a. Type of Test: Sensitivity/Reaction Towards 12.7mm Bullet Attack

b. Description: For the EIDS Bullet Impact test a tube (steel 37) with an inner diameter
of 47mm, a wall thickness of 4mm and a length of 200mm is used. The end caps are
reinforced (outer diameter: 65mm). The explosive ist either cast directly into the tube or
pressed to dimensions which tightly fit. Gun propellant grains are filled loosely (gravity
feed) into the tube. The loading density has to be recorded.
The test item, which is fixed on a heavy steel table, is impacted by an armour
piercing 12.7mm bullet. The impact velocity is 840 40 m/s and the bullet mass is 42g.
The impact point is the centre of one of the end caps, whereas a precision of 1cm has
to be achieved. The trajectory of the bullet into the test sample has to be as long as pos-
sible. The reaction level of the test item (according STANAG 4241) is assessed by the
state the two witness plates (steel 37, thickness 3mm, one at each side) and the
fragmentation pattern of the tube. At least three tests have to be conducted per explosive
type under consideration, whereas the severest reaction counts for the assessment of the
reaction level.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test is used to assess the reaction
behaviour of energetic material against 12.7mm armour piercing projectiles.

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
d. Typical Results:

(1) Hextro 60/40 1.709 g/cm3 Deflagration


(2) Oktastit VIII 1.815 g/cm3 Explosion
(3) PBXN-110 1.671 g/cm3 No Reaction
(4) PBXW-11 1.792 g/cm3 Burning
(5) LX-19 1.896 g/cm3 Detonation

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Within the reaction level

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Report, FA26-SIG-BE 960200 1300

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(Edition 2)

CH/201.06.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Main Charge High Explosives/Solid Rocket Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: High Velocity Fragment Impact Test

a. Type of Test: Sensitivity/Reaction of Energetic Material Against Intense Shock


Generated by an Impacting Fragment

b. Description: For the fragment impact test a tube (steel 37) with an inner diameter of 47
mm, a wall thickness of 4mm and a length of 200 mm is used. The end caps are
reinforced (outer diameter: 65mm). The explosive ist either cast directly into the tube or
pressed to dimensions which tightly fit. The loading density has to be recorded.
With the aid of a sabot the fragment (14.94 g) is accelerated and launched with a
velocity of 1830 60 m/s to the target. The impact velocity is recorded as well as the
generated overpressure (corrected by the overpressure generated by the cannon), the
state of the witness plates (steel 37, thickness: 2mm) and the fragmentation pattern of
the tube. The reaction level is assessed according the definition given in MIL-STD 2105B.
15.80 mm

14.70 mm

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
12.70 mm

20

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test is used to assess the reaction
behaviour of energetic material against light weight high velocity fragments.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Hextro 60/40 = 1.709 g/cm3 v = 1816 m/s Detonation


(2) PBXN-9 = 1.740 g/cm3 v = 1814 m/s Partial Detonation
(3) PBXN-110 = 1.671 g/cm3 v = 1822 m/s Burning
(4) TATB = 1.864 g/cm3 v = 1824 m/s No Reaction

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: depends on the ratio between shock initiation


threshold of the sample and the shock generated by the impacting fragment.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) FA26-SIG-BE 971209 1410

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CH/201.07.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Rocket Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: 50mm Shaped Charge Impact Test

a. Type of Test: Sensitivity/Reaction of Solid Rocket Propellants Against Shaped Charge


Impact.

b. Description: A 50 mm shaped charge (RSC), consisting of a copper cone with a 60


angle and Oktastit VIII high explosive is fired against a rocket motor generic unit which is
well fixed on a heavy holding device. The firing stand-off is 2CD. The rocket motor
generic unit should be similar to the foreseen application. The shaped charge jet should
pass the longest possible trajectory through the energetic material. If the rocket motor
contains a cavity, such as a centre bore, the jet should be aimed to pass through this
cavity at an angle of 90 degrees. An impact angle smaller than 70 degrees should be
avoided. Behind the target RHA steel plates should be installed to record the residual
penetration and to protect the surrounding area. The reaction of the test item is further
recorded by 2 mm steel witness plates at two sides, where most fragments are expected,
and by a 10mm steel ground plate. Overpressure measurements have to be conducted,
whereas the overpressure generated by firing the shape charge has to be taken into
account too. The reaction of the energetic material in the rocket motor generic unit is
classified into five classes as defined in MIL STD 2105B.
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c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test is used to assess the reaction level
of a rocket motor energetic material stimulated by shaped charge impact under
conditions, which are consistent with a future application.

d. Typical Results: Detonation of most high filled nitramin motors.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: depends on test item

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

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CH/202.01.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives/Main Charge High Explosives/Solid Gun Propel-


lants/Solid Rocket Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Steel Tube Test (KOENEN)

a. Type of Test: Safety/Strong and Sustained Thermal Stimulus

b. Description: Solid, liquid and gelatinous substances are tested by filling them into
steel tubes of 24 mm inner diameter, 0.5 mm wall thickness and 75 mm length. The open
end of a tube is sealed with one of a number of available steel orifice plates having
orifices with diameters from 1 to 20 mm. The plates are firmly secured by a threaded
collar and nut. An additional diameter of 24 mm results when the test is conducted
without an orifice plate.
The tube is suspended between two rods placed through holes drilled in opposite
walls of a steel protective box. One side and the top of the box are open. The walls and
the base are fitted with four propane gas burners, each set up in such a manner, that the
tip of the inner blue flame just touches the tube with the material to be tested. The
propane gas flow is adjusted to a heating rate of about 3.3 C/s between 50 C and 250
C using Dibutylphtalate.
The burners are ignited and the time (t1) between ignition and the first reaction of
the sample a well as the reaction time (t2) itself are noted. With the aid of a step up and
down procedure the orifice plate limiting diameter is determined. This limiting diameter
defines a confinement, which leads to at least one explosion in three experiments under
the described thermal impact. Explosion is defined as the event causing the steel tube to
fragment into three or more pieces.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test is used to assess the thermal sen-
sitivity of explosive substances in solid or liquid form under a defined confinement. It is
also required by the Swiss Transportation Safety Board for Transport Classification.

d. Typical Results:

(1) LX-14 3 mm t1: 17 s t2: 3s


(2) PBXN-5 8 mm t1: 10 s t2: 2s
(3) Single Base 5 mm t1: 7s t2: --
(4) Double Base 8 mm t1: 7s t2: --
(5) B/KNO3 20 mm t1: 10 s t2: 26 s

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: 1 mm up to 6 mm diameter

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) UN Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, 2nd edition (1995)


(2) Arbeitsanweisung: FA26 PSE-BSA-P-001.01
(3) STANAG 4491

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
CH/202.01.002
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary Explosives/Booster Explosives/Main Charge High Explo-


sives/Solid Gun Propellants/Solid Rocket Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Temperature of Ignition Test

a. Type of Test: Stability/Heating of a Sample Until an Event Occurs

b. Description: A standard mass of the explosive material under test is heated in a test tube
located in a metal oven at a standard rate until an event occurs. The lowest temperature
at which a visible sign of ignition or decomposition is observed is taken as the
temperature of ignition or decomposition.
Fine granular explosives are used in original form, whereas explosives of larger
size are ground and sieved. The fraction 0.7 - 2 mm is used. Typical sample mass is

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
0.2 g for propellants and main charge explosives or 0.1 g in case of nitrocellulose and
main charge explosives. For primary explosives and pyrotechnics, even smaller amounts
might be necessary (such as 0.005 to 0.010 g). A heating rate of 5C/min is commonly
used.
The actual values of "Temperature of Ignition" obtained are only useful under the
particular conditions used, and changing the rate of heating or size of sample will lead to
different results.

d. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test result is used for quality assurance.
It determines the temperature at which an explosive ignites or decomposes.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Tetryl 179 181C


(2) RDX 215 216C
(3) Tetracene 131 132C
(4) Nitrocellulose 180 190C
(5) Gun propellants 165 180C

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Repeatability within 2C

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Testing Procedure P 8 010 852; NITROCHEMIE WIMMIS AG;


(2) STANAG 4491

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CH/202.01.003
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Weight Loss Test at 90C

a. Type of Test: Stability / Heating the Sample at 90C for a Given Period of
Time; Determination of the Weight Loss.

b. Description: A standard mass of the propellant under test is heated in "90C weight
loss tubes" in a metal heating block or equivalent heating device at 90C for 18 days
(double/triple base propellants) or for 28 days (single base propellants). The weight loss
within the first 8 hours is regarded as "volatiles". The weight loss from "eight hours" to 18
or 28 days is determined.
Fine granular propellants with web sizes < 1.3 mm are used in original form.
Propellant of larger size are cut into smaller pieces or ground and sieved. The fraction 0.7
2 mm is used for the test.

a. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test result is used for estimating the
chemical stability of the propellant.

b. Typical Results:

(1) Requirements: Weight loss 3.0% without auto catalysis.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Repeatability within 0.2% (abs.)

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Testing Procedure P 8 400 012; NITROCHEMIE WIMMIS AG;


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(2) Testing Procedure of ICT, Fraunhofer Institut Chemische Technologie, Pfinztal, D;


(3) German "Technische Lieferbedingungen" TL 1376-0600, Procedure 2.31.1.

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CH/202.01.004
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Bergmann-Junk-Siebert Test

a. Type of Test: Stability/Heating the Sample at 132C for a Given Period of


Time; Determination of the Evolved Nitrogen Oxides.

b. Description: A standard mass of the propellant under test is heated in "Bergmann-Junk-


Siebert tubes" in a metal heating block or equivalent heating device for 5 hours (single
base propellants) or at 115C for 8 or 16 hours (double/triple base propellants). The total
acid produced by oxidation of the decomposition products in the presence of a 3% H2O2
solution is determined by titration with sodium hydroxide using Tashiro indicator.

Results are expressed as ml 0.01n NaOH/g propellant.

Fine granular propellants with web sizes <1.3 mm are used in original form.
Propellant of larger size are cut into smaller pieces or ground and sieved. The fraction 0.7
mm to 2 mm is used for the test.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test result is used for estimating the
chemical stability of the propellant.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Requirements: 6 to 20 ml 0.01n NaOH; depending on propellant type.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Repeatability within 0.5 ml 0.01n NaOH.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Testing Procedure P 8 010 084; NITROCHEMIE WIMMIS AG;


(2) German "Technische Lieferbedingungen" TL 1376-0600, Procedure 2.22.1.

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(Edition 2)

CH/202.01.005
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants/Solid Rocket Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Heat Flow Calorimetry Test (Stability)

a. Type of Test: Stability/Ageing at Constant Temperature; Determination of the Heat


Production.

b. Description: The heat flow calorimetry method determines the heat flow produced by
decomposing explosives at a constant temperature over a given period of time. The heat
release is a measure for the sum of ageing reactions taking place. Temperature and
duration of isothermal storage are chosen such that they simulate thermal ageing over a
long period at standard storage conditions (e.g. 10 years at 25C). For propellants, the "8
days at 80C" sequence has proven to be a convenient test condition. Other test
conditions (temperature and measurement period) can be chosen as well, depending on
the material and goal of investigation.
Propellants are used, when possible, in their original form. If this is not possible,
the propellants are cut into smaller pieces or ground and sieved. In the latter case, the
fraction 0.7-2 mm is used for the test. For propellants, reconditioning of the sample is
usually not performed. Should the storage conditions markedly differ from 65-70% RH at
21C, precondition may become necessary. Particle size and moisture content may
influence the result of the test. For pyrotechnics, the investigation of the influence of
humidity on the stability is usually the main goal. In this cases, the sample is precon-
ditioned, or a special sample cell that controls the humidity in the sample vial is used.
The explosive is filled to the top of the measuring ampoules (up). The ampoules
are tightly closed and put into a heat flow calorimeter operating at a constant temperature
for a certain period of time (e.g. at 80C for 8 days). The heat flow rate is recorded over
this period, and the total heat production is determined (by integrating the heat flow curve
over the entire period). Excellent reproducibility can be obtained. However, all deviations
from the test conditions, in particular the use of lower filling grades and leaking ampoules,
will markedly change the heat flow curve.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The result is used to estimate the chemical
stability of the propellant.

c. Typical Results:

Explosive Sequence Heat Released


Boron 8 d 80C 17.7 J/g
Single base propellants 8 d 80C < 40 J/g
EI-propellants / ball powders 8 d 80C 30 60 J/g
double base propellants 8 d 80C < 60 J/g

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Excellent reproducibility.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Testing Procedure P 8 400 144; NITROCHEMIE WIMMIS AG;


(2) S. Wilker, P. Guillaume: International Round Robin Test to Determine the
Stability of DB Ball Propellants by Heat Flow Calorimetry Final Report (1998);
(3) German "Technische Lieferbedingungen" TL 1376-0600, Procedure 2.51.1.
(4) (Draft) STANAG 4582.

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(Edition 2)
CH/202.01.006
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives/Main Charge High Explosives/Solid Gun Propel-


lants/Solid Rocket Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Vacuum Stability Test (Stability)

a. Type of Test: Stability/Heating the Sample at a Certain Temperature for 40 h;


Determination of the Volume of Gas Evolved.

b. Description: The vacuum stability test is used to assess the thermal stability of an
explosive by measuring the volume of gas evolved on heating the sample for 40 hours at
90C (double base propellants), 100C (single base propellants, composite propellants,
explosives and pyrotechnics), or 120C (certain other explosives).
Fine granular explosives are used in original form, whereas explosives of larger
size are ground and sieved. The fraction 0.2 2 mm is used in the latter case. As the ex-
plosive's moisture level may play a significant role in gas evolution, drying of the sample
is inappropriate.
Five (5) g of the explosive is filled into the sample tube. The sample tube is
evacuated before being stored in a metal heating block or equivalent heating device for
40 hours at the desired test temperature. The gas evolved into the vacuum is measured
by manometer or pressure transducer.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test result is used for estimating the
chemical stability of the propellant.

d. Typical Results:

(1) PBXN-5: 0.13 ml/g (120 C, 40h)


(2) Plastite: < 0.4ml/g (100 C, 40h)
(3) LX-14: 0.03 ml/g (120 C, 40h)

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: 0.01ml / g.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) STANAG 4556

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(Edition 2)

CH/202.01.007
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives/Main Charge High Explosives/Solid Gun Propel-


lants/Solid Rocket Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)/Thermal Gravimetry (TG)

a. Type of Test: Stability/Thermal Behaviour of Energetic Material

b. Description: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC): Commercial equipment is used.


Whenever possible the explosive samples are used in their original form. If not, the
samples are cut into adequate pieces or ground and sieved. After loading 1 to 10 mg of
the energetic material in a normally perforated crucible, the crucible is placed in an oven
and heated at a constant rate of typically 5 K/h. Argon is used as an inert purging gas.
The thermal behaviour, endothermal processes as melting or crystal phase changes of a
sample or exothermal processes as decomposition or oxidation, is detected by
comparing heat consumption or production of the sample towards an inert standard. The
temperature range is 298 K to 873 K. The peak maximum of endothermal or/and
exothermal processes is measured.
Thermal Gravimetry: Commercial equipment is used. The mass loss on behalf
of decomposition or the mass increase on behalf of an oxidation reaction is detected. The
sample (1 to 10 mg) is put into an open crucible which hangs on a balance in an oven.
The oven has a temperature range of 298 K to 1273 K. It is heated with a rate of typically
5 K/min. Argon is used as a purging gas. The result is specified as mass loss or gain of
the total sample mass and the Onset Temperature of the detected reaction.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: DSC/TG is used for characterisation of the


thermal behaviour of energetic materials. These methods allow initial screening of new
materials as well as the assessment of physical ageing and chemical degradation effects
in storage and stability studies.

d. Typical Results:

(1) DSC: TNT 354 K (melting) 573 K (decomposition)


(2) DSC: 20% B/ 80% KNO3 576 K (crystal phase transfer) 830 K (redox
reaction)
(3) TG: TNT 452 K (Onset weight loss) 492 K (end
weight loss)

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: same sample and heating rate: 1 K.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES: --``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(1) The Equipment Manufacturers Instruction Book, Mettler Toledo, Greifensee,


1997
(2) STANAG 4515

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(Edition 2)
CH/202.01.008
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants/Solid Rocket Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: HPLC for Stabiliser Depletion not Covered by STANAG 4117, 4541 and 4542

a. Type of Test: Stability/Heating the Sample at Different Temperatures for Given Periods
of Time; Determination of Stabiliser Depletion.

b. Description: The chemical shelf life of propellants can be determined by ageing at


different temperatures for given periods of time, followed by determination of stabiliser
consumption. The results are then extrapolated from the range of measured
temperatures to standard storage conditions (usually 25C or 20C), yielding an esti-
mation for chemical shelf life (save life). Procedures for such shelf life assessments are
proposed in STANAG 4527 or in Reference [1]. Both procedures can be applied for all
stabiliser-containing propellants. For particular propellant types, a less time-consuming
procedure can be applied: Ageing at only one temperature for only one ageing period,
followed by determination of stabiliser depletion. The remaining stabiliser content allows
judging whether the propellant can be safely stored for 10 years at 25C or not.

(1) The test conditions and requirements have been elaborated from experience.
They are described in the following STANAG's:

(a) STANAG 4117 for single base propellants stabilised with diphenylamine (DPA);
single base propellants stabilised with ethyl centralite (EC);
single base propellants stabilised with a mixture of DPA and EC;
double base propellants stabilised with EC.
(b) STANAG 4541 for nitrocellulose based propellants with 15% nitroglycerine,
stabilised with DPA;
(c) STANAG 4542 for nitrocellulose based propellants with 15% nitroglycerine,
stabilised with 2-nitrodiphenylamine (2-NO-DPA).

(2) Shelf life assessments are performed as follows:

(a) First, samples of the propellant under investigation have to be submitted to


accelerated ageing at various temperatures (between 40C and 80C) for specific
periods of time. A possible test scheme for temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70C
and intervals ranging from 2 to 108 weeks is given in [1].
(b) Secondly, the unaged propellant as well as all artificially aged samples are tested
chemically. The remaining stabiliser content as well as the concentration values
of stabiliser derivatives formed during the ageing process are assayed
quantitatively by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
(c) Finally, the test results have to be analysed, and the shelf life at the designated
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

storage temperature has to be calculated. Thereby, also the permissible degree


of stabiliser consumption for a safe storage period has to be established. For the
chemical shelf life, a remaining primary stabiliser content of 0.3 - 0.5% is
assumed to be tolerable.

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CH/202.01.008 (Continued)

(3) For the extrapolation from the range of test temperatures to standard storage con-
ditions, 3 different approaches are commonly used. These are:

(a) Reaction Kinetics / Arrhenius Extrapolation: The reaction order of the stabiliser
depletion is determined, which allows to calculate the reaction rate constants for
the different test temperatures. From these data, the rate constant at storage
temperature is calculated using the Arrhenius equation. The shelf life at storage
temperature can then be calculated from the extrapolated rate constant using the
reaction equation applicable for the particular reaction order. This procedure is
described in STANAG 4527.
(b) Model Free Evaluation / Arrhenius Extrapolation: The period of time tx until a
given degree of stabiliser consumption is attained is estimated for all test
temperatures by fitting suitable interpolation functions to the stabiliser concentra-
tion data. These txvalues can be regarded as "shelf life values at the respective
test temperature (for the "acceptable stabiliser depletion" suggested above, tx re-
presents the time until the concentration of original stabiliser drops to 0.5%). The
extrapolation to the shelf life at standard storage temperature (tx at 20C or 25C)
can be performed directly using the Arrhenius equation (see Equation 4 in
STANAG 4527).
(c) Model Free Evaluation / Berthelot Extrapolation: The procedure follows (ii) except
for using the Berthelot equation for the extrapolation to standard storage
temperatures. The Berthelot approach is known to be more conservative than the
Arrhenius equation. Instead of performing a "standard" Berthelot extrapolation,
the prognosis can also be done using Berthelot with a ageing factor of 3.0 per
10C. It is known from experience that this is a very conservative estimation.

(4) The influence of the selected approach on the resulting shelf life extrapolation is
subject of still ongoing investigations. For the moment, it is recommended to use:

(a) The "standard" Berthelod approach (iii) in cases where stabiliser depletion data
are available from at least three different temperatures, the lowest temperature
not exceeding 50 C.
(b) The Berthelod approach with ageing factor of 3.0 per 10 C for all other cases.
(ageing temperatures from only one or two different temperatures, of from "too
high temperatures" above 50 C).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test result is used as a means for

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
estimating the chemical stability/chemical shelf life of the propellant. In Swiss surveillance
programs the Berthelod extrapolation is considered as a standard.

d Typical Results: Chemical shelf life values of <20 years for single and double base
propellants.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: not assessed

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Report NITROCHEMIE WIMMIS AG, PFW-SIG BP 2571


(2) STANAG 4527

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(Edition 2)
CH/202.01.009
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants/Solid Rocket Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: HPLC for Stabiliser Depletion Covered by STANAG 4117, 4541 and 4542

a. Type of Test: Stability/Heating the Sample at a Single Temperature or at Different


Temperatures for Given Periods of Time; Determination of Stabiliser Depletion.

b. Description: The chemical shelf life of propellants can be determined by ageing at


different temperatures for given periods of time, followed by determination of stabiliser
consumption. The results are then extrapolated from the range of measured tem-
peratures to standard storage conditions (usually 25C or 20C), yielding an estimation
for chemical shelf life (save life). Procedures for such shelf life assessments are
proposed in STANAG 4527 or in Reference [1]. Both procedures can be applied for all
stabiliser-containing propellants, as described in AOP-7 202.01.008.
For particular propellant types, a less time-consuming procedure can be applied:
Ageing at only one temperature for only one ageing period, followed by determination of
stabiliser depletion. The remaining stabiliser content allows judging whether the pro-
pellant can be safely stored for 10 years at 25C or not. The test conditions and requi-
rements have been elaborated from experience. They are described in the following
STANAG's:
(1) STANAG 4117 for single base propellants stabilised with diphenylamine (DPA);
Single base propellants stabilised with ethyl centralite (EC);
Single base propellants stabilised with a mixture of DPA and EC;
double base propellants stabilised with EC.
(2) STANAG 4541 for nitrocellulose based propellants with 15% nitroglycerine,
stabilised with DPA;
(3) STANAG 4542 for nitrocellulose based propellants with 15% nitroglycerine,
stabilised with 2-nitrodiphenylamine (2-NO-DPA).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: For propellants of these types shortened test
procedures can be applied as described in corresponding STANAG's or if appropriate a
complete shelf life assessment can be made as described in AOP-7 202.01.008.

d. Typical Results: Chemical shelf life values of <20 years ("shortened test"), and <20
years (complete shelf life assessment)

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: not assessed

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Report NITROCHEMIE WIMMIS AG, PFW-SIG BP 25712.


(2) STANAG 4117, 4541, 4542 and 4527

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CH/202.01.010
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Main Charge High Explosives/Solid Gun Propellants/Solid Rocket


Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Tube Test (FCO & SCO)

a. Type of Test: Sensitivity/Reaction Towards Slow and Fast Heating

b. Description: For fast or slow heating a tube (steel 37) with an inner diameter of 47
mm, a wall thickness of 4mm and a length of 200 mm is used. The end caps are
reinforced (outer diameter: 65mm). The explosive ist either cast directly into the tube or
pressed to dimensions which tightly fit. Gun Propellant grains are filled loosely (gravity
feed) into the tube. The loading density has to be recorded.
For Slow Cook-off (SCO) experiments the tube is placed into an oven, in which
the test item is first equilibrated during 6 hours at 40 C. After that, it is heated up with a
rate of 3.3 0.3 C/h upon ration takes place. The temperature at different places on the
surface of the tube is recorded during the experiment. The reaction temperature as well
as the reaction level are denoted. The reaction level, as defined e.g. in STANAG 4382, is
assessed according to the fragmentation pattern of the tube.
For Fast Cook-off (FCO) experiments the tube is placed on a holding device over
a wood fire. To achieve a well balanced fuel/air ratio a wooden lattice of air dried pieces,
each not more than 50mm thick and spaced at about 100mm intervals, has to be con-
structed. The ignition of the wood is accelerated by the additional use of liquid fuel
saturated saw dust. The time to the reaction and the reaction level are recorded. The
reaction level is assessed according the penetration pattern of aluminium witness plates
(200 x 200 x 2 mm).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test is used to assess the reaction level
and reaction temperature of confined energetic material under the stimuli of slow and fast
heating. It is also required by the Swiss Transportation Board for classification into class
1.6.

d. Typical Results:

SCO: FCO:
(1) Hextro 60/40 171 C Explosion 13 Min Part. Detonation
(2) Oktastit VIII 185 C Part. Detonation 21 Min Part. Detonation
(3) PBXN-110 178 C Burn 15 Min Burn
(4) Single Base 129 C Burn

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: SCO: 5 C, within the reaction level; FCO: 3 Min,
within the reaction level

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) FA26-SIG-BE 970500 1373


(2) FA26-SIG-BE 961000 1330

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CH/203.01.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives/Main Charge High Explosives/Solid Gun Propel-


lants/Solid Rocket Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Heat Flow Calorimetry Test (Compatibility)

a. Type of Test: Compatibility/Determination of the Heat Production Rates of Explosive,


Test Material and Mixture.

b. Description: The heat flow calorimetry method determines the heat flow produced by
decomposing explosives at a constant temperature over a given period of time. The heat
release during this isothermal storage is a measure for the sum of ageing reactions
taking place.
For compatibility measurements, the heat flow of a mixture of explosive and test
material (material which comes into contact with the explosives during intended use of
the ammunition) is compared to the heat flows of the explosive and the test material
when heated separately under otherwise identical conditions. Compatibility is judged by
means of the additional heat produced because of the contact between the two com-
ponents of the mixture.
Temperature and duration of isothermal storage have to be chosen in a way that
they simulate thermal ageing over a long period of time at standard storage conditions
(e.g. 10 years at 25C).
For propellants, the "8 days at 80C" sequence already proposed for stability
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

assessment has proven to be a convenient test condition for compatibility testing as well.
It must, however, be noted that this sequence differs from the sequence recommended in
STANAG 4147.
Explosive and test material are used, whenever possible, in their original form. If
this is not possible, they have to be cut into smaller pieces or ground and sieved. In the
latter case, the fraction 0.7 2 mm is used for the test.
The measuring ampoules are filled up to the top with either explosive, test
material, or a mixture of explosive and test material. Usually, a 1:1 mixture by weight is
used for the measurements. Depending on the possible contact in the weapon system,
other mixture ratios (e.g. 10:1) as well as other arrangements (e.g. varnish coating of the
inside of the ampoule) are possible. The ampoules have to be tightly closed.
Preconditioning of the sample is usually not performed. Should the storage con-
ditions, however, markedly differ from 65 70% RH at 21C, precondition might become
necessary. Particle size and moisture content of the sample may influence the result of
the test.
The ampoules are put into a heat flow calorimeter operating at 80C for 8 days.
The heat flow rates are recorded over this period, and the total heat production is deter-
mined for each sample (by integrating the heat flow curve over the 8 day period). From
these results, the incompatibility QR is calculated (as difference between the actual heat
release of the mixture and the heat loss as calculated for the mixture from the results of
the isolated compounds).

If all test conditions are carefully observed, good reproducibility can be obtained.
However, all deviations from the test conditions, in particular the use of lower filling
grades and leaking ampoules, will markedly change the heat flow curves.

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CH/203.01.001(Continued)

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test result is used as a means for judging
whether explosive and test material are chemically compatible with each other; to make
sure that they cause no safety hazard during storage or use.

d. Typical Results: Requirement: QR 20 J/g in 8 days at 80C.

Explosive Test Material Incompatibility QR

Double Base Propellants Black Powder 8 d 80C 15 - 50 J/g


Boron (53%) Potassium Nitrate 8 d 80C 5.5 J/g
RDX (90%) TAGN 8 d 80C 1.2 J/g

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Within 10% (abs.) under identical test conditions.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Testing Procedure; NITROCHEMIE WIMMIS AG


(2) G. Pantel: Report 96/V0065/00026-002 "Compatibility Investigations on Black Powder",
WIWEB, Germany (1998);

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(Edition 2)
CH/203.01.002
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives/Main Charge High Explosives/Solid Gun Propel-


lants/Solid Rocket Propellants

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2. TEST TITLE: Vacuum Stability Test (Compatibility)

a. Type of Test: Compatibility/Heating the Samples at a given Temperature for 40 hours;


Determination of the Volume of Gas Evolved.

b. Description: The volume of gas evolved, when a mixture of equal parts of an


explosive and the material under test is heated at a constant temperature into initial
vacuum, is compared with the volumes evolved from the explosive and the test material
when heated separately under otherwise identical conditions. Compatibility is judged by
means of the volume of additional gas produced because of the contact between the two
components of the mixture.
Typical test conditions are: 100C for 40 hours in case of single base propellants
and most other explosives; 80C for 240 hours in case of double base propellants and
explosives which decompose too rapidly at 100C.
Explosive and test material are used, whenever possible, in their original form. If
this is not possible, they have to be cut into smaller pieces or ground and sieved. In the
latter case, the fraction 0.2 - 2 mm is used for the test.
The sample tubes are filled with either 2.5 g of explosive, 2.5 g of test material, or
with a mixture of each 2.5 g explosive and test material.
The sample tubes are then evacuated before being stored in a metal heating
block or equivalent heating device for 40 hours at the desired test temperature. The gas
evolved into the vacuum is measured by manometer or pressure transducer.
The mixture is considered compatible if the additional gas released (if compared
to the isolated samples) does not exceed 5 cm3.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test result is used as a means for judging
whether explosive and test material are chemically compatible with each other; to make
sure that they cause no safety hazard during storage or use.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: see STANAG 4147.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) STANAG 4147


(2) German "Technische Lieferbedingungen" TL 1376-0600, Procedure 4.11

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CH/203.02.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Rocket Propellant

2. TEST TITLE: Plasticiser Migration Evaluation

a. Type of Test: Compatibility/Migration Behaviour of Plasticiser

b. Description: The test is applicable to plasticiser containing solid rocket propellants (SRP)
only. Specimens are selected at different locations of naturally or artificially aged SRP
Motors. Small cubes of 3 x 3 mm are prepared. The plasticiser is extracted quantitatively
with an adequate solvent. The plasticiser content of the samples originating from different
locations of the rocket motor is measured either by infrared spectroscopy (integration of a
separated plasticiser peak) or other adequate methods as HPLC. Based on a uniform
plasticiser distribution in a new rocket motor, plasticiser migration can be evaluated by
correlating plasticiser content and origin of the sample in the rocket motor. For the
investigation of the whole plasticiser migration process equivalent rocket motors have to
be aged over different time periods, till a steady state occurs. Plasticiser contents at

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
different locations of the rocket motor have to be expressed as a function of time and
temperature.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

Migration of plasticiser from propellant into the liner or vice-versa, results in changes of
the mechanical properties and can lead to malfunction of the rocket motor. This test is
applied to programs for assessing physical ageing and chemical degradation for storage,
stability studies and lifetime predictions

d. Typical Results:

(1) Plasticiser content of cured polybutadiene propellant (HTPB/AP) is between 2%


and 7%.
(2) Plasticiser content in cured polybutadiene liner is between 5% and 25%

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

(1) Reproducibility for propellant: 0.4%


(2) Reproducibility for liner: 1.5%

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Report FA 26, Nr. 1435

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CH/302.01.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Booster Explosives/Main Charge High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Detonation Velocity Test

a. Type of Test: Performance/Propagation of Detonation within the Explosive

b. Description: If the critical diameter of the sample is lower than 15 mm, 10 g


pellets with a diameter of 21.3 0.03 mm are pressed to an adequate density. If the
resulting height of the pellet is lower than 10mm the amount of explosive is augmented.
To form a cylinder shaped high explosive test sample, at least six of these pellets are put
face to face in a wooden holding device. Starting from the second pellet and ending with
the second last one, ionisation probes of a thickness of 0.08 mm are placed between the
pellets and then connected to a high precision counter. The whole train is fired using a
blasting cap and a HWC-booster. The detonation velocity is calculated from the height of
the pellets (with a correction for the ionisation probes) divided by the time the detonation
propagation consumed to pass from one probe to the next.
If the critical diameter is larger than 15 mm, the diameter of the explosive pellets as well
as the distance and the type of the ionisation probes have to be adjusted. Castable
explosives have to be casted to a cylinder of an adequate length and diameter. The
probes are then placed in drilled small diameter holes.
h

Start Stop 1 Stop 2 Stop 3 Stop 4

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test measures the detonation velocity of
high explosives at a certain density.

d. Typical Results: (for the standard procedure: 21.3 mm pellets)

(1) LX-14: 8643 28 m/s ( = 1.805 g/cm3)


(2) PBXW-11: 8680 12 m/s ( = 1.791 g/cm3)
(3) LX-19: 9124 12 m/s ( = 1.929 g/cm3)
(4) PBXN-5: 8840 32 m/s ( = 1.865 g/cm3)

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: 21.3 mm Standard Procedure: 40 m/s

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) FA26-SIG BE 961030 1288

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CH/302.02.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Burning Rate Test

a. Type of Test: Performance/Open Burning in a Burning Trough

b. Description: The burning trough with the dimensions of 2 x 2 x 300mm is located in a


300x25x12 mm brass plate. The first 50 mm are necessary to get a regular burning and
the last 50 mm are used as a burn out distance. The burning rate of the pyrotechnic
sample is measured over a length of 200mm. The light of the pyrotechnic reaction is
transferred by glass fibre optics to a counter system.
The sample size depends on the density and the granule size of the tested
material or composition. The average sample weight for this test is about 1 gram. The
granule size of the sample should be < 500 m.
The sample is poured into the burning trough. The surplus material is taken away
by pulling a rubber spatula over the burning trough. The sample is ignited by a glowing
wire (soft ignition) or using a diode laser. The burning rate is calculated by dividing the
distance between the fibre optic probes (200 mm) by the measured time the burning front
needs to pass these probes. The burning time of a pyrotechnic sample is usually
measured three times. The calculated burning rate value is the mean value of the three
measurements

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Burning rates of pyrotechnic compositions


are measured for initial characterisation of pyrotechnic systems.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Ignition mixture: 40% Ti (Type E) / 59% KClO4 / 1% NC: 0.49 0.02 m/s

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(2) Ignition mixture: 30% B / 69% KNO3 / 1% NC: 0.44 0.02 m/s
(3) Black Powder Nr. 2: 0.57 0.03 m/s

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Reproducibility is in the range of 5 to 10% depending


on the granule size and the homogeneity of the tested composition.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) FA 26 Kurs-Manuskript, "Explosivstoffe fr Fortgeschrittene", Nr. 1512, 1997

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CH/302.02.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Manometric Bomb Test

a. Type of Test: Performance/Test of Burning Behaviour in Manometric Bomb

b. Description: The propellant is tested in its original shape and size. Manometic bombs
(closed bombs) of 70 cm3, 75 cm3, 150 cm3, and 700 cm3 internal volume are commonly
used. Other volumes are possible as well. The propellant is filed into the manometric
bomb. Filling grades of 0.10 0.20 g/cm3 are commonly applied. The propellant is ignited
by a black powder or nitrocellulose igniter. The increase of gas pressure in the
manometric bomb as a function of time is measured by means of a Piezo element and
recorded in a transient recorder. The vivacity (liveliness) L of the propellant is then
calculated from pressure p as a function of time t according to:
dp 1 1
L =
dt p pm
This value (graph of L between p/pm = 0 and p/pm = 1; with pm representing the maximum
pressure) is used as a measure for the propellant's burning behaviour. The manometric
bomb test might also be applied to determine changes in the interior ballistic behaviour of
a propellant due to ageing. For such investigations, unaged as well as artificially aged
propellants have to be tested consecutively.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

It determines the burning behaviour of a propellant in a closed vessel. There are limi-
tations in the correlation between ballistic bomb and original weapon system. The results
of this test, however, gives in most cases at least a good indication on the interior ballistic
behaviour of the propellant. In particular, differences between similar propellants (such as
initiated by small differences in shape or formulation) can easily be assessed. The
manometric bomb has, thereby, to be regarded as a "comparative test".

d. Typical Results: Depending on propellant type and geometry.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Repeatability within 2 to 3%.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Testing Procedures PW 986 048; P 8 700 049; P 8 700 055; P 8 048 601;
NITROCHEMIE WIMMIS AG
(2) Druckbomben-Fibel; H. Jahnk, CCG-Kurs Innenballistik von Rohrwaffen, 1984

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CH/302.03.001
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Gun Propellants/Solid Rocket Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Heat of Combustion Test

a. Type of Test: Performance/Adiabatic Calorimetry Test

b. Description: Granular explosives are used in original form whenever possible.


Explosives of larger size are either cut into smaller pieces or ground and sieved. In the
latter case, the fraction 0.7 2 mm is used. Sample size is 1 to 5 g, depending on
explosive type and calorimeter used.
A commercial combustion calorimeter, in which the calorimeter bombs are
located in a water bath, is used for the measurement.
The measurement is done under 360 psi (about 25 bar) of nitrogen in case of
propellants, or under 30 bars of helium in case of pyrotechnics. The sample is ignited by
a hot wire. For explosives which are not easily ignitable with a hot wire, the use of an
igniting aid (e.g. propellant) may be necessary. The heat produced is recorded by the
calorimeter, whereas the heat produced by the igniting system has to be subtracted.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines the heat of explosion of
energetic material, which is a measure for the energy content of the explosive (heat
which can be released in absence of oxygen).

d. Typical Results:
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(1) Nitrocellulose 3'300 4'600 J/g


(2) Single base propellants 3'000 4'000 J/g
(3) Double base propellants 3'500 5'000 J/g
(4) Triple base propellants 3'000 4'200 J/g
(5) 20% B/ 79% KNO3/ 1% NC 7330 J/g

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Repeatability within 15 J/g for propellants and


within 100 J/g for pyrotechnics.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

(1) Testing Procedure P 8 010 685; NITROCHEMIE WIMMIS AG


(2) MIL STD 286 B; Procedure 802.1
(3) nstruction Book of Manufacturer, IKA, Heitersheim, Germany 1989

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10.7.15 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES OF THE UNITED KINGDOM

PARAGRAPH PAGE

10.7.15.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION UK-3

10.7.15 .2 NATIONAL AUTHORITY (IES) UK-3

10.7.15 .3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES UK-3

10.7.15 .4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS UK-4

10.7.15.4.10 HIGH EXPLOSIVES UK-6

a. Mandatory data for Primary Explosives UK-6


b. Mandatory data for Booster Explosives UK-6
c. Mandatory data for Main Charge High Explosives UK-6

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10.7.15.4.11 PROPELLANTS UK-7

a. Mandatory data for Solid Propellants UK-7


b Mandatory data for Liquid Propellants UK-7

10.7.15.4.12 PYROTECHNICS UK-8

a. Mandatory data for Pyrotechnics UK-8

10.7.15.4.13 EFFECT OF AGEING ON EXPLOSIVE PROPERTIES UK-8

10.7.15.5 LIST OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS UK-9

10.7.15.6 CATALOGUE OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS UK-11

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10.7.15.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION

10.7.15.1.1 The Defence Ordnance Safety Group (DOSG), formerly the Ordnance Board, has full
responsibility for qualification of explosives.

10.7.15.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITY (IES)

10.7.15.2.1 The DOSG is the appointed UK National Authority and is responsible for the following
functions to fulfil the requirements of STANAG 4170:

a. Defining the tests necessary to obtain evidence for the assessment of explosive
materials used by all three services, and the requirements applied for the
Qualification of these materials.

b. Receiving from agencies within the UK, or from other nations in the case of
munitions purchased overseas, the test data for qualifying explosive materials,
and assessing whether the material is safe and suitable for consideration for use
by the Services in a particular role or application.

c. Publishing the test data and assessment, which enables Qualification, with or
without limitations.

d. Creating and maintaining a UK data bank of Qualified explosive materials used


by the UK Services.

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e. Co-ordinating the implementation of STANAG 4170 within the UK.

f. Acting as the Point of Contact within the UK for inputs to AOP-7.

g. Maintaining a central UK repository for NATO Standardization Agreements


relating to explosive materials and explosives safety test data.

h. Providing the UK Point of Contact to other NATO countries for the exchange of
information, as appropriate, on the safety of explosives.

i. Liaising with the appropriate security officers of UK agencies to ensure that the
security regulations and requirements for commercial-confidentiality governing
the release of information are complied with in respect of data to be provided in
response to requests from other nations.

10.7.15.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES

10.7.15.3.1 In the United Kingdom, research into explosives (of all types) for all three services, can
be carried out in MOD facilities, in Government Agencies, in academic institutions or in
industry by Defence Contractors. Such establishments are:

a. Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL)

b. Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE).

c. Cranfield University, Royal Military College of Science (RMCS)

d. BAE Systems Ltd (Royal Ordnance)

e. QinetiQ

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10.7.15.3.2 When a munition containing explosive materials is to be designed within the UK, or
purchased from overseas, the appropriate Integrated Project Team Leader in either the
Defence Procurement Agency (DPA) or in Defence Logistics Organisation (DLO) should
task DOSG to advise on the safety and suitability for service of that munition.

10.7.15.3.3 The primary purposes of DOSG are:

a. To provide impartial appraisal of the safety, and advice on the suitability for
service, of those parts of weapon systems and stores within its field of operations
in which explosives are used. In this context, the term "suitability for service"
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

means that the explosive and associated elements of a weapon system or store
are capable of functioning technically as designed, and that neither this
functioning, nor safety, will be unacceptably degraded by the service
environment through the agreed service life. It does not embrace operational
effectiveness or reliability.

b. To give advice on safety matters affecting the use of weapons and other
hazardous stores during military training.

c. To provide within the Ministry of Defence a focus for international standardization


in the above matters.

10.7.15.3.4 Having accepted the task, the relevant Technical Section of DOSG will identify all the
explosive materials used, or proposed for use, in the equipment. These will be
considered to determine whether they are new to service, or known materials being used
in a novel role. All materials in these two categories become the subject of assessment
and qualification, for their safety and suitability for consideration for use in service, not
necessarily restricted to a particular munition.

10.7.15.3.5 In certain circumstances, DOSG may accept tasks from Research and Development
organisations for the assessment and qualification of a new explosive material before it
has been selected for use by a munition project.

10.7.15.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS

10.7.15.4.1 The basis for the UK assessment for the qualification of an explosive composition is
currently laid down in Ordnance Board Pillar Proceeding 42700 (Qualification of
explosives). This proceeding is in line with the requirements of STANAG 4170. It sets
out the information required for assessment, with general guidance on the suitable tests
for the various types of explosives. More specific guidance for particular explosive roles is
given in OB Pillar proceedings P 111 (pyrotechnics), P119 (secondary HE main charge
and boosters) and P127 (solid propellants).

10.7.15.4.2 Selection of Tests. The selection of the specific tests to obtain data is a matter of
agreement between the specialist officers of the DOSG and the Tasking Authority. The
selection of tests is influenced by the guidance given in Chapter VII "Assessment
Principles and Common Requirements" of this manual for each type of material, together
with other factors such as the nature of the material and its role. Consideration is given
to the need to carry out tests at extremes of temperature and on aged material.

10.7.15.4.3 For all materials, information is required to demonstrate compliance with STANAG 4170.

10.7.15.4.4 Conduct of Tests. The DOSG, although the UK National Authority, has no test facilities
of its own. Once the test requirements for assessment and qualification have been
agreed by the relevant authorities, the tests are carried out in an approved test house

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which may be at one or more of the establishments listed in paragraph 10.7.15.3.1. There
is an ongoing programme to accredit UK test houses for particular qualification tests.

10.7.15.4.5 Assessment. The results of the tests, together with observations and recommendations,
are formally reported by the test establishment to DOSG. The results are considered by
officers of DOSG, in relation to the results of the same tests carried out on materials of a
similar type and role which have a proven history of safety and satisfactory use in
service.

10.7.15.4.6 Qualification. The test results, together with the discussion of their assessment, are
presented as a draft Proceeding on the material per se, or as a section in a Proceeding
assessing the safety and suitability for service of a complete munition or sub-system, for
consideration by peer review by DOSG, representing all three services. If satisfied,
DOSG will then publish the Proceeding in which they recommend that the material is safe
and suitable for consideration for use, with limitations if necessary.

10.7.15.4.7 Approval for Service Use. The Safety Approving Authority of the relevant service has the
final responsibility to accept DOSG advice, or to modify or reject it. The latter seldom, if
ever, occurs.

10.7.15.4.8 Compatibility. Materials used in munitions, which may come into direct contact with
explosives or propellants, must be compatible as defined in STANAG 4147. This also
applies to materials, which although not in direct contact , evolve vapours that can come
into direct contact with the explosive or propellant in the munition.

10.7.15.4.9 Terminology Used in the UK. As the methodology for the assessment of safety and
suitability for service has developed within the UK, terms have been used which may
have somewhat different interpretation from that given by other nations. In order to assist
in the understanding of UK assessments, the following explanations of UK usage are
recorded. They are not intended as rigid definitions.

a. Sensitiveness is the UK term for a measure of the minimum level of a prescribed


stimulus, relevant to an accident situation, required to ignite or initiate an
explosive material. Such stimuli include, among others, impact, friction and
electric spark. The significance of the word is thus in terms of the hazard
characteristics of the explosive material.

b. Sensitivity is the UK term for a measure of a prescribed stimulus required to


achieve reliable functioning of an explosive material in its designed mode.

c. Explosiveness is the UK term, which describes the degree of violence shown by


an explosive material when it responds to a prescribed stimulus relevant to an
accident situation. It is dependent not only on the nature of the explosive
material, but also on its mass, physical state, configuration and confinement.
The significance of the word is thus in terms of the hazard characteristics of the
explosive material.

d. Power is the term used in the UK for high explosive, to indicate the level of
explosive response following initiation in the designed mode.

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10.7.15.4.10 HIGH EXPLOSIVES

a. Mandatory Data for Primary Explosives:

Test Registry/STANAG No.


(1) Ball and Disc 201.01.002
(2) Small Scale Explosiveness 201.01.003
(3) Grit Sensitisation 201.01.004
(4) Emery Paper Friction 201.02.002
(5) Temperature of Ignition STANAG 4491 or 4515
(6) Ease of Ignition STANAG 4491
(7) Train Test 202.01.003
(8) Electric Spark STANAG 4490

b. Mandatory Data for Booster Explosives

Test Registry/STANAG No.


(1) Rotter Impact Test STANAG 4489
(2) Small Scale Explosiveness 201.01.003
(3) Grit Sensitisation 201.01.004
(4) Rotary Friction STANAG 4487
(5) Temperature of Ignition STANAG 4491 or 4515
(6) Ease of Ignition STANAG 4491
(7) Train Test 202.01.003
(8) Electric Spark Test STANAG 4490
(9) Small Scale Gap Test STANAG 4488
(10) Fragment Impact Test 201.06.003
(11) Tube Test Internal Ignition 202.01.005
(12) Tube Test Fast Heating (Fuel Fire) 202.01.006
(13) Tube Test Electrically Heated STANAG 4491
(14) Critical Diameter 302.02.002
(15) Detonation Velocity 302.02.001
(16) Vacuum Stability STANAG 4556
(17) DMA (for PBX) STANAG 4540
(18) TMA (for PBX) STANAG 4525
(19) Uniaxial Tensile (for PBX) STANAG 4506
(20) Stress Relaxation (for PBX) STANAG 4507
(21) Uniaxial Compression (for PBX) STANAG 4443
(22) Thermal Characterization by DSC/DTA STANAG 4515

c. Mandatory Tests for Main Charge High Explosives

Test Registry/STANAG No.


(1) Rotter Impact Test STANAG 4489
(2) Small Scale Explosiveness 201.01.003
(3) Grit Sensitisation 201.01.004
(4) Rotary Friction STANAG 4487
(5) Temperature of Ignition STANAG 4491 or 4515
(6) Ease of Ignition STANAG 4491
(7) Train Test 202.01.003
(8) Electric Spark Test STANAG 4490
(9) Gap Test STANAG 4488
(10) Fragment Impact Test 201.06.003
(11) Small-Scale Spigot Drop Test 201.01.005
(12) Tube Test Internal Ignition 202.01.005
(13) Tube Test - Fast Heating (Fuel Fire) 202.01.006
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(14) Tube Test Electrically Heated STANAG 4491
(15) Critical Diameter 302.02.002
(16) Detonation Velocity 302.02.001
(17) Vacuum Stability STANAG 4556
(18) DMA (for PBX) STANAG 4540
(19) TMA (for PBX) STANAG 4525
(20) Uniaxial Tensile (for PBX) STANAG 4506
(21) Stress Relaxation (for PBX) STANAG 4507

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(22) Uniaxial Compression (for PBX) STANAG 4443
(23) Thermal Characterization by DSC/DTA STANAG 4515

10.7.15.4.11 PROPELLANTS

a. Mandatory Data for Solid Propellants

Test Registry/STANAG No.


(1) Rotter Impact Test STANAG 4489
(2) Small Scale Explosiveness 201.01.003
(3) Grit Sensitisation 201.01.004
(4) Rotary Friction STANAG 4487
(5) Temperature of Ignition STANAG 4491 or 4515
(6) Ease of Ignition STANAG 4491
(7) Train Test 202.01.003
(8) Electric Spark Test STANAG 4490
(9) Gap Test STANAG 4488
(10) Model Scale Motor Test 201.06.001
(11) Fragment Impact Test 201.06.002
(12) Shaped Charge Attack Test 201.07.001
(13) Small-Scale Spigot Drop Test 201.01.005
(14) Tube Test Internal Ignition 202.01.005
(15) Tube test - Fast Heating (Fuel Fire) 202.01.006
(16) Tube test Electrical heating STANAG 4491
(17) Critical Diameter 302.02.002
(18) Chemical Stability STANAG 4527, 4117, 4541
(19) Vacuum Stability STANAG 4556
(20) DMA STANAG 4540
(21) TMA STANAG 4525
(22) Uniaxial Tensile (for rocket propellant) STANAG 4506
(23) Stress Relaxation STANAG 4507
(24) Uniaxial Compression STANAG 4443
(25) Thermal Characterization by DSC/DTA STANAG 4515

N.B Solid propellants containing explosives fillers may require additional


testing.

b. Mandatory Data for Liquid Propellants

Test Registry/STANAG No.


(1) Liquid Explosives Impact Test 201.01.006
(2) Gap Test 201.04.002
(3) Small Sealed Vessel 202.01.004
(4) Thermal Characterization by DSC/DTA STANAG 4515

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10.7.15.4.12 PYROTECHNICS

a. Mandatory Data for Pyrotechnics

Test Registry/STANAG No.

(1) Rotter Impact Test STANAG 4489


(2) Rotary Friction STANAG 4487
(3) Temperature of Ignition STANAG 4491 or 4515
(4) Ease of Ignition STANAG 4491
(5) Train Test 202.01.003
(6) Electric Spark Test STANAG 4490
(7) Thermal Characterization by DSC/DTA STANAG 4515

10.7.15.4.13 EFFECT OF AGEING ON EXPLOSIVE PROPERTIES

a. For all classes of explosives, it is essential to ensure that there are no


unexpected changes in physical or hazard properties occurring with time.

b. The UK tables in Chapter 8 list the properties which require re-testing after
accelerated ageing.

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10.7.15.5 LIST OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS

Category 100 Chemical and Physical Properties


(Including Mechanical Properties)

101.00.XXX Chemical Properties


101.01.XXX Analytical Tests
101.02.XXX Other Tests

102.00.XXX Physical Properties (Including


Mechanical Properties

102.01.XXX Physical Tests

102.01.001 Uniaxial Tensile Test


102.01.010 Uniaxial Compression Test
102.01.025 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test
102.01.050 D.S.C.
102.01.070 Density
102.01.071 Density - mode 1
102.01.071 Density - mode 2
102.01.071 Density - mode 3
102.01.201 Uniaxial Tensile Test (cast HE)

Category 200 Hazard Assessment

201.0X.XXX Sensitiveness/Sensitivity/Explosiveness

201.01.XXX Impact Tests

201.01.001 Rotter Impact Test


201.01.002 Ball and Disc Test
201.01.003 Small Scale explosiveness
201.01.004 Grit Sensitisation
201.01.005 Small Scale Spigot Drop Test
201.01.006 Liquid Explosives Impact Test

201.02.XXX Friction Tests

201.02.001 Rotary Friction Test


201.02.002 Emery Paper Friction Test

201.03.XXX Electrostatic Discharge Tests


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201.03.001 Electric Spark Test


201.03.002 Electric Spark Test for Sensitive Explosives

201.04.XXX Shock Tests

201.04.001 Small-Scale Gap Test


201.04.002 Large-Scale Gap Test

201.05.XXX Projectile Impact Tests

201.06.XXX Fragment Impact Tests

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201.06.001 Model Scale Motor Test
201.06.002 Fragment Impact-Gun Propellant
201.06.003 Fragment Impact-High Explosive
201.07.XXX Jet Impact Tests

201.07.001 Shaped Charge Attack Test

201.08.XXX Other Tests

202.00.XXX Stability and Thermal behaviour

202.01.XXX Thermal Tests

202.01.001 Ease of Ignition Test


202.01.002 Temperature of Ignition Test
202.01.003 Train Test
202.01.004 Small Sealed Vessel Test
202.01.005 Tube Test Internal Ignition
202.01.006 Tube Test Fast Heating (Fuel Fire)
202.01.007 Tube Test Electrically Heated

202.02.XXX Other Tests

202.02.001 Vacuum Stability Test


202.02.002 Chemical Stability of NC based Propellants
202.02.003 80C Self Heating Test
202.02.004 Abel Heat Test
202.02.005 The 50mm Cube Crack Test

203.00.XXX Compatibility

203.01.XXX Reactivity Tests

203.02.XXX Other Tests

204.00.XXX Toxicity and Environmental Impact

204.01.XXX Toxicity Evaluation

204.02.XXX Environmental Impact Assessment

Category 300 Performance Assessment

301.01.XXX Theoretical Methods

301.01.XXX Thermodynamic Models

301.02.XXX Other Models

302.00.XXX Experimental Methods

302.01.001 Detonation Velocity

302.02.002 Critical Diameter Test

302.03.XXX Other Tests


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10.7.15.6 CATALOGUE OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS

NOTE: The Test Information Sheets are listed consecutively in accordance with the
Registry Number.

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UK/102.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Propellants/PBXs

2. TEST TITLE: Uniaxial Mechanical Properties, Tensile


(Constant Stain Rate).

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a. Type of Test: Uniaxial Tensile, Dumb-bell (Dogbone).

b. Description:

(1) Geometry of Specimen. A dumb-bell with a rectangular cross- section. The


most common shapes used are the PERME and JANNAF C dumb-bells, usually cut from
sheet material (10mm thick for PERME, 12.7mm for JANNAF C).

(2) Applied Load. Load applied varies with the material, normally in the range 0.3 to
2.5Mpa for composite propellant at 23oC.

(3) Experimental Method. After conditioning at test temperature for one hour, the
sample is pulled axially by the dumb-bell ends using a stiff tensile testing machine. Load
is applied at a constant strain rate (crosshead speed). Preferably the strain is measured
directly using an extensometer or similar device.

(4) Main Physical Parameters. The main physical parameters affecting the results
are strain rate and test temperature.

(5) Results. Tensile strength, m, initial tangent modulus, Eo, and the strain at
maximum load m, and at failure, b, are calculated.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment

(1) Applications. Used for characterization and routine process control of plastic,
rubbery and colloidal propellants: polymer based high explosives.

(2) Significance. The data are required to assess the ability of the charge to retain
its integrity throughout the range of operating conditions envisaged for the material.

(3) Limitations. Can only be used for materials that can be cut or machined to the
shape required i.e. not suitable for very soft or brittle materials.

d. Typical Results:
Temp C m% b% m KPa
Rubbery propellant +25 33.3 40.1 754

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

ASTM D412; BS903 part A2 and BS 2782 part 3; method 320A describe the method in
detail but use different dumb-bell shapes. The JANNAF dumb-bells are described in the
ICPRG Solid Propellant Mechanical Behaviour Manual, section 4.3.2

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UK/102.01.010

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Propellants/PBXs/Melt-cast Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Uniaxial Mechanical Properties, Compression


(Constant Stain Rate).

a. Type of Test: Uniaxial Compression

b. Description:

(1) Geometry of Specimen. A right circular cylinder with a length to diameter ratio of
2:1; 10 to 25 mm diameter and 20 to 50 mm long is typical.
(2) Applied Load. Load applied varies with the material, normally in the range 0.3 to
2.5Mpa for composite propellant at 23oC; up to 20 MPa for cast HE.
(3) Experimental Method. After conditioning at the test temperature for one hour,
the sample is compressed directly between two plane, parallel surfaces using a
stiff testing machine. Load is applied at a constant crosshead speed.
Compression cages should NOT be used.
(4) Main Physical Parameters. The main physical parameters affecting the results
are strain rate and test temperature.
(5) Results. Compressive strength, m, initial tangent modulus, Eo, and the strain at
maximum load m, and at failure, b, are calculated.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment

(1) Applications. Used for characterization and routine process control.

(2) Significance. The data are required to assess the ability of the charge to retain
its integrity throughout the range of operating conditions envisaged for the
material.

(3) Limitations. Can only be used for materials that can be cut or machined to the
shape required. The method is not suitable for either soft or pressed materials
that do not consolidate well.

d. Typical Results:

RDX/silicone, m 0.88MPa, modulus, Eo 0.16MPa

Torpex, m 20.7MPa, modulus, Eo 6756MPa

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

ASTM D695 and BS2782 part 3; method 345A describe the method in detail. The BS
calls for a l/d ratio of 1:1.

UK-14

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UK/102.01.025

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TEST OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Propellants/High Explosives/Pyrotechnics.

2. TEST TITLE: Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

a. Type of Test: Mechanical Spectrometry.

b. Description:

(1) Geometry of Specimen. A right circular cylinder (1 to 5mm diameter) or


rectangular bar (1 to 6mm x 10mm) 50 mm long.

(2) Applied Load. Sufficient to result in a strain of about 1%. The applied load is
cyclic, normally at 3 frequencies generated at 0.1, 1.0 and 10 radians/sec.

(3) Experimental Method. The sample is subjected to small amplitude sinusoidal


deformation over a temperature range, usually -120oC to 100oC. Stress and
strain are continuously recorded and analyzed.

(4) Main Physical Parameters. The main physical parameters affecting the results
are strain rate and test temperature.

(5) Results. Shear storage modulus, G' and shear loss modulus, G" and the loss
tangent, tan, are plotted through the temperature sweep. The glass transition
temperature, Tg, is obtained from a peak in the G" curve.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

(1) Applications. Characterization and process control of rubbery propellants, PBXs


and colloidal propellants.

(2) Significance. Used to assess the stability of the charge properties over the range
of operating conditions.

3. Limitations. Can only be used for materials that can be cut or machined or
pressed to the required shape. This method is not suitable for either soft
materials or pressed materials that do not consolidate well.

d. Typical Results:

Rubbery propellant
G'MPa G'MPa tan
at 25oC 9.99 4.22 0.422
Tg peak in G" is at -72oC.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

T. Murayama, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Polymeric Materials, Elsevier Applied


Science Publishers, 1978.

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UK/102.01.050

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants/PBXs/Melt cast explosives.

2. TEST TITLE: Differential Scanning Calorimetry.

a. Type of Test: Heat Flow or Power Compensation.

b. Description:

(1) Geometry of Specimen. Solid or liquid; solids may be in film, powder, granular or
crystalline form. Sample size is 5 to 10mg.

(2) Applied Load. No mechanical load. Heating is at a constant rate of between 5


and 20oC.

(3) Experimental Method. Commercial equipment is used. Scanning rate and range
are dependant on the material, the mass and the property being measured.

(4) Main Physical Parameters. The main physical parameters affecting the results
are scan rate, sample size, physical form, purge gas used.

(5) Results. Heat capacity, Cp, glass transition temperature, Tg, melt temperature ,
Tm, and associated latent heats, Hf. Other peak areas and start temperatures
may also be measured eg crystal transition enthalpy, ht.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

(1) Applications. Characterization of the thermal properties of polymeric binders.


Characterization of the decomposition of energetic materials.

(2) Significance. Initial screening of materials. Used to assess physical ageing and
chemical degradation for storage and stability studies.

(3) Limitations. Experiments are limited to the temperature range and heating rates
of the equipment available.

d. Typical Results:

(1) Glass transition temperature, Tg, of cured polybutadiene propellant binder is -


55oC.

(2) Decomposition temperature of a nitrate ester, Td , is 160oC.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility. With non-volatile sample the results are repeatable to
within 0.2 millicalories.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

The equipment manufacturers instruction book.

UK-16
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UK/102.01.070

TEST INFORMATION SHEET


1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Propellants/PBXs/Melt Cast Explosives/Pyrotechnics.

2. TEST TITLE: Physical Properties, Density.

a. Type of Test: Determination of Density by Liquid - Displacement, Pyknometer (Density


Bottle) Method.

b. Description:

(1) Geometry of Specimen. Small pieces of material that will pass through the
pyknometer neck, (4mm x 4mm x 6mm maximum), with smooth surfaces free
from crevices and dust. If a 50ml pyknometer is used, the total weight of the
pieces should be around 20g.

(2) Experimental Method. The pyknometer is accurately weighed in air and then re-
weighed three times, with the sample inside, topped up with a suitable liquid and
full of liquid. The density, , is calculated from the four weighings.

(3) Main Physical Parameters. The main physical parameter affecting the results is
changes of temperature.

(4) Results. Density, , and/or specific gravity, SG; the void fraction may be derived
from a knowledge of the theoretical maximum density.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

(1) Applications. Used for characterization and quality assurance.

(2) Significance. The data are used to calculate the stresses applied to the charge
and store throughout its storage and operating life.

(3) Limitations. This method can only be used when a liquid is available that does
not dissolve or swell the material during weighing. It cannot be used if the
materials floats or the particle size is less than a 20 mesh sieve (850 m).

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

The measured density is accurate to 0.2%.

NATIONAL REFERENCES:

BS 2782 part 6, method 620B; BS 903 part A1 method B; ASTM D792 method B; ISO/R
1183-1970; DQA/TS method M18/89.

UK-17
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UK/102.01.071 mode 1

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Propellants/PBXs/Melt Cast


Explosives/Pyrotechnics.

2. TEST TITLE: Physical Properties, Density.

a. Test of Test: Determination of Density by Mensuration.

b. Description:

(1) Geometry of Specimen. A right regular bar with a uniform cross section, the area
of which can be calculated from its dimensions e.g. a rectangle or circle.

(2) Experimental Method. The specimen is accurately measured. Its volume is


calculated from its cross sectional area and length. The specimen is then
weighed and the density calculated.

(3) Main Physical Parameters. The main physical parameter affecting the results is
changes of temperature.

(4) Results. Density, , the void fraction may be derived from acknowledge of the
theoretical maximum density.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

(1) Applications. Used for characterization and quality assurance.

(2) Significance. The data are used to calculate the stresses applied to the charge
and store throughout its storage and operating life.

(3) Limitations. This method can only be used when the specimen are available in a
suitably geometry. It is not a suitable method for rubbery materials.

d. Typical Results. Density, , of pressed RDX/TNT is 1.67Mg/m3.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility. Dependent on the accuracy of measurement.


Dimensions measured to 0.2% and weighing to 0.001g will give density to 0.7%.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

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UK/102.01.071 mode 2

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Propellants/PBXs/Melt Cast


Explosives/Pyrotechnics.

2. TEST TITLE: Physical Properties, Density.

a. Type of Test: Determination of Density by Liquid - Displacement.

b. Description:

(1) Geometry of Specimen. Any piece of material, 2.5 to 25 grams weight, usually of
irregular shape, with smooth surfaces free from crevices and dust. If porous it
may be necessary to coat the sample with a wax or lacquer.

(2) Experimental Method. The specimen is accurately weighed in air and re-
weighed immersed in a suitable liquid of known density. The specimen density is
calculated from the two weighings. For materials of density below or near that of
the immersing liquid a heavy sinker is added and an extra weighing made.

(3) Main Physical Parameters. The main physical parameter affecting the results is
changes of temperature.

(4) Results. Density, , and/or specific gravity, SG; the void fraction may be derived
from a knowledge of the theoretical maximum density.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

(1) Applications. Used for characterization and quality assurance.

(2) Significance. The data are used to calculate the stresses applied to the charge
and store throughout its storage and operating life.

(3) Limitations. This method can only be used when a liquid is available that does
not dissolve or swell the material, or its coating when used.

d. Typical Results. Density, , of plastic explosive is 1.60 Mg/m3.


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e. Repeatability and Reproducibility.

The measured density is accurate to 0.2%.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

BS 2782 part 6 methods 620A and C, BS 903 part A1 method A; ASTM D792 method A,
ISO/R 1183-1970. DQA/TS M216/74 method C.

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UK/102.01.071 mode 3

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Solid Propellants/PBXs/Melt Cast


Explosives/Pyrotechnics.

2. TEST TITLE: Physical Properties, Density.

a. Type of Test: Determination of Density by the Density - Gradient Column Method.

b. Description:

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(1) Geometry of Specimen. Any small piece (less than 6mm cube) of material, of an
easily identifiable shape, with smooth surfaces free from crevices and dust.
Samples cut from film should not be less than 0.13 mm thick.

(2) Experimental Method. Three samples are put into a column containing a suitable
mixed liquid or solution together with standardized floats whose density brackets
that of the sample. When the sample and floats are at equilibrium (10 minutes
minimum) the vertical distances from the floats are measured and the density
calculated.

(3) Main Physical Parameters. The main physical parameter affecting the results is
changes of temperature.

(4) Density, , the void fraction may be derived from a knowledge of the theoretical
maximum density.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

(1) Applications. Used for characterization and quality assurance.

(2) Significance. The data is used to calculate the stresses applied to the charge
and store throughout its storage and operating life.

(3) Limitations. This method can only be used for solid materials that do not absorb,
dissolve or swell in the column liquids.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: This method has an accuracy of 0.05%.

3 NATIONAL REFERENCES:

BS 2782 part 6, method 620D; ASTM D1505; ISO/R 1183-1970.

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UK/102.01.201

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Melt Cast Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Uniaxial Mechanical Properties, Tensile (Constant Strain Rate).

a. Type of Test: Uniaxial Mechanical Properties, Tensile - Used for melt cast explosives.

b. Description:

(1) Geometry of Specimen. Sample is a right circular dumb-bell (dog bone),


machined from a solid casting. The preferred gauge length is 50mm long and
20.3mm diameter. The transition radius to the gauge length is 12.7mm.

(2) Applied Load. Applied load varies with the material, normally in the range 0.3 to
10 MPa.

(3) Experimental Method. After conditioning at test temperature for one hour, the
sample is pulled axially by the dumb-bell ends using a stiff tensile testing
machine. Load is applied at a constant strain rate (crosshead speed). It is
preferred that strain is measured directly using an extensometer or similar device
and not crosshead movement.

(4) Main Physical Parameters. The main physical parameter affecting the results are
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

strain rate and temperature.

(5) Results. Tensile strength, m, initial tangent modulus, Eo, and the strain at
maximum load, m, and at failure, b, are calculated.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

(1) Applications. Used for characterization and routine process control of melt cast
high explosives.

(2) Significance. The data are required to assess the ability of the charge to retain
its integrity throughout the range of operating conditions envisaged for the
material.

(3) Limitations. Can only be used on materials that can be machined without
shattering. Values obtained for modulus will be unrealistically low if direct
methods of strain measurement are not used.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. REFERENCES:

The method is essentially that described in ASTM D638 but the dumb-bell is more suitable for
explosive materials.

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UK/201.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Boosters/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Rotter Impact Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Drop-weight Impact - Used for all Energetic Materials.

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b Description: A small quantity of the material confined between a brass cap and an
anvil in a heavy housing is subjected to an indirect impact from a 5 kg weight dropped
onto intermediate components (drift and striker). The median height for ignition is
determined and compared to that for a standard RDX to produce a figure of
insensitiveness (F of I) for the material.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To determine the sensitiveness of energetic


materials to ignition by impact or nipping between metal surfaces.

d. Typical Results:

Explosive F of I
PETN 50
HMX 60
RDX 80 (Standard)
TNT 150
COMP B 130
VU (EDB) 15
ATN D28/47 (CDB) 20
SR44 30
SR651 180

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 1A.

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UK/201.01.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Ball and Disc Test.

a. Type of Test: Safety/Impact - Used for Primary Explosives.

b. Description: A small sample of the explosive under test is placed on a steel anvil and
covered by a brass disc. It is then subjected to impact from a falling steel ball impacting
on a striker with a hemispherical end.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test aims to determine the impact
sensitiveness of primary explosives with a degree of discrimination superior to that
achieved for such materials by the Rotter Test.

d. Typical Results: Results are given as the height of drop required to give ignitions in 50%
of the impacts.

Service Lead Azide 17 cm


Lead Styphnate RD 1303 11 cm
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e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 14.

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UK/201.01.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Boosters/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Small Scale Explosiveness Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Drop-weight Impact - Used for all except most pyrotechnics.

b. Description: The sensitiveness of the test material is firstly measured using test
UK/201.01.001 (Rotter). Using the same test equipment, data for the mean gas volume of
decomposition products for positive events (ignitions) is collected across a range of
stimulus levels (up to 2.5 times the median drop-height). These mean gas volumes are
compared with the calculated theoretical specific gas production for the test material,
expressed as a percentage and corrected with reference to the output from a high
explosiveness standard sample of lead azide. When explosiveness is plotted against
stimulus level a characteristic curve is obtained for the material. Both an explosiveness
figure and a hazard index can easily be derived from such curves. Although this is a

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small scale test, it clearly demonstrates the effect of the physical properties of the test
material and is thus an effective early indicator of charge scale safety characteristics.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To assess the relative explosiveness and


hazard index for energetic materials.

d. Typical Results:

Test Material Explosiveness Figure Hazard Index


RDX 85 100
RDX/Wax 99/1 (Debrix1) 82 71
RDX/Wax 95/5 (Debrix2) 51 34
PETN 77 121
HMX 77 112
TNT 3 1

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 1D.

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UK/201.01.004

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Boosters/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Grit sensitisation

a. Type of Test: Safety/Impact - Used for Main Charge High Explosives, Booster
Explosives and Propellants.

b. Description: The sensitiveness of the test material is firstly measured using test
UK/201.01.001 (Rotter). Using the same test equipment, two further Rotter tests are
performed on the test material with added grit. A standard alumina grit with a well
specified and characterised particle size is added at two concentrations, 0.1 and 1% by
weight. It is added in such a way that the sample is as homogeneous as possible. Data
from the grit-sensitised samples can be compared with that for the uncontaminated
sample in order to determine the degree of sensitisation by the grit. It is often convenient
to plot a curve to illustrate the results.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The test shows which samples are more
likely to be significantly sensitised by the presence of adventitious grit particles.

d. Typical Results

Test Material F of I Zero grit F of I 0.1% grit F of I 1% grit


RDX 82 27 23
Debrix1 85 29 20
Debrix2 95 56 29
PETN 46 20 10
HMX 53 23 18
TNT 135 104 83

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 1B.

UK-25
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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
UK/201.01.005

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Boosters/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Small Scale Spigot Drop Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Impact - Used for Propellants, Boosters and Main Charge High
Explosives.

b. Description: A steel spigot attached to a 40kg drop-weight is guided vertically under


gravity to penetrate a thin steel cover plate and pass into the test explosive contained in a
steel tube standing vertically on a witness block.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To test the response of explosive materials


to intrusion by a steel spigot.

d. Typical Results: Results are given as the height of drop required to give ignitions in 50%
of the trials.

VU (EDB) 1.1 m
ATN (D28)/47 (CDB) 1.3 m

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 37

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

UK-26

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
UK/201.01.006

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Liquid Propellants / Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Liquid Explosives Impact Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Impact - Used for Liquid Explosives

b. Description: The Rotter test apparatus is used in conjunction with a modified sample
housing. A rubber O-ring is inserted at the base of a cylindrical cavity in a robust steel
sample cup. A standard volume of the test liquid is dispensed from a micro-pipette into
the cavity so formed. The cavity is then approximately half full. It is sealed by placing a
stainless steel shim and a steel plunger on top of the O-ring. This assembly is placed in
the impact housing and a standard pre-compression is applied to the cavity by rotating
the threaded central upper part of the housing. The housing is then placed under the
drop-weight machine and a 2kg drop-weight is used to apply a compression stimulus to
the cavity via an intermediate drift, ball bearing and plunger. The median height for
positive events (ignitions) is determined using a 50 shot Bruceton Staircase technique.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Relative sensitiveness to this stimulus can


be ranked and compared for different types of liquid explosive.

d. Typical Results:

Test Liquid Median drop-height (cm)

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
NG 5
Casting liquid 75/24/1 NG/Triacetin/2NDPA 10
Isopropyl nitrate 14
Nitromethane 65
Diesel fuel > 126

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 8.

UK-27
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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
UK/201.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Boosters/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Rotary Friction Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Friction - Used for all energetic materials

b. Description: A small quantity of powdered material is placed on a steel block, whose


surface has been grit-blasted to standard roughness and is pushed by means of
compressed air of standard pressure against a steel wheel whose surface is similarly
treated. The wheel is then caused to rotate over a fixed arc at a preset velocity and the
resulting friction may ignite the material. The median velocity required to give ignition in
50% of the tests is compared with that for a standard RDX to produce a figure (F of F) for
the material.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To determine the sensitiveness of thin layers


of powdered materials to friction between surfaces likely to be encountered in real
environments, particularly during processing.

d. Typical Results:
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Explosive F of F
PETN 1.3
HMX 1.5
RDX 3.0 (standard)
LU double base propellant 2.4
RD 2503 Composite propellant 1.6
SR 92 delay composition 0.17
RD 1303 lead styphnate 0.17
RD 1343 lead azide 0.07

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 33.

UK-28

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
UK/201.02.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Emery Paper Friction Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Friction - Used for Primary Explosives

b. Description: The material is smeared between two steel surfaces, which are covered
with emery paper to provide a rough surface. A load of 15 kg is applied to push the two
surfaces together and the impact from a pendulum is used to move the lower metal
surface relative to the upper surface. The friction caused by moving the two rough
surfaces can ignite the material.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines the friction


sensitiveness of primary explosives with a degree of discrimination superior to that
achieved by the rotary friction test when used to test similar samples.

d. Typical Results: The results can be expressed as the striking velocity of the pendulum
required to give ignitions in 50% of the strikes.

Explosive Striking Velocity


(ms-1)

Service Lead Azide 1.2

Lead Styphnate RD 1303 2.5

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 13.

UK-29
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
UK/201.03.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Boosters/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Electric Spark Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Electric Spark

b. Description: Small samples of material are subjected to an electrostatic discharge

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(spark) of 4.5J. If any ignitions occur further samples are subjected to a discharge of
0.45J. If any ignitions occur further samples are subjected to a discharge of 0.045J. Fifty
tests are carried out before a result is reported as no ignitions at that level. Samples that
are ignited at 0.045J (approximately twice the maximum energy expected to accumulate
as static electricity on a person's clothes) are tested using Test No. 201.01.002.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To determine the electrostatic charge


required to ignite an explosive material at an energy level greater than that found on
personnel.

d. Typical Results:

FNH gun propellant No ignitions at 4.5J


VU rocket propellant No ignitions at 4.5J
ATN(D28)/47 rocket propellant No ignitions at 4.5J
NQ gun propellant No ignitions at 4.5J
Tetryl Ignites at 4.5J, but not at 0.45J
RDX Ignites at 4.5J, but not at 0.45J
PETN Ignites at 4.5J, but not at 0.45J
SR44 Ignites at 4.5J, but not at 0.45J
SR65 No ignitions at 4.5J

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 6.

UK-30

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
UK/201.03.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Boosters/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Electric Spark Test for Sensitive Explosives

a. Type of Test: Safety/Electric Spark - Used for Primary Explosives and Pyrotechnics.

b. Description: In this test, compositions which are ignited by the 0.045J discharge of the
UK Electric Spark Test are assessed. Two types of discharge can be used:

(1). Between metallic electrodes, simulating a discharge from one metal object to
another;

(2) Between a metallic and a non-metallic (rubber) electrode, simulating a discharge


from a charged person. In both cases a minimum energy of ignitions is
determined but in (b) a minimum capacitance for ignition is also found.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To determine the minimum electrostatic


charge required to ignite an explosive material that has been classified as a sensitive
explosive by the UK Electric Spark Test.

d. Typical Results:

Service Lead Azide - Metal/metal 0.002mJ


Rubber/metal 0.225mJ,
400 pF
Lead Styphnate RD 1303 - Metal/metal 0.025mJ
Rubber/metal 0.015mJ,
25 pF

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No.7.

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

UK-31
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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
UK/201.04.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Boosters

2. TEST TITLE: Small-Scale Gap Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Detonative Shock - Used for energetic materials where the critical
diameter is less than about 15mm.

b. Description: This is the small scale gap test described in STANAG4488. The shock wave
from an RDX/wax donor is attenuated by a water barrier and the detonation or otherwise
of the acceptor assessed by the transmission or otherwise of detonation along a length of
detonating cord. The cord is laid against an aluminium alloy witness plate. The thickness
of attenuator giving a 50% probability of detonation is calculated from the results of
testing using a Bruceton staircase procedure.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines the sensitivity to shock
initiation of explosives which will propagate detonation in unconfined charges with
diameters of less than about 15mm.

d. Typical Results:

Explosive Density Attenuator Thickness


(g cm -3) (mm)

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

To be supplied.

UK-32

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED


Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
UK/201.04.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Large-Scale Gap Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Detonative Shock - Used for Main Charge High Explosives,
Booster Explosives and Propellants.

b. Description: This test is based closely on the US NSWC Large-Scale Gap Test. The
material under test is subjected to a shock wave from a donor pellet (tetryl) that is
attenuated by a Perspex (polymethyl methacrylate) barrier placed between the donor
and acceptor charges. A witness plate is used to distinguish the detonation of the test
explosive from sub-detonative reactions.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test may be used to compare the
detonation shock sensitivity of explosive materials having unconfined critical diameters
up to about 100 mm.

d. Typical Results:

VU (EDB) 6.4 Gpa

ATN (D28)/47 (CDB) 7.2 Gpa

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 22.


--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

UK-33
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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
UK/201.06.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Model Scale Motor Fragment Attack Test for Solid Rocket Propellants

a. Type of Test: Safety/Impact - Used for Rocket Propellants.

b. Description: The propellant, prepared in specified charge form, is mounted in a cylinder


externally 250 mm long by 125 mm diameter. Massive steel caps fitted over the ends of
the cylinder are joined externally by steel tie-rods of 18 mm diameter. One end cap is
fitted with a nozzle of throat diameter, appropriate to a burning pressure specified for the
test. The motor, preconditioned to a specified temperature, is mounted vertically nozzle
upwards, and attached half-way along its length and half-way between two tie-rods by a
single 17 g steel cylinder impacting end-on at 920 m/s. The violence of response of the
propellant is assessed principally by the degree of case damage, though measurements

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of external blast overpressure and pressure within the cylinder are also made.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To test the response of a rocket propellant


charge to attack by a representative fragment under standardized conditions.

d. Typical Results: (All using fast attack on star-centred charges in aluminium alloy tubes,
using nozzles appropriate to design burning pressure 10 MPa).

Propellant Temperature (oC) Tube Fragmentation


CDB 18 Nil
" -10 2
" -30 21
" -50 36
EMCDB 18 Nil
" -10 Nil
" -30 Nil
" -50 22
HTPB 18 Nil
" -10 24
" -50 30

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 38.

UK-34

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
UK/201.06.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Fragment Attack of Solid Gun Propellants

a. Type of Test: Safety/Fragment attack - Used for Gun Propellants.

b. Description: Attack is by means of a single, non-spinning, cylindrical 17g steel


representative fragment fired end-on at right angles centrally into a target face of a
cubical cardboard box of 67 mm side, containing the propellant. For qualification, attack
velocities of 920 25 and 1500 50 m/s are employed. Slotted stick propellant is cut
into 67 mm lengths which are laid out parallel to one another in the box until it is filled; for
small multitube grains, random orientation is used, but for larger grains, for which
stacking is practical and leads to a greater packing density, that method may be
employed. For qualification of stacked strands of grains, vertical orientation is used for
attack at right angles to the length of the grain. Propellant weight is about 300g. The
maximum blast overpressure at 1m from the front face of the box, 10o off the line of fire,
is recorded.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test assesses the explosiveness of gun
propellants under the test conditions and enables comparisons to be made of the
vulnerability of charges differing in composition, configuration and web thickness.

d. Typical Results:

maximum
overpressure
NQ/S web (mm) at 1m (KPa)

1.42 34, 36
2.05 31, 28
3.05 24, 26

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: For qualification three attacks at each velocity are
carried out but if the results differ by more than 25% a fourth shot is carried out.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 39.


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UK-35
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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
UK/201.06.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Boosters

2. TEST TITLE: Fragment Impact Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Projectile Impact - Used for Booster and Main Charge High
Explosives

b. Description: Approximately 260 cm3 of material at its normal filled density is confined in a
standard steel cylinder of wall thickness 9.5 mm. A mild steel or aluminium alloy end cap
provides a 3.0 mm thick septum which is impacted by a 13.15 mm diameter flat ended
projectile weighing 13.5 g. The projectile impact velocity is varied in the range 400 to
2500 ms-1 and the explosive response assessed.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To compare the response of confined


explosive charges subjected to projectile impact at velocities up to 2500 ms-1.

d. Typical Results:

Tetryl 450-500 m/s burning,


700 m/s detonation
RDX/Wax 95/5 530-800 m/s deflagration,
800 m/s detonation
Composition A5 370-650 m/s explosion,
650 m/s detonation
RDX/TNT 60/40 500-900 m/s burning,
1200 m/s detonation
TNT 450-1000 m/s burning,
1350 m/s detonation
PE4 930-1200 m/s burning/deflagration,
470-1000 m/s burning
Torpex 4D 1200 m/s detonation
1300-1400 m/s explosion

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 36.

UK-36

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization


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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
UK/201.07.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Shaped Charge Attack Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Jet Impact - Used for Propellants

b. Description: Gun propellants are tested by loading them into a 165mm length of
combustible charge case and fitting card closures to the ends. Rocket propellants are
normally tested bare. In either case, the charge mass can be as high as 2.1kg. It is usual
to fire duplicate trials. For gun propellants it is useful to compare the test results across a
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

range of web sizes. Charges are supported in a steel frame that also locates spaced jet
arrestor plates, a 25mm thick conditioning plate and the shaped charge. The latter is a
63.5mm diameter 45o included angle copper cone. An optional second part of the test
varies the thickness of the conditioning plate until the median thickness for high order
reaction of the propellant charge is determined. Output from the propellant charge is
recorded on an air blast over-pressure gauge and the resultant peak pressure and
positive impulse readings are expressed as mass ratios by comparison with air blast
over-pressure tables for Comp B.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To compare the response of unconfined


propellant charges subjected to jet impact .

d. Typical Results:

Propellant Web size (mm) Mass Ratio


NQ/S 0.71 0.17
0.97 0.22
1.21 0.19
1.47 0.07
1.72 0.08
2.15 0.04
2.51 0.08
3.2 0.09
Experimental formulation F300/95/S 0.76 0.25
1.02 0.12
1.33 0.17
1.73 1.09
2.03 1.21

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 40.

UK-37
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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
UK/202.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Boosters/Propellants/Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Ease of Ignition Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Incendive Spark - Used for all Energetic Materials

b. Description: A standard mass of the explosive material is subjected to the short burst of
flame and hot particles emitted from the end of a length of standard gunpowder fuze.
Observations are made as to whether the sample ignites and if so whether it burns or
explodes. If a material ignites under the conditions of light confinement used, it must be
assumed that any non-electric spark will ignite it.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To determine the response of an explosive


material when exposed to a brief flame.

d. Typical Results:

FNH gun propellant Ignites and burns quietly


VU rocket propellant Ignites and burns quietly
ATN(D28)/47 rocket propellant Ignites and burns vigorously
Service Lead Azide Explodes
Lead Styphnate RD1303 Explodes
Tetryl Ignites and burns quietly
RDX Fails to ignite
PETN Ignites and burns quietly
SR44 (primer composition) Explodes
SR651 (delay composition) Ignites and burns quietly

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 4.

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

UK-38

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
UK/202.01.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics/Boosters

2. TEST TITLE: Temperature of Ignition Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Thermal - Used for all Energetic Materials.

b. Description: A standard mass of the explosive material under test is heated in duplicate
test tubes at a standard rate until an event occurs. This can be regarded as an
accelerated stability test. The actual values of "Temperature of Ignition" obtained are
meaningful only under the particular conditions used, and changing the rate of heating or
size of sample will lead to different results.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To measure the temperature at which a


standard mass of an explosive material decomposes.

d. Typical Results:
FNH (gun propellant) 174oC
VU (rocket propellant) 185oC
ATN(D28)/47 (rocket propellant) 167oC
NQ (gun propellant) 167oC
Service Lead Azide 330oC
Lead Styphnate RD1303 269oC
Tetryl 183oC
RDX 219oC
PETN 186oC
SR44 >400oC
SR651 275oC
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 3.

UK-39
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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
UK/202.01.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Propellants/Pyrotechnics/Boosters

2. TEST TITLE: Train Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Flame - Used for all Energetic Materials.

b. Description: The explosive material is laid in a train in a metal trough and one end of the
train is exposed to a flame for one minute.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To determine the response of an explosive


material when exposed to a flame.

d. Typical Results:

FNH (gun propellant) Ignites and supports train steadily throughout

VU (EDB) Ignites and supports train steadily throughout

ATN(D28)/47 (CDB) Ignites and supports train steadily throughout

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
NQ (gun propellant) Ignites and supports train steadily throughout

Service Lead Azide Explodes

Tetryl Ignites and supports train for 25 mm

RDX Ignites and supports train steadily throughout

PETN Ignites and supports train for 25 mm

SR44 Ignites and supports train vigorously


throughout

SR651 Ignites and supports train steadily throughout

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 5.

UK-40

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
UK/202.01.004

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives (Liquids)

2. TEST TITLE: Small Sealed Vessel Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Thermal - Used for Liquid Explosives.

b. Description: A sample of the liquid explosive (55cm3) is heated steadily in a sealed steel
vessel until and event occurs. The event (e.g, pressure burst, explosion) provides
evidence as to whether a liquid is an explosive or not. For explosive materials it can
provide limited information on stability and on explosiveness under the test conditions.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To determine the response of a liquid


explosive when heated in a sealed steel vessel.

d. Typical Results:

Ethyl Nitrate Pressure Burst


Nitromethane Pressure Burst
Nitroglycerine/Triacetin 55/45 Detonation

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

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3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 9.

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
UK/202.01.005

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Boosters/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Tube Test Internal Ignition

a. Type of Test: Safety/Ignition - Used for Main Charge High Explosives, Booster
Explosives and Propellants

b. Description: Approximately 184 cm3 of material at its normal filled density is confined in a
standard steel cylinder of wall thickness 6.0 mm. The material is ignited using a standard
igniter and the tube fragments produced are examined and counted. Ten trials are
performed. This test is used to assess the explosiveness of a material.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To test the response of a confined explosive


material to ignition.

d. Typical Results:

Explosive Fragments

Tetryl (NATO Standard) >100


Debrix 18AS (RDX/Wax 95/5) 19
RDX/TATB/PTFE 1
Composition A5 >100
HMX/TNT 75/25 25
RDX/TNT 15
TNT 1-11
Rowanex 1001(HMX/PU) 2
Torpex 2B 7
PE4 1

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 35.

UK-42
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(Edition 2)
UK/202.01.006

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Boosters/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Tube Test Fast Heating (Fuel Fire)

a. Type of Test: Safety/Ignition - Used for Main Charge High Explosives, Booster
Explosives and Propellants
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b. Description: Approximately 184 cm3 of material at its normal filled density is confined in a
standard steel cylinder of wall thickness 6.0 mm. The material is heated over a small fuel
fire and the tube fragments produced are examined and counted. Ten trials are
performed. This test is used to assess the explosiveness of a heated material.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To test the response of a confined explosive


material to fast heating.

d. Typical Results:

Explosive Fragments

Debrix 33 4
LX14 20
RDX/TNT 22
Rowanex 1001 1
PE4 >50

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 41.

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UK/202.01.007

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Boosters/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Tube Test Electrically Heated

a. Type of Test: Safety/Ignition - Used for Booster, Main Charge High Explosives and
Propellants

b. Description: Approximately 184 cm3 of material at its normal filled density is confined in a
standard steel cylinder of wall thickness 6.0 mm. The material is heated at a
predetermined rate using an electrical heating winding and the tube fragments produced
are examined and counted. Trials are performed over a range of heating rates between
3.3oC/hr and 10oC/min. This test is used to assess the explosiveness of a material.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To test the response of a confined explosive


material to ignition.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests, Test No. 42.

UK-44

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(Edition 2)
UK/202.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Boosters/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Vacuum stability test

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a. Type of Test: Thermal stability - Used for Booster, Main Charge High Explosives and
Propellants

b. Description: This test induces controlled thermal degradation of an explosive sample,


typically 5 g, by heating it for a specified temperature and time under vacuum. The
volume of gas evolved during the test is measured by use of a pressure transducer or
mercury manometer. The test procedure is described in STANAG 4556. The precise test
conditions will vary depending on the explosive or propellant composition and are
prescribed in the relevant specification. The test may also be used to determine the
stability of explosives in contact with non-explosive materials for compatibility
assessment as described in STANAG 4147.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Volume of gas evolved (at STP) for a given
mass of sample, temperature and duration of test. Comparison of this value to specified
maxima for test explosives.

d. Typical Results:

Test Typical
Explosive or Mass of Test time
temperature values
Propellant sample (hours)
(C) (cm3 at STP)
RDX 5 150 24 1.7
HMX 5 120 40 0.2
PETN 2.3 120 20 4.7
PE4 5 120 40 0.7
Tetryl 5 120 40 4.5
SX2 5 120 24 0.3
KU 5 80 168 0.6
VU 5 80 168 0.6
N type 5 80 168 0.7
DX 5 80 168 1.2
CCC 5 80 168 0.5

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

DQA/TS Method M226

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UK/202.02.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Chemical stability

a. Type of Test: Chemical stability - Used for nitrocellulose based Gun and Rocket
Propellants

b. Description: The chemical safe life of nitrocellulose based propellants is estimated by


determination of the stabilizer content both before and after periods of storage at
elevated temperatures. For qualification purposes, the propellant is tested at three or
more constant temperatures and samples are withdrawn for analysis at regular periods.
This procedure is described in STANAG 4527. The reaction rate is calculated at each
temperature according to either pseudo zero order or pseudo first order kinetics,
whichever gives the best fit, and this allows the activation energy to be calculated from
the Arrhenius equation, which defines the temperature dependence of the reaction rate.
Analytical methods for determination of ethyl centralite and diphenylamine stabilizers are
given in STANAG 4117. Where assurance of a 10 year life at 25C is sufficient, testing
may be restricted to a single temperature (eg 65.5 or 60C) and in that case STANAG
4117 or STANAG 4541 may be an appropriate test document.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The safe life is assessed by calculation of the
time required for 50% depletion of the initial stabilizer content at a constant 25C

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

DERA Bishopton Laboratory Method No. 35

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UK/202.02.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: 80C Self heating test

a. Type of Test: Chemical stability - Used for nitrate ester based gun and rocket propellants

b. Description: A sample of propellant, minimum 70g mass, is heated at a constant 80C in


a specified test apparatus until either brown fumes are observed or a 2C increase in the
propellant temperature is detected. This occurs when the effective stabilizer has been
consumed and autocatalytic reactions have commenced. This test can be used to
estimate the minimum service life but it is less reliable than multi-temperature ageing.
Most in-service propellants give times in excess of 2000 hours. Propellants producing
test times of less than 1000 hours are considered to be of dubious stability and unlikely to
be acceptable for service use.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Time to production of brown fumes or a 2C


rise in temperature in the sample.

d. Typical Results:

Time to fume
Propellant type Stabilizer level NG level
(hours)
Small arms single
DPA 1% nil 2500-3000
base
Extruded gun triple
EC 3.5-7% 20% 5000
base
Rocket extruded
2-NDPA 1-2% 35-45% 3000
double base
Rocket cast double 2-NDPA 0.6%
35-55% 2000-2500
base pNMA 0.3%

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

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3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

Defence Standard 13-187/1

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UK/202.02.004
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Boosters, Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Abel Heat Test

a. Type of Test: Safety/Stability - Used for nitrate ester explosives

b. Description: The test involves controlled thermal degradation of the explosive by heating
a sample (< 2g) under closely specified conditions. Evolved oxides of nitrogen are
detected by a colour change on a specially prepared starch-iodide test paper, contained
in a specified test apparatus. The time to develop a line on the test paper to the same
intensity as that of a standard tint is taken as the heat test time. The time to detection is
indicative of the intrinsic stability of the explosive at the time of test. The test cannot be
used to determine long term stability or to estimate service life.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The Abel Heat Test is a UK legal requirement
for military and commercial explosives. For propellants, the time to detection must be less
than 10 minutes.

d. Typical Results:

Test temperature Typical test times Typical test limit


Explosive
(C) (minutes) (minutes)
Nitroglycerine 82.0 10.5-11.5 10
Nitrocellulose 77.0 10 10
Casting powders 82.2 (71.1) 25 12
Casting liquids 82.2 25 10
Combustible 76.5 25 10
Cartridge Case
(CCC)
CE (Tetryl) 99.0 22 >20
Single base 82.2 >10 10
propellant
Extruded double 60.0 15 10
base propellant
(LU,VU)
Extruded double 65.5 15 10
base propellant
(KU,PU)
Triple base 65.5 >10 10
propellant
Mechanites 71.1 (60.0) >10 10
Cast double base 65.5 10 10
propellants
PETN 76.7 >120 >40

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

Defence Standard 13-189/1


UK-48
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(Edition 2)

UK/202.02.005
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: The 50mm Cube Crack Test

a Type of Test: Stability/Mechanical - Used for cast rocket propellants

b. Description: The 50mm cube crack test is used primarily to assess the stability of cast
double base propellants (CDB) with respect to gas cracking. It provides a measure of the
gassing rate and internal strength of the propellant. Samples of propellant are machined
into 50mm cubes, inserted into a close fitting aluminium can and then heated at 80C for
a number of days. The cubes, three per can, are subjected to regular X-ray examinations
to detect the presence of cracks. The crack life is reported as a range in days from initial
to final observed cracking of the cubes.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: A crack life of >10 days (initial) is regarded as
satisfactory (>7 days for EMCDB).

d. Typical Results:

Conventional CDB 10-30 days


Composite modified CDB 14-25 days
Elastomer modified CDB 7-14 days
Nitramine loaded CDB 22-28 days

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

EMTAP Manual of Tests Test No.TBA (in draft)

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UK/302.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Boosters

2. TEST TITLE: Detonation Velocity

a. Type of Test: Performance

b. Description: The test uses cylindrical charges of known density, initiated at one end with
a booster of similar diameter. The progress of the shock front is monitored using a
suitable high-speed camera, with the mirror speed adjusted to optimise the time and
distance dimensions. The length of the booster should be at least twice the diameter of
the acceptor and the cylinders should have a length to diameter ratio of at least six, but
this may vary depending on experience. Analysis should be carried out on the last two or
three diameter lengths. Where a sample is not self-illuminating, additional illumination
such as an argon flash bomb may be used.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To compare the detonation velocity of


energetic materials.

d. Typical Results: Results are given as the velocity (mm.s-1 or km.s-1) at the density of the
test sample.

Composition B (UK) (cast) VoD = 7.69mm.s-1 @ 1671kg.m-3

Composition B (UK) (pressed) VoD = 7.75mm.s-1 @ 1703kg.m-3

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

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3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

DERA Method Statement: DRA/WSS/WX4/DA/MS/041/1

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UK/302.02.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives/Boosters/Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Critical Diameter

a. Type of Test: Safety/Performance - Used for Booster and Main Charge High Explosives
and Propellants

b. Description: The test uses either a 5o included angle truncated cone and selection of
cylindrical charges or just the cylindrical charges. If the cone is used, it is initiated at its
larger diameter end with a booster of similar diameter and the progress of the shock front
is monitored using a suitable high-speed camera. The diameter at which detonation
ceases gives a good approximation to critical diameter, but for a more accurate value,
cylinders should be machined in a range of diameters close to and just above the
indicated diameter value. The cylinders should have a length to diameter ratio of at least
six, preferably eight. These are tested in the same way as the truncated cone and
monitored either with a high-speed camera or a witness plate can be used to determine
whether or not detonation is maintained.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To compare the critical diameter of energetic


materials.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

DERA Method Statement DRA/WSS/WX4/DA/MS/046/1.

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Rev. 1
10.7.15 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES FOR THE UNITED STATES

PARAGRAPH PAGE
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10.7.15.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION US-2

10.7.15.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITIES US-2

a. DoD COORDINATING NATIONAL AUTHORITY US-2


b. ARMY QUALIFICATION AUTHORITY US-3
c. NAVY QUALIFICATION AUTHORITY US-3
d. AIR FORCE QUALIFICATION AUTHORITY US-3

10.7.15.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES US-4

10.7.15.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS US-5

10.7.15.4.1 HIGH EXPLOSIVES US-5

a. PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES US-6


b. BOOSTER HIGH EXPLOSIVES US-7
c. MAIN CHARGE HIGH EXPLOSIVES US-10
d. FUEL-AIR EXPLOSIVES US-13

10.7.15.4.2 PROPELLANTS US-13

a. SOLID GUN PROPELLANTS US-14


b. SOLID ROCKET PROPELLANTS US-16
c. LIQUID PROPELLANTS US-19

10.7.15.4.3 PYROTECHNICS US-20

10.7.15.5 TESTS TO OBTAIN MANDATORY OR OPTIONAL DATA US-22

10.7.15.6 LIST OF TEST INFORMATION SHEETS AND TEST DESCRIPTION US-25

10.7.15.7 CATALOGUE OF TESTS INFORMATION SHEETS AND DESCRIPTIONS US-26

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10.7.15.0 PREAMBLE

In this Allied Ordnance Publication, AOP, the terms energetic materials and explosive
materials are synonymous and are used interchangeably. High explosives, propellants,
and pyrotechnics are the energetic materials addressed in this document.

10.7.15.1 MILITARY DEPARTMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR QUALIFICATION

10.7.15.1.1 Each Service, the Army, the Navy (which includes the Marine Corps), and the Air Force,
is responsible for selecting and qualifying explosive materials for its own application.
This authority is delegated from the Secretary of Defense to, respectively, the Secretary
of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force. The Service
Secretaries delegate these responsibilities to organizations in their command. There is
no single National Qualification Authority identified for the United States. To comply with
STANAG 4170, however, the Department of Defense (DoD) has identified a Coordinating
National Authority to work with the NATO/PfP CNAD-sponsored organizations. He is the
responsible agent, in the United States for all matters relating to the implementation of
the latest editions of STANAG 4170 and its revisions; however this Coordinating National
Authority does not Qualify explosive materials or issue qualification documents.
Qualification is left to the Service Qualification Authorities.

10.7.15.1.2 To support the DoD Coordinating National Authority, each military Service has identified
an authority responsible for the qualification of explosive materials for its own needs and
to assist the Coordinating National Authority in the implementation of STANAG 4170.
These Service Authorities or their delegated representatives are responsible for staffing
all NATO/PfP correspondence and action items dealing with explosive materials
qualification, safety, and suitability for service to the proper organizations within their
respective Commands.

10.7.15.2 NATIONAL AUTHORITIES

10.7.15.2.1 The U.S. Department of Defense, DoD, Coordinating National Authority for Explosives is
as follows:

Office of the Undersecretary of Defense (Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics/


Defense Systems, Land Warfare and Munitions) [OUSD(AT&L)/DS,LW&M]
Room 3B 1060
3090 Defense Pentagon
Washington, D C 20301-3090

a. The DoD Coordinating National Authority for Explosives performs the following functions:

(1) Coordinates the implementation of the latest editions of STANAG 4170 and its
revisions.

(2) Coordinates the preparation, publication, and maintenance of the U.S. portion of
this manual and of AOP-26 NATO Catalogue of Explosives.

(3) Provides a DoD central point-of-contact to NATO and Partnership for Peace (PfP)
Countries for information exchange on explosives technology and qualification of
explosive materials.

(4) Provides a DoD point of contact to NATO/PfP countries for the exchange of
information on safety and suitability for service of explosives and munitions.
Top

US-2
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(5) Oversees and sponsors, in coordination with the three U.S. Services, all DoD
activities related to the NATO AC/326 and its Six Subgroups.

10.7.15.2.2 The U.S. Military Qualification Authorities are as follows:

a. U.S. Army:

(1) For explosive materials developed by the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive and
Armaments command:

Commander
U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center
ATTN: AMSRD-AAR-AEE

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Picatinny Arsenal, NJ 07806-5000

(2) For explosive materials developed by the U.S. Army Aviation & Missile
Command:

Commander
U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command
ATTN: AMSRD-AMR-PS
Redstone Arsenal, AL 35898-5249

b. U.S. Navy and Marine Corps:

Commander
Naval Ordnance Safety and Security Activity
23 Strauss Avenue, Bldg. D-323
Indian Head, MD 20640-5035

c U.S. Air Force:

USAF Nonnuclear Munitions Safety Board


ATTN : Executive Secretary
Air Armament Center
AAC/SES
1001 N. 2nd Street, Suite 366
Eglin Air Force Base, FL 32542-6838

d Each U.S. Service Qualification Authority is responsible for the following:

(1) Defining the tests required to determine the safety and performance
characteristics of the explosives used by that Service and the associated
requirements for qualification.

(2) Receiving and assessing data for qualification generated by the various technical
organizations involved in the development of explosive materials. Determining
whether an explosive should be qualified based on test results indicating whether
that material is safe and suitable for consideration in a particular role. Ensuring
that all explosives incorporated in fielded weapon systems are qualified.

(3) Qualifying explosive materials by issuing appropriate documentation and


promulgating this information into the various activities.

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(4) Maintaining records of all explosives qualified including the data on which
qualification was based and provide such information to the other Services for
their consideration in qualification.

(5) Determining whether explosives qualified by the other Services are suitable for
their own applications.

(6) Providing the DoD Coordinating National authority with information on energetic
materials qualified by that Service, as necessary, to help answer queries from
participating NATO countries.

10.7.15.3 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES

10.7.15.3.1 The procedures used by the Qualification Authorities are mindful of the definitions for
Qualification and Final (Type) Qualification provided in Chapter 4. That is, Qualification
relates to the determination that a material is safe and suitable for use in its intended role
(e.g. primary explosive, gun propellant, pyrotechnic, etc.) while Final (Type) Qualification
refers to the safety and suitability of the energetic material for use in a specific munition
or other end-item use. The following are the procedures used for Qualification:

a. Requests for qualification are submitted to the Service Qualification Authorities


identified above. In general, a new explosive is subjected to the qualification procedure
outlined in the latest edition of STANAG 4170 and this document. The U.S. has
mandatory and advisory pass or fail criteria for most explosive materials. These are
listed below for each type of explosive.
1
b. A Hazard or Interim Hazard Classification may be required before qualification and
is assigned in accordance with the "Department of Defense Explosives Hazard
Classification Procedures". This document is identified by a different number by each
Service and by the Defense Logistics Agency as follows:

Department of the Army TB 700-2


Department of the Navy NAVSEAINST 8020.8
Department of the Air Force TO 11A-1-47
Defense Logistics Agency DLAR 8220.1
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The test requirements for hazard classification are not repeated in this document.

c. The qualification procedure followed by the Services provides the mandatory data for
assessing an explosives safety and performance characteristics related to a specific role
or a potential military application. Certain tests are required if the data are deemed
essential to the assessment process. The Service Qualification Authority may waive a
test method if rationale is provided indicating that the mandatory data are not relevant or
can be accurately derived by using an alternative procedure.

d. The Service Qualification Authorities reserve the option to waive or change


mandatory data requirements and pass or fail criteria specified in STANAG 4170 and in
this document. The Service waiving the requirement must document the reasons and the
possible consequences of any waiver or change.

e. Since variations exist between facilities using similar equipment for obtaining
qualification data, the data on new explosives are compared to that obtained with one or

1
NATO STANAG 4123, "Methods to Determine and Classify Hazards of Ammunition", has been ratified
by the United States, and is implemented by the above Tri-Service/DLA document.

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two Comparison Explosives (as defined above in Chapter 4 of this AOP). The new
explosive and the comparison explosive are evaluated under the same test conditions
and with the same test apparatus. If two Comparison Explosives are required by the
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Service Qualification Authority, the candidate material is evaluated by comparing it, when
possible, to reference explosives chosen such that they bracket the sensitivity of the new
explosive.

f. Slight modifications to the composition of a qualified explosive could have a


significant effect on the sensitivity of the material. As a result, any changes to the
formulation of a qualified material, such as particle size adjustments or changes in the
allowable tolerances are reviewed by the appropriate Service Qualification Authority who
then determines if the new material must be requalified.

g. Qualification of an explosive material is necessary but not sufficient to obtain


approval for limited production (ALP), approval for full production (AFP), or approval for
Service Use (ASU) in a specific application.

h. Final (Type) Qualification as described above in Chapter 9 of this AOP is required


before an explosive material is approved for military operational or training use in an
application. This latter status is conferred by the Service Qualification Authority after the
2
material has been tested in accordance with MIL-STD-2105C or STANAG 4297 and its
companion document AOP-15 and shown to be safe and suitable for use in the intended
application. Insensitive Munitions evaluations are required and are made in accordance
with STANAG 4439 and AOP-39. Each new application requires a reassessment and
approval by the appropriate Service Qualification Authority. Requests for energetic
material qualification of propellants and pyrotechnic materials are generally combined
with requests for Final (Type) Qualification.

10.7.15.4 QUALIFICATION METHODS AND TESTS

10.7.15.4.1 High Explosives: These materials are qualified independently of specific end-items. The
data requirements and tests listed below for each type of high explosive materials are
required by the Service Qualification Authorities. Advisory or required pass or fail criteria
are applied for most tests. Failure to meet any or all of the advisory criteria is normally a
cause for rejection of the explosive. In general, the data requirements given in the latest
editions of STANAG 4170 and in this section of AOP-7 are used. However, the Service
Qualification Authority may require other tests when more data are required. Even though
multiple tests are listed below for some stimuli, it is necessary to conduct only one test for
each unless otherwise directed by the Service Qualification Authority. A description of
tests used to obtain the data required by the National Authorities is provided in the Test
Information Sheets provided in section 10.7.15.7.

10.7.15.4.1.1 The various roles identified for high explosives are not always consistent with the end-
item use. For example, a booster explosive may be used as a main charge in a small
munition or a primary explosive may be the main charge in a detonator. Thus, the role
approved in Qualification must be based on the sensitivity measured in the qualification
tests and an evaluation that is based on the results obtained with the Comparison
Explosive as defined in Chapter 4.
Top
a. Requirements for Primary Explosives: These are materials used to initiate a
detonation or a burning reaction. They are sensitive to thermal, mechanical and
electrical stimuli and are not generally used beyond the safety and arming devices in

2
MIL-STD-2105C, Hazard Assessment Tests for Non-Nuclear Munitions dated 14 July 2003 or latest
revision.

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munitions. Primary explosives are used in, for example, initial and intermediary charges
in primers, igniters, detonators, caps, relays, electric matches, fuze heads, delays,
explosive bolts, explosive switches, explosive valves, explosive cutters, and explosive
pistons. Mandatory and optional data and test requirements are provided in table 1.
Even though multiple tests are listed for some stimuli, it is necessary to conduct only one
test for each unless otherwise directed by the Service Qualification Authority.

Table 1 - PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES


TESTS/
MANDATORY/OPTIONAL DATA
REQUIREMENTS

Data are compared to normal lead Styphnate (MIL-L-757) or


Dextrinated Lead Azide Type I (MIL-L-3055), measured
IMPACT SENSITIVITY contemporaneously with the candidate explosive. The Ball Drop
(MANDATORY) Impact (U.S. 201.01.002 is preferred. Other tests may be used
including: Bureau of Mines Impact (U.S. 201.01.003,
ERL/Bruceton Impact Sensitivity (U.S. 201.01.001) or an
appropriate NATO STANAG 4489 test.
Data are compared to normal lead Styphnate (MIL-L-757) or
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Dextrinated Lead Azide Type I (MIL-L-3055), measured


contemporaneously with the candidate explosive. Normally one
FRICTION SENSITIVITY
of the following tests is used: Pendulum Friction (U.S.
(MANDATORY)
201.02.001), ABL Sliding Friction, (U.S. 201.02.005), BAM
Friction apparatus (U.S. 201.02.006), Steel/Fiber Shoe Friction
(U.S. 201.02.008), or an appropriate STANAG 4487 test.
Data are compared to normal lead Styphnate (MIL-L-757) or
Dextrinated Lead Azide Type I (MIL-L-3055), measured
ELECTROSTATIC SENSITIVITY
contemporaneously with the candidate explosive. Normally one
(MANDATORY)
of the following tests is used: Electrostatic Discharge (ESD), -
ARDEC Method (U.S. 201.03.001), NAWC Method (U.S.
201.03.002), and NSWC Method (U.S. 201.03.003).
Data are compared to normal lead Styphnate (MIL-L-757) or
HOT-WIRE INITIABILITY Dextrinated Lead Azide Type I (MIL-L-3055), measured
contemporaneously with the candidate explosive. Normally the
Hot Wire Initiabilty test (U.S. 202.01.024) is used.
There should be no more than 2 ml gas evolved per gram of
THERMAL STABILITY explosive per 48 hours at 100 C. Normally one of the following
(MANDATORY) tests is used: VTS (U.S. 202.01.001), Modified VTS
(202.01.022), and STANAG 4556 tests.
Determination of the minimum temperature for exotherm onset
and the ignition temperature. Normally one of the following tests
THERMAL CHARACTERIZATION
is used: DTA, (U.S 202.01.007), DSC, (U.S. 202.01.020), CRT
(MANDATORY)
(U.S. 204.01.001), STANAG 4515 tests, and TGA (U.S.
202.01.008) (if mass is being lost in the test).
Top

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MANDATORY/OPTIONAL Table 1 - PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES TESTS/


DATA REQUIREMENTS (Continued)
An aging protocol shall be established (See Chapter 8 above). If the
AGING PROPERTIES
explosive is Qualified for joint military use, the aging protocol shall be
(MANDATORY)
approved by and coordinated among the Services.
The interaction of the explosive with common materials is assessed.
The results for the explosive in a 1:1 mixture with the material being
tested are compared with the results for the candidate explosive
COMPATIBILITY alone. The advisory criterion when using DTA or DSC is a change of
(MANDATORY) no more than 10 C in the exotherm peak temperature, measured at a
heating rate of 10 C/minute or less. See (U.S. 203-01-001) for
details. TGA (U.S. 202.01.008) can be used if it appears that there is
no heat change but a mass change may be occurring.
May be required for information purposes. Normally Pycnometry,
DENSITY
(U.S. 102.01.071) or other scientifically acceptable tests can be used.
Evaluation of the toxicity must be performed. This includes
assessment of the ingredients, reaction products and by-products of
TOXICITY EVALUATION the processing of the explosive. Support of the evaluation is available
(MANDATORY) from the Operational Toxicology Branch, Air Force Research
Laboratory Deployment and Sustainment Division, Wright Patterson
AFB, Ohio.
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA
Shall be prepared in the early stages of the development of the
SHEET (MSDS)
explosive material.
(MANDATORY)
HAZARD
May be required. Tests are performed per the latest versions of TB
CLASSIFICATION/INTERIM
700-2, STANAG 4123, or UN Orange Book
HAZARD CLASSIFICATION
RECORDING AND ISSUING Reports, Specifications, and Qualification certification shall be in
DATA accordance with Chapter 5 of this AOP
May be required. An advisory statement on the producibility,
PRODUCIBILITY
processability, and safe-handling characteristics of the material
STATEMENT
provided to the Qualification Authority.
#Top
b. Requirements for Booster High Explosives: These materials are typically used in
fuze components on the warhead side of the interrupter (shutter) of safety and arming
devices. The pass-fail criteria in the table provided in section 7.5.3.1 complimented by
those listed below are used to determine the suitability for service of booster explosives.
Normally, failing to meet one or more of these criteria is cause for rejection. Even though
multiple tests are listed for some stimuli, it is necessary to conduct only one test for each
unless otherwise directed by the Service Qualification Authority. Table 2 lists the data
required, tests performed, and mandatory and advisory acceptance criteria for booster
explosives:

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Table 2 - BOOSTER HIGH EXPLOSIVES


MANDATORY/OPTIONAL TESTS/
DATA REQUIREMENTS

Using the ERL/Bruceton Impact (U.S. 201.01.001) the criteria is no


detonation at 12 cm for 10 out of 10 trials. For the BAM Impact (U.S.
IMPACT SENSITIVITY 201.01.005 or STANAG 4489) the criterion is no reaction at 3-joule level
(MANDATORY) for 10 out of 10 trials. Using the Bureau of Mines Impact (U.S.
201.01.003), or using similar tests the test material shall be no more
sensitive than a Type I or II, Class 5 RDX standard conforming to MIL-
DTL-398 measured contemporaneously with the candidate explosive.
Using the BAM Friction apparatus per STANAG 4487 (U.S. 201.02.006)
the acceptance criterion is no evidence of reaction at 80 N for 10 out of
10 trials. Using Rotary Friction (U.S. 201.02.004), Pendulum Friction
FRICTION SENSITIVITY
(U.S. 201.02.001), ABL Sliding Friction, (U.S. 201.02.005), Steel/Fiber
(MANDATORY)
Shoe Friction (U.S. 201.02.008), the test material shall be no more
sensitive than a Type I or II, Class 5 RDX standard conforming to MIL-
DTL-398 measured contemporaneously with the candidate explosive.
Test per 5-Second Ignition Temperature (U.S. 202.01.016), or U.S.
EXPLOSION
202.01.023. Hazardous Component Safety Data Statement (HCSDS)
TEMPERATURE
requires this test.
The candidate explosive should be less sensitive than Type I or II, Class
ELECTROSTATIC 1 or Class 5 RDX conforming to MIL-DTL-398, measured
SENSITIVITY contemporaneously with the candidate explosive. Normally one of the
(MANDATORY) following tests is used: Electrostatic Discharge (ESD), (U.S.
201.03.001), (U.S. 201.03.002), (U.S. 201.03.003),

IGNITION SENSITIVITY Using DTA (U.S. 202.01.007), DSC (U.S. 202.01.020), or STANAG 4491
(MANDATORY) tests, Exotherm Peak should be greater than 180C at 5 C/min.

This test determines whether the candidate explosive is sensitive to


HOT-WIRE IGNITION initiation when in contact with an electrically energized (hot) wire. The
test used is U.S. 202.01.006.
No more than 2 ml gas evolved per gram of explosive per 48 hours at
VACUUM THERMAL 100 C. Tests used are: VTS (U.S. 202.01.001), Modified VTS
STABILITY (202.01.022), or STANAG 4556 tests. Using the Chemical Reactivity
(MANDATORY) Test (US 204.01.001) the criterion is no more than 4 ml gas evolved per
gram of explosive per 22 hours at 120C.
Tests are normally performed in accordance with the NOL Small-Scale
Gap Test (U.S. 201.04.003). Twenty samples are fired using 4.0-
decibang attenuators. This corresponds to an input pressure of 12.1
kbar (1.21 GPa). The explosive passes if there are no detonations in 20
consecutive trials. Any reaction causing a dent of 0.002 inch or more in
the target plate is considered a detonation, failing the test. Using the
SHOCK SENSITIVITY
STANAG 4488 Small-Scale Gap Test the criterion is no evidence of
(MANDATORY)
detonation at 1 GPa at the density of application for 10 out of 10 trials.
Using the STANAG 4488 Intermediate scale Gap test the criterion is no
evidence of detonation at 1.4 GPa at the density of application for 10 out
of 10 trials. If the confined critical diameter of the test explosive is
greater than 0.2 inches, the NOL Large Scale Gap Test (U.S.
201.04.002) or similar test must be performed.

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MANDATORY/OPTIONAL Table 2 - BOOSTER HIGH EXPLOSIVES TESTS/
DATA REQUIREMENTS (Continued)
An aging protocol shall be established (See Chapter 8 above) and, if the
AGING PROPERTIES
explosive is Qualified for joint military use, the aging protocol shall be
(MANDATORY)
approved and coordinated among the Services.
The advisory criterion is a calculated critical temperature of no less than
180F (82.2C) for 500 days for a given geometry and mass. Self-
heating is assessed either experimentally or by calculation. Normally
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
one of the following tests is used to obtain the necessary data: DTA (U.S
SELF-HEATING
202.01.007), DSC (U.S. 202.01.020), or STANAG 4515. The One Liter
(MANDATORY)
Cook-Off Test (U.S. 202.01.021) is used to determine the self-heating
temperature and severity of reaction of melt-cast compounds or
formulations in unconfined, spherical geometry.
The interaction of the candidate explosive with common materials (e.g.,
metals, adhesives, acids, bases) with which it may come into contact in
production and use is assessed. The results for the candidate explosive
in a 1:1 mixture with the material being tested for compatibility are
compared with the results for the candidate explosive alone. Normally
one of the following tests is used: DTA (U.S 202.01.007), DSC (U.S.
202.01.020), VTS (U.S. 202.01.001), Modified VTS (U.S. 202.01.022), or
COMPATIBILITY
CRT (U.S. 204.01.001). TGA (U.S. 202.01.008) may be used if there is
(MANDATORY)
no heat change but a mass change may be occurring. The criterion
when using DTA or DSC is a change of no more than 10C in the
exotherm peak temperature, measured at a heating rate of 10C/minute
or less. Using VTS (U.S. 202.01.001) or Modified VTS (U.S. 202.01.022)
the criterion is no more than 2 ml gas evolved per gram of explosive per
48 hours at 100C. Using CRT, gas volume produced is no more than 4
cm3/g.
May be required for information purposes. Normally Pycnometry, (US
DENSITY/BULK DENSITY
102.01.071) or other scientifically acceptable tests can be used.
Evaluation of the toxicity must be performed. This includes assessment
of the ingredients, combustion products and by-products of the
TOXICITY EVALUATION
processing of the explosive. Support of the evaluation is available from
(MANDATORY)
the Operational Toxicology Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory
Deployment and Sustainment Division, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio.
COEFFICIENT OF
Test per STANAG 4525 may be required for information purposes.
THERMAL EXPANSION
GLASS TRANSITION Test per STANAG 4540 may be required cast-cure explosive
TEMPERATURE formulations.
A test performed per U.S. 202.01.010 (Exudation) and U.S. 202.01.011
EXUDATION AND GROWTH
(Growth) is required for melt-cast explosives. A test performed per U.S.
(MANDATORY)
202.01.010 is required for explosives containing energetic plasticizers.
A test per STANAG 4443 for compressive strength and/or a test per
COMPRESSIVE
STANAG 4506 for modulus of elasticity and tensile strength may be
STRENGTH, MODULUS
required for PBX-type materials to evaluate variations of properties on
ELASTICITY AND TENSILE
aging. Also, these may be required if the material is for an application
STRENGTH
where high set-back forces are experienced.
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Tests per (U.S. 302.01.001) or (U.S. 302.01.004) may be performed for


DETONATION VELOCITY
information purposes.
Tests performed per (U.S. 302.01.003) are used to find the smallest
CRITICAL DIAMETER
diameter that can support a steady state detonation.
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA
Shall be prepared in the early stages of the development of the
SHEET (MSDS)
explosive material.
(MANDATORY)

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MANDATORY/OPTIONAL Table 2 BOOSTER HIGH EXPLOSIVES TESTS/


DATA REQUIREMENTS (Continued)
HAZARD OR INTERIM Tests are performed per the latest versions of TB 700-2, STANAG 4123,
HAZARD CLASSIFICATION or UN Orange Book.
RECORDING AND ISSUING Reports, Specifications, and Qualification certification shall be in
DATA accordance with Chapter 5 of this AOP.
An advisory statement on the producibility, processability, and safe-
PRODUCIBILITY
handling characteristics of the material provided to the Qualification
STATEMENT
Authority.

#Top
c. Requirements for Main Charge High Explosives: No mandatory pass or fail criteria
are assigned. Advisory criteria are presented for several measures of sensitivity. Failure
to meet some or all of the advisory criteria is normally cause for rejection of the explosive
by the Service Qualification Authority. An exception to this preference for rejection is
made for impact and friction sensitivity for Plastic Bonded explosives (PBX), melt
castable formulations and composite materials containing ammonium perchlorate or
similar materials. Though they have a history of safe and satisfactory use, these
explosive materials ignite easily and thus have sensitivities, as determined in the impact
and friction tests, which could lead to rejection. A thorough appraisal of all relevant
safety data must be made before any explosive is rejected. If a preponderance of the
tests listed below indicate that the explosive is in the same sensitivity range as booster
explosives, the Service Qualification Authority may require that the booster tests and
criteria shown above for booster high explosives apply. Even though multiple tests are
listed for some stimuli, it is necessary to conduct only one test for each unless otherwise
directed by the Service Qualification Authority. Table 3 lists the data required, tests
performed, and advisory acceptance criteria for Main Charge High Explosives:

Table 3- MAIN CHARGE HIGH EXPLOSIVES


MANDATORY/OPTIONAL TESTS/
DATA REQUIREMENTS

The new explosive is compared both to a Type I or II, Class 5 RDX


conforming to MIL-DTL-398, measured contemporaneously with the
candidate explosive, and to a qualified main charge explosive. The
IMPACT SENSITIVITY advisory criterion is that the sensitivity should be no greater than
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(MANDATORY) that of Comp B conforming to MIL-C-401, cast at a density of 1.65


g/cm. Normally one of the following impact tests is used:
ERL/Bruceton (U.S. 201.01.001), Bureau of Mines (U.S.
201.01.003, Los Alamos Impact (U.S. 201.01.004), BAM (U.S.
201.01.005) or one of the NATO STANAG 4489 tests.
Using the NOL LSGT, (U.S. 201.04.002) or the appropriate
STANAG 4488 test, the advisory criterion is that the sensitivity
should be no greater than that of Comp B conforming to MIL-C-401,
SHOCK SENSITIVITY
cast at a density of 1.65 g/cm. Other tests that may be appropriate,
(MANDATORY)
based on the critical diameter of the candidate explosive, are:
Expanded LSGT (U.S. 201.04.001), IHE Gap Test (U.S.
201.04.005) or Super LSGT (U.S. 201.04.004).

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MANDATORY/OPTIONAL Table 3 - MAIN CHARGE HIGH EXPLOSIVES TESTS/


DATA REQUIREMENTS (Continued)
The candidate explosive is compared to a Type I or II, Class 5 RDX
conforming to MIL-DTL-398, measured contemporaneously with the
candidate explosive, and to a qualified main charge explosive. The
advisory criterion is that the sensitivity should be no greater than
that of Comp B conforming to MIL-C-401, cast at a density of 1.65
g/cm. All samples derived from melt-cast or pressed formulations
should be tested in granular form. Samples derived from cast-
cured formulations where ammonium perchlorate is not
present should be tested in strip form that can be simply cut from a
FRICTION SENSITIVITY
larger piece of sample. Samples derived from cast-cured
(MANDATORY)
formulations where ammonium perchlorate is present should be
tested in strip form that has been specially prepared for this test.
The latter special preparation is necessary to ensure the
ammonium perchlorate is undamaged from the cutting procedure
and fully coated by the binder system. Normally one of the following
tests is used: ABL Sliding Friction (U.S. 201.02.005), Rotary
Friction (U.S. 201.02.004), Steel/Fiber Shoe Friction (U.S.
201.02.008), BAM Friction (U.S. 201.02.006) or one of the
STANAG 4487 tests.
The candidate explosive is compared both to a Type I or II, Class 1
or Class 5 RDX conforming to MIL-DTL-398, measured
contemporaneously with the candidate, and to a qualified main
ELECTROSTATIC
charge explosive. The advisory criterion is that the electrostatic
SENSITIVITY
sensitivity is no greater than that of Comp B conforming to MIL-C-
(MANDATORY)
401, cast at a density of 1.65 g/cm. Normally one of the following
tests is used: Electrostatic Discharge (ESD), (U.S. 201.03.001),
(U.S. 201.03.002), (U.S. 201.03.003),
Using DTA (U.S. 202.01.007), DSC (U.S. 202.01.020), or STANAG
IGNITION SENSITIVITY 4491 tests, Exotherm Peak should be greater than 180C at 5
C/min.
This test determines whether the candidate explosive is sensitive to
HOT-WIRE IGNITION initiation when in contact with an electrically energized (hot) wire.
The test used is U.S. 202.01.006.
The advisory criterion is no more than 2 ml gas evolved per gram of
explosive per 48 hours at 100 C. Normally, one of the following
THERMAL STABILITY tests is used: VTS (U.S. 202.01.001), Modified VTS (U.S.
(MANDATORY) 202.01.022), or STANAG 4556 tests. Using the Chemical
Reactivity Test (U.S. 204.01.001) the advisory criterion is 4 ml gas
evolved per gram of explosive per 22 hours at 120 C.
Test per U.S. 202.01.016 or U.S. 202.01.023. Hazardous
EXPLOSION TEMPERATURE
Component Safety Data Statement (HCSDS) requires this test.
The advisory criterion is a calculated critical temperature of not less
than 180F (82.2C) for 500 days for a given geometry and mass.
Self-heating is assessed either experimentally or by calculation.
Normally, test data from DTA (U.S 202.01.007), DSC (U.S.
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
202.01.020), or STANAG 4515 experiments are used. The critical
SELF-HEATING
temperature is estimated using U.S. 202.01.012. The One Liter
(MANDATORY)
Cook-Off test (U.S. 202.01.021) is used to determine,
experimentally, the self-heating temperature and severity of
reaction of melt-cast compounds or formulations in unconfined,
spherical geometry.

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MANDATORY/OPTIONAL Table 3 - MAIN CHARGE HIGH EXPLOSIVES TESTS/


DATA REQUIREMENTS (Continued)
An aging protocol shall be established (See Chapter 8 above) and,
AGING PROPERTIES
if the explosive is Qualified for joint military use, the aging protocol
(MANDATORY)
must be approved and coordinated among the Services.
Required for information purposes. Normally, Pycnometry (U.S.
DENSITY/BULK DENSITY
102.01.071) or other scientifically acceptable tests can be used.
May be required for Plastic Bonded explosives (PBX) formulations.
GLASS TRANSITION
Test per STANAG 4540 or other scientifically acceptable tests can
TEMPERATURE
be used.
The interaction of the candidate explosive with common materials
(e.g., metals, adhesives, acids, bases) with which it may come into
contact in production and use is assessed. The results for the
candidate explosive in a 1:1 mixture with the material being tested
for compatibility are compared with the results for the candidate
explosive alone. Normally one of the following tests is used: DTA
(U.S 202.01.007), DSC (U.S. 202.01.020), VTS (U.S. 202.01.001),
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COMPATIBILITY Modified VTS (U.S. 202.01.022), or CRT (U.S. 204.01.001). TGA


(MANDATORY) (U.S. 202.01.008) may be used if there is no heat change but a
mass change may be occurring. The criterion when using DTA or
DSC is a change of no more than 10C in the exotherm peak
temperature, measured at a heating rate of 10C/minute or less.
Using VTS (U.S. 202.01.001) or Modified VTS (U.S. 202.01.022)
the criterion is no more than 2 ml gas evolved per gram of explosive
per 48 hours at 100C. Using CRT, gas volume produced is no
more than 4 cm3/g.
Evaluation of the toxicity must be performed. This includes
assessment of the ingredients, combustion products and by-
TOXICITY EVALUATION products of the processing of the explosive. Support of the
(MANDATORY) evaluation is available from the Operational Toxicology Branch, Air
Force Research Laboratory Deployment and Sustainment Division,
Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio.
Test per STANAG 4443 for compressive strength and/or test per
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, STANAG 4506 for modulus of elasticity and tensile strength may be
MODULUS ELASTICITY AND required for PBX-type materials to evaluate variations of properties
TENSILE STRENGTH on aging. May also be required if the material will be used in an
application where high set-back forces are experienced.
For information purposes. Test per U.S. 302.01.001, U.S.
DETONATION VELOCITY
302.01.004 or other suitable tests.

COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL May be required for information purposes. Test performed per
EXPANSION STANAG 4525 or other scientifically acceptable tests can be used.

Test per U.S. 302.01.003 or other scientifically acceptable tests can


CRITICAL DIAMETER be used to find the smallest diameter that can support a steady
state detonation.
Test performed per Exudation Test (U.S. 202.01.010) and Growth
(U.S. 202.01.011) is required for melt-cast explosives. Test
EXUDATION AND GROWTH
performed per U.S. 202.01.010 is required for explosives containing
energetic plasticizers.
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA Shall be prepared in the early stages of the development of the

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SHEET (MSDS) explosive material.
(MANDATORY)

MANDATORY/OPTIONAL Table 3 - MAIN CHARGE HIGH EXPLOSIVES TESTS/


DATA REQUIREMENTS (Continued)
HAZARD OR INTERIM Tests are performed per the latest versions of TB 700-2, STANAG
HAZARD CLASSIFICATION 4123, or UN Orange Book.
RECORDING AND ISSUING Reports, Specifications, and Qualification certification shall be in
DATA accordance with Chapter 5 of this AOP.
An advisory statement on the producibility, processability, and safe-
PRODUCIBILITY STATEMENT handling characteristics of the material provided to the Qualification
Authority.
For Extremely Insensitive Detonating Substance candidate
EIDS DATA materials, tests are conducted in accordance with TB 700-2,
STANAG 4123, or UN Orange Book.
Insensitive munition testing for slow cook-off, fast cook-off, bullet
GENERIC HARDWARE impact and fragment impact in generic test hardware selected by
TESTS the Qualification Authority may be required for qualification. Tests in
accordance with STANAG 4439 and AOP-39 are normally used.
#Top
d. Requirements for Fuel Air Explosives: These are materials which, in their military
application, exhibit explosive properties when dispersed in air and initiated by a
conventional high explosive. In general, the individual dispersed materials themselves
may not be explosive. However, qualification, as described herein, is required for any
conventional liquid, slurry, gel, or solid explosives used in fuel-air weapon applications.
Because of the nature of these materials and the manner in which they are applied,
qualification is generally concurrent with Final (Type) Qualification as defined in Chapter
4 above. Specific data requirements and tests for qualification are assigned on a case-
by-case basis by the Service Qualification Authority. Tests per U.S. 302.02.004 may be
required to assess the detonability of fuel-air mixtures. No pass or fail criterion is
assigned since suitability for service is almost completely dependant on munition or end-
item design.

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
10.7.4.15.2 Propellants: Propellants are generally qualified in accordance with a specific application.
The final formulations are established late in the development cycle of the end item and
requests for qualification may be concurrent with requests for Final (Type) Qualification.
Advisory pass or fail criteria are applied for most sensitivity tests performed. An exception
to this preference for rejection is made for impact and friction sensitivity for composite
propellants containing ammonium perchlorate or similar materials. Though these have a
history of safe and satisfactory use, these propellants have sensitivities, as determined in
the impact and friction tests, which could lead to rejection. A thorough appraisal of all
relevant safety data must be made before any propellant is rejected. In general, the data
requirements given in STANAG 4170 (latest edition) and in this section of AOP-7 are
used. However, other tests may be required by the Service Qualification Authority. Even
though multiple tests are listed for some stimuli, it is necessary to conduct only one test
for each unless otherwise directed by the Service Qualification Authority. A brief
description of tests used to obtain the data required by the National Authorities is
provided in the Test Information Sheets provided below in section 10.7.15.7. The
following tables list of mandatory and optional data and appropriate tests for propellants:

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a. Requirements for Solid Gun Propellants:

Table 4 - SOLID GUN PROPELLANTS


MANDATORY/OPTIONAL TESTS/
DATA REQUIREMENTS

The new gun propellant is compared to a Type I or II, Class 5 RDX


conforming to MIL-DTL-398, measured contemporaneously with
the candidate material, and to a qualified gun propellant used in a
IMPACT SENSITIVITY
similar application. No advisory criterion is provided. Normally, one
(MANDATORY)
of the following impact tests is used: Bureau of Mines (U.S.
201.01.003), ERL/Bruceton (U.S. 201.01.001), Los Alamos Impact
(U.S. 201.01.004), BAM (U.S. 201.01.005) or an appropriate NATO
STANAG 4489 test.
The candidate gun propellant is compared to a Type I or II, Class 5
RDX conforming to MIL-DTL-398, measured contemporaneously with
FRICTION SENSITIVITY the candidate material, and to a qualified gun propellant used in a
(MANDATORY) similar application. No advisory criterion is provided. Normally, one of
the following tests is used: Rotary Friction (U.S. 201.02.004), BAM
Friction (U.S. 201.02.006), or an appropriate STANAG 4487 test.
The shock sensitivity of the candidate gun propellant is compared to a
SHOCK SENSITIVITY qualified gun propellant used in a similar application. No advisory
(MANDATORY) criterion is provided. Normally, one of the following tests is used:
NOL LSGT (U.S. 201.04.002), or an appropriate STANAG 4488 test.
The candidate gun propellant is compared both to a Type I or II, Class
1 or Class 5 RDX conforming to MIL-DTL-398, measured
ELECTROSTATIC contemporaneously with the candidate, and to a qualified gun
SENSITIVITY propellant used in a similar application. No advisory criterion is
(MANDATORY) provided. Trials are normally performed in accordance with
Electrostatic Discharge, ESD, (U.S. 201.03.001), (U.S. 201.03.002), or
(U.S. 201.03.003).

IGNITION TEMPERATURE No advisory criterion is provided. The ignition temperature is


(MANDATORY) measured using: DTA (U.S. 202.01.007), DSC (U.S. 202.01.020), U.S.
202.01.023, or STANAG 4491 tests.
No more than 2 ml gas evolved per gram of propellant per 48 hours at
100 C. Tests used are: VTS (U.S. 202.01.001), Modified VTS
THERMAL STABILITY
(202.01.022), or STANAG 4556 tests. Using the Chemical Reactivity
(MANDATORY)
Test (US 204.01.001) the criterion is 4 ml gas evolved per gram of
propellant per 22 hours at 120C.
Test per US 202.01.016. Hazardous Component Safety Data
EXPLOSION TEMPERATURE
Statement (HCSDS) requires this test.
An aging protocol shall be established (See Chapter 8 above) and, if
AGING PROPERTIES
the propellant is Qualified for joint military use, the aging protocol shall
(MANDATORY)
be approved and coordinated among the Services.
Test per STANAG 4443 for compressive strength and/or test per
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, STANAG 4506 for modulus of elasticity and tensile strength may be
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY required for materials to evaluate variations of properties on aging.
AND TENSILE STRENGTH May also be required if the material that will be used in an application
where high set-back forces are experienced.

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MANDATORY/OPTIONAL Table 4 SOLID GUN PROPELLANTS TESTS/


DATA REQUIREMENTS (Continued)
The interaction of the candidate explosive with common materials
(e.g., metals, adhesives, acids, bases) with which it may come into
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

contact in production and use is assessed. The results for the


candidate explosive in a 1:1 mixture with the material being tested for
compatibility are compared with the results for the candidate explosive
alone. Normally one of the following tests is used: DTA (U.S
202.01.007), DSC (U.S. 202.01.020), VTS (U.S. 202.01.001), Modified
COMPATIBILITY
VTS (U.S. 202.01.022), or CRT (U.S. 204.01.001). TGA (U.S.
(MANDATORY)
202.01.008) may be used if there is no heat change but a mass
change may be occurring. The criterion when using DTA or DSC is a
change of no more than 10C in the exotherm peak temperature,
measured at a heating rate of 10C/minute or less. Using VTS (U.S.
202.01.001) or Modified VTS (U.S. 202.01.022) the criterion is no
more than 2 ml gas evolved per gram of explosive per 48 hours at
3
100C. Using CRT, gas volume produced is no more than 4 cm /g.
Required for information purposes. Normally, Pycnometry (U.S.
DENSITY/BULK DENSITY
102.01.071) or other scientifically acceptable tests can be used.
Evaluation of the toxicity must be performed. This includes
assessment of the ingredients, combustion products and by-products
TOXICITY EVALUATION of the processing of the gun propellant. Support of the evaluation is
(MANDATORY) available from the Operational Toxicology Branch, Air Force Research
Laboratory Deployment and Sustainment Division, Wright Patterson
AFB, Ohio.
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL May be required for information purposes. Test performed per
EXPANSION STANAG 4525 or other scientifically acceptable tests can be used.
Test per U.S. 302.01.003 or other scientifically acceptable tests can be
used to find the smallest diameter that can support a steady state
detonation. This information can help in assessing the shock
CRITICAL DIAMETER
vulnerability of the granular bed. Based on systems requirements,
some data may be required by Service Authorities. This would be on
a case by case basis.
Normally Closed Bomb Burning Rate (U.S. 302.02.002) is used to
BURNING RATE provide data to calculate the impetus. Strand Burning Rate (U.S.
302.02.001) may be appropriate in some cases.
Test performed per U.S. 202.01.010 may be required for propellants
EXUDATION
containing energetic plasticizers.
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA
Shall be prepared in the early stages of the development of the
SHEET (MSDS)
explosive material.
(MANDATORY)
HAZARD OR INTERIM Tests are performed per the latest versions of TB 700-2, STANAG
HAZARD CLASSIFICATION 4123, or UN Orange Book.
RECORDING AND ISSUING Reports, Specifications, and Qualification certification shall be in
DATA accordance with Chapter 5 of this AOP.
PERFORMANCE Calculated values for Flame Temperature, Heat of Explosion, Impetus,
PROPERTIES and Specific Heat Ratios may be required for information purposes.

#Top

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MANDATORY/OPTIONAL Table 4 SOLID GUN PROPELLANTS TESTS/


DATA REQUIREMENTS (Continued)
An advisory statement on the producibility, processability, and safe-
PRODUCIBILITY STATEMENT handling characteristics of the material provided to the Qualification
Authority.
For Extremely Insensitive Detonating Substance candidate materials,
EIDS DATA tests are conducted in accordance with TB 700-2, STANAG 4123, or
UN Orange Book.
Insensitive munition testing for slow cook-off, fast cook-off, bullet
GENERIC HARDWARE impact and fragment impact in generic test hardware may be required
TESTS for qualification. Tests in accordance with STANAG 4439 and AOP-39
are normally used.

b. Requirements for Solid Rocket Propellants:

Table 5 - SOLID ROCKET PROPELLANTS


MANDATORY/OPTIONAL TESTS/
DATA REQUIREMENTS
The candidate rocket propellant is compared to a Type I or II, Class 5
RDX conforming to MIL-DTL-398, measured contemporaneously with
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

the candidate material, and, if possible, to a qualified rocket propellant


FRICTION SENSITIVITY used in a similar application. No advisory criterion is provided;
(MANDATORY) however, the sensitivity of the candidate material should compare
favorably with that of a Comparison Explosive. Normally, one of the
following tests is used: Rotary Friction (U.S. 201.02.004), BAM Friction
(U.S. 201.02.006), or one of the STANAG 4487 tests.
The data are compared to normal.
The candidate rocket propellant is compared to a Type I or II, Class 5
RDX conforming to MIL-DTL-398, measured contemporaneously with
the candidate material, and, if possible, to a qualified rocket propellant
used in a similar application. No advisory criterion is provided;
IMPACT SENSITIVITY
however, the sensitivity of the candidate material should compare
(MANDATORY)
favorably with that of a Comparison Explosive. Normally, one of the
following impact tests is used: Bureau of Mines (U.S. 201.01.003),
ERL/Bruceton (U.S. 201.01.001), Los Alamos Impact (U.S.
201.01.004), BAM (U.S. 201.01.005) or one of the NATO STANAG
4489 tests.
The advisory criterion is that there should be no more than 2 ml gas
evolved per gram of propellant per 48 hours at 100 C. Tests used are:
THERMAL STABILITY VTS (U.S. 202.01.001), Modified VTS (202.01.022), or STANAG 4556
(MANDATORY) tests. Using the Chemical Reactivity Test (U.S. 204.01.001) the
advisory criterion is 4 ml gas evolved per gram of propellant per 22
hours at 120C.

IGNITION TEMPERATURE No advisory criterion is provided. The ignition temperature is


(MANDATORY) measured using: DTA (U.S. 202.01.007), DSC (U.S. 202.01.020), U.S.
202.01.023, or STANAG 4491 tests.

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MANDATORY/OPTIONAL Table 5 - SOLID ROCKET PROPELLANT TESTS/


DATA REQUIREMENTS (Continued)
The shock sensitivity of the propellant is assessed. The data are
compared to that of a qualified propellant used in a similar role.
Normally, the NOL LSGT (U.S. 201.04.002) or an appropriate
STANAG 4488 test is used. No advisory criterion is provided;
SHOCK SENSITIVITY however, the sensitivity of the candidate material should compare
(MANDATORY) favorably with that of the Comparison Explosive. Based on the critical
diameter of the propellant and the possibility of obtaining a 1.6 hazard
classification, other tests such as Expanded LSGT (U.S. 201.04.001),
IHE Gap Test (U.S. 201.04.005) or Super LSGT (201.04.004) may be
required by the Qualification Authority.
The propellant is compared to a Type I or II, Class 5 RDX conforming
to MIL-DTL-398, measured contemporaneously with the candidate
material, and, if possible, to a qualified propellant used in a similar
application. No advisory criterion is provided; however, the sensitivity
ELECTROSTATIC
of the test material should compare favorably with that of a
SENSITIVITY
Comparison Explosive. Trials are normally performed in accordance
(MANDATORY)
with Electrostatic Discharge, ESD, (U.S. 201.03.001), (U.S.
201.03.002), or (U.S. 201.03.003). A large-scale ESD test, such as
U.S. 201.03.004 or STANAG 4490, may be required by the Service
Qualification Authority for some types of solid propellant.
Self-heating is assessed either experimentally or by calculation. Test
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE/
data from DTA (U.S 202.01.007), DSC (U.S. 202.01.020), or STANAG
SELF HEATING
4515 experiments are used.
Test per STANAG 4443 for compressive strength and/or test per
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, STANAG 4506 for modulus of elasticity and tensile strength may be
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY required for materials to evaluate variations of properties on aging.
AND TENSILE STRENGTH May also be required if the material will be used in an application
where high set-back forces are experienced.
An aging protocol shall be established (See Chapter 8 above) and, if
AGING PROPERTIES
the explosive is Qualified for joint military use, the aging protocol shall
(MANDATORY)
be approved and coordinated among the Services.
Test per US 202.01.016. Hazardous Component Safety Data
EXPLOSION TEMPERATURE
Statement (HCSDS) requires this test.
Required for information purposes. Normally, Pycnometry (U.S.
DENSITY/BULK DENSITY
102.01.071) or other scientifically acceptable tests can be used.
Evaluation of the toxicity must be performed. This includes
assessment of the ingredients, combustion products and by-products
TOXICITY EVALUATION of the processing of the propellant. Support of the evaluation is
(MANDATORY) available from the Operational Toxicology Branch, Air Force Research
Laboratory Deployment and Sustainment Division, Wright Patterson
AFB, Ohio.
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL May be required for information purposes. Test performed per
EXPANSION STANAG 4525 or other scientifically acceptable tests can be used.
The critical diameter of the candidate rocket propellant is assessed if it
is shown to detonate in the shock sensitivity test (see requirement
CRITICAL DIAMETER
above). Data from tests performed per U.S. 302.01.003 are used to
find the smallest diameter that can support a steady state detonation.

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MANDATORY/OPTIONAL Table 5 - SOLID ROCKET PROPELLANT TESTS/


DATA REQUIREMENTS (Continued)
The interaction of the candidate explosive with common materials
(e.g., metals, adhesives, acids, bases) with which it may come into
contact in production and use is assessed. The results for the
candidate explosive in a 1:1 mixture with the material being tested for
compatibility are compared with the results for the candidate explosive
alone. Normally one of the following tests is used: DTA (U.S
202.01.007), DSC (U.S. 202.01.020), VTS (U.S. 202.01.001), Modified
COMPATIBILITY
VTS (U.S. 202.01.022), or CRT (U.S. 204.01.001). TGA (U.S.
(MANDATORY)
202.01.008) may be used if there is no heat change but a mass
change may be occurring. The criterion when using DTA or DSC is a
change of no more than 10C in the exotherm peak temperature,
measured at a heating rate of 10C/minute or less. Using VTS (U.S.
202.01.001) or Modified VTS (U.S. 202.01.022) the criterion is no
more than 2 ml gas evolved per gram of explosive per 48 hours at
3
100C. Using CRT, gas volume produced is no more than 4 cm /g.
Normally, Strand Burning Rate (U.S. 302.02.001) is used to determine

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
BURNING RATE burning rate. In some cases Closed Bomb Burning Rate (U.S.
302.02.002) may be used to acquire necessary performance data.
Test performed per U.S. 202.01.010 may be required for propellants
EXUDATION
containing energetic plasticizers.
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA
Shall be prepared in the early stages of the development of the
SHEET (MSDS)
explosive material.
(MANDATORY)
HAZARD OR INTERIM Tests are performed per the latest versions of TB 700-2, STANAG
HAZARD CLASSIFICATION 4123, or UN Orange Book.
RECORDING AND ISSUING Reports, Specifications, and Qualification certification shall be in
DATA accordance with Chapter 5 of this AOP.
An advisory statement on the producibility, processability, and safe-
PRODUCIBILITY STATEMENT handling characteristics of the material provided to the Qualification
Authority.
For Extremely Insensitive Detonating Substance candidate materials,
EIDS DATA tests are conducted in accordance with TB 700-2, STANAG 4123, or
UN Orange Book.
Insensitive munition testing for slow cook-off, fast cook-off, bullet
GENERIC HARDWARE impact and fragment impact in generic test hardware may be required
TESTS for qualification. Tests in accordance with STANAG 4439 and AOP-39
are normally used.
#Top
c. Requirements for Liquid propellants: These materials are generally qualified in
accordance with a specific application or end use. This class of explosive material
includes thixotropic gels and mono- or multi-component liquid propellants used in guns,
rocket motors, naval torpedoes, or other military applications. Qualification requests are
generally submitted concurrently with the request for Final (Type) Qualification. No pass
or fail criteria are assigned or advisory criteria provided for these materials. The decision
on whether a material meets the qualification requirements is left to the Service
Qualification Authority. Even though multiple tests are listed for some stimuli, it is
necessary to conduct only one test for each unless otherwise directed by the Service
Qualification Authority. The following data are required to evaluate the overall safety
characteristics:

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Table 6 LIQUID PROPELLANTS
MANDATORY/OPTIONAL TESTS/
DATA REQUIREMENTS
The impact sensitivity is compared to that of n-propylnitrate measured
IMPACT SENSITIVITY contemporaneously with the candidate liquid propellant. No advisory
(MANDATORY) criterion is provided. The impact tests used are: Liquid Explosives
Impact (U.S. 201.01.010) or the appropriate NATO STANAG 4489 test.
The friction sensitivity is compared to that of n-propylnitrate measured
FRICTION SENSITIVITY contemporaneously with the candidate propellant. No advisory criterion
(MANDATORY) is provided. The friction tests used are: ABL Sliding Friction (U.S.
201.02.005), or the appropriate STANAG 4487 test.
The electrostatic sensitivity is compared to that of n-propylnitrate
ELECTROSTATIC
measured contemporaneously with the candidate propellant. No
SENSITIVITY
advisory criterion is provided. The tests used are: ESD, (U.S.
(MANDATORY)
201.03.001), (U.S. 201.03.002), (U.S. 201.03.003), or equivalent tests.
The shock sensitivity is assessed. Generally, tests such as NOL LSGT
(U.S. 201.04.002), IHE Gap Test (U.S. 201.04.005) or STANAG 4488
SHOCK SENSITIVITY tests can be modified to accommodate liquids. Modifications should be
approved by the Service Qualification Authority before the trials are
performed. No advisory criterion is provided.
FREEZING POINT
Any scientifically acceptable method can be used.
(MANDATORY)
ADIABATIC COMPRESSION Sensitivity is evaluated using the U-Tube Adiabatic Compression
SENSITIVITY Sensitivity Test (U.S. 202.02.001) or other scientifically acceptable tests.
The test is performed and the results are reported for information
purposes. No advisory criterion is provided. The test normally used is
FLASH POINT
U.S. 201.08.002. TGA (U.S. 202.01.008) may be used for liquid
propellants with low volatility.
The test is performed and the results are reported for information
MINIMUM PRESSURE FOR
purposes. The minimum pressure for vapor phase ignition is verified
VAPOR PHASE IGNITION
using U.S. 201.08.001. No advisory criterion is provided.
The minimum temperature for exotherm onset and the ignition
temperature is determined using DTA (U.S 202.01.007), DSC (U.S.
THERMAL
202.01.020), CRT (US 204.01.001), STANAG 4515 tests, or TGA (US
CHARACTERIZATION
202.01.008) (if mass is being lost in the test). No advisory criterion is
provided.
The interaction of the liquid propellant with common materials is
assessed. The results for the propellant in a 1:1 mixture with the material
COMPATIBILITY being tested are compared with the results for the candidate propellant
(MANDATORY) alone. The advisory criterion when using DTA or DSC is a change of no
more than 10C in the exotherm peak temperature, measured at a
heating rate of 10C/minute or less. See U.S. 203.01.001 for details.
May be required for information purposes. Normally any scientifically
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
acceptable tests can be used.
HAZARD
Tests are performed per the latest versions of TB 700-2, STANAG 4123,
CLASSIFICATION/INTERIM
or UN Orange Book.
HAZARD CLASSIFICATION
An aging protocol shall be established (See Chapter 8 above) and, if the
AGING PROPERTIES
propellant is being Qualified for joint military use, the aging protocol shall
(MANDATORY)
be approved by and coordinated among the Services.

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MANDATORY/OPTIONAL Table 6 - LIQUID PROPELLANTS TESTS/
DATA REQUIREMENTS (Continued)
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA
Shall be prepared in the early stages of the development of the
SHEET (MSDS)
explosive material.
(MANDATORY)
Evaluation of the toxicity must be performed. This includes assessment
of the ingredients, combustion products and by-products of the
TOXICITY EVALUATION
processing of the liquid propellant. Support of the evaluation is available
(MANDATORY)
from the Operational Toxicology Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory
Deployment and Sustainment Division, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio.
RECORDING AND ISSUING Reports, Specifications, and Qualification certification shall be in
DATA accordance with Chapter 5 of this AOP.
An advisory statement on the producibility, processability, and safe-
PRODUCIBILITY STATEMENT handling characteristics of the material provided to the Qualification
Authority.

10.7.4.15.3 Pyrotechnics Materials: Pyrotechnics are qualified in accordance with requirements of a


specific application and the Qualification requests may be concurrent with the request for
Final (Type) Qualification. These materials are quite sensitive to friction and impact.
However, they have a history of safe and satisfactory use and a thorough appraisal of all
relevant safety data must be made before the candidate pyrotechnic is rejected.

a. Mandatory Tests and Data Requirements: No passing criteria are assigned;


however, advisory criteria are provided for each stimulus. Even though multiple tests are
listed for some stimuli, it is necessary to conduct only one test for each unless otherwise
directed by the Service Qualification Authority. Table 7 lists the data requirements and
appropriate tests for pyrotechnics:

Table 7 PYROTECHNICS
MANDATORY/OPTIONAL TESTS/
DATA REQUIREMENTS

The impact sensitivity is compared to that of a Type I or II, Class 5


RDX standard conforming to MIL-DTL-398, measured
contemporaneously with the candidate pyrotechnic and, if possible,
to a qualified pyrotechnic material used in a similar application. No
advisory criterion is provided; however, the sensitivity of the
IMPACT SENSITIVITY
candidate material should compare favorably with that of the
(MANDATORY)
Comparison Material. The impact tests normally used are:
ERL/Bruceton (U.S. 201.01.001), Bureau of Mines (U.S.
201.01.003), Los Alamos Impact (U.S. 201.01.004), BAM (U.S.
201.01.005) or an appropriate NATO STANAG 4489 test. The Ball
Drop Impact (U.S. 201.01.002) is used to quantify impact sensitivity
if the other methods fail.
The electrostatic sensitivity is compared to that of a Type I or II, Class
5 RDX standard conforming to MIL-DTL-398, measured
contemporaneously with the candidate pyrotechnic and, if possible, to
ELECTROSTATIC
a qualified pyrotechnic material used in a similar application. No
SENSITIVITY
advisory criterion is provided; however, the sensitivity of the
(MANDATORY)
candidate material should compare favorably with that of the
Comparison Material. The ESD tests normally used are U.S.
201.03.001, U.S. 201.03.002, or U.S. 201.03.003.

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MANDATORY/OPTIONAL Table 7 - PYROTECHNICS TESTS/


DATA REQUIREMENTS (Continued)
The friction sensitivity is compared to that of a Type I or II, Class 5
RDX standard conforming to MIL-DTL-398, measured

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contemporaneously with the candidate pyrotechnic and, if possible,
to a qualified pyrotechnic material used in a similar application. No
FRICTION SENSITIVITY advisory criterion is provided; however, the sensitivity of the
(MANDATORY) candidate material should compare favorably with that of the
Comparison Material. The friction tests normally used are: ABL
Sliding Friction (U.S. 201.02.005), Rotary Friction (U.S. 201.02.004),
BAM (U.S. 201.02.006), Steel/Fiber Shoe (U.S. 201.02.008) or an
appropriate STANAG 4487 test.

IGNITION TEMPERATURE Using DTA (U.S. 202.01.007), DSC (U.S. 202.01.020) or STANAG
(MANDATORY) 4491 tests, Exotherm Peak should be greater than 180C at
5C/min.
Required for information purposes. Normally, Pycnometry (U.S.
DENSITY/BULK DENSITY
102.01.071) or other scientifically acceptable tests can be used.
HAZARD
Tests are performed per the latest versions of TB 700-2, STANAG
CLASSIFICATION/INTERIM
4123, or UN Orange Book.
HAZARD CLASSIFICATION
The advisory criterion is that no more than 2 ml gas is evolved per
gram of pyrotechnic per 48 hours at 100C when using the Vacuum
THERMAL STABILITY Thermal Stability (VTS) (U.S. 202.01.001), Modified VTS (U.S.
(MANDATORY) 202.01.022) or STANAG 4556. When using CRT (U.S. 204.01.001)
the passing criterion is 4 ml gas evolved per gram of explosive per
22 hours at 120C
The minimum temperature for exotherm onset and the ignition
temperature is determined using DTA (U.S 202.01.007), DSC (U.S.
THERMAL
202.01.020), CRT (U.S. 204.01.001), or STANAG 4515 tests. TGA
CHARACTERIZATION/SELF-
(U.S. 202.01.008) is used if mass is being lost in the test. Self-
HEATING
heating is assessed by calculation. The critical temperature is
estimated using U.S. 202.01.012.
The interaction of the candidate explosive with common materials
(e.g., metals, adhesives, acids, bases) with which it may come into
contact in production and use is assessed. The results for the
candidate explosive in a 1:1 mixture with the material being tested
for compatibility are compared with the results for the candidate
explosive alone. Normally one of the following tests is used: DTA
(U.S 202.01.007), DSC (U.S. 202.01.020), VTS (U.S. 202.01.001),
COMPATIBILITY Modified VTS (U.S. 202.01.022), or CRT (U.S. 204.01.001). TGA
(MANDATORY) (U.S. 202.01.008) may be used if there is no heat change but a
mass change may be occurring. The criterion when using DTA or
DSC is a change of no more than 10C in the exotherm peak
temperature, measured at a heating rate of 10C/minute or less.
Using VTS (U.S. 202.01.001) or Modified VTS (U.S. 202.01.022) the
criterion is no more than 2 ml gas evolved per gram of explosive per
48 hours at 100C. Using CRT, gas volume produced is no more
3
than 4 cm /g.
An aging protocol shall be established (See Chapter 8 above) and, if
AGING PROPERTIES
the pyrotechnic being Qualified for joint military use, the aging
(MANDATORY)
protocol shall be approved by and coordinated among the Services.

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MANDATORY/OPTIONAL Table 7 - PYROTECHNICS TESTS/


DATA REQUIREMENTS (Continued)
Evaluation of the toxicity must be performed. This includes
assessment of the ingredients, combustion products and by-
TOXICITY EVALUATION products of the processing of the pyrotechnic. Support of the
(MANDATORY) evaluation is available from the Operational Toxicology Branch, Air
Force Research Laboratory Deployment and Sustainment Division,
Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio.
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA
Shall be prepared in the early stages of the development of the
SHEET (MSDS)
explosive material.
(MANDATORY)

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RECORDING AND ISSUING Reports, Specifications, and Qualification certification shall be in
DATA accordance with Chapter 5 of this AOP.
An advisory statement on the producibility, processability, and safe-
PRODUCIBILITY STATEMENT handling characteristics of the material provided to the Qualification
Authority.

10.7.15.5 TESTS PERFORMED TO OBTAIN MANDATORY OR OPTIONAL DATA

a. In general, the tests acceptable to the U.S. Service Qualification authorities and used
to acquire the data to satisfy the requirements of STANAG 4170 are described in
Standardization Agreements, STANAGS, prepared by the AC/326 Subgroup 1 (Energetic
Materials) and in test information sheets and test descriptions catalogued in this
document. The STANAGs that may be used from time to time by the Service
Qualification Authorities are listed below. The other tests used by the Qualification
authorities and not necessarily covered by STANAGS are described in the test
information sheets and test description section provided below.

Tests STANAG No

(1) Uniaxial Compressive STANAG 4443


(2) Impact Sensitivity (Drop-Hammer) STANAG 4489
(3) Friction Sensitivity STANAG 4487
(4) Electrostatic Sensitivity STANAG 4490
(5) Gap Shock Sensitivity STANAG 4488
(6) Thermal Sensitivity STANAG 4491
(7) Uniaxial Tensile STANAG 4506
(8) Stress Relaxation in Tension STANAG 4507
(9) Temperature of Ignition STANAG 4491
(10) Thermal Characterization (DTA, DSC, & TGA) STANAG 4515
(11) Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) STANAG 4525
(12) Chemical Stability NC Propellants STANAG 4527
(13) Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) STANAG 4540
(14) Vacuum Stability STANAG 4556
(15) Aging of Composite Propellants STANAG 4581
(16) Heat Flow Calorimetry STANAG 4582
(17) Stability NC & NG, Propellants with DPA AOP-48
or 2NDPA

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10.7.15.6 List of U.S. Test Information Sheets and Test Descriptions

Category 100 MIL-STD 1751A Chemical, Physical &


NUMBER Mechanical Properties Tests

102.01.001 Uniaxial Tensile


102.01.071 Specific Gravity (Density) (Pycnometry)
102.01.251 Thermal Conductivity
102.01.275 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
(Dilatometer)

Category 200 Hazard Assessment Tests

201.01.001 1012a Impact - NSWC/NAWC/ERL/Bruceton


201.01.002 1016a Impact - Ball Drop
201.01.003 1014a Impact - Bureau of Mines
201.01.004 1013a Impact - Los Alamos Laboratory
201.01.005 1015a Impact BAM
201.01.006 Impact - Picatinny Arsenal
201.01.007 1011a Impact - Bureau of Explosives
201.01.008 Impact - Lawrence Livermore
Laboratory
201.01.009 Impact - Hercules Radford
201.01.010 1017a Impact Liquid Explosives
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201.02.001 Friction - Bureau of Mines Pendulum


201.02.002 Friction Pendulum - Picatinny
Arsenal Method
201.02.003 Friction Sensitivity - NAWC China Lake
Method
201.02.004 1023a Friction - Rotary
201.02.005 1021a ABL Sliding Friction
201.02.006 1024a BAM (Julius Peters) Friction
201.02.007 Friction - Hercules Radford AAP
201.02.008 1022a Friction - Steel/Fiber Shoe

201.03.001 1032a Electrostatic Discharge ARDEC


Picatinny Arsenal Method
201.03.002 1033a Electrostatic Discharge - NAWC Method
201.03.003 1031a Electrostatic Discharge - NSWC Method
201.03.004 1034a Electrostatic Sensitivity - Large Scale
201.03.006 Electrostatic Discharge - Hercules
Radford AAP Method
201.03.007 Electrostatic Sensitivity - Closed Cup

201.04.001 1043a Shock Sensitivity - Expanded Large-


Scale Gap (ELSGT)
201.04.002 1041a Shock Sensitivity - NOL Large-Scale
Gap (LSGT)
a.
These are test descriptions taken from MIL-STD-1751A that will be retired after this document is
issued.
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Category 200 Hazard Assessment Tests

201.04.003 1042a Shock Sensitivity - NOL Small-Scale


Gap (SSGT)
201.04.004 1044a Shock Sensitivity - Super
Large-Scale Gap (SLSGT)
201.04.005 1045a Shock Sensitivity IHE Gap
201.04.006 1046a Shock Sensitivity Wedge Test
201.04.007 Shock Sensitivity - Picatinny Arsenal
201.04.008 Shock Sensitivity - NSWC Low Pressure
- Long Duration Shock
201.04.009 Blasting Cap Test (2-inch Cubes)

201.05.001 SUSAN Projectile Impact

201.08.001 1141a Minimum Pressure for Vapor Phase


Ignition - Liquid Propellants
201.08.002 Flash Point - Liquid Propellants

202.01.001 1061a Vacuum Thermal Stability (VTS)


202.01.002 Variable Confinement Cook-Off (VCCT)
202.01.003 Thermal Detonability (Fast Cook-Off)
NAWC (China Lake) Method
202.01.004 Explosion Temperature
202.01.005 Cook-Off Temperature Determination
202.01.006 1151a Hot-Wire Ignition Test
202.01.007 1071a Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)
202.01.008 1073a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
202.01.009 100oC Heat Test
202.01.010 1161a Exudation Characteristics
202.01.011 1162a Growth Characteristics
202.01.012 1074a Critical Temperature and Self-Heating
202.01.013 Thermal Stability Test (75C)
202.01.014 Unconfined Burning
202.01.015 Internal Ignition
202.01.016 5-Second Ignition Temperature
202.01.017 Taliani
202.01.018 Surveillance DB Propellants
202.01.019 Minimum Ignition Temperature
202.01.020 1072a Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
202.01.021 1075a One Liter Cook-Off
202.01.022 1063a Modified VTS Test
202.01.023 Explosion Temperature Test (U.S. Army
ARDEC Method)
202.01.024 Hot Wire Initiability
202.01.025 Slow Cook-Off (U.S. Air Force Eglin
AFB Method)
202.02.001 U-Tube Adiabatic Compression
Sensitivity
203.01.001 Compatibility with Materials
204.01.001 1062a Chemical Reactivity (CRT)
204.02.001 Environmental Impact of Firings
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Category 300 Performance Assessment Tests

301.01.001 Theoretical Performance Calculations


302.01.001 1101a Detonation Velocity
302.01.002 Detonation Velocity - Liquid Propellants
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302.01.003 1091a Critical Diameter


302.01.004 1092a Very Small Critical Diameter

302.02.001 Strand Burning Rate (Linear Burning


Rate)
302.02.002 Closed Bomb Burning Rate
302.02.003 Burning Characteristics
(Configurational)
302.02.004 Burning Characteristics (Loose)
302.03.001 1131a Detonability for Fuel-Air Explosives
302.03.002 Sub-Scale Motor
302.03.003 Hot/Cold Ignition/Burning
302.03.004 Moisture Content of Composition vs.
Performance
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10.7.15.7 CATALOGUE OF TEST INFORMATION SHEET FOR THE UNITED STATES

NOTE: The Test Information Sheets and Test Descriptions are compiled consecutively in
accordance with their Registry Number.

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U.S. 102.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2 TEST TITLE: Uniaxial Tensile Test

a. Type of Test: Mechanical Property.

b. Description: The test specimens are prepared by die cutting or milling. Configuration
and dimensions use the JANNAF specifications. The JANNAF Class C (dogbone)
sample is die cut. The JANNAF Class A specimen, a milled truncated Class C
configuration specimen with tabs (usually aluminum) bonded to the ends, is used to
obtain more accurate results. The specimens are measured and conditioned at the test
temperature for a minimum of one hour prior to testing. An Instron, or equivalent tester
with temperature conditioning chamber and appropriate fixtures, load cells, and readout
equipment is listed for applying extension to the specimen at a constant crosshead rate.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Data from these tests are used to
characterize propellant response and failure behavior.

d. Typical Results: Depend on material tested.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Good to excellent

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. JANNAF Solid Propellant Mechanical Behavior Manual, CPIA Publication 21, Sections 4.3,
March 1971, and 4.3.2 October 1988.

b. MIL-STD-2100 (OS), "Military Standard: Propellant, Solid, Characterization of", 30 March


1979.
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c. STANAG 4506, Explosive Materials, Physical/Mechanical Properties, Uniaxial Tensile test.

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U.S. 102.01.071

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Specific Gravity (Density) (Pycnometry)

a. Type of Test: Physical Property.

b. Description: This test is used to determine the specific gravity of propellants by


immersing the material in a liquid of known specific gravity (or density) and volume,
measuring the volume and weight change of the combined materials. If water is used as
the immersion liquid, the specific gravity and density values will be equivalent to each
other. However, if mercury is used as the immersion material (to prevent penetration of
the liquid into pores, surface imperfections, etc. of the propellant), the density is obtained.
The use of mercury is a modification of reference (1).

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The value of specific gravity (or density) is
necessary for calculations in the design of the motor, and/or the determination of output

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characteristics.

d. Typical Results: Most propellants have density values about 1.8 g/cc.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Since the density vs. temperature values of both water
and mercury are known and precise, the test is considered very repeatable and
reproducible. Accuracy depends on the equipment used.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. MIL-STD-286B, Methods 510.1.1 and 510.2.1, 1 Dec. 1967.

b. MIL-STD-2100 (OS), "Military Standard: Propellant, Solid, Characterization of, 30 March


1979.

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U.S. 102.01.251

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Thermal Conductivity

a. Type of Test: Physical Property.

b. Description: The Guarded Meter method used to determine the thermal conductivity of
insulating materials (Ref. 1) and the method for estimating the thermal conductivity of
leather with the Cenco-Fitch apparatus (Ref. 2) were modified to provide a method to
determine the thermal conductivity of explosive materials. This method provides a one-
dimensional transient heat conduction between two faces of a flat specimen 102 mm x
102 mm x 6.4 mm. One face of the specimen is heated by a copper plate which is held
at a constant temperature, while the opposite face of the specimen yields its heat to a
known mass of a thermally isolated copper disc. The temperature-time profile of the
isolated disc yields the required thermal conductivity of the specimen.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test provides background information


for qualification of explosive materials.

d. Typical Results: Depend on material tested.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Good.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. ANSI/ASTM C177-76.

b. ANSI/ASTM D2214-70 (76).

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U.S. 102.01.275

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (Dilatometer)

a. Type of Test: Physical Property.

b. Description: Care must be taken to assure that minimum clearances are maintained
between explosive charges and containers in the upper range of storage or operating
temperatures because of different expansion coefficients of explosives and container
materials. The coefficient of thermal expansion is measured with a bulk mercury
dilatometer or with a standard laboratory linear expansion test apparatus. If the material
is known to be isotropic, its cubic expansion coefficient is calculated by multiplying its
linear coefficient by three.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test provides background information


for qualification of explosives.

d. Typical Results: Depend on material tested.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Good

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. ANSI/ASTM D696-70; 1975.

b. ANSI/ASTM D864-52; 1978.

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U.S. 201.01.001
TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Impact Sensitivity- ERL (Explosives Research Laboratory)/Bruceton Apparatus

2. PURPOSE: This test is designed to measure the sensitivity of an energetic material to impact.

3. BACKGROUND: The apparatus is based on the design developed during World War II by the
Explosive Research Laboratory of the National Defense Research Committee, located at Bruceton, PA.
A more detailed description is provided in references (a) and (b).

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT: The test equipment consists of the following components:

4.1 Guide frame: A vertical framework of rods or rails designed to guide the drop weight during free-fall.
This frame should provide a minimum of interference with the drop weight reducing external influences on
the drop weight velocity.

4.2 Drop weight: The shape and construction of the drop weight may vary, but it must provide a (2.5-kg
(5.5-lb) mass capable of free-falling, repeatedly, from the maximum height of the guide frame. The
impacting surface should be steel, hardened and suitably treated to avoid brittleness. Due to the changes
in impulse duration, "dead-blow" or shot filled weights are not recommended.

4.3 Anvil: A solid metal base upon which the sample is placed during impact. The anvil should be
supported solidly and contained to prevent it from moving during impact. The upper surface should be
flat, hardened and perpendicular to the line followed by the drop weight. Multiple sections stacked
together are permitted provided the joining faces are parallel, the contact is solid and lateral motion of all
segments is restricted. A maximum of two segments is recommended. A diameter of 1.00 to 1.25 inches
is recommended. The usual usage employs a disk of 180 grit sandpaper or garnet paper that nearly
covers the face of the anvil as the surface upon which the sample is placed. This is referred to as Type
12 Tools. When the sandpaper is omitted and the sample is placed directly on the anvil, the arrangement
is referred to as Type 12B Tools, and the striker and anvil are roughened by sandblasting them with No.
40 carborundum.

4.4 Striker: A solid tool steel mass designed to rest on the sample and transfer the impulse from the drop
weight to the sample during impact. The striker should be supported to ensure that it does not move
laterally during impact. The support should not restrict vertical motion. The striker and anvil should be
aligned and centered under the drop weight. The upper face of the striker should be slightly convex. The
lower face of the striker should be flat, hardened and parallel to the upper face of the anvil when in place.
Multiple segments stacked together are permitted, provided joining faces are parallel, contact is solid and
all segments are supported as described. If multiple segments are used, maximum of two segments is
recommended. The diameter of the striker should match the diameter of the anvil.

4.5 Drop weight support: A mechanism shall be included to permit the drop weight to be suspended
above the striker at a selectable height and released when desired. This support shall be capable of
holding the drop weight at any point along the guide frame. The height of the drop weight when supported
shall be measured from the lower face of the weight to the upper face of the striker when properly
positioned on a sample. A scale may be attached or inscribed on the guide frame. Units of measure shall
be in centimeters. The maximum height of the apparatus shall permit at least 100 cm of free fall.
Although an electromagnet may be used to secure the drop weight, a mechanical catch is preferred due
to the increased safety provided in a power loss situation.

4.6 Optional components:

4.6.1 A remote and/or powered drop weight lift may be used provided it does not interfere with the weight
when released.

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U.S. 201.01.001 (Cont.)

4.6.2 Indents, stops or other preset height selectors may be incorporated into the design of the drop
weight support. An electronic scale may be used for positioning.

4.6.3 Instrumentation to assist the operator in determining the presence of an energetic reaction may be
employed. The use of such a device will be included with reported data. Any such method will include a
method of verifying proper function. Complete documentation of the principle used and the basis for
interpreting the output shall be kept for the life of the apparatus on which it is used.

4.6.4 Alternative configurations for the anvil and striker for the express purpose of evaluating liquids.

4.6.5 A device to measure velocity of drop weight at impact may be used to eliminate variability
introduced by drag on the weight by the guides. It should be noted, however, that the calculations of the
50% height may be greatly complicated by this device and full documentation of the calculation method
used must be maintained.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 A 35 5 mg sample of material is placed on a square or disk of 180 grit sandpaper. The sandpaper
should nearly cover the face of the anvil. Ground or granular materials should form a small pile. Solid
materials may be cut into pieces for testing, with each piece weighing 35 5 mg.

5.2 Drop weight heights intervals are based on the log of the height in centimeters, and are adjusted by
0.1 log intervals. A partial table of typical heights follows:

Height (cm) Log Interval


10.0 1.0
12.6 1.1
15.8 1.2
20.0 1.3
25.1 1.4
31.6 1.5
39.8 1.6
50.1 1.7
63.1 1.8
100.0 2.0
- -
- -
- -
316.2 2.5

5.3 The drop weight is adjusted to the desired height and secured. The sandpaper with the sample is
placed on the anvil. The striker is inserted into its holder and gently lowered onto the sample. While
observing the sample area, the drop weight is released. After recording the reaction, the drop weight is
removed from the striker and the anvil and striker faces are cleaned.

5.4 An examination of the sample remains and tooling is used to help determine whether or not an
energetic response occurred.
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5.5 The response is recorded as "FIRE" or "No-FIRE" and the height changed for the next shot. If a
"FIRE" is detected, decrease the drop height one interval (0.1 log units). If a "No-FIRE" is detected,

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increase the height one interval. If the drop height is at the upper or lower limit and a change out of range
is indicated, perform the next trial at the same height.

U.S. 201.01.001 (Cont.)

5.6 A minimum of 20 shots per sample is used to determine a 50% point.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:


a. Type of Apparatus
b. Hammer Description
c. Striker Description
d. Dimensions
e. Mass of impactor
f. Type of tools used (12, 12b, or modified type 12)
i.Description of any grit that is used under the sample
g. Sample Weight
h. Method of Endpoint Detection, such as:
i. Sound Microphone/recorder arrangement, ear
i. Go/no-Go determination methodology
ii Smell
iii Sight flash, smoke, etc.
iv All or combination of above
j. Method of Data Reduction, e.g., Bruceton Up/down
k. Number of Drops per Test
l. Number of Test Replications
m. Experimental Material Result (H50) with Standard Deviation
n. Reference Material Result (H50) with Standard Deviation

6.2 The Bruceton (or "stair-case") method of statistical analysis shall be used to determine a 50%
point. Reference (c) provides a description of the statistical approach. Typical test data obtained on this
apparatus at NSWC, White Oak is shown below:

50% Impact Height


Explosive
(cm)
RDX, Type I or II, Class 1 21
RDX, Type I or II, Class 5 18
HMX, Grade B, Class 1 1 19
HMX, Grade B, Class 5 2 28
PETN, Class 4 13
TNT, Type I or II 78

7. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION: The results shall be compared against Type I or II, Class 5 RDX,
conforming to MIL-DTL-398, as the reference standard material. A second reference material is required.
It should be chosen so that the 50% point for the candidate explosive falls between the values for the two
references.

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U.S. 201.01.001 (Cont.)

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Walker, G. R., Whitbread, E. G., and Hornig, D. C., ed. Manual of Sensitiveness Tests. Valcartier,
Quebec, Canada: Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment. Published for
Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP), Panel 0-2 (Explosives), Working Group on
Sensitiveness, February 1966.

b. NATO STANAG 4489, Explosives, Impact Sensitivity Test(s).

c. Dixon, W. J., and Massey, F. M. Jr., Introduction to Statistical Analysis. 4th Ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill Co., Inc., 1983.

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U.S. 201.01.002
TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Impact Sensitivity - Ball Drop Impact

2. PURPOSE: This test determines the sensitivity to impact of primary explosives.

3. BACKGROUND: This method is the test that is appropriate for determining the impact sensitivity of
primary explosives. It was developed at U. S. Army TACOM ARDEC (Picatinny Arsenal).

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT: The Ball Drop Impact Test apparatus, shown in Figure 1, subjects
a primary explosive to an impact of a free-falling steel ball.

4.1 Sample size: The standard sample size is 30 mg for each trial.

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4.2 Weight: The drop weight is a 0.500-inch diameter steel ball weighing 8.35 grams

4.3 Drop-weight Assembly: The steel ball is guided on a ball track which rises 32-inchesvertically from a
steel base. The ball track may be moved up or down and locked in place.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 The test sample of approximately 30 mg is placed on the impact block. The sample is spread into a
thin layer by moving a straight-edged conductive spatula along the top of the shoulders of the impact
block. The steel ball guide is raised to the desired height and locked in place. The loaded impact block is
positioned beneath the ball track. A ball track metal shield is used to keep the steel ball in place. The ball
track shield is in the lowered position and the steel ball is placed in the track. The ball shield is raised
using a cord and the steel ball is allowed to fall onto the sample. If no explosion or reaction occurs, the
test is repeated with a fresh sample from successively greater heights until a reaction occurs or until the
maximum range of the equipment is reached. If a reaction does occur, fresh samples are tested at
successively lower heights until a point of no reaction is reached. Thereafter, a sample will be tested at 1
inch below the level at which the previous sample was tested if that sample reacted, and 1 inch above the
level at which the previous one was tested if it did not react.

5.2 A Bruceton up-down method is employed to determine the height, H50, at which the probability of
reaction is 50%

5.3 The determination of an explosion or reaction is based on visual observation. Any indication of
decomposition (explosion, burning, flash, smoke or charring) is considered a positive reaction.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:


a. Sample weight
b. Method of endpoint detection, such as:
i. Sound Microphone/recorder Arrangement, Ear
ii. Go/no Go determination methodology
iii. Smell
iv. Sight Flash, Smoke, Etc.
v. All or combination of above
c. Number of drops per test
d. Number of test replications
e. Method of data analysis
f. Experimental material result with standard deviation
g. Reference material result with standard deviation

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h. 6.2 Typical test data obtained on this apparatus are shown below:
U.S. 201.01.002 (Cont.)

Explosive H50 (in.)


Lead azide, dextrinated 25.6 2.8
Lead styphnate 13.9 2.9
NOL-130 11.1 3.9

* H50 is the value (from the Bruceton Up and Down Method) at which 50% of the samples react.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: None.

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

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U.S. 201.01.002 (Cont.)

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Figure 1. Ball Drop Impact Apparatus
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U.S. 201.01.003

TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Impact Sensitivity - (Drop Hammer) - Bureau of Mines

2. PURPOSE: This test is designed to measure the sensitivity to initiation of an explosive in powder form
to the types of mechanical stimuli encountered during manufacture or rough handling.

3. BACKGROUND:

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 The Bureau of Mines impact apparatus subjects an explosive sample to an impact of a free-falling 5-
kg drop hammer. This hammer is guided within a steel T-beam framework, which rises 150 inches
vertically from a steel base resting on a concrete pier. The hammer is held, prior to dropping, by an
electromagnet within a movable yoke. This yoke can be moved up or down, on the hammer's guide rails,
by a windlass at the base of the machine. A recording device on the windlass measures the drop height,
which is 130 inches maximum. The hammer is released by a manual push-button, which cuts the current
to the electromagnet.

4.2 The anvil assembly, mounted on the base of the machine, consists of a hardened steel anvil and a
plunger, 1.25 inches in diameter and 6 inches in length, machined to give a sliding fit through a steel
guide ring. The drop hammer, when released, strikes the plunger, which transmits the force developed on
impact to a small striking pin that fits into a steel cup containing the test sample.

4.3 For tests in which the sample explosive is confined, the striking pin, 0.5 inch in diameter by 0.94 inch
in length, Type 440 stainless steel, hardened to 55-60 HRC, is ground and polished to give a snug, freely
sliding fit in the sample cup. The striking face of the pin is chamfered to clear the radius at the bottom of
the sample cup. The sample cup, which is approximately 0.5 inch in diameter by 0.28 inch deep, Type
302 stainless steel with a wall thickness of 0.005 inch. Reference (a) provides a more detailed description
of the test apparatus.

4.4 Figures 1 through 4 provide diagrams of the test setup.

5. PROCEDURE:
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5.1 The test sample of approximately 35 mg is placed in the stainless steel sample cup, and the striking
pin is gently pressed down on the sample. This assembly is then centered on the anvil by a shallow
socket at the lower end of the plunger. The hammer is dropped from a given height onto the plunger. If no
explosion or reaction occurs, the test is repeated with a fresh charge from successively greater heights
until a reaction occurs or until the maximum range of the equipment is reached. If a reaction does occur,
fresh samples are tested at successively lower heights of fall until a point of no reaction is reached.
Thereafter, a sample will be tested at a given increment below the level at which the previous sample was
tested if that sample reacted, and a given increment above the level at which the previous one was tested
if it did not react.

5.2 A height of 50% for ignition probability is attained by using this up-and-down method and analyzing
the data statistically. The procedure for determining this height for 50% probability of ignition, and the
error therein at a 95% confidence level, is discussed by Dixon and Mood, reference (b), and Dixon and
Massey, reference (c).

5.3 The determination of an "explosion or reaction" is based on visual observation. Any indication
of decomposition (explosion, burning, flash, smoke or charring) is considered a "go".

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U.S. 201.01.003 (Cont.)


6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:


a. Type of Apparatus
b. Hammer Description
c. Striker Description
d. Dimensions
e. Mass of impactor
f. Type of tools used (12 or 12b)
i. Description of any grit that is used under the sample
ii. Finish on anvils, if no sandpaper/grit is used
g. Sample Weight
h. Method of Endpoint Detection, such as
i. Sound Microphone/recorder arrangement,
i. Go/no Go determination methodology
ii. Smell
iii. Sight flash, smoke, etc.
iv. All or combination of the above
j. Method of Data Reduction, E.g., Bruceton

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k. Number of Drops per Test
l. Number of Test Replications
m. Experimental Material Result (H50) with Standard Deviation
n. Reference Material Result (H50) with Standard Deviation

6.2 Typical results for standard explosives are provided below:

50%Probability Height
EXPLOSIVE
(inch) (cm)
PETN, Class 7 16.93 43
RDX, Class 5 31.10 79
Tetryl 37.00 94
TNT, Type I or II 72.05 183

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

7.1 The principal difference between this test and the NOL impact - ERL/Bruceton test is the use of
sandpaper in the NOL test and the size of the drop weight.

7.2 The results shall be compared against Type I or II, Class 5 RDX, conforming to MIL-DTL-398, as the
reference standard material. A second reference material is required. It should be chosen so that the 50%
point for the candidate explosive falls between the values for the two references.

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Becker, K.R., Bureau of Mines Instrumented Impact Tester. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau
of Mines, Report of Investigations 7670, 1972.
b. Dixon, W.J., and Mood, A.M., Method for Obtaining and Analyzing Sensitivity Data. Journal of
the American Statistics Association. 43: 109-126, 1948.
c. Dixon, W.J., and Massey, A.M. Jr. Introduction to Statistical Analysis. 4th ed., New York:
McGraw-Hill Co., Inc., 1983, pp. 318-327.

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U.S. 201.01.003 (Cont.)
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FIGURE 1. Impact test apparatus Assembly (Bureau of Mines Design)

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FIGURE 2. Drop weight assembly (Bureau of Mines design)

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FIGURE 3. Intermediate weight assembly (Bureau of Mines design)

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FIGURE 4. Sample Confinement Cup Assemby (Bureau of Mines design)

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U.S. 201.01.004

TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Impact Sensitivity - (Laboratory Scale) - Los Alamos National Laboratory

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2. PURPOSE: This test determines the sensitivity to a normal impact of explosives in powder and liquid
form. Results are reported at the 50% point using a Bruceton analysis and are compared to a Type I or II,
Class 5 RDX standard conforming to MIL-R-398.

3. BACKGROUND:

3.1 The machine was originally similar to the ERL/Bruceton apparatus described in U.S. 201.01.001.
About 1957, some mechanical modifications were introduced for the purpose of improving test
reproducibility. Reports indicated that the sensitivity scale was unchanged, however. Reference (a)
provides a detailed description of the test.

3.2 The original drop weight was a hollow, conical, truncated nose-tipped cylinder fabricated of tool steel
hardened to 60 HRC. The redesigned drop weight has the same general external appearance and the
same weight of 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg). It consists of a steel core hardened to 55-58 HRC surrounded by a
solid case of Dural (aluminum alloy). The redesign concentrates more of the mass centrally, along the
line of impact.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 The Los Alamos striker is a hardened steel rod, 1.25 inches in diameter and 5.125 inches in length.
Like other strikers used in the ERL design, the upper round end of 2.50 inches radius is struck by the
drop weight. The lower end is close to the ground such that it is flat and parallel to the upper surface of
the anvil. Typically, a piece of sandpaper or garnet paper is placed beneath the sample. This combination
of tooling and sandpaper is referred to as Type 12 tools.

4.2 Los Alamos uses both Type 12 tools and also a tooling variation that is designated as "Type 12B."
Type 12B is different from Type 12 in the following:

a. No sandpaper is used to hold the explosive sample.


b. The striker and anvil surfaces are prepared by sandblasting them with No. 40 Carborundum
grit, or an equivalent abrasive.

4.3 Sample response is measured with an electronic noise meter with which a threshold is established to
differentiate between explosions (go's) and non-explosions (no-go's). By a series of trials, the drop weight
that causes 50% of the test samples to explode is determined. An Altec Model 21BR-180 microphone,
Model 165A base and Model 527A power supply (or equivalent microphone), and power supply is
connected to the noise meter so that these conditions can be recorded. The microphone is very stable
over long periods of time and is not overloaded by the loudest explosions encountered in the test.

4.4 Each test sample consists of about 40 mg explosive. When sandpaper is used (Type 12 tools), a
shallow depression is made in the center of the sandpaper so that spherical-grained materials do not roll
off while the samples are prepared.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 In the standard impact test, 40 mg samples of loose powder are placed in the center of 1-inch
squares of garnet paper that is centered on the anvil. To save time, individual samples are not weighed.
Instead, the test explosive is volumetrically loaded with a small scoop. Equivalent scoop loads are then
used for subsequent shots. By careful application of this method, 40 2 mg samples can be quickly

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dispensed. When sufficient material is available, it is blended and sieved. Test samples are then taken
from that
U.S. 201.01.004 (Cont.)

portion of the bulk sample that passes through a No. 100 sieve but is retained on a No. 200 sieve.
However, when only limited quantities are available, explosives are tested "as received." Solid samples
can either be tested as a solid wafer or ground into a powder. When reporting results, the final form of the
test sample shall be reported.

5.2 The impact sensitivity of a test explosive is reported as H50, the drop weight in centimeters, which
causes a sample to explode 50% of the time. This is determined from a test series with drop heights
chosen by the Bruceton stair-step plan. A minimum of 25 shots is conducted to establish the H50 level.
The striker and anvil are cleaned with an appropriate solvent and inspected for damage after each shot.
Drop height steps are selected to have equal 0.1 intervals on a logarithmic scale, with a 10-cm drop
height taken as 1.0. Development of the data reduction method is described in reference (b).

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

a. Type of Apparatus (e.g., BOE, NOL, ERL, etc)


b. Hammer Description
c. Striker Description
d. Dimensions
e. Mass of impactor
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f. Type of tools used (12 or 12b)


i. Description of any grit that is used under the sample
ii. Finish on anvils, if no sandpaper/grit is used
g. Sample Weight
h. Method of Endpoint Detection, such as
i. Sound Microphone/recorder arrangement,
i. Go/no Go determination methodology
ii. Smell
iii. Sight flash, smoke, etc.
iv. All or combination of the above
j. Method of Data Reduction, E.g., Bruceton
k. Number of Drops per Test
l. Number of Test Replications
m. Experimental Material Result (H50) with Standard Deviation
n. Reference Material Result (H50) with Standard Deviation

6.2 The drop weight that causes an explosive sample to explode 50% of the time is measured in
centimeters. M, the logarithm of the 50% height (H50), is calculated as followed. The lowest drop height
step at which shots were fired during the stair-step sequence is assigned an i value of 0. Successive
higher steps are assigned values of 1, 2, 3, etc. Then:

N = nI = total no-go's during series, including step 0


A=i=n
B = i2ni

where ni is the number of no-go's at step i. Then:

M = C + D ( A/N 0.5) and

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S = 1.620 D( NB A2 )
N2

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U.S. 201.01.004 (Cont.)

where C is the logarithm of step height 0, D is the step interval in logarithm units, and S is the standard
deviation of M. The value of H50 is obtained by taking the antilog of M. Table I tabulates H50 values for
eight common explosives. Long-time control charts are maintained on explosives used as standards in
group tests and on other frequently tested materials.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The results are compared to the standard reference material
which is Type I or Type II, Class 5 RDX, conforming to MIL-DTL-398.

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

d. Walker, G. R., Whitbread, E. G., and Hornig, D. C., ed. Manual of Sensitiveness Tests. Valcartier,
Quebec, Canada: Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment. Published for
Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP), Panel 0-2 (Explosives), Working Group on
Sensitiveness, February 1966, pp. 24-26.

e. Statistical Analysis for a New Procedure in Sensitivity Experiments, AMP Report No.
101.lR,SRG-p, No. 40, July 1944, Statistical Research Group, Princeton University. Submitted to
Applied Mathematics Panel, National Defense Research Committee.

TABLE I. Results of analysis of impact data (Type 12 tools).

Explosive No of 25 Shot Tests H50 (cm) (cm)


PETN 14 12.0 1.1
RDX 96 22.2 1.0
HMX 62 26.0 1.8
Cyclotol 15 36.6 2.0
Octol 75/25 12 38.1 2.2
Tetryl 6 41.6 1.3
Comp B 25 59.1 3.6
TNT 23 154.0 7.6

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U.S. 201.01.005

TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Impact Sensitivity - BAM Impact Test Apparatus

2. PURPOSE: The BAM drop weight test was developed for the evaluation of solid or liquid substances to
a normal impact.

3. BACKGROUND: This test has been standardized and is documented in NATO STANAG 4489,
reference (a).

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 The device consists of a cast steel block whose base is bolted to a concrete block. Imbedded in the
steel block is the main anvil on which an intermediate anvil holding the impact device rests. Guide rails,
which are attached to the steel block, facilitate free vertical movement of the drop weight and release
mechanism. A toothed rack is incorporated into one of the guide rails to arrest the rebounding drop
weight. The drop weight is positioned at various heights by means of a motor driven winch.

4.2 The impact device consists of two coaxially arranged steel cylinders held in place by a cylindrical
steel guide ring. The cylinders are roller bearings approximately 10 mm in diameter x 10 mm in height
with polished surfaces and rounded edges. Hardness is 58 to 65 HRC. The impact device rests on the
intermediate anvil, a steel cylinder approximately 26 mm in diameter x 26 mm in height. It is centered
there by means of a steel ring containing six concentrically arranged holes that permit the escape of
reaction gases.

4.3 Drop weights of 1, 2, 5, and 10 kg are available for testing. The body of each drop weight has two

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guide grooves in which it moves between the guide rails. It is equipped with suspension spigot that
arrests the weight in the release mechanism, a rebound catch, a height marker, and the cylindrical striker.
The striker is made of steel with a hardness of 60 to 63 HRC. Figures 1 through 4 of reference (a) provide
schematics of the test set-up and associated hardware drawings.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 Solid explosive substances are tested in the dry state. Powdered materials are sieved and the fraction
with a particle size ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 mm is used for testing. Pressed, cast, and otherwise
compacted substances are crushed and then sieved. Liquid explosive substances are tested without
preparation.

5.2 The impact device is prepared by pushing one of the cylinders partially into a guide ring. This open
impact device is then positioned on the intermediate anvil fitted with the locating ring. Using a measuring
spoon, approximately 35 mg of the substance is placed inside the open impact device making sure that a
center heap is formed. The impact device is then closed with a second cylinder by pressing it into a guide
ring until it touches the sample. When testing liquids, a pipette is used to transfer 40 mm3 on the lower
cylinder. In this case, care must be taken to allow a 10-mm gap between the two cylinders when the
impact device is closed.

5.3 The initial starting impact height is selected based on previous experience. A limited number of tests
are performed to ensure that results group together fairly well. A 25-shot test is then performed using a
Bruceton analysis to determine a 50% point. In judging test results, reactions are classified as either "no
reaction," decomposition, or explosion. Decomposition can be recognized by flame, smoke, or by the
deposition of soot on the impact device. Both decompositions and explosions are considered positive
reactions for the purposes of conducting the statistical analysis.

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U.S. 201.01.005 (Cont.)

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:


a. Type of Apparatus
b. Mass of impactor
c. Sample Weight
d. Method of Endpoint Detection, such as
i. Sound Microphone/recorder arrangement,
ii. Go/no Go determination methodology

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iii. Smell
iv. Sight flash, smoke, etc.
v. All or combination of the above
e. Method of Data Reduction, E.g., Bruceton
f. Number of Drops per Test
g. Number of Test Replications
h. Experimental Material Result (H50) with Standard Deviation
i. Reference Material Result (H50) with Standard Deviation

6.2 Typical results for standard explosives are provided below:

50% Probability Height


Explosive
(inch) (cm)
PETN 14 36
RDX, Class 5 23 58
TNT 68 173

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The results shall be compared against Type I or II, Class 5 RDX,
conforming to MIL-DTL-398, as the reference standard material. A second reference material is required.
It should be chosen so that the 50% point for the candidate explosive falls between the values for the two
references.

8. REFERENCES:

a. NATO STANAG 4489, Explosives, Impact Sensitivity Test(s).

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U.S. 201.01.006

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellants and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Impact Test - Picatinny Arsenal and Bureau of Mines

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.


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b. Description: This test is conducted using either the Picatinny Arsenal (PA) apparatus or
the U.S. Bureau of Mines (BoM) apparatus. Each apparatus is used with two variations,
one for solid and one for liquid explosives. The PA apparatus consists of an anvil, two
guide bars equipped with an adjustable support for a weight, vented plugs, die cups, and
die cup covers. This machine is used with weights of 2 kg, 1 kg, or 1 pound. The lighter
weights are used for the more sensitive materials. A yoke equipped with a release pin is
attached to two bars, which serve as guides for the falling weight. The yoke can be
moved to the desired height and held in place by hand screws. The BoM apparatus
consists of an impact block, a plunger and one of three weights (500, 1000, 2000 gm),
which can be dropped from any height from 1 to 100 cm. The weight is raised by an
encased magnetic coil, held in place by sleeves, and attached to two guide bars. A
contact point on the yoke breaks the electromagnetic circuit and allows the weight to fall
when it is touched by the contact point on the top of the magnetic coil. The Picatinny
apparatus used for this test is based on an older Bureau of Mines, BoM, design and is
not to be confused with the apparatus used in AOP-7 Registry No. 201.01.003.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Impact sensitivity data on two reference


comparison explosives tested on the same machine.

d. Typical Results: 10% Point Using 2 Kg Weight

Explosive (Powder) PA Apparatus (cm) BoM Apparatus (cm)

Lead Azide 1.3 (0.5 in) 17


PETN 15.2 (6.0 in) 17
Tetryl 20.3 (8.0 in) 26
RDX 20.3 (8.0 in) 32
HMX 22.9 (9.0 in) 32
Comp B 35.6 (14.0 in) 75
TNT 38.1 (15.0 in) 100

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Good on the same machine.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Walker, G. R., Whitbread, E. G., and Hornig, D. C., ed. Manual of Sensitiveness Tests.
Valcartier, Quebec, Canada: Canadian Armament Research and Development
Establishment. Published for Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP), Panel 0-2
(Explosives), Working Group on Sensitiveness, February 1966.

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U.S. 201.01.007
TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Impact Sensitivity - Bureau of Explosives Apparatus

2. PURPOSE: This test determines the sensitivity to a normal impact of explosives in powder and
liquid form.

3. BACKGROUND: Both solid and liquid materials may be tested using this apparatus although the
sample assemblies vary for the two. The test setup and assembly is identical to the one described in Test
Series 3a(i) for the United Nations classification of explosive substances for transportation as described
in reference (a).

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 Solid materials: The test apparatus, as shown in Figure 1, consists of an 8-lb weight suspended
between two cylindrical guide rods. The weight is allowed to fall freely from a maximum height of 33
inches (84 cm) onto a plunger and plug assembly that is in contact with the explosive sample. The
explosive sample is confined in a cylindrical case of 0.20 0.02 inch in diameter by 0.10 0.02 inch in
length. This case is designed to allow free movement of the plug and plunger. The confined sample rests
on a die and anvil assembly. The die, casing, anvil, plug and plunger are all fabricated of tool steel,
hardened to 50-55 HRC. Mating surfaces and those in contact with the explosive sample are ground to a
finish of 0.8 microns (32 micro-inches).

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5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 For solid materials: A 10-mg sample is loaded onto the die. Powdered samples are used in bulk form.
Solid samples can either be tested as a solid wafer or ground into a powder. When reporting results, the
final form of the test sample should be reported. The anvil and die are placed in the housing and the
casing screwed down over them. The plug and plunger are then inserted on top of the sample. The drop
weight is then released from a predetermined height. A measurement is considered positive if either an
audible report or flame is observed. A minimum of 25 tests are run to determine the 50% point using a
Bruceton procedure.

5.2 For liquid materials: One drop of the test liquid is placed in the copper cup which has been fixed in the
cup positioning block. The striker housing is placed over the cup and into the positioning block. The end
of the striker should fit part of the way into the cup, but the positioning block should prevent the striker
from actually touching the liquid in the cup. (Friction will hold the cup on the end of the striker when the
housing is raised from the positioning block.) The striker housing is then screwed into the anvil housing.
The bottom of the copper cup should just touch the anvil when the striker housing is screwed into place.
This entire assembly is then placed in the same mechanism used for solid materials. A measurement is
considered positive if either an audible report, smoke, or flame is observed. A minimum of 25 tests is run
to determine the 50% point using a Bruceton procedure.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

a. Sample weight
b. Method of endpoint detection, such as:
i. Sound Microphone/recorder Arrangement, Ear
ii. Go/no Go determination methodology
iii. Smell
iv. Sight Flash, Smoke, Etc.
v. All or combination of above

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U.S. 201.01.007 (Cont.)


c. Number of drops per test
d. Number of test replications
e. Method of data analysis
f. Experimental material result with standard deviation
g. Reference material result with standard deviation

6.2 Typical test data obtained on this apparatus is shown below:


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(H50)* Drop Height


Test sample
(cm) (in)
HMX, Grade B (12) 7.9 3.1
RDX 850 30%; 300 30%;
9.4 3.7
150 15%; 75 25%
HNS-II 15.8 6.2

* H50 is the value (from the Bruceton Up and Down Method) at which 50% of the samples react.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

7.1 References (a) and (b) provide specific pass-fail criteria for transportation.

7.2 A more detailed description of the test apparatus may be obtained from reference (c)

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Tests and Criteria, United Nations,
New York.

b. TB 700-2, Department of Defense Explosives Hazard Classification Procedures. Also known as


NAVSEAINST 8020.8B, Air Force TO 11A-1-47, and DLAR 8220.1.

c. Walker, G. R., Whitbread, E. G., and Hornig, D. C., ed. Manual of Sensitiveness Tests, Valcartier,
Qubec, Canada: Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment. Published for
Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP), Panel 0-2 (Explosives), Working Group on
Sensitiveness, February 1966, pp. 46-50.

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FIGURE 1.Impact Test (Laboratory Scale) - Bureau of Explosives Design

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U.S. 201.01.008

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellants, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Impact Test - Lawrence Livermore Laboratory

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: A hollow drop weight of 5 kg is usually used and a 2.5 kg weight is also
available. Half of the mass of the weight consists of loose lead shot. An electric hoist
positions an electromagnet, which suspends the drop weight at any desired height up to
177 cm. A pair of rollers attached to the weight guides the fall of the weight. The rollers
run in groves cut in the parallel vertical tracks. The test may be conducted with or without
flint paper. In its absence, the explosive sample is placed directly on the anvil. The
sample may or may not be pelletized before testing.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Impact sensitivity data on two reference


comparison explosives tested on the same machine.

d. Typical Results:
50% Point for 5 kg (cm)
Explosive With Without
Flint Paper Flint Paper

PETN (powder) 11 20
Tetryl (powder) 24 30
RDX (pellet) 28 --
HMX (pellet) 29 39
TNT (pellet) 76 --

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Good on same machine.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Walker, G. R., Whitbread, E. G., and Hornig, D. C., ed. Manual of Sensitiveness Tests.
Valcartier, Quebec, Canada: Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment.
Published for Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP), Panel 0-2 (Explosives), Working
Group on Sensitiveness, February 1966.

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U.S. 201.01.009

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Impact Test - Hercules Radford AAP

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: Test samples are placed on the flat metal surface (typically 12.7 mm
diameter) of an anvil. A metal impact hammer, with flat contact surface equal in size and
shape to the anvil surface, is brought to rest on the propellant sample. A 2 kg weight is
dropped on the hammer, and initiation is detected visually, audibly, or by other sensory
means and by infrared analysis of decomposition products. The threshold initiation level
is defined as 20 consecutive trials in which no initiation occurs at a drop height of one
level below that level in which at least one initiation occurred in 20 trials. Strict calibration
and sample preparation techniques are used to increase result repeatability. All samples
are conditioned at fixed temperature and humidity prior to testing. Solid propellant
samples are tested at 0.84 mm thickness. Gun propellant samples are tested lying on
their long dimension, in a monolayer for smaller granules, and are also tested in ground
form in a monolayer to simulate dust. Impact force and duration are measured for
calibration purposes and the impact machine calibrated regularly to ensure consistent
results. Hammer and anvil materials are changed for special tests.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Impact sensitivity data on two reference


comparison explosives tested on the same machine.

d. Typical Results: Standard finished propellants are initiated by drop heights of 100-130
mm, depending on formulation and granule size. Sensitivity decreases when testing
larger granules.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Strict calibration and sample preparation techniques


have resulted in good test repeatability.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. "Chemical Rocket/Propellant Hazards", CPIA PUB No. 194, Vol. II, May 1970.

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TEST DISCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Impact Sensitivity - Liquid Explosives (JANNAF Method)

2. PURPOSE: This test determines the sensitivity to a normal impact of explosives in liquid or solid form.

3. BACKGROUND: The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has adopted this test as a
standard method for determining the impact sensitivity of liquid monopropellants. It has also been
adapted for use in determination of the impact sensitivity of solids. Reference (a) is the ASTM standard
method. It is identical in substance to the JANNAF method g, Drop Weight Test, Test Number 4, given

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in reference (b).

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 Liquid materials:

a. Sample Cup Assembly: The sample cup assembly is shown in Figure 1. It comprises a body,
which surrounds the sample cup; a sample cup; an expendable o-ring; an expendable
diaphragm, which covers the sample; a piston, which rests on the diaphragm; a ball, which is
struck by the drop weight; and a cap to secure the parts of the assembly.
b. Sample size: The standard sample size is 0.03 ml. Tests in which the sample volume is varied
(at constant cavity volume of 0.06 ml) show that the degree of filling affects the result.
c. Weight: The drop weight is an integral assembly weighting 2 kg 1 g. It is held suspended by an
electromagnet.
d. Drop-weight Assembly: The drop-weight assembly consists of a base plate with four leveling
screws; a column; two guide rods (one graduated); a body retainer; a release mechanism,
adjustable to retain t he magnet; and a top plate. The maximum height for a drop is 50 cm.

4.2 Solid materials:

a. Sample holder: An adapter, shown in Figure 2, is available for handling solid materials in this test.
It is based on an adaptation of a design by the Bureau of Mines. The assembly consists of a
stainless steel body, a hardened steel anvil and plunger, a plunger guide and retaining ring, and a
brass sample cup. The plunger tip diameter is 0.304 inches.
b. Sample size: The standard sample size for solids is 0.020 g.
c. Weight: The weight used for solids is a 1 kg weight. If no reaction is observed at the 50 cm height
with a 1 kg weight, other weights are used to determine E50.
d. Drop-weight assembly: The drop-weight assembly is the same as that used for liquids.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 For liquid materials:

a. The drop-weight is set at the desired height and secured in place with the safety latch.
b. Sample preparation: The O-ring is inserted into the bottom of the cavity in the sample cup,and a
0.03 mL sample of the material to be tested is injected into the bottom of the cavity. A diaphragm
is slid across the surface of the cup so that it drops flat onto the O-ring. The piston is placed in
the cup and the cup is inserted into the body. The ball is placed on top of the piston and secured
in place by the cap, which is screwed onto the body and tightened with a torque wrench to 7 lb-
in.
c. The body assembly is placed into the retainer on the stand. The weight is released by
deenergizing the electromagnet.

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d. The test result is recorded as positive or negative, the body disassembled and cleaned, the
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height selected for the next drop, and steps 5.1.a through 5.1.c are repeated for a minimum of 20
trials, using a Bruceton up-down method.
U.S. 201.01.010 (Cont.)

e. If ten (10) successive trials at the maximum height are negative, the test is discontinued and the
result reported as negative.
f. If a trial at 2 cm is positive, the trial is repeated six (6) times. If any negative results occur, up-
down method should be employed to determine the 50% point. If six positive results occur within
ten (10) trials at the minimum height (2 cm), the testing is discontinued and the 50% point
reported as less than 1 cm.

5.2 For solid materials:

a. The drop-weight is set at the desired height and secured in place with the safety latch.
b. For the first trial, the 1-kg weight is set at the maximum height of the apparatus (50 cm). Sample
preparation: For granulated materials, the sample used is that portion which will pass through a
No. 50 and be retained by a No. 100 U. S. Standard Sieve. For non-granular material, a disc may
be cut from a sheet of proper thickness by pressing a brass sample cup onto a sheet of the
material resting on a brass plate. Prepared sample should be kept desiccated until tested. A
brass cup containing the sample is placed on the anvil, and the plunger tip is carefully inserted
into the cup.
c. The Sample holder is placed on the Drop-Weight Tester and the weight is gently lowered onto
the plunger to compact the sample and ensure contact between the parts of the apparatus. The
weight is released by de-energizing the electromagnet. The test result is recorded as positive or
negative.
d. If the first result (1 kg at 50 cm) is negative, the drop weight is increased to 6 kg, and steps 5.2. a
through 5.2.c are repeated:
i. If the results are negative for ten (10) trials, testing is stopped and the result reported as
negative at 300 kg-cm.
ii. If the result at 300 kg-cm is positive, the weight is decreased and increased successively
by halves in a Bruceton up-down approach until a 50% point is bracketed. The minimum
increment should be equal to approximately 5% of the total value.
e. If the first result 50 kg-cm is positive, the height is selected for the next drop, and steps 5.1.a
through 5.1.c are repeated for a minimum of 20 trials, using a Bruceton up-down method.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

a. Sample weight
b. Method of endpoint detection, such as:
i. Sound Microphone/recorder Arrangement, Ear
ii. Go/no Go determination methodology
iii. Smell
iv. Sight Flash, Smoke, Etc.
v. All or combination of above
c. Number of drops per test
d. Number of test replications
e. Method of data analysis
f. Experimental material result with standard deviation
g. Reference material result with standard deviation

6.2 Typical test data obtained on this apparatus: Not available.

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7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

7.1 Results of this test have been found to be temperature-dependent. It is therefore very important to

U.S. 201.01.010 (Cont.)

7.2 A more detailed description of the test apparatus for solids testing may be obtained from
reference (c)

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. ASTM Method D 2540-70, Standard Method for Drop-Weight Sensitivity of Liquid


Monopropellants, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.

b. Liquid Propellant Test Methods, Recommended by the Joint Army-Navy-Air Force Panel on
Liquid Propellant Test Methods, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency, Applied Physics
Laboratory, the Johns Hopkins University, Silver Spring, MD.

c. Data Bulletin # 61770: Technoproducts Drop-Weight Tester Procedure for Testing Solids,
Technoproducts, Inc., Saratoga California.

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FIGURE1. Sample cup assembly for liquids

FIGURE 2. Sample cup assembly for solids


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U.S. 201.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Pendulum Friction Test Bureau of Mines

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: This test is performed with a weighted pendulum. The lower end is
attached to a shoe with an interchangeable face of steel or fiber. The shoe is permitted
to fall from a height of 1-1.5 meters and sweep back and forth, across a grooved steel
friction anvil. The pendulum is adjusted to pass across the anvil 18 + 1 times before
coming to rest when no explosive is present. A 7-gram sample of explosive is spread in
and about the grooved of the anvil and the shoe is allowed to sweep back and forth over
the anvil until it comes to rest. The number of sweeps, cracklings, ignitions, and/or
explosions is noted.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Friction sensitivity data on two reference


comparison explosives tested on the same machine.

d. Typical Results:

Explosive Wood-Fiber Shoe Steel Shoe

Composition B -- Passed
PETN Passed Failed
TNT -- Passed
Tetryl Passed Failed
RDX Passed --

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Good

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Walker, G. R., Whitbread, E. G., and Hornig, D. C., ed. Manual of Sensitiveness Tests.
Valcartier, Quebec, Canada: Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment.
Published for Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP), Panel 0-2 (Explosives), Working
Group on Sensitiveness, February 1966.

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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Friction Pendulum Test - ARDEC Method

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: This test and apparatus is similar to AOP-7 Registry No. 201.02.001. It is
based on the design originated by the Bureau of Mines. The bob of a weighted
pendulum, a curved plate called a "shoe", is allowed to brush across the explosive
sample at a low angle of incidence to the horizontal. The observations made and
recorded are "explosion", "burning", "local crackling", and "no local crackling".

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Friction sensitivity data on two reference


comparison explosives tested on the same machine.

d. Typical Results:

Explosive With Fiber Shoe With Steel Shoe


--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

PETN Passed Failed


RDX Passed Failed
Tetryl Passed Failed
Composition B Passed Passed
TNT Passed Passed
Explosive D Passed Passed

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Good

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Walker, G. R., Whitbread, E. G., and Hornig, D. C., ed. Manual of Sensitiveness Tests.
Valcartier, Quebec, Canada: Canadian Armament Research and Development
Establishment. Published for Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP), Panel 0-2
(Explosives), Working Group on Sensitiveness, February 1966.

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Rev. 1
U.S. 201.02.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Friction Sensitivity Test - NAWC (China Lake) Method

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: Same as described under AOP-7 Registry No. 201.02.001 (Friction


Sensitiveness Test - Pendulum Friction Test- BoM Apparatus). The apparatus for this
test is smaller scale than that of the BoM Apparatus. The bob of the pendulum is a fixed,
metal wheel. In this instance, the rigid support for the explosive is called a "striker plate"
rather than an "anvil". The NASW (NOTS) test procedure uses the statistical method of
"up and down" testing common to many U.S. impact tests.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Friction sensitivity data on two reference


comparison explosives tested on the same machine.

d. Typical Results: To be supplied on demand.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Acceptable.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Walker, G. R., Whitbread, E. G., and Hornig, D. C., ed. Manual of Sensitiveness Tests.
Valcartier, Quebec, Canada: Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment.
Published for Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP), Panel 0-2 (Explosives), Working
Group on Sensitiveness, February 1966.

NOTE: The NAWC no longer uses a pendulum friction machine. The NAWC uses, chiefly, an ABL
friction tester but for certain materials, a BAM tester is also used.

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U.S. 201.02.004
TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Roto Friction Test

2. PURPOSE: This test is used to determine the sensitivity of a substance when subjected to a sliding
frictional force.

3. BACKGROUND: The test was developed at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane Division as an
improved test for measuring friction sensitivity. Reference (a) provides a detailed description of the test.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT: The test equipment consists of the following components:

4.1 Sample holder: 1-inch tool steel cube (or similar shape with equivalent mass) with 0.25 0.01-
inchdiameter, 0.25 0.01-inch-deep recess bored centered in one side. If the shape of the block permits,
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

recesses may be placed on multiple sides to increase life of the block.

4.2 Friction rod: 0.25 0.01-inch-diameter tool steel, powered by a drill press or similar mechanism
capable of permitting vertical motion without affecting the rotational velocity, capable of turning the rod at
a free-running speed of 4800 100 RPM, and with sufficient power to maintain this speed to within 100
RPM when the rod is lowered onto the sample

4.3 Normal force weights: 25.0 0.5 pounds of weight shall be added to the spindle, which lowers the
friction rod. Any mechanism that is designed to automatically return the spindle to its upper position shall
be disabled, but the ability to raise and lower the spindle shall remain. The weights shall be permanently
mounted.

4.4 Torque measurement device: The applied force transmitted through the sample is made by
measuring the torque applied to the sample holder. This measurement may be made by: (a) using a
torque meter or other direct torque-measuring device, (b) a counter-weighted torque cam (reading in
degrees deflection or scaled to read torque), (c) a load cell fitted to a torque arm, or (d) other similar
methods. Observations may be made directly by the operator, by computer, by chart recorder or other
suitable means. In the event that instrumented measurement and/or observation is used, a method for
ensuring the accuracy of the readings shall be included. The torque measurement device shall include a
dock for the sample holder, which will securely hold the sample holder and keep it aligned with the friction
rod.

4.5 Timer: The time from contact between the sample and the friction rod and the end of test shall be
measured with a minimum accuracy of 0.1 second. This measurement may be made using a stopwatch,
electronic timer, computer, or other suitable means. A calibrated stopwatch or electronic timer shall be
used as a reference to verify accuracy if an instrumented method is used

4.6 Optional components:

i. Robotic pick-and-place unit for sample insertion and removal.


ii. Pneumatic, electric or other remotely powered mechanism for raising the spindle, provided such
mechanism does not interfere with spindle when fully lowered.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 Place a 30 5 mg sample of the composition in the recess of the sample holder. Raise the spindle
and place the sample holder in the dock on the torque measurement device. Activate the drive motor for
the friction rod. Slowly lower the friction rod until it rests on the sample with full force of the normal force
weights. Start the timer at the moment the rod contacts the surface of the sample. Observe and record
the output of the torque measurement device until the sample reacts or 60 seconds has elapsed. Stop the

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timer at that moment and raise the spindle. Stop the friction rod and remove the sample holder. The
sample rod should be cleaned between runs to ensure a uniform surface is presented to each
U.S. 201.02.004 (Cont.)
specimen. If the torque measurement is not being recorded automatically, record the operator's
observations immediately.

5.2 In the event that an initiation occurs within 2 seconds, the speed of the friction rod may be reduced.
The use of an alternate speed, and the speed employed, shall be a part of the reported data and of any
historical records.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

a. Dimensions of sample holder cavity and friction rod


b. Mass of normal force weights
c. Method of measuring torque
d. Method of obtaining time to reaction
e. Metric being reported (e.g., 50% initiation level or threshold initiation level (TIL))
f. Number of trials per test result
g. Number of replications of the test
h. Sensitivity, in terms of energy and level of reaction, of the candidate material
i. The energy value is calculated by multiplying the time to reaction by the torque observed. In the
event that the torque reading is unstable during the test, the average torque should be used
whenever possible. If it is not possible to obtain an average value then the reading at the moment
of reaction shall be used. Integration of the area under a Time-vs-Force curve is preferable, and
any such data plots obtained, or the means to readily reproduce them, should be kept as
permanent historical data.

(i) Reaction levels for Fire


(a) Fire = Total or nearly total rapid consumption of sample, usually accompanied by an
audible report
(b) Spark = Partial consumption which throws off spark(s) and may or may not have some
audible component
(c) Burn = Slow consumption of some or all of sample with no audible report

(ii) Reaction levels for No-Fire


(a) Melt = Sample material melts but does not initiate; considered a physical state change only
(b) Glaze = Surface of material glazes or hardens over; considered a physical state change
only
(c) None = No detectable initiation or change in physical state occurs
j. Sensitivity, in terms of energy and level of reaction, of reference standards

6.2 The results are reported as "No-Fire..." or "Fired at a torque of ___ lbf-foot and at___ seconds."
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7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Class 7 PETN can be used as a reference standard material


against which the results will be compared. A second reference material is required. It should be chosen
so that the 50% point for the candidate explosive falls between the values for the two references.
Licensed by Information Handling
8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Armour, Carl, and Smith, Lloyd A., The Invention of a New Type of Friction Sensitivity Apparatus,
U. S. Naval Weapons Support Center, Crane, Indiana RDTR No. 60, 11 June 1965. U.S. National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, AD 617382.
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U.S. 201.02.005

TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Friction Sensitivity - ABL Sliding Friction Test

2. PURPOSE: This test is used to determine the sensitivity of a substance when subjected to a sliding
frictional force.

3. BACKGROUND:

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT

4.1 A schematic of the test apparatus is shown in figure 1. The wheel, whose position is fixed, and anvil
are constructed of steel (Rockwell hardness C 58 4) with a finish of 1.6 cm (63 cinches) with finish
lines normal to the direction of motion. To conduct the test, force is applied hydraulically through the non-
rotating wheel to the sample that rests on the anvil. A pendulum impacting on the edge of the anvil
propels the anvil at a known velocity, perpendicular to the compressive force that is applied to the

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sample. Normally, the anvil slides one inch. A gauge measures the compressive force and the initial
velocity is determined by calibration.

4.2 Test conditions will vary depending on the requirements. However, a temperature range of 25 5 C
is normally used. The relative humidity should range between 15 to 85% but should not exceed a level
that could cause deliquescence of the test sample

4.3 Samples may either be tested as solid wafer, a bulk powder, or liquid. Sample weight is
approximately 50 mg. Powders are sieved to pass through a #60 screen ( 0.25 mm) while solid samples
are cut into 0.25 inch width x 1.0 inch length specimens which are placed along the sliding contact
surface. A uniform sample thickness of approximately 0.03 inches is generally employed. The top and
bottom surfaces of each sample should not contain any portion of the original cast-cure surface.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 As shown in figure 1, the wheel is lowered onto the substance and force is applied to the wheel. An
initial force of 1000 lb is typically used although a range of 10 to 1800 lb is available. A pendulum is used
to strike the anvil that is normally propelled at a velocity of 8 ft/sec. The anvil and sample are then slid
across the wheel at which the test result is noted. The velocity of the anvil may be changed by altering
the angle from which the pendulum is released.

5.2 A trial is considered positive if any of the following results are obtained; visible sparks, visible flame,
audible explosion, loud crackling, or the detection of reaction products by a gas analyzer.

5.3 A twenty-shot sample is used to determine a 50% point by the Bruceton method using a 0.1 log
pound ram force as the test variable. This is then compared to results obtained using a Type I or II, Class
5 RDX standard conforming to MIL-DTL-398.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:


a. Finish on the anvil
b. Metric being reported (50% initiation level or threshold initiation level (TIL))
c. Criterion for determining go vs. no-go
d. Velocity of the anvil
e. Number of trials per test result

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f. Number of replications of the test


g. Sensitivity, in terms of force applied to the wheel, of the candidate material
h. Sensitivity, in terms of force applied to the wheel, of reference standards.

6.2 A propellant or explosive with a 50% initiation level less than 250 pounds should be regarded as
unusually sensitive to initiation by friction. A propellant or explosive that fires at 50 pounds should not be
handled unless special safety precautions are taken.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

7.1 This test has also been adopted by the United Nations as a standardized procedure used for the
hazard classification of explosive substances. References (b) and (c) provide specific pass-fail criteria for
transportation.

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7.2 Rather than a 50% point, in some cases the maximum force level at which 20 consecutive "No-Fires"
occurs may be required. In this instance, the test preparation is identical but force levels are increased or
decreased on a linear scale.

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. TB 700-2, Department of Defense Explosives Hazard Classification Procedures. Also known as


NAVSEAINST 8020.8B, Air Force TO 11A-1-47, and DLAR 8220.1. Recommendations on the
Transport of Dangerous Goods: Manual of Tests and Criteria, United Nations, New York.

FIGURE 1. ABL sliding friction test assembly.


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U.S. 201.02.006

TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Friction Sensitivity - BAM Friction Test

2. PURPOSE: This test is used to determine the sensitivity of a substance when subjected to a sliding
frictional force.

3. BACKGROUND: The BAM (Bundesanstalt fr Materialprufung) small friction tester, manufactured by


the Julius Peters Company of Berlin, Germany, is used to measure the response of energetic materials to
a friction stimulus generated between two roughened porcelain surfaces. Results are expressed

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numerically (as a 50% point in Newtons (N)) which allows for a relative sensitivity ranking. Liquids and
pasty substances are generally not tested due to their lubricating tendencies and resulting low heat
development that is usually insufficient to cause a reaction.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 The BAM apparatus, as shown in Figure 1, consists of a reciprocating sample table which holds a
porcelain sample plate and a lever arm to which is attached a porcelain pin. Weights of varying mass are
attached at different distances on the lever arm to adjust the force applied between the porcelain pin and
plate. The sample is placed between the pin and plate. When the motor is activated, the sample table is
driven by an eccentric arm attached to a geared-down electric motor, which executes one revolution of
the eccentric arm (one full cycle of reciprocating motion in the horizontal direction.

4.2 The porcelain pin is 15 mm long and 10 mm in diameter, with rounded ends of approximately 10 mm
radius of curvature. The porcelain plates are 25-mm square and 5-mm thick. The total (peak-to-peak)
displacement of the horizontal motion is 10 mm with the full cycle taking about one second to complete.

4.3 Weights supplied with the standard BAM apparatus provide a force on the pin of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8,
12, and 18 kg when suspended from the position nearest the pin. This can be increased by factors of 1.2,
1.4, 1.6, 1.8, and 2.0 by suspending the weights from successively more distant positions. Loads varying
from 5 to 360 N can thus be realized.

4.4 Weights supplied with the small BAM apparatus provide a force on the pin of 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1,
0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45 and 0.5 kg when suspended from the position nearest the pin. This can be
increased by factors of 1.5 and 2.0 by suspending the weights from successively more distant positions.
Loads varying from 0.1 to 10 N can thus be realized.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 Powdered samples are prepared by first sieving through a 0.5 mm mesh screen. Pressed, cast, and
otherwise solid samples are crushed with a mortar and pestle prior to sieving. In some cases, shavings or
thin machined disks of approximately 10 mm3 are also used. The sample weight in all cases is
approximately 50 mg.

5.2 In conducting the test, the porcelain plate is secured on the sample table with the surface striations
perpendicular to the direction of motion. The test sample is placed on a portion of the porcelain plate and
the pin placed in the pin holder and lowered so that it is in contact with the sample. A major portion of the
test sample is set in front of the pin so that most of it will come under the pin after the plate is set in
motion. After the appropriate weight has been placed in the desired position on the load arm, the
apparatus is actuated and the test conducted.
5.3 A positive result is judged to have occurred if there is evidence of ignition (flash or smoke),

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crackling, an explosion, or sparking. Negative results are indicated by a decomposition (slight black
smear on the porcelain plate) and naturally, by no physical evidence of a reaction. A Bruceton method is
then used with a sample size of 30 shots to determine a 50% point. This level is reported as a load in
Newtons.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

a. Method of placing sample on the porcelain plate


b. Metric being reported (50% initiation level or threshold initiation level (TIL))
c. Criterion for determining go vs. no-go
d. Number of trials per test result
e. Number of replications of the test
f. Sensitivity, in terms of force applied to the load arm, of the candidate material
g. Sensitivity, in terms of force applied to the load arm, of reference standards.

6.2 Test results are compared to a Type I or II, Class 5 RDX standard conforming to MIL-DTL-398. Table
I provides the results for several common explosives.

TABLE I. Friction Sensitivity Test Results.

Initiation Level Threshold Initiation Level,


Explosive
50% Point (N)* N (10/10 No-Fires)
PETN, Class 4 56 60
Lead azide, Type I or II 10
RDX, Type I or II, Class 1 96 115
RDX, 2.5 128
HMX, Grade B, Class 1 80 108

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TNT, Type I or II > 360 112
Composition B, Type I > 360 112 (8/8TIL)
* Data from AFRL/MNME

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

7.1 This test has also been adopted by the United Nations as a standardized procedure, reference (b), for
the hazard classification of explosive substances. Reference (b) provides specific pass-fail criteria for
transportation.

7.2 Rather than a 50% point, in some cases the maximum force level at which 10 consecutive "No-Fires"
occurs may be reported. Representative values of the threshold initiation limit (TIL) are given in Table I.
Reference (c) states that the 50% point shall be reported.

7.3 Table II provides the friction load table for the various combinations of weights and notches
available for the standard BAM friction apparatus. Table III provides the friction load table for various
combinations of weights and notches available for the small BAM friction apparatus.

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8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Harris, J., Friction Sensitivity of Primary Explosives, ARLCD-TR-82012, Picatinny Arsenal,


Dover, NJ, September 1982.
b. Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Tests and Criteria, United Nations, New
York.
c. NATO STANAG 4487, Friction Sensitivity Tests for the Qualification of Explosives for
Military Use.

TABLE II. Standard BAM friction load table.

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TABLE III. Small BAM friction load table.

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FIGURE 1. BAM friction test assembly. Top

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U.S. 201.02.007

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Friction Test - Hercules Radford AAP

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: A sample is placed on a flat metal anvil. A known force is applied


hydraulically on a stationary metal wheel over the sample. A pendulum strikes the anvil,
propelling it perpendicular to the force applied with the wheel. Initiation is detected
audibly, visually or by other sensory means and by infrared analysis of decomposition
gases. Samples are conditioned at fixed temperature and humidity before testing.
Granular gun propellants are tested in a monolayer, typically ground to known size. Solid
propellants are sliced to known thickness. Samples are placed under the wheel and
along the wheel slide path. The standard anvil speed is 240 cm/sec (8 ft/sec). Anvil
speed and material may be varied for specific test conditions. Threshold initiation level is
defined as that force level at a given speed in which no initiation occurs in 20 consecutive
trials, given at least one initiation in 20 trials at the next higher level.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Friction sensitivity data on two reference


comparison explosives tested on the same machine.

d. Typical Results: Most standard finished propellants are initiated in the 68 - 110 kg

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(150-250 lb) force range at 240 cm/sec velocity.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Good

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. "Chemical Rocket/Propellant Hazards", CPIA Publication No. 194, Vol. II, May 1970.

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U.S. 201.02.008

TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Friction - Steel/Fiber Shoe

2. PURPOSE: This test is used to determine the sensitivity of a substance when subjected to a sliding
frictional force.

3. BACKGROUND:

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 This pendulum friction device developed by the Bureau of Mines consists of a steel-swinging shoe,
which is the bob of a pendulum. The "A" frame that supports the pendulum has two free bases, which can
be raised or lowered simultaneously. This allows the friction between the shoe and anvil and, hence, the
number of swings of the pendulum to be controlled.

4.2 The anvil is a plate of steel with an upper face consisting of a smooth, polished surface. Across the
central portion of this surface, three parallel grooves have been cut to prevent the test sample, which has
been spread on the anvil, from being brushed off the anvil by the movement of the shoe across it.

4.3 A steel shoe or one faced with red-hair fiber (called the "hard-fiber-faced shoe") may be used. This
facing is fixed permanently to the face of the particular shoe to which it is attached.

4.4 An automatic tripper is used to allow the shoe to be dropped upon the anvil from any desired vertical
height ranging from 50 to 200 cm. Height of drop normally used is 100 cm.

4.5 This test should be conducted in a temperature controlled room so that the temperature of the anvil
and shoe is 70 5 F.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 Before beginning the trials with the test explosive, test the shoe using the empty anvil to ensure that
the shoe is adjusted squarely with the anvil. The apparatus should be adjusted such that, when loaded
with weights, the shoe shall swing across the face of the anvil 18 1 times before coming to rest.
Operating the turnbuckle that raises or lowers the A frame makes the adjustment.

5.2 With the device properly adjusted, spread 7.0 0.1 grams of the test explosive in an even layer in
and about the three grooves in the anvil. The shoe is then released and the test result is noted.

5.3 Twenty trials should be conducted using the steel shoe or fiber shoe. To pass, the test material using
the steel shoe should not react in any of the twenty trials.

5.4 After the pendulum has stopped swinging, any explosive remaining is brushed off and the faces of the
shoe and anvil are cleaned thoroughly with a suitable solvent. The shoe and the anvil are rubbed with
Carborundum cloth to remove any adherent gritty matter or to smooth any roughness caused by the
impact of the shoe on the soft steel anvil.

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(Edition 2)
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6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

a. Shoe type (steel or fiber)


b. Initial height of the pendulum
c. Metric being reported (usually threshold initiation level (TIL))
d. Criterion for determining go vs. no-go
e. Number of trials per test result
f. Number of replications of the test
g. Sensitivity, in terms of reaction observed, of the candidate material
h. Sensitivity, in terms of reaction observed, of reference standards.

6.2 Any type of explosion, burning, crackling, or scorching is considered a positive reaction.

6.3 Some typical results (reference (b)) are listed below:

Material Steel Shoe Fiber Shoe


Ammonium Perchlorate Snaps Unaffected
RDX Explodes Unaffected
Lead Azide Explodes N/A

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: None

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Munroe, Charles E. and Tiffany, J.E., Physical Testing of Explosives at the Bureau of Mines
Explosives Experiment Station, Bruceton, PA. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Mines, Bulletin
346, 1931. pp.78-84.

b. Engineering Design Handbook Explosive Series Properties of Explosives of Military Interest.


U.S. Army Material Command, Washington, D.C. AMCP-706-177. January 1971, pp 26, 69, 182.

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
U.S. 201.03.001
TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Electrostatic Discharge (ARDEC (Picatinny Arsenal) Method)

2. PURPOSE: This test determines the energy threshold required to ignite explosives by electrostatic
stimuli of varying intensities. Material response data obtained can then be used to characterize the
probability of initiation due to electrostatic discharge (ESD) events.

3. BACKGROUND: This test is designed to screen candidate booster and main charge explosives for
ESD sensitivity and not to rank the sensitivities of such materials.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 The approaching electrode electrostatic apparatus consists of a charging circuit and an approaching
electrode assembly. The approaching electrode assembly is a spring-operated device in which the upper
electrode (needle) is lowered to a preset distance above the lower (cathode) electrode and immediately
raised again to its initial position. Adjustments to the gap length are made by raising or lowering the lower
electrode.

4.2 The upper portion of the lower electrode is a detachable solid cylinder of hardened steel, which
serves as the sample holder. A nylon or polyethylene washer of 0.049 0.014 inch thick by 0.13 to 0.16
inch inner diameter is fastened to the top of the steel cylinder (double adhesive tape may be used). The
powder sample is placed in the center of the washer. Electrical insulating or Mylar tape approximately
0.075 inch thick is placed over the sample opening to confine the powder.

4.3 The charging circuit consists of a variable high-voltage power supply (25 kV), a capacitor-charging
circuit, and an electrostatic voltmeter. The circuit is designed so that the appropriate low-inductance, high
voltage capacitance, from 0.00025 to 0.02 F, can be connected in the circuit. The storage capacitors are
connected to the high-voltage source only when the approaching electrode is in the raised position. As
soon as the approaching electrode starts to move downward, the high voltage contact is broken, thus
disconnecting the high side of the capacitor from the charging source during discharge. The capacitor
output is connected to the approaching electrode assembly.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 The electrostatic sensitivity test is divided into two parts. Part I is a screening test devised to
distinguish between those materials which are relatively insensitive to electrostatic discharges from those
which are relatively sensitive. Part II is a more intensive procedure used to rank or to determine the
energy required to ignite the sensitive materials.

5.2 Part I:

5.2.1 The energy for this test is fixed at 0.25 joules. In this case, a 0.02 F capacitor is connected to the
discharge circuit and charged to 5.0 kV. The electrode spacing (gap) is set to 0.007 inch. Approximately
30 mg of the test sample is placed into the hole of the washer fastened to the top of the sample holder. In
general, there should be sufficient sample to fill the washer. Electrical insulating or Mylar tape is then
placed over the sample opening to confine the powder.

5.2.2 The charged upper electrode is released and moves downward to the preset gap distance. The
needle will puncture the tape, penetrate the sample materials, discharge through the interstices of the

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Rev. 1
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material, and rise again to its initial position. (The threshold voltage for gap breakdown will determine the
distance where the needle will be above the base electrode when the discharge occurs.) A positive result
is defined as a flash, spark, burn, or noise other than instrument noise.

5.2.3 If no reaction occurs, repeat the procedure until no reaction is obtained in 20 trials. The material is
recorded as having passed the electrostatic test if there are no reactions in the 20 consecutive trials at
the 0.25-joule level (0.02 microfarad capacitor charged to 5.0 kV). If a reaction is obtained at any point in
the above-mentioned test, the test is discontinued and the procedure of 5.3 is used.

5.3 Part II:

5.3.1 The starting capacitance is usually the largest value and the starting voltage is 5.0 kV unless
more efficient values based on experience are known. Repeat the procedure in Part I, 5.2 above. If a
reaction is obtained, the energy is reduced by decreasing the potential on the capacitor in 500 V
increments and the above procedure repeated. The voltage is reduced until the charging voltage is 2500
V and then the next lower capacitance is selected. When an energy level is reached where there is no
reaction, repeat the procedure at that energy until no reaction is obtained in 20 consecutive trials. The
results are reported as "no reaction at XX joules."

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

a. the method of loading the sample into the test fixture


b. a description of the test fixture, including materials of construction and dimensions
c. a circuit diagram for the apparatus used.
d. criteria used to determine go/no-go
e. metric used for reporting sensitivity (e.g., 50% point, threshold initiation limit)
f. protocol used for conducting the test (Part I or Part II above)
g. number of trials per test series
h. number of replications of the test series
i. results for the candidate material
j. results for reference standards

6.2 Test results for the protocol performed according to Part I (Section 5.2) shall be recorded as pass or
fail at 0.25 joules. No reaction in twenty out of twenty trials is a pass. Any reaction in 20 trials is a fail.

6.3 Test results for sensitive materials, tested with the protocol given in Part II (Section 5.3 above) are
reported as the maximum energy level in joules that can be applied without causing a reaction in 20
consecutive trials. The energy, E, available for discharge may be determined by the relationship E =
2
CV /2 where C = capacitance (F) and V = applied voltage (kV). The total capacitance in the circuit is the
combined values of the capacitor, wires, and electrode. The effective capacitance of the discharge circuit
should be checked periodically to correct calculated energy levels for any significant changes in
capacitance.

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(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
U.S. 201.03.001 (Cont.)

6.3.1 Values for three primary explosives are:

Primary Explosive Energy for 0/20 (Millijoules)

Basic Lead Styphnate <0.2


--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

RD 1333 Lead Azide 4.7

Tetracene 28.0

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Test results can also be reported as the 50 percent point in
joules which causes a sample to fire 50 percent of the time. This is determined by the Bruceton "Up-and-
Down" procedure. In this case, the voltage is raised or lowered in 500 V increments.

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Kirshenbaum, M. S., Response of Primary Explosives to Gaseous Discharges in an Approved


Approaching Electrode Electrostatic Sensitivity Apparatus, PATR-4955, Picatinny Arsenal, October
1976.

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(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
U.S. 201.03.002

TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Electrostatic Discharge (Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) Method)

2. PURPOSE: This test determines the energy threshold required to ignite explosives by electrostatic
stimuli of varying intensities. Material response data obtained can then be used to characterize the
probability of initiation due to electrostatic discharge (ESD) events.

3. BACKGROUND: The electrostatic test machine was designed and fabricated at China Lake, and was
based on the research work undertaken under U.S. Bureau of Mines Sponsorship. The test is designed
to simulate an electrostatically charged person or object discharging through a thin layer of sample to a
grounded conductive surface.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 The apparatus, shown in Figure 1, consists of a single capacitor, an electrode control assembly with a
pointed steel electrode, and a sample holder where the explosive is loaded. After being placed in the
sample chamber, the explosive is subjected to an electrostatic spark discharge, which generates a
consistent energy level for each discharge capacitance selected. By varying the capacitor in the
discharge circuit, the energy level of the spark discharge may be controlled over approximately three
orders of magnitude. Both the energy level below which there is no decomposition reaction and the
probability of initiation for a given energy level can be determined for the explosive sample.

4.2 The power supply is designed to provide a single, regulated output of 5 kilovolts direct current (kVdc)
at 10 milliamperes to charge a 0.02 F capacitor. The capacitor is wired to a capacitor selector switch,
which allows the capacitor to discharge. The discharge apparatus consists of a needle electrode and a
grounded sample post, which form a point-to-plane electrode geometry. The needle electrode is
connected to a Teflon push rod, which allows movement of the electrode towards the sample holder post.

5. PROCEDURE:

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5.1 Approximately 50 mg of the explosive sample should be placed in a thin layer in the sample holder.
Solid samples should be cut to a minimum dimension of 0.625 inch square or 0.625 inch diameter and
microtomed to a thickness of 0.033 0.004 inch. Powder samples should be sieved to determine the
particle size of the sample. Hygroscopic or granular materials should be dried in an oven at 120F or
vacuum desiccated to remove any moisture prior to testing.

5.2 The selected capacitor is charged to the selected voltage by means of the power supply. The test is
begun at the 8.33-joule (0.02 F) level. If results are negative, i.e., no reaction, the test is continued until
20 consecutive failures are reported. If the test sample has a positive result, i.e., flash, spark, burn, odor,
or noise other than instrument noise, then testing should be performed at the next lower level until 20
consecutive failures are reported. The test is normally conducted at 5 kVdc at an ambient temperature of
between +72 and +80F, and a relative humidity not exceeding 40 percent. In conjunction with the test
sample, a reference standard such as Class 5 RDX or PETN should be tested at the same time.

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Rev. 1
U.S. 201.03.002 (Cont.)

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

a. a description of the test fixture, including materials of construction and dimensions


b. the method of loading the sample into the test fixture
c. a circuit diagram for the apparatus used.
d. the actual or nominal capacitance associated with the energy levels
e. specific procedure for conducting the test, including:
i. the method for setting the needle position
ii. the distance of the needle from the cathode when discharge occurs
f. criteria used to determine go/no-go
g. number of trials per test
h. number of test replications
i. sensitivity of the candidate explosive, in terms of the maximum energy level in joules that can be
applied without causing a reaction in twenty consecutive trials.
j. sensitivity of reference explosives, as above
k. a summary of results of all other energy levels tested

6.2 Representative data for several explosives are given in Table I.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: After the capacitor has been charged to the applied potential
(5kV), the capacitor will hold that charge for a significant period of time provided that the unit is
functioning normally and the relative humidity is low. In high humidity conditions, surface moisture on the
wires and capacitors in the unit may produce sufficient surface currents to partially discharge the
capacitors before the sample can be tested. The energy, E, available for discharge may be determined by
the relationship E = CV2/2 where C = capacitance (F) and V = applied voltage (kV). The total
capacitance in the circuit is the combined values of the capacitor, wires, and electrode. The effective
capacitance of the discharge circuit should be checked periodically to correct calculated energy levels for
any significant changes in capacitance. Changes could be caused by deterioration of the capacitors over
time or changes in the configuration of the electrodes.

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

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Copyright North Atlantic Treaty Organization


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(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
U.S. 201.03.002 (Cont.)

Capacitance: 0.02 F
Voltage: 5000 V
Explosive Result
RDX, Class II 10/10 No Fires @ 0.25J
RDX, Class V 10/10 No Fires @ 0.25J
RDX Class I 10/10 No Fires @ 0.25J
PETN, Dupont Superfine (12 m) 10/10 No Fires @ 0.25J
HMX, Class I 10/10 No Fires @ 0.25J
TNT 10/10 No Fires @ 0.25J
Tetryl, Dup404 10/10 No Fires @ 0.25J
CH-6 10/10 No Fires @ 0.25J
TATB 10/10 No Fires @ 0.25J

TABLE I. Results for several explosives tested by U.S. 201.03.002 method.


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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
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(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
U.S. 201.03.003
TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Electrostatic Discharge (Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) Method)

2. PURPOSE: This test determines the energy threshold required to ignite explosives by electrostatic
stimuli of varying intensities. Material response data obtained can then be used to characterize the
probability of initiation due to electrostatic discharge (ESD) events.

3. BACKGROUND: The test apparatus described herein is identical to the Model 150 ESD sensitivity
tester developed by Hercules Aerospace Company.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 The apparatus consists of a series of capacitors, an electrode control assembly with a pointed steel
electrode, and a sample holder where the explosive is loaded. After being placed in the sample chamber,
the explosive is subjected to an electrostatic spark discharge that generates a consistent energy level for
each discharge capacitance selected. By varying the capacitance in the discharge circuit, the energy
level of the spark discharge may be controlled over approximately three orders of magnitude. Both the
energy level below which there is no decomposition reaction and the probability of initiation for a given
energy level can be determined for the explosive sample.

4.2 The power supply is designed to provide a single, regulated output of 5 kilovolts direct current
(kV dc) at 10 milliamperes to charge the capacitors. The capacitor bank consists of up to 12 capacitors
which vary in capacitance from 0.0001 to 0.5 F and are rated for 10 kV working voltage. Each of the
capacitors is wired to a capacitor selector switch that allows only one of the capacitors to discharge at a
time. The discharge apparatus consists of a needle electrode and a grounded sample post that form a
point-to-plane electrode geometry. The needle electrode is connected to a Teflon push rod which allows
movement of the electrode towards the sample holder post.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 Approximately 50 mg of the explosive sample should be placed in a thin layer in the sample holder.
Solid samples should be cut to a minimum dimension of 0.625-inch square or 0.625-inch diameter and
microtomed to a thickness of 0.033 0.004 inch. Powder samples should be sieved to determine the
particle size of the sample. Hygroscopic or granular materials should be dried in an oven at 120F or
vacuum desiccated to remove any moisture prior to testing.

5.2 The selected capacitor is charged to the selected voltage by means of the power supply. The test is
begun at the 8.33 joule (0.5 F) level. The needle is set a fixed distance from the cathode. If results are
negative, i.e., no reaction, the test is continued until 20 consecutive no-gos are reported. If the test
sample has a positive result, i.e., flash, spark, burn, odor, or noise other than instrument noise, then
testing should be performed at the next lower level until 20 consecutive no-goes are reported. The test is
normally conducted at 5 kV dc at an ambient temperature between +65 and +90F, and a relative
humidity not exceeding 40 percent. In conjunction with the test sample, a reference standard such as
Class 5 RDX or PETN should be tested at the same time.
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
U.S. 201.03.003 (Cont.)

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:


a. Method of loading the sample into the test fixture
b. Description of the test fixture, including materials of construction and dimensions
c. Specific procedure for conducting the test, including the method for setting the position and the
distance of the needle from the cathode when discharge occurs
d. Criteria used to determine go/no-go
e. Circuit diagram for the apparatus used
f. Actual or nominal capacitance associated with the energy levels tested
g. Maximum energy level (Threshold Initiation Level (TIL)) in joules that can be applied without
causing a reaction in twenty consecutive trials.
h. Metric being reported (50% initiation level or threshold initiation level (TIL))
i. Number of trials per test result
j. Number of replications of the test
k. Method of data analysis (e.g., Bruceton)
l. Sensitivity, in terms of energy, of the candidate material
m. Sensitivity, in terms of energy, of reference standards
n. Summary of results of all other energy levels tested

6.2 After the capacitor has been charged to the applied potential (5kV), the capacitor will hold that charge
for a significant period of time provided that the unit is functioning normally and the relative humidity is
low. In high humidity conditions, surface moisture on the wires and capacitors in the unit may produce
sufficient surface currents to partially discharge the capacitors before the sample can be tested. The
2
energy, E, available for discharge may be determined by the relationship E = CV /2 where C =
capacitance (F) and V = applied voltage (kV). The total capacitance in the circuit is the combined values
of the capacitor, wires, and electrode. The effective capacitance of the discharge circuit should be
checked periodically to correct calculated energy levels for any significant changes in capacitance.
Changes could be caused by deterioration of the capacitors over time or changes in the configuration of
the electrodes. Table I provides actual capacitance and energy levels of the specific test apparatus
located at the NSWC site. Table II presents typical test results when using the apparatus described
herein.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Operating Manual for Model 150 ESD Sensitivity Tester, Hercules Aerospace Company, Allegany
Ballistics Laboratory, Rocket Center, West Virginia.

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(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
U.S. 201.03.003 (Cont.)

TABLE I. Energy Levels for Specific Capacitor Size

Nominal Capacitance (F) Actual Capacitance (F) Energy Level (joules) @ 5 kV


0.5 0.498 6.255
0.25 0.251 3.140
0.1 0.103 1.290
0.05 0.051 0.640
0.02 0.0195 0.240
0.01 0.0099 0.120
0.005 0.0057 0.070
0.002 0.0022 0.030
0.001 0.0014 0.017
0.0005 0.0009 0.011
0.0001 0.0005 0.006

TABLE II Typical Test Data

Test Sample Threshold Level (joules) 50% Point (joules)


HMX, Class 1 0.165 NA
RDX, Class 1 0.095 0.162
TNT 0.172 NA
PETN 0.095 NA

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(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
U.S. 201.03.004

TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity - Large Scale Test

2. PURPOSE: This test determines the energy threshold required to ignite explosive billets by
electrostatic stimuli of varying intensities. This test differs significantly from other procedures in that it
evaluates electrostatic discharge (ESD) effects on processed charges orders of magnitude larger than
those normally tested in the milligram size. The effect of multiple ESD pulses is also examined. Material
response data obtained can then be used to characterize the probability of initiation due to ESD events.

3. BACKGROUND: This test was developed in France to characterize the response of explosive charges
to single and multiple ESD pulses. It has been incorporated in a NATO standardization agreement for
energetic material qualification (see reference (a)).

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 The test setup consists of a high voltage power supply, a high efficiency capacitor (34.7 F) with
independent coupling, an explosive sample, negative and positive brass electrodes, and high voltage
cables. The positive electrode is a 10 mm diameter by 210 mm long brass rod, tapered to a 60 conical
shape (see Figure 3), with the end in contact with the test charge. The negative electrode is a brass disk
110 mm in diameter by 5 mm thick.
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4.2 Explosive samples are tested in one of two ways:

4.2.1 Bare billets, 90 mm in diameter by 90 mm long, with one face painted with a conductive
silver lacquer. Cast explosive samples should be processed as they normally would be prepared in
production. Pressed samples should be tested at the nominal working density at which they are expected
to be used in applications.

4.2.2 Granular or powder samples should be placed in a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) container with
90 mm I.D., 102 mm O.D., and a length of 125 mm. A polyvinylchloride cover plate with a center hole for
the electrode is then glued on top of the container.

4.2.3 Figures 1 through 4 provide diagrams of the test setup, power supply, electrodes, and
sample containers.

5. PROCEDURE: The explosive material is placed between a conical positive electrode and a
negative plane electrode. The bare explosive sample or the one contained in the PMMA holder is
subjected to a series of electrostatic discharges with a fixed intensity of 15.6 joules. This energy level is
obtained by charging the selected capacitor to 30kV. After each discharge, the explosive material
behavior is noted. Consecutive discharges are then repeated until an explosive reaction is observed or up
to 30 discharges, whichever comes first. The test is then repeated in triplicate on two additional samples
of the same energetic component.

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6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

a. The method of loading the sample into the test fixture;


b. A description of the test fixture, including materials of construction and dimensions;
c. A circuit diagram for the apparatus used;
d. The protocol used for conducting the test;
e. The number of replications of the test series;
f. The results for the candidate material;
i. The number of discharges performed;
ii. The sample behavior (see below);
g. The results for reference standards;

6.2 Sample behavior is defined according to the following reaction levels:

a. No reaction.
b. Rising of the cover with flash.
c. Fragmentation of the explosive billet.
d. Combustion/burning.
e. Detonation.

6.3 If after 30 repeated discharges on all the three samples only results described 6.2a (no reaction) are
observed, then the material is labeled insensitive to electrostatic discharge. For all other types of
reactions as listed in 6.2b, 6.2c, 6.2d and 6.2e, the material is labeled sensitive to electrostatic discharge
and explosive sample is judged to have failed the test. (See ref a.)

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. NATO STANAG 4490, Explosives, Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity Test(s), Large Scale Test.

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Rev. 1
U.S. 201.03.006

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity -Hercules Radford AAP

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: The test sample is placed on a grounded metal plate. A needle, which is
connected to a charged capacitor, is lowered toward the sample on the plate until

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discharge occurs. Initiation of the sample is detected visually, audibly, or by other
sensory means and by infrared analysis of decomposition products. Threshold initiation
level is defined as the level of energy at which no initiation occurs in 20 consecutive
trials, with at least one initiation in 20 trials at the next higher energy level. The sample is
distributed as a monolayer of dust or granules of known size for gun propellants and 0.76
mm thick for other solid propellant samples. Samples are conditioned before testing.
Typical tests are in the 4000 to 5000 Volt level. Tests are performed at 70oF, 50%
relative humidity.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Data on the sensitivity to electrical stimuli.

d. Typical Results: Most standard finished propellant granules are initiated by discharges of
1 to over 5 Joules depending on the composition and granule size of the propellant.
Dusts are initiated by discharges of 0.2 to 1.5 Joules, depending on the particle size and
composition.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Good.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Chemical Rocket/Propellant Hazards, CPIA Publication No. 194, Vol. II, May 1970.

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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Electrostatic Discharge Closed Cup

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: Capacitor discharges through 20-30 milligram samples contained in a


closed cup. Voltages up to 5000 volts are utilized.
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c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Data on the sensitivity to electrical stimuli.

d. Typical Results: Results are reported as "FIRE" or "NO FIRE". Typical examples of
results are:

Explosive Result

Mk 45 Illuminating Composition NO FIRE


(at 1.0 Joules)

Red Phosphorus (6% Linseed Oil) NO FIRE


(at 0.2 Joules)

RDX FIRE
(at 0.019 Joules [50%])

e Repeatability and Reproducibility: Results are repeatable within + 10%.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Test Procedure for Electrostatic Sensitivity, WQEC TP 3403-47, 22 March 1976, Naval
Weapons Support Center, Crane, Indiana.

b. Brown, R. W. et al., Sensitivity of Explosives to Initiation by Electrostatic Discharges, Bureau


of Mines Report of Investigation, 5002, September 1953.

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U.S. 201.04.001

TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Shock Sensitivity - Expanded Large Scale Gap Test (ELSGT)

2. PURPOSE: This test measures the sensitivity of an explosive exposed to an explosive induced shock.
This procedure is applicable to explosives that have unconfined critical diameters less than 2.875 inches.
If there is any question about whether the test explosive meets this criterion, the critical diameter should
be determined before the Expanded Large Scale Gap Test is conducted.

3. BACKGROUND:

3.1 This test is a scaled version of the NOL Large Scale Gap Test (LSGT). It was developed to provide a
means for evaluating the shock sensitivity of insensitive explosive compositions that could not be
evaluated in the LSGT because of critical diameter constraints.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 General description:

4.1.1 The Expanded Large Scale Gap Test (ELSGT) is based on the Large Scale Gap Test (LSGT)
described in U.S. 201.04.002. The dimensions of the acceptor system of the ELSGT apparatus are twice
the dimensions of the acceptor system of the LSGT apparatus. The dimensions of the donor system of
the ELSGT are 1.875 times larger than the dimensions of the donor system of the LSGT system. The
witness plate thickness is scaled by a factor of two.

4.1.2 A standard donor explosive provides an explosive shock pressure of uniform magnitude. The shock
is transmitted to the explosive test sample (acceptor) through a barrier of inert material which functions as
a well-calibrated acceptor. By varying the thickness of the barrier between the donor and the acceptor,
the barrier length required to allow or prevent a detonation of the acceptor is determined. A mild steel
(e.g., SAE 1015 - 1026) witness plate is used at the base of the acceptor to provide a clear indication of
whether or not the acceptor detonated in the trial. By a series of trials, the thickness of the barrier (gap)
material that permits 50% of the acceptor samples to detonate is determined. For a schematic of the test
arrangement see figure 1.

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4.2 Donor assembly: A Hercules J-2 blasting cap (or equivalent) is used to initiate the donor charge. The
donor charge is composed of two stacked 50/50 pentolite pellets, pressed to a density of 1.56 0.01
3
g/cm . Each pellet is 3.75 inches in diameter and 1.875 inches thick.

4.3 Gap assembly: The main gap components are cut from a 3.75-inch diameter cast
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) rod stock having a density of 0.0078 lb/in3 (1.185 g/cm3). The gap size
is prepared by stacking various component thicknesses of standard PMMA blocks. Standard thicknesses
are: 4.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.2, 0.1, .050, .025, and .010 inches. As required, circular layers of 0.010-inch
thick cellulose acetate are used to adjust the gap to the desired thickness. The use of cellulose acetate
as a substitute for PMMA has been determined to have a negligible effect on ELSGT results (see
reference (a)).

4.4 Acceptor assembly: Acceptors are cast directly into the charge body or machined to a diameter that is
small enough to enable them to slide into the cold-drawn, mild-steel tubes. If required, chilling the
acceptor to permit a slip fit into the tubes is permissible. The tubes are fabricated from seamless tubing
with the ends machined to 0.010 inch of the desired length. The tube has an inner and outer diameter
of 2.88 inches and 3.75 inches, respectively, while the length is 11.00 inches.

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4.5 Witness plate and air space: The dimensions of the cold-rolled, mild-steel witness plate are
nominally 12.0 x 12.0 x 0.75 inch. The acceptor is air-spaced 0.125 inch from the witness plate in the test
set-up.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 Twelve charges are usually required to establish a 50% gap thickness adequately (critical gap). The
larger the critical gap, the more sensitive the test material. For an unknown material, the first test is
conducted at zero gap. If no detonation occurs, two additional tests are performed at zero gap. If a
detonation occurs, the next test is conducted at 50 cards; and thereafter the number of cards is doubled
until a negative result, "no-go," is obtained. Subsequent tests are made by dividing in half the gap
between the closest "go" and "no-go" until one positive and one negative result, differing by one card, can
be obtained.

5.2 At firing, the detonation of the pentolite sends a shock through the gap and into the acceptor. If the
transmitted shock initiates a reaction in the test material, the effect of that reaction is shown as damage to
the witness plate. The plate is recovered after the shot and then evaluated.

5.3 Interpretation of the witness plate damage is similar to that used in the LSGT U.S. 201.04.002
method. In the LSGT test, a positive result or "go" is recorded when a neat hole is punched in the plate
and a broken plate or one with a poor quality hole is considered a "no-go". When a detonation occurred in
the ELSGT series used to establish the test method, the plates were broken into 2 to 7 pieces, usually
into 4 or 5 unequal pieces (see reference (b)).

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6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be for this test:

a. description of the initiation train (detonator, booster (if any) and donor charge)
b. material used for steel tube
c. gap material used (PMMA, cellulose acetate, or a combination)
d. number of trials per test series
e. number of test series conducted
f. sensitivity of candidate explosive
gap thickness in cards or inches for 50% probability of initiation
pressure in the gap material at the end of the gap
g. sensitivity of reference explosives

6.2 The pressure in the gap material at the end of the gap is obtained from the calibration of the gap
thickness for the donor system employed. Reference (c) gives a calibration for the ELSGT with a pentolite
donor and PMMA gap.

6.3 The pressure at the end of the gap can be converted to a pressure in the acceptor explosive by the
use of the shock Hugoniot relationship of the gap material and of the acceptor explosive.

6.4 Results for some common explosives are shown in Table I.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

7.1 It is recommended that acceptor charges having the poorest quality, such as those with the highest or
lowest densities, the largest repressed section, or the most flaws, be fired first. Thus, the highest quality
acceptor charges are available for firing toward the end of the test series where the greatest reproduction
is required.

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7.2 A comparison of the ELSGT and LSGT (U.S. 201.04.002) test results is discussed in reference (b).

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Jaffe, I., Beauregard, R.L., and Amster, A.B., The Attenuation of Shock in Lucite, NAVORD 6876,
May 1960.
b. Liddiard, T.P. and Price, D., The Expanded Large-Scale Gap Test, NSWC TR 86-32, March
1987.
c. Tasker, D.G. and Baker, R.N., Experimental Calibration of the NSWC Expanded Large Scale
Gap Test, NSWC TR 92-54, January 1992.

Table I. Typical expanded large scale gap test results.

Density 50% Point 50% Point


Explosive 3
(g/cm ) (Cards) (kbar)
PBXN-109 1.64 405 to 456 12.0 to 14.7
Comp B 1.69 489 10.0
PBXW-126 1.79 164 58.1

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Figure 1. Typical Expanded Large Scale Gap Test Set-up
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U.S. 201.04.002

TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Shock Sensitivity - (NOL Large Scale Gap Test (LSGT) Method)

2. PURPOSE: This procedure is applicable to explosives with an unconfined critical diameter of less than
1.4 inches. If there is any question as to whether the explosive to be tested meets this criterion, the
critical diameter should be measured prior to conducting the LSGT.

3. BACKGROUND: This test has been used extensively for over thirty years to characterize the shock
sensitivity of energetic compounds. To some extent, it is considered the baseline from which most other
shock sensitivity tests have been developed.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 A standard donor explosive provides an explosive shock pressure of uniform magnitude. The shock is
transmitted to the explosive test sample (acceptor) through a barrier of inert material that functions as a
well-calibrated attenuator. By varying the thickness of the barrier between the donor and the acceptor, the
barrier length required to allow or prevent detonation of the acceptor is determined. A steel plate is used
at the base of the acceptor to provide a clear indication of whether or not the acceptor detonates in the
trial. By a series of trials, the thickness of barrier (gap) material that permits 50% of the acceptor samples
to detonate is determined.

4.2 Specific details of the normal experimental assembly are shown in Figure 1. A detonator (#8 blasting
cap or equivalent output) is used to initiate the standard donor that consists of two pressed 50/50
3
pentolite pellets with a density of 1.56 0.01 g/cm . The approximate weight of each pellet is 80.3 g. The
gap between the acceptor and donor is provided by a series of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) disks or
cards with variable thickness. Standard attenuator sizes are 0.010, 0.050, 0.100, 0.250, 0.500, 0.750,
1.00, and 1.50 inches. The acceptor is cast, pressed, or machined to fit a cold-drawn, mild steel (SAE
1015 -1040) seamless tube with 0.22-inch-thick walls and a length 5.5 inches. The ends of the acceptor
are machined or cut so that they are flat and flush with the ends of the tube. A mild steel (e.g., SAE 1015-
1026) witness plate is placed 0.063 inches below the end of the acceptor.

4.3 To assemble the test, a cardboard spacer is placed around the end of the acceptor tube. The spacer,
(measuring 1.875-inch inside diameter, 2.0-inch outside diameter, and 0.75 inch long) is used to center
the acceptor in a cardboard container into which all the test components (donor, PMMA spacers, and
wooden block used to hold the detonator) are placed. The cardboard container measures 2.0-inch inside
diameter by 2.23-inch outside diameter by 8.5 inches long. The spacer serves to hold the acceptor firmly
in the center of the larger container and also to provide a stand-off of the charge from the witness plate.
The entire assembly is then placed on a 6-inch square by 0.375-inch-thick steel witness plate that is used
to determine whether a detonation has occurred.

4.4 The test arrangement shown in Figure 1 is fully described in reference (a) and its calibration
procedure is described in reference (b).

5. TEST PROCEDURE:

5.1 If possible, prior to testing, acceptor charges should be conditioned for a minimum of 8 hours at
75 F. A #8 blasting cap or equivalent output device is used to initiate the pentolite donor that transmits
a shock wave through the PMMA gap and into the acceptor. If the transmitted shock initiates a reaction
in the test material, the effect of that reaction is shown as damage to the witness plate. The plate is
inspected after each shot with a positive result or "go" defined as a neat hole punched in the plate. An
example of a negative result or "no-go" is a broken plate or one with a poor quality hole. Twelve charges
are usually required to obtain the mean or 50% point.

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5.2 For an unknown material, the first test is generally conducted at zero gap. If no detonation occurs,
two additional tests are performed at zero gap. If a detonation occurs, the next test is conducted at 50
cards; and thereafter, the number of cards is doubled until a negative result, "no-go," is obtained.
Subsequent tests are made by dividing in half the gap between the closest "go" and "no-go" until one
positive and one negative result, differing by one card, can be obtained.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

a. description of the initiation train (detonator, booster (if any) and donor charge)
b. material used for steel tube

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
c. gap material used (PMMA, cellulose acetate, or a combination)
d. result for the candidate explosive for 50% detonation probability
i. gap thickness in cards or inches
ii. pressure at the end of the gap
e. dimensions of the witness plate

6.2 The pressure in the gap material at the end of the gap is obtained from the calibration of the gap
thickness for the donor system employed. The calibration data for a pentolite donor and PMMA gap are
given in Table I, which can be used to convert from a gap length in inches to a pressure in kilobars.

6.3 The pressure at the end of the gap can be converted to a pressure in the acceptor explosive by the
use of the shock Hugoniot relationship of the gap material and of the acceptor explosive.

6.4 Results for some common explosives are shown in Table II. Reference (a) provides additional
data on the results of shock sensitivity tests on a wide variety of compositions.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

7.1 The small stand-off (.063-inch gap) between the acceptor and the witness plate was introduced
to prevent the witness plate from shattering and thereby facilitate interpretation of test results. The
presence of the stand-off has no effect on the 50% point for Composition B although the punched witness
plate from the standard test is somewhat more bent than that from the test run without the stand-off.
PMMA was initially chosen as the gap material because (1) it is stable to changes in temperature and
humidity, (2) it matches the impedance of solid non-porous test materials better than most other
commonly used attenuators, and (3) it is much more convenient to use than molded wax. Additional
advantage of PMMA, particularly over metal gaps, is that PMMA forms no damaging fragments. The latter
situation complicates the estimation of the shock wave transmitted from the gap to the test material that
has already been pre-compressed by the elastic wave. The disadvantage of PMMA is its viscoelastic
behavior and the resultant uncertainty of its relaxation times. Hence, in the low pressure range there is
still some uncertainty about whether a pressure is lower than the equilibrium value should be used.

7.2 Some laboratories prefer to use witness plates with larger length and width, e.g., 9-inch square, to
reduce the likelihood of shattering the witness plate. This is an acceptable variation.

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8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Price, D, Clairmont, A. R., Jr., and Erkman, J.O., The NOL Large-Scale Gap Test. III. Compilation
of Unclassified Data and Supplementary Information for Interpretation of Results, NOLTR 74-40,
March 1974.
b. Erkman, J.O., Edwards, D.J., Clairmont, A.R., Jr., and Price, D., Calibration of the NOLLarge-
Scale Gap Test; Hugonoit Data for Polymethyl Methacrylate, NOLTR 73-15, April 1973.

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

FIGURE 1. Cross-section of large-scale gap test assembly.

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TABLE I. NOL large scale gap test calibration data.
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Calibration of NOL Large Gap Test for Lot 718 Pentolite.


Number of cards in gap is sum of a number in first row and a number in the first column. One card is 0.01
inch; pressure in kilobars.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 213.1 202.5 192.9 184.2 176.3 169.2 162.7 156.8 151.4 146.6
10 142.0 137.9 134.1 130.6 127.3 124.3 121.6 119.0 116.5 114.4
20 112.3 110.4 108.5 106.8 106.2 103.7 102.2 100.9 99.6 98.3
30 97.2 96.0 95.0 93.9 92.9 92.0 91.1 90.2 89.3 88.5
40 87.7 86.9 86.2 85.4 84.7 84.0 83.3 82.6 82.0 81.3
50 80.7 80.1 79.5 78.0 78.3 77.7 77.1 76.6 76.0 75.5
60 74.9 74.4 73.9 73.3 72.8 72.3 71.8 71.3 70.8 70.3
70 69.8 69.3 68.9 68.4 67.9 67.5 67.0 66.6 66.1 65.7
80 65.2 64.8 64.3 63.9 63.5 63.1 62.6 62.2 61.8 61.4
90 61.0 60.6 60.2 59.8 59.4 59.0 58.6 58.2 57.8 57.4
100 57.1 56.7 56.3 55.9 55.6 55.2 54.9 54.5 54.1 53.8
110 53.4 53.1 52.7 52.4 52.1 51.7 51.4 51.0 50.7 50.4
120 50.1 49.7 49.4 49.1 48.8 48.5 48.2 47.8 47.5 47.2
130 46.9 46.6 46.3 46.0 45.7 45.4 45.2 44.9 44.6 44.3
140 44.0 43.7 43.4 42.8 42.2 41.6 41.0 40.5 39.9 39.4
150 38.9 38.3 37.8 37.3 36.8 36.3 35.8 35.4 34.9 34.4
160 34.0 33.6 33.1 32.7 32.3 31.8 31.4 31.0 30.6 30.2
170 29.9 29.5 29.1 28.7 28.4 28.0 27.7 27.3 27.0 26.7
180 26.3 26.0 25.7 25.4 25.1 24.8 24.5 24.2 23.9 23.6
190 23.3 23.0 22.8 22.5 22.2 22.0 21.7 21.5 21.2 21.0
200 20.7 20.5 20.3 20.1 19.8 19.6 19.4 19.2 19.0 18.8
210 18.6 18.4 18.2 18.1 17.9 17.7 17.5 17.4 17.2 17.0
220 16.9 16.7 16.5 16.4 16.2 16.1 15.9 15.8 15.6 15.5
230 15.3 15.2 15.1 14.9 14.8 14.7 14.5 14.4 14.3 14.1
240 14.0 13.9 13.8 13.7 13.5 13.4 13.3 13.2 13.1 13.0
250 12.9 12.7 12.6 12.5 12.4 12.3 12.2 12.1 12.0 11.9
260 11.8 11.7 11.6 11.5 11.4 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.1 11.0
270 10.9 10.8 10.7 10.6 10.6 10.5 10.4 10.3 10.2 10.2
280 10.1 10.0 9.9 9.8 9.8 8.7 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.4
290 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.1 9.1 9.0 8.9 8.9 8.8 8.7
300 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.2 8.1
310 8.1 8.0 8.0 7.9 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.6
320 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.1
330 7.1 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.7
340 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.3
350 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.0
360 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7
370 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.4
380 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.2
390 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
400 5.0
Note: Results are nominal for 0 to 39 cards.

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TABLE II. NOL Large-Scale Gap Test Results.

50% Point 50% Point


Density
Explosive % TMD Number of Pressure*
(g/cm3)
Cards (kbar)
CH-6 1.70 95.5 267 11.0
Comp A-3 1.61 96.2 242 13.8
Comp B (Cast) 1.69 1.70 98.5 98.7 201 220 16.9 20.5
Comp C-4 1.56 98.4 192 22.8
H-6 (Cast) 1.75 97.6 197 21.5
LX-14 1.80 97.3 199 21.0
NQ 1.61 90.6 47 82.6
Octol 85/15 1.81 97.7 236 14.5
PBXN-7 1.79 95.0 217 17.4
PBXN-9 1.73 98.1 166 201 20.5 31.4
Pentolite 50/50 (Cast) 1.64 95.9 301 8.6
RDX 1.64 91.0 323 7.4
TATB 1.82 94.2 78 66.1
Tetryl 1.64 94.9 238 14.3
TNT (Cast) 1.58 1.61 95.7 98.1 108 - 198 21.2 54.1

* In the gap material

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TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Shock Sensitivity - (NOL Small Scale Gap Test (SSGT) Method)

2. PURPOSE: This test measures the sensitivity to detonation of an explosive exposed to an explosive
induced shock. This procedure is applicable to explosives with a critical diameter of less than 0.2 inch.

3. BACKGROUND:

3.1 The present small-scale gap test (SSGT) has evolved through several improvements. The original
test used dextrinated lead azide as the donor explosive, an air gap as the attenuator, and "complete
shatter" of a witness plate as the go/no-go criterion. The donor output was too small, the gap spacing was
difficult to maintain, and the method of determining the result was ambiguous. In 1961, the test was
redesigned to use an RDX donor and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) attenuator. In the original RDX
donor, a 0.1 inch gap was left at the top for insertion of the detonator. Later in 1973, the donor was
modified such that the RDX was pressed and then cut off flush with the top of the containing cylinder.
Tests showed that this change had no significant effect on the donor output

3.2 A standard donor explosive system provides a small diameter explosive shock pressure of uniform
magnitude. The shock is transmitted to the explosive test sample (acceptor) through a barrier of inert
material that functions as a well-calibrated attenuator. By varying the thickness of the barrier between the
donor and the acceptor, the barrier thickness required to allow or prevent detonation of the acceptor is
determined. A steel dent block is placed at the base of the acceptor to provide an indication of whether or
not the acceptor detonates in the trial. By a series of trials, the thickness of barrier (gap) material that
permits 50% of the acceptor samples to detonate is determined.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 Specific details of the experimental assembly are shown in Figure 1. The donor charge assembly
consists of a brass cylinder 1.50 inches long, 1.00-inch outside diameter and 0.20-inch inside diameter,
filled with Type II, Class 2 RDX, conforming to MIL-DTL-398, in eight increments. Seven increments of
approximately 200 mg are pressed at 10,000 pounds per square inch (psi) to a density of 1.56 0.03
g/cm3.The eighth increment or top-off weight of RDX is pressed to be flush with the top of the donor
charge.

4.2 The eighth increment is also pressed at 10,000 psi. The donor charge is initiated by a No. 6 electric
detonator (or equivalent output) positioned at one end in a plastic holder. The attenuator (gap) consists of
PMMA disks, 1.00 inch in diameter, of varied thickness. The test explosive (acceptor) is pressed or
extended into a brass cylinder identical to that containing the donor charge. The steel dent block is a disk,
3.00 inches in diameter and 1.50 inches thick.

4.3 For assembly, the donor, attenuator and acceptor are secured together with a peripheral wrap of
masking tape. Other pieces of the tape are bridged over the whole assembly to prevent motion of the
detonator and to keep the components aligned on the dent block.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 At firing, the detonation of the RDX donor charge sends a shock through the gap into the acceptor. If
the transmitted shock initiates a reaction in the test material, the effect of that reaction is shown as
damage to the dent block, which is recovered after the shot. The criterion for a positive result or "go"
depends on the damage potential of the explosive under the test. A dent more than half the depth of the
average dent produced by the test explosive, fired with no gap, is regarded as a "go". A smaller dent is a

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negative or "no-go". Dent depths are measured as the distance below the undisturbed metal behind the
ring upset around the dent.

U.S. 201.04.003 (Cont.)

5.2 Usually, 25 charges are prepared for one shock sensitivity determination and assigned to the firing
sequence in random order. First, two charges are fired with zero gap to determine a provisional dent
threshold. Then 20 charges are fired in a Bruceton stair-step plan. If a shot is a "go", the next shot is fired
with a thicker attenuator. If it is a "no-go", the next step is fired with a thinner attenuator. The remaining
three are reserved in case of mistakes during the 20-shot run. If not required as replacements, they are
also fired with zero gap.

5.3 Data are treated and results are given in gap reducing units, decibangs (dBg), defined as follows:

Y = 30 - 10 log X

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
where Y is the shock strength in dBg and X is the PMMA gap in mils (0.001 in). The step size for the
Bruceton sequence is 0.125 dBg. Some typical values for dBg vs. gap are listed in table I. Data are
reduced by the "maximum likelihood" method described in reference (e) and briefly outlined in paragraph
7 below. This method uses actual barrier thicknesses, measured with a micrometer and converted to
dBg, for each shot rather than the nominal dBg value of the corresponding level. This is an important
improvement to the precision of the sensitivity measurement because the practical tolerances in the
PMMA spacer thicknesses is about 0.05 dBg.

5.4 Acceptors are filled with the explosive under the test in eight equal increments pressed at the same
pressure. The increment weight is selected so that the eighth increment partially fits into the cylindrical
container. The excess is cut off flush with the end of the container. The container is weighed before and
after filling, and the acceptor charge density is calculated to three decimal places.

5.5 When the SSGT is performed as part of the qualification of a pressed booster explosive, the acceptor
charges are loaded at 16,000 1,000 psi. In this case, 20 shots are fired at the 3.5 dBg level, and the
explosive passes the test if no charge produces a dent greater than 0.002 inches deep.

5.6 When the SSGT is conducted to evaluate the shock sensitivity of a pressed granular explosive
composition, test sequences are performed for each of a number of acceptor densities. A typical set
would be the densities produced by pressing pressures of 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 psi (x10), respectively.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

a. description of the initiation train (detonator, booster (if any) and donor charge)
b. pressure at which the sample pellets were pressed.
c. number of trials per test series
d. number of test series conducted
e. sensitivity of the candidate explosive
f. sensitive of reference explosives

6.2 Results are reported in terms of decibangs (dBg) required to produce 50% detonation probability.
Table I shows dBg vs. gap thickness. A graph of this data is presented in Figure 2.

6.3 Results for some common explosives are shown in Table II. Reference (d) lists additional data on the
results of the SSGT for several typical explosives over a range of pressed densities.

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7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

7.1 A calibration of the shock wave pressure transmitted by various PMMA gap thicknesses is reported in
reference (d). The results are summarized in the following equation:

log P = 0.14 Y + 0.5232

where P is the shock pressure in kbar, and Y is the donor/attenuator value in dBg. This relationship holds
in the range of 2 through 10 dBg. Values of the shock sensitivity (50% point) determined by the SSGT
correlate well with those determined by the large-scale gap test (LSGT) at charge densities below 90%
TMD. At lower porosities, the SSGT gives lower sensitivities and some reversals when comparing
different explosive compositions.

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Walker, G. R., Whitbread, E. G., and Hornig, D. C., ed. Manual of Sensitiveness Tests,
Valcartier, Quebec, Canada: Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment.
Published for Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP), Panel 0-2 (Explosive), Working
Group on Sensitiveness, February 1966, pp. 144-151.
b. Ayres, J. N., Standardization of the Small Scale Gap Test Used to Measure the Sensitivity of
Explosives, NAVWEPS Report 7342, 16 January 1961, Naval Surface Warfare Center, White
Oak, MD 20903-5000.
c. Price, D. and Liddiard, T. P. Jr., The Small-Scale Gap Test: Calibration and Comparison with the
Large Scale Gap Test, NOLTR 66-87, 7 July 1966, Naval Surface Warfare Center, White Oak,
MD 20903-5000.
d. Ayres, J. N., Montesi, L. J., and Bauer, R. J., Small-Scale Gap Test (SSGT) Data
Compilation:1959-1972: Volume I, Unclassified Explosives, NOLTR 73-132, 26 October 1973,
Naval Surface Warfare Center, White Oak, MD 20903-5000.
e. Hampton, L. D. and Blum, G. D., Maximum Likelihood Logistic Analysis of Scattered Go/No-Go
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(Quantal) Data, NOLTR 64-238, 26 August 1965, Naval Surface Warfare Center, White Oak, MD
20903-5000.

TABLE I. dBg vs. gap thickness.

Gap Thickness
dBg
(in)
2.0 0.6310
2.5 0.5623
3.0 0.5012
3.5 0.4467
4.0 0.3981
4.5 0.3548
5.0 0.3162
5.5 0.2518
6.0 0.2519
6.5 0.2239
7.0 0.1995

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FIGURE 1. Small Scale gap test assembly.

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TABLE II. Small-scale gap test results.

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Load Presure Density 50% Point


Explosive % TMD
(psi x 103) (g/cm3) (dbg)
4 2.535 53.8 -3.662
8 2.775 58.9 -0.302
Lead Azide 16 3.074 65.3 -0.239
32 3.361 71.4 0.227
64 3.663 77.8 -0.303
8 1.499 84.2 1.725
16 1.600 89.9 2.468
PETN
32 1.708 96.0 3.555
64 1.775 99.7 4.998
10.0 1.546 85.8 3.250
18.3 1.618 89.8 3.762
RDX
31.0 1.702 94.5 4.413
38.2 1.717 95.3 5.073
8 1.517 79.7 3.526
16 1.627 85.5 3.475
HMX
32 1.718 90.3 3.508
64 1.814 95.3 4.644
4 1.434 82.9 3.267
8 1.535 88.7 3.458
Tetryl 16 1.623 93.8 4.360
32 1.687 97.5 5.133
64 1.732 100.1 6.093
4 1.353 82.0 5.067
8 1.446 87.6 5.316
TNT 16 1.549 93.8 5.877
32 1.623 98.3 6.703
64 1.561 100.0 8.066
8 1.711 90.8 5.474
PBXN-7 16 1.792 95.1 5.910
32 1.850 98.1 6.730
4 78.7 7.918
1.519
8 85.2 8.573
1.645
TATB 16 91.3 9.626
1.762
32 95.3 11.091
1.840
64 97.8 13.604

FIGURE 2. dBg vs. gap thickness.

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TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Shock Sensitivity - Super Large Scale Gap Test

2. PURPOSE: This test measures the sensitivity to detonation of an explosive exposed to an explosive
induced shock. This procedure is applicable to explosives with large critical diameters ranging up to 7.0
inches.

3. BACKGROUND: This test was developed at Eglin Air Force base to measure the shock sensitivity of
large critical diameter explosives charges

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4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 A schematic of the super gap test is shown in Figure 1. The donor charge in this test is an 8-inch
diameter by 8-inch long unconfined Composition B cylinder. The donor charge is initiated with an electric
detonator boosted with a 1-inch Composition A-5 pellet. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cards are used
to attenuate the input shock. These cards, stacked to various thicknesses behind the donor charge, are
disks of 8 inches in diameter and range from .063 to 2.00 inches thick. The acceptor charge is generally
cast into a 0.50 inch thick 1018 mild steel seamless case with an O.D. of 8 inches and a length of 16
inches. Charges should be X-rayed prior to testing to ensure adequate quality of the cast charge. In the
test set-up, piezoelectric pins, used to measure detonation velocity, are spaced every 2 inches along the
acceptor charge with the first pin being 1/2 inch from the forward explosive metal interface.

4.2 A mild steel (e.g. SAE 1015 - 1026) witness plate, 16" x 16" x 0.75", is used to evaluate whether a
detonation has occurred. The evaluation is similar to that used in performing the LSGT and ELSGT tests.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 An electric detonator or equivalent exploding bridgewire detonator is used to initiate the Composition
A-5/Composition B donor. If the transmitted shock initiates a reaction in the test material, the effect of that
reaction is shown as damage to the witness plate. The plate is inspected after each shot with a positive
result or "go" defined as a neat hole punched in the plate. An example of a negative result or "no-go" is a
broken plate or one with a poor quality hole. Twelve charges are usually required to obtain the mean or
50% point.

5.2 For an unknown material, the first test is generally conducted at zero gap. If no detonation occurs, two
additional tests are performed at zero gap. If a detonation occurs, the next test is conducted at 50 cards;
and thereafter, the number of cards is doubled until a negative result, "no-go," is obtained. Subsequent
tests are made by dividing in half the gap between the closest "go" and "no-go" until one positive and one
negative result, differing by one card, can be obtained.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

a. description of the ignition train (detonator, booster (if any) and donor charge)
b. type of case material used
c. criteria for determining go/no-go
d. number of trials per test series
e. number of test series conducted
f. results for candidate explosive

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i. gap thickness in cards or inches for 50% probability of initiation


ii. pressure in the gap material at the end of the gap
g. results for reference comparison explosives

6.2 The pressure in the gap material at the end of the gap is obtained from the calibration of the gap
thickness for the donor system employed. The data for the Composition A-5/Composition B donor and
PMMA gap, which can be used to convert from a gap length in inches to a pressure in kilobars, are given
in reference (b).

6.3 The pressure at the end of the gap can be converted to a pressure in the acceptor explosive by the
use of the shock Hugoniot relationship of the gap material and of the acceptor explosive.

6.4 Detonation velocity data can also be used to measure whether a steady-state detonation is achieved
along the length of the acceptor. In the detonating charge, sufficient data points may be obtained to
calculate a detonation velocity. Increasing gap thickness, which corresponds to a weaker input shock,
can be shown to result in increased run distance to detonation.

6.5 Results for selected explosives are shown in Table I. Since this is a relatively new test, the database
is limited.

Table I. Typical Super Large Scale Gap Test Results.

Density 50% Point 50% Point


Explosive 3
(g/cm ) (Inches) (kbar)
TNT 1.58 12.0 7.5
PBXN-109 1.64 9.40 13.1
H-6 1.69 9.54 12.5
AFX 1100 Mod II 1.529 6.5 31.5
PBXW-126 1.78 4.10 58.1

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: For some materials, the length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) of 2 may
be inadequate to resolve the type of reaction of the candidate substance. An L/D of 4 is recommended.
Furthermore, the nature of the effect on the witness plate could be ambiguous. Instrumenting the sample
with velocity pins is desirable in order to provide for determining whether the shock wave velocity is
decaying to a sustained detonation velocity, or it is decaying to the sonic velocity of the sample. With
such modifications, when applied to a solid propellant, and using the pass/fail criterion provided in
reference (d), the SLSGT may serve to demonstrate that a large rocket motor qualifies for assignment to
hazard division 1.3.

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Foster, Craig, Parsons and Gunger, Suppression of Sympathetic Detonation, Proceedings of


the 22nd Explosive Safety Seminar, Houston, TX, August 1983 (held under the sponsorship of
the Department of Defense Explosive Safety Panel).
b. Glenn, J. G., Aubert, S. A., and Gunger, M. E., Development and Calibration of a Super Large
Scale Gap Test, WL-TR-96-7039, August 1996.
c. NATO STANAG 4488 Ed 1, Explosives, Shock Sensitivity Test(s).
d. TB 700-2, Department of Defense Explosives Hazard Classification Procedures. Also known as
NAVSEAINST 8020.8B, Air Force TO 11A-1-47, and DLAR 8220.1.

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FIGURE 1. Typical super large scale gap test set-up.

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TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Shock Initiation - Insensitive High Explosive (IHE) Gap Test

2. PURPOSE: This test measures the sensitivity to detonation of an explosive exposed to an explosive
induced shock. This procedure is applicable to explosives with large critical diameters ranging up to 0.75
inch.

3. BACKGROUND: The test was developed to provide a means for measuring the shock sensitivity of
insensitive high explosives. The technical objective was to develop a procedure that subjects the test
explosive to stresses of 15-80 kbar with a pulse width of several microseconds.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT: A schematic of the test setup is shown in Figure 1. The test uses a pressed
pentolite explosive (density of 1.56 g/cm3) donor system. This consists of two stacked pellets, each 1.0-
inch thick and 2.0 inches in diameter. These are the same as the pentolite boosters used in the Large
Scale Gap Test described in Test Method U.S. 201.04.002. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) spacers are
used as the attenuator material between the donor and acceptor charges. Attenuators are machined from
2-inch diameter PMMA stock and are used in standard thicknesses of 0.010, 0.050, 0.100, 0.250, 0.500,
0.750, 1.00, and 1.50 inches. Explosive test samples are cast into a steel cylinder 2 inches long with a
0.5 inch inner diameter and an outer diameter of 0.75 inch. Pressed samples are generally fabricated
outside of the test assembly and slid into the acceptor test body. To minimize density gradients, four
samples 0.50 inch thick are incorporated into the acceptor body. Unless otherwise specified, powders are
sieved and the fraction ranging from 37 to 75 cm is used. Samples, however, may also be pressed
directly into the acceptor body. A 0.59 inch thick PMMA spacer is used to separate the base of the
acceptor charge and the witness block. The assembly is placed on a steel witness block (3.0 inches in
diameter and 1.5 inches thick) which is used to determine whether a detonation has occurred.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 In general, a minimum of eight acceptor test bodies are prepared for each explosive test series. The
test samples are conditioned at 25C for 4 hours prior to testing to minimize temperature variation effects
on shock sensitivity. A detonator (E1A, No. 8 blasting cap, or equivalent EBW detonator) is used to
initiate the pentolite donors which transmit a shock wave through the PMMA gap and into the acceptor. If
the transmitted shock initiates a reaction in the test material, the effect of that reaction is shown as
damage to the witness plate and break up of the acceptor confining sleeve. For the first test, no
attenuator is used in order to obtain a representative example of a go. The plate is inspected after each
shot with a positive result or "go" defined as a dent exceeding half the depth of the result obtained without
an attenuator. Conversely, a negative result or "no-go" is defined as a dent less than half the depth of that
obtained with the calibration shot.

5.2 For an unknown material, the first test is generally conducted at zero gap. If no detonation occurs, two
additional tests are performed at zero gap. If a detonation occurs, the next test is conducted at 50 cards;
and thereafter, the number of cards is doubled until a negative result, "no-go," is obtained. Subsequent
tests are made by dividing in half the gap between the closest go and no-go until one positive and one
negative result, differing by one card, can be obtained.

5.3 References (a) and (b) provide a more detailed description of the test procedure and typical test
results obtained in the test.

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6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

a. description of the initiation train (detonator, booster (if any) and donor charge)
b. method for loading the test hardware (e.g., sample cast directly into steel tube, pressed pellets
slipped into tube, molding powder pressed directly into tubes)
c. criteria for determining go/no-go
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

d. number of trials per test series


e. number of test series conducted
f. results for candidate explosive
i. gap thickness in cards or inches for 50% probability of initiation
ii. pressure in the gap material at the end of the gap
g. results for reference explosives

6.2 The pressure in the gap material at the end of the gap is obtained from the calibration of the gap
thickness for the donor system employed. The calibration data for a pentolite booster and PMMA gap are
given in Table I, which can be used to convert from a gap length in inches to a pressure in kilobars.

6.3 The pressure at the end of the gap can be converted to a pressure in the acceptor explosive by the
use of the shock Hugoniot relationship of the gap material and of the acceptor explosive.

6.4 Results for some common explosives are shown in Table II.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Adolph, Horst, The Insensitive High Explosives Gap Test, NSWC TR 86-058, January 15, 1987.

b. Spivak, Timothy, et al., Insensitive High Explosives Gap Test Data, NSWC TR 88-282, September
30, 1988.

c. Erkman, J.O., Edwards, D.J., Clairmont, A.R., Jr., and Price, D., Calibration of the NOL Large-
Scale Gap Test; Hugoniot Data for Polymethyl Methacrylate, NOLTR 73-15, April 1973.

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FIGURE 1. Insensitive high explosives gap test set-up.

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TABLE I. NOL large scale gap test calibration data.

Calibration of NOL Large Gap Test for Lot 718 Pentolite


Number of cards in gap is sum of a number in first row and a number in the first column. One card is 0.01
inch; pressure in kilobars.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 213.1 202.5 192.9 184.2 176.3 169.2 162.7 156.8 151.4 146.5
10 142.0 137.9 134.1 130.6 127.3 124.3 121.6 119.0 116.6 114.4
20 112.3 110.4 108.5 106.8 105.2 103.7 102.2 100.9 99.6 98.3
30 97.2 96.0 95.0 93.9 92.9 92.0 91.1 90.2 89.3 88.5
40 87.7 86.9 86.2 85.4 84.7 84.0 83.3 82.6 82.0 81.3
50 80.7 80.1 79.5 78.9 78.3 77.7 77.1 76.6 76.0 75.5
60 74.9 74.4 73.9 73.3 72.8 72.3 71.8 71.3 70.8 70.3
70 69.8 69.3 68.9 68.4 67.9 67.5 67.0 66.6 66.1 65.7
80 65.2 64.8 64.3 63.9 63.5 63.1 62.6 62.2 61.8 61.4
90 61.0 60.6 60.2 59.8 59.4 59.0 58.6 58.2 57.8 57.4
100 57.1 56.7 56.3 55.9 55.6 55.2 54.9 54.5 54.1 53.8
110 53.4 53.1 52.7 52.4 52.1 51.7 51.4 51.0 50.7 50.4
120 50.1 49.7 49.4 49.1 48.8 48.5 48.2 47.8 47.5 47.2
130 46.9 46.6 46.3 46.0 45.7 45.4 45.2 44.9 44.6 44.3
140 44.0 43.7 43.4 42.8 42.2 41.6 41.0 40.5 39.9 39.4
150 38.9 38.3 37.8 37.3 36.8 36.3 35.8 35.4 34.9 34.4
160 34.0 33.6 33.1 32.7 32.3 31.8 31.4 31.0 30.6 30.2
170 29.9 29.5 29.1 28.7 28.4 28.0 27.7 27.3 27.0 26.7
180 26.3 26.0 25.7 25.4 25.1 24.8 24.5 24.2 23.9 23.6
190 23.3 23.0 22.8 22.5 22.2 22.0 21.7 21.5 21.2 21.0
200 20.7 20.5 20.3 20.1 19.8 19.6 19.4 19.2 19.0 18.8
210 18.6 18.4 18.2 18.1 17.9 17.7 17.5 17.4 17.2 17.0
220 16.9 16.7 16.5 16.4 16.2 16.1 15.9 15.8 15.6 15.5
230 15.3 15.2 15.1 14.9 14.8 14.7 14.5 14.4 14.3 14.1
240 14.0 13.9 13.8 13.7 13.5 13.4 13.3 13.2 13.1 13.0
250 12.9 12.7 12.6 12.5 12.4 12.3 12.2 12.1 12.0 11.9
260 11.8 11.7 11.6 11.5 11.4 11.3 11.3 11.2 11.1 11.0
270 10.9 10.8 10.7 10.6 10.6 10.5 10.4 10.3 10.2 10.2
280 10.1 10.0 9.9 9.8 9.8 9.7 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.4
290 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.1 9.1 9.0 8.9 8.9 8.8 8.7
300 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.2 8.1
310 8.1 8.0 8.0 7.9 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.6
320 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.1
330 7.1 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.7
340 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.3
350 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.0
360 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7
370 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.4
380 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.2
390 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
400 5.0
Note: Results are nominal for 0 to 39 cards.

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TABLE II. IHE gap test results.

Explosive Density (g/cm3) %TMD 50% Point (inch) 50% Point (kbar)
HMX 1.81 95.1 2.23 16.4
DATB 1.74 94.6 1.48 39.9
TATB 1.84 94.9 0.85 63.1
TNT (Pressed) 1.55 93.8 2.03 20.1
PBXN-7 1.81 95.8 1.93 22.5
PBXN-5 1.75 92.1 2.01 20.5

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TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Shock Sensitivity - Wedge Test

2. PURPOSE: The wedge test is used to determine the shock initiation characteristics of an energetic
material.

3. BACKGROUND:

3.1 A planar shock wave is introduced into the explosive to be tested. As the shock progresses through
the explosive it generates hot-spots that build up to a detonation. The objective of the wedge test is to
determine the run to detonation point at which the detonation wave overtakes the shock wave. This point
is characterized by a unique time and distance to detonation for a specific set of input conditions.

3.2 It should be noted that this is just one test for sensitivity and the relative sensitivity rankings between
energetic materials may vary for different tests. For example, the NOL Large Scale Gap Test Method
U.S. 201.04.002 gives markedly different sensitivity rankings for the same energetic materials.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 A streak camera (reference (a)) is used to record the wedge test event. The surface of the wedge is
mirrored to reflect light into the camera. A laser is used to align the test fixture and the light sources to the
streak camera axis. When either the shock wave or detonation wave reaches the surface, the surface
distorts so that light is no longer reflected into the camera. As the detonation wave overtakes the shock
wave, the slope of the reflected light trace on the film changes. Thus, the run to detonation point can be
determined from the film record.

4.2 The results of a series of wedge tests are usually presented as plots of input pressure versus
distance to detonation and time to detonation (Pop-plots). With these plots energetic materials may be
compared with regard to relative sensitivity. This is done by assuming that for a given distance to
detonation, the energetic material that requires the lower input pressure to achieve this distance is the
more sensitive.
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4.3 A schematic of the wedge test set-up is shown in Figure 1. A plane wave generator introduces a
planar shock wave into the booster charge. The booster charge detonates, introducing a shock wave into
the attenuator plates and hence, into the explosive wedge sample. Different booster/attenuator
combinations can be used to vary the input pressure into the sample.

4.4 The test arrangement described herein uses plane wave generators which are Los Alamos National
Laboratory P-081 lenses, 8 inches in diameter. All of the attenuator systems terminate in Plexiglas. The
booster attenuator systems used for this test set-up are listed in Table 1.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 The wedges are prepared by casting the explosive into the Plexiglas mold shown in Figure 2. The
wedges are radiographed for defects to check for density variations. It should be noted that relatively
large grains may result in shock and detonation velocity variations.

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TABLE 1. Booster attenuator combinations for a wedge test series.

Shot Wedge Height Booster Charge1/ Driver System


1 1.81 inch (46.0 mm) Comp B 0.965 inch (24.5 mm) PMMA
0.839 inch (21.3 mm) 304 S.S.
2 1.81 inch (46.0 mm) Comp B
0.724 inch (18.4 mm) PMMA
3 1.79 inch (45.5 mm) BARATOL 0.965 inch (24.5 mm) PMMA
0.992 inch (25.2 mm) 304 S.S.
4 1.81 inch (46.0 mm) BARATOL
0.882 inch (22.4 mm) PMMA
1.00 inch (25.4 mm) 304 S.S.
5 1.81 inch (46.0 mm) Emulsion Explosive2/
0.882 inch (22.4 mm) PMMA
6 1.79 inch (45.5 mm) Emulsion Explosive2/ 0.996 inch (25.3 mm) PMMA

1/ All the booster charges were 1.00 inch thick, and 8 inches in diameter.
2/ Nelson Brothers ammonium nitrate/oil emulsion sensitized with microballoons, density = 1.02
g/cm3.
Note: S.S. means stainless steel; PMMA means polymethylmethacrylate.

5.2 A shock is introduced into the wedge sample using the plane wave generator. A streak camera is
used to record the wedge test event. The surface of the wedge is mirrored to reflect light into the camera.
When either the shock wave or detonation wave reaches the surface, the surface distorts so that the light
is no longer reflected in the camera. As the detonation wave overtakes the shock wave the slope of the
reflected light trace on the film changes. Thus, the run to detonation point can be determined from the film
record. A representative streak camera record is given in Figure 3.

5.3 Further details on procedure are discussed in reference (a).

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

a. description of the initiation train (detonator, plane wave generator, booster material)
b. dimensions of the plane wave generator
c. dimensions of the test charge
d. data analysis as described below for candidate explosive

6.2 The film records are subsequently digitized on an optical comparator, and the required parameters for
reduction of the film data in the order they were analyzed are outlined below.

6.3 FREE SURFACE VELOCITY: To determine the input conditions at the terminal
attenuator/explosive sample interface, one needs to measure the free surface velocity (Uf.s.) of the
terminal attenuator by observing the reflection of the needle off the mirrored surface as it moves toward
the actual needle. With the defined viewing angle, the magnification, and the camera writing speed, the
free surface velocity can be calculated by using the following equation:

Uf.s. = Uc tan A/2M sin B

Where:
Uc = camera writing speed (mm/s)
A = angle formed between moving image and real needle
M = magnification
B = viewing angle (fixed at 45)

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6.4 FILM DATA CONVERSION

6.4.1 The film records of the wedge traces are typically read in 0.0098 or 0.0197 inch (0.250 or
0.500 mm) increments along the time axis. They are converted to real times using the following equation:

t = Yf/Uc

Where:
t = real time (s)
Yf = incremental film time (mm)
Uc = camera writing speed (mm/s)

6.4.2 The film space data associated with the time readings are then reduced using a similar
triangle methods described by Craig (reference (b)). In this method, one only needs to know the actual
wedge height and to measure the total film trace width to convert film space to real space. The data are

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converted using the equation below:

Xr = (Wh/Wf)Xf

Where:
Xr = real space (mm)
Wh = wedge height (mm)
Wf = wedge film trace width (mm)
Xf = film trace measurements (mm)

6.5 TRANSITION TO DETONATION AND SHOCK VELOCITY:

6.5.1 The transition to detonation is assumed to occur at the region of maximum acceleration
along the film trace. These points were read directly from the film records.

6.5.2 To determine the initial shock velocity (Uso) in the explosive wedge sample, a plot is made
of incremental average velocities (x/t) versus time (t) up to the transition point. Inconsistent data points at
the ends of the trajectory are often discarded. The data are then fitted, by a least-squares method, as
listed below:

X = Usot + 1/2 bt2

Where:
X = real space (mm)
t = real time (s)
b = acceleration of shock wave (mm/s2)

6.5.3 The derivative evaluated at t = 0 is taken as the initial shock velocity (see reference (c)).

6.6 SHOCK HUGONIOT:

6.6.1 To determine the shock Hugoniot of the explosive, only two parameters are needed. These
are the shock velocity in the terminal attenuator and the shock velocity in the explosive. To determine the
shock velocity in the terminal attenuator, one needs to know its particle velocity and its shock Hugoniot.
The particle velocity in the terminal attenuator is defined by assuming that it is one-half of the free surface
velocity. The shock Hugoniot for Plexiglas has been well defined by the equation below:

Us = 2.598 + 1.516 Up (see reference (d))

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6.6.2 Since the shock velocity in the explosive is known from the film records, the particle
velocity and initial pressure in the explosive can be calculated using the impedance matching technique
which derives the following equations:

Pe = [Za]Ze/(Za + Ze)]] Uf.s.


Upe = [Za/(Za + Ze)]] Uf.s.

Where:
Pe = pressure in explosive sample (GPa)
Zi = shock impedance = Usoi
Usi = shock velocity (mm/s)
oi = initial density (g/cm3)
Upe = particle velocity in explosive (mm/s)
Uf.s. = free surface velocity of attenuator (mm/s)

6.6.3 The impedance matching technique is not accurate as the reflected attenuator Hugoniot and the
explosive's Hugoniot are defined by their respective Rayleigh lines. However, the use of other techniques
does not substantially increase the accuracy of the shock Hugoniot in this wedge test series.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

7.1 The traditional method for plotting the data from the wedge test is known as the Pop-plot. Popolato
found that over a range of input pressures, log-log plots of run to detonation, or time to detonation versus
pressure, are linear. The equation of the Pop-plot over the linear range, in run to detonation versus
pressure form, is then:

log P = A + B log X*

7.2 In this form, P is in gigapascals, X* is in millimeters, and A and B are determined from a least squares
fit in the log-log plane. Similarly, Time to Detonation versus Pressure takes on the same form with
different constants.

7.3 Pop-plots provide distance to detonation versus input pressure and time to detonation versus input
pressure of a sample explosive. At very low input pressures, the Pop-plot becomes non-linear and
pressure approaches a vertical asymptote. This implies that below a certain pressure the run distance
can be considered to be infinite and the explosive will not detonate.

7.4 The interpretation of sensitivity behavior of an explosive using these plots is done by observing the
behavior of the constants A and B for various explosives. The intercept value A defines the vertical
positioning of the Pop-plot; thus it defines the shock region of interest, and B is the slope of the line.
Hence, an explosive with a low intercept and shallow slope would be more sensitive at higher pressures
and less sensitive at lower pressures compared to a second explosive with higher intercept and steeper
slope.

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Davis, W. C. and Craig, B. G., Smear Camera Technique for Free Surface Velocity
Measurement, Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 32, No. 5, May 1961, p. 579.
b. Craig, B. G., Personal Communication, May 1987.
c. Gibbs, T. R. and Popolato, A., eds., LASL Explosive Property Data, University of California Press,
Berkeley, CA, 1980, pp. 295-296.
d. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Selected Hugoniots, by Group GMX-6, Report LA-4167MS,
Los Alamos, NM, May 1969.

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e. Lindfors, Allen J. and Sandstrom, Frederick W., Wedge Test Results for PBXN-107 Type II, NWC
TM 6792, Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, CA, July 1990.

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FIGURE 1. Schematic of the wedge test set-up.

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FIGURE 2. Explosive wedge plexiglas holder

NOTE: All dimensions are in millimeters

FIGURE 3. Streak camera record of a wedge test of PBXN-107 Type II

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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Shock Sensitivity Test - Picatinny Arsenal Method

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: The test elements consist of a donor explosive consisting of two tetryl
pellets, cast Aerowax spacers (gap), the test explosive, and a metal witness plate. The
witness plate is used to determine whether the test result was a "go" or "no-go".

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Shock sensitivity data on two reference


comparison explosives tested on the same machine.

d. Typical Results:

Explosive 50% Probability Point (cm)

Tetryl 5.11 (2.01-inch)


Comp B 3.56 (1.40-inch)
TNT (Case) 2.08 (0.82-inch)

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Good

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
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a. Walker, G. R., Whitbread, E. G., and Hornig, D. C., Canadian Armament Research and
Development Establishment - The Technical Cooperation Program Manual of Sensitiveness
Tests by TTCP Panel 0-2 (Explosives) Working Group on Sensitivity, February 1966.

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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: NSWC Low Pressure - Long Duration Shock Test.

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: High explosive samples (acceptors 50.8 mm diameter x 12.7 mm thick)


submerged in water are subjected to spherical shocks. The distances between an 0.45
kg (one-pound) spherical donor charge and the acceptors are adjusted to give various
peaks entering shock pressures in the acceptors, typically in the range of 5-25 kBar.
Burning is detected by the expansion of the acceptor after being struck by the shock.
Observations are made with a high-speed framing camera using diffuse reflected
back-lighting. The threshold for burning in this geometry is deduced from plots of
expansion velocity vs. entering pressure. The results on numerous solid high explosives
show that the threshold for burning obtained in the underwater test is between 3 and 10
kBar. This low threshold for burning in the underwater system is attributed to the long
pulse duration, less curvature of the wave front, and the confinement offered by the
water.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test information is used to assess


reaction from situations where low pressure-long duration, (nominally 25 pulse width)
shock exists.

d. Typical Results:

Explosive Density Burning Threshold


(g/cm3) (kBar)

H-6 1.71 6.6


PBXW-109 (I) 1.66 7.0

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: The thresholds for burning reactions are repeatable
and reproducible. To determine the threshold of the test sample in terms of pressure
requires knowledge of the unreacted Hugoniot of the test material.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Frankel, M. J., Liddiard, T. P., and Forbes, J. W., "Low- Level Shock Reaction Thresholds in
High Explosives and Propellants", Combustion and Flame, Vol. 45, No. 1, January 1982.

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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Blasting Cap Test.

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity

b. Description: This test determines whether or not a high explosive can be initiated by a
blasting cap. The sample, a 5-cm (2-inch) cube, is centered on top of a 4-cm (1.57 inch)
diameter solid lead cylinder, and a # 8 electric blasting cap (or equivalent) is centered
perpendicular to and in contact with the top flat surface of the sample, using a 5-cm
(2-inch) diameter wood or cork cylinder with a hole drilled in the center to position and
secure the blasting cap to the sample. The cap is detonated and evidence of sample
detonation is considered to be deformation (mushrooming) of the lead cylinder, which
rests on a steel plate.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines the initiability of high
explosives and propellants.

d. Typical Results: RDX (powder) detonates; AFX-757 Negative.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Good

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. NAVORDINST 8020.8, Explosives Hazard Classification Procedures, Department of the


Navy, Latest revision.

b. MIL-STD-2100 (OS), "Military Standard: Propellant, Solid, Characterization of", 30 March


1979.

c. UN ST/SG/AC.10/11/Latest Revision, Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous


Goods Test and Criteria.

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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: SUSAN Projectile Impact Test - Lawrence Radiation Laboratory

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment

b. Description: This test employs a 5.4 kg (12 lb) projectile which contains slightly less
than 0.45 kg (1 lb) of test explosive. The projectiles are fired from a smooth bore
converted (3"/70) Naval gun. The gun muzzle is 3.6 m (12 ft) from the target plate. The
projectile velocities range from 100 to 1400 feet per second (fps), although velocities up
to 3500 fps are possible. If the explosive survives the initial impact in this test, other
energy transfer mechanisms become dominant. After impact there is a rapid viscous
flow of the explosive followed by friction associated with crushing, and eventually a
"pinch" stage for explosive caught between the rear section of the projectile and the steel
target plate.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To determine the impact sensitivity of


explosive billets in order to assess the relative behavior of explosives under field
conditions of impact.

d. Typical Results: Refer to SUSAN sensitivity curves in the detailed Procedure and
Expression of Results segments of the detailed method description of this test.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: To be supplied

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Walker, G.R., Whitbread, E. G., and Hornig, D. C. Canadian Armament Research and
Development Establishment - The Technical Cooperation Program Manual of Sensitiveness
Tests by TTCP Panel 0-2 (Explosives) Working Group on Sensitivity, February 1966. Edited by
G. R., p. 74.

b. NAVORD OD 44811, Method 5.6.2, pgs. 5-13, 1 January 1972.

c. UN ST/SG/AC.10/11/Latest Revision, Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous


Goods Test and Criteria.

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TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Sensitivity - Minimum Pressure for Vapor Phase Ignition - Liquid Propellants

2. PURPOSE: To determine the pressure below the point where it is impossible to ignite a
monopropellant vapor or fuel vapor-air mixture by using a fixed quantity of energy applied in a
well-defined manner.

3. BACKGROUND:

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 The test apparatus consists of a thermostat-equipped stainless-steel bomb where the monopropellant
vapor or vapor-air mixture is introduced. The temperature and pressure of the internal volume of the
bomb can be varied. Vapor ignition is accomplished by the electrical fusion of 0.0025-inch diameter
Nichrome V wires. Figure 1 displays a schematic drawing of the test apparatus which consists of the
following: (1) a thermostat-equipped stainless steel bomb where the monopropellant vapor is placed, (2)
a means of holding the small wires, (3) a means of removing carbonaceous material formed in the
explosive decomposition (many of the substances which have been evaluated by this technique have
been acetylenic compounds which give large quantities of carbonaceous residue), and (4) an electric
current supply. In the present apparatus the wire-fusion time is determined by the voltage applied to the
wire and the characteristics of the fuse wire.
3 3
4.2 The bomb (figures 2 and 3) was designed with an internal volume of 25 cm (liner in) and 45 cm (liner
out) to permit testing small quantities of fuel. The overall internal volume, including leads and pressure
transmitter (figures 4 and 5) is 98 cm3. The stainless steel removable liner also permits sampling and
weighing of residual solids after an explosion. The bomb is electrically heated and capable of being
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regulated from ambient temperature to 260 C by a Fenwal thermoswitch. In this temperature range,
sufficiently high pressures can be obtained with most of the higher molecular weight compounds to
determine the minimum pressures for vapor-phase ignition.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 The sample is introduced in the gas phase from a conventional-heated manifold for handling organic
vapors. Fuels with less than adequate vapor pressure are introduced as liquids by means of a syringe-
type injector through hypodermic tubing. The tubing site is determined by the physical properties of the
liquid fuel. The wire holders are spring loaded, and the wire is threaded through small holes in each post.
The spring holds a plunger firmly against the wire so that good electrical contact is made. It becomes
necessary when carbonaceous products are formed to clean the holes and the plunger face each time a
new wire is threaded.

5.2 All measurements have been made with Nichrome V wires, 0.118 inch long, with a diameter of 0.0025
inch.

5.3 In an experiment, the appropriate fusion time and energy are fixed by setting the applied voltage and
resistance. Ignition trials are then made at different pressures while the critical pressures between ignition
and non-ignition are observed. Occurrence of ignition is indicated by the flash observed through the
Pyrex window in the bottom of the bomb by means of a mirror.

5.4 The first operation in making a determination of the minimum pressure for vapor-phase ignition is the
adjustment of the Fenwal thermoswitches (in all parts of the system in contact with fuel vapors) to the
setting necessary to maintain the desired temperature. The fuse wire is threaded into the wire holder and

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the bomb head secured by means of the lock ring. When liquid fuels are being evaluated, the hypodermic
the bomb head secured by means of the lock ring. When liquid fuels are being evaluated, the hypodermic
U.S. 201.08.001 (Cont.)

tubing is then connected to the fuel injector. When the bomb assembly and all leads have come to
equilibrium temperature, the bomb is evacuated. The bomb and leads are flushed and evacuated several
times with the fuel to be tested and then evacuated again. The bomb is then filled with vapor to a
pressure approximating the estimated minimum pressure for vapor-phase ignition, and the ignition is
attempted by fusion of the wire. The voltage and resistance in the igniting circuit have previously been set
to give the desired energy and fusion time. If ignition is not obtained, the pressure is increased until
ignition occurs. In order to ascertain the point accurately, several additional shots are always carried out
at slightly higher and lower pressures. A judicious choice of test pressures reduces the number of tests.
The output from the strain gauges is recorded on a voltmeter (a recording potentiometer or oscilloscope
is used when the dynamic pressure in the reaction is measured).

5.5 At the completion of each minimum pressure determination, the exact value of pressure is verified by
calibrating the pressure transmitter with nitrogen pressure in the bomb and using Bourdon tube gauges
which have been standardized by means of a dead weight tester. These gauges are also checked
periodically with a Heise test gauge. A vacuum cleaner and stiff brush are used to remove any excess
carbon from the bomb. The pressure transmitter is cleaned by flushing it with a high-pressure air jet.
Fuels that have vapor pressures above 1.0 atmosphere are admitted to the bomb through the hot fuel
inlet. The fuel is contained in a small stainless-steel cylinder. A hot oil bath is raised so that the fuel tank
is immersed in the oil until the required vapor pressure is obtained in the bomb. The oil bath is lowered
immediately to avoid possible decomposition in the fuel tank.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 Variation in bomb size appears to have an effect on minimum ignition pressure (see table I). The data
were obtained in an ignition bomb, at 15 to 17C, similar to that described herein. The ignition source in
these experiments was a 10-mm length and 0.5-mm diameter platinum wire with an ignition current
sufficient to cause an instantaneous fusion of the wire (H 15 joules).

6.2 If the fuse-wire ignition energy is plotted as a function of the pressure, loops are sometimes
obtained in the curve which are dependent upon the fusion time. An increase in energy (applied voltage
in the fuse wires) decreases the fusion time. As the fusion time increases, heat loss from the wire due to
thermoconductivity and convection effects can be expected to become significant.

6.3 The unusual shape of the ignition energy-pressure curves can probably be explained by a detailed
consideration of some of the effects just discussed.

TABLE I. Minimum ignition pressure of acetylene.

Bomb Diameter (mm) Minimum Ignition Pressure, atmabs.


50 1.80
100 1.60
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

150 1.45
200 1.40
270 1.40

Data extracted from Acetylene and Carbon Monoxide Chemistry, Copenhaver,J.W. and Bigelow,
M.H., p. 315, New York, Reinhold Publishing Corporation,1949.

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6.4 For comparison of monopropellants, it is necessary to fix some experimental conditions. Thus, the
fusion time and ignition energy are held constant (approximately 5 milliseconds and 0.07 joules) and the
minimum ignition pressure determined. The results might thus be regarded as giving the lower pressure
limit at a given energy level and time for the wire to fuse. Data obtained in this bomb (and in a larger
bomb) gave equivalent relative results in comparing the different fuels. Some typical data are reproduced
in table II. This table contains the value normally considered for the minimum ignition pressure (the value
at t = 5 milliseconds and H = 0.07 joules). The fusion time and actual energy are indicated. Most work has
been attempted at a temperature of 100C; however, this is frequently impossible as with n-propyl nitrate
because of the lack of sufficient vapor pressure at 100 C to obtain the minimum pressure.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Further details on procedures and test equipment may be


obtained from reference (a).

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Liquid Propellant Test Methods, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency (CPIA), July 1969.
(Obtainable through the Defense Technical Information Center, DTIC).

TABLE II. Comparison of monopropellant ignition characteristics obtained at Experiment Incorporated.

Ethylene Oxide N-Propyl Nitrate Acetylene


Characteristics
100C 160C 100C 150C
Minimum Ignition Pressure, atm 2.18 2.2 3.50 5.26
1.2 to
Fusion Time, milliseconds 1.15 to 5.20 2.3 1.20
16.0
0.074
Ignition Energy, joules 0.065 to 0.80 0.10 to 0.12
0.090
Minimum Ignition Pressure, atm, at
2.2 2.5 to 3.0 3.5 3.6
t = 5 milliseconds, H = 0.07 joules

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FIGURE 1. Minimum pressure for vapor phase ignition apparatus.

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FIGURE 3. Bomb head.

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FIGURE 4. Pressure transmitter.

FIGURE 5. Pressure transmitter details.

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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Liquid Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Flash Point

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: This test is designed to measure the temperature where the sample will
emit vapors that may be ignited by an open flame. The flash point is determined in an
open cup tester. A test cup is filled to a specific level with the sample. The temperature
of the sample is increased rapidly at first and then at a slow constant rate as the flash
point is approached. At specific intervals, a small test flame is passed across the cup.
The lowest temperature where the application of the test flame causes the vapors above
the surface of the liquid to ignite is recorded as the flash point. To determine the fire point
the test is continued until the application of the test flame causes the sample to ignite and
burn for at least 5 seconds.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Temperature when a flash appears at any


point on the surface of the sample is the observed flash point.
o
d. Typical Results: NOS 365, No flash to 75 C.
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Good

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. ASTM D92-90, Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup.
Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1990.

b. ASTM D93-90, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Tester.
Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1990.

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TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Thermal Stability (Constant Temperature) - Vacuum Thermal Stability (VTS)

2. PURPOSE: This test measures the stability of an explosive at an elevated temperature under vacuum.

3. BACKGROUND:

3.1 In this test, a weighed explosive sample in a measured evacuated volume is heated at a constant
elevated temperature for a specified time. The gas pressure in the sample container is measured before,
during, and after the test with an attached mercury manometer. The reported result is the volume of gas
at standard temperature and pressure produced by the explosive sample. Sample size, container volume,
glassware design, and test duration vary among the laboratories conducting the test depending on the
purpose for which the test is conducted. Reference (a) provides the NATO-agreed standardized
procedures and apparatus.

3.2 Duplicate or triplicate samples, prepared for each test, are heated at 100 C for 48 hours. (Reference
(e) requires only 40 hours for propellants.) Staff members at some centers report that samples are heated
for 1 hour and then the initial reading is taken. The tests are then run for 48 hours making the total
heating time 49 hours.) Sample size is 5.00 0.05 g for booster and main charge explosives and
propellants, and 0.200 0.001 g for primary explosives. Propellant samples are ground or rasped to
approximately 12 mesh. All samples except solvent propellants should be dried at 65 C for 2 hours;
solvent propellants should be dried at 60 to 65 C for 2 to 3 hours.

3.3 An advisory criterion of 2 ml of gas evolved per gram of explosive heated for 48 hours at 100 C
applies for main charge and booster explosives. However, main charge explosives which will be
subjected to higher temperatures in the application for which they are being qualified, must also be tested
at higher temperatures

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT: Figure 1 shows one version of the glass heating container manometer
apparatus for VTS measurements. The heating container is connected to the manometer by a ground
joint sealed with mercury. This is convenient and can remain leak-free during measurements at 100 C.
However, measurements above 200 C on thermally stable explosives require a one-piece version,
consisting of glycerin and water (specific gravity 1.05 for 100 C test) or temperature controlled block
(oven) such as described in references (c) and (d) and, briefly, in section 7 herein.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 Method 1:

5.1.1 The apparatus shown in figure 1 is first calibrated by determining the volume of the heating
chamber by filling with mercury from a burette to the level at which the ground glass joint of the capillary
tube will make contact with the mercury. (Some test centers report using distilled water in the heating
chamber for calibration only). The volume of the capillary tube in ml/mm, symbol C, is determined by
averaging the length occupied by a weighed sample of mercury (about 10 g) at three different positions:

C =W/DL
where:
C = volume of capillary in ml/mm
W = weight of mercury in g
D = density of mercury at test temperature in g/ml
L = average length of mercury column in mm

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FIGURE 1. Vacuum thermal stability test apparatus.

5.1.2 A dried sample is then added to the heating chamber of the calibrated apparatus. The capillary tube
is connected and sealed using a light film of petroleum jelly such as silicone stopcock grease. Press the
tube up against the capillary. With the long section of the capillary in a vertical position, 7.0 ml of mercury
is added to the lower cup, and the system is evacuated to a pressure of about 0.2 in. (5 mm) of mercury.
The vacuum pump is disconnected and the mercury is allowed to enter the capillary. The vertical height
of the mercury column minus the height of mercury in the cup is recorded as H1. The room temperature is
recorded as t1, and P1 is the barometric pressure in mm minus H1. The heating chamber is placed in a
constant temperature bath or block (oven), maintained at 100.0 0.5 C for 48 hours (or 49 hours), then it
is removed and allowed to cool to room temperature. H is defined as the height of mercury in the capillary
minus the cup; P is the barometric pressure minus H; and t is the room temperature. The volume of gas,
at standard conditions, evolved by the sample is then calculated with the following formula:

where:
A = the volume of the tube minus the volume of the sample
B1 = the total length of the capillary tube minus the measured heights to which 7.0 ml of
mercury rises when added to the lower cup 1 inch (about 25 mm)
B = the total capillary length minus the height of the mercury column at the end of test.
The volume of gas per gram (VTS value) is V divided by the weight of the sample in grams.

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5.2 Method 2:

5.2.1 The procedure developed for screening explosives at the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) is
somewhat different and more versatile. When the one-piece glass apparatus and a specially designed
heating block (oven) are used, measurements have been made at temperatures as high as 300 C;
however, 400 C should present no problem. The main difference is that the heating chamber is smaller
(about 10 ml) and sealed to the manometer. The heated volume is measured as the volume of the 1.0 cm
outside diameter sample tube plus the capillary out to a reference mark 10.2 cm from the center of the
sample tube. This volume is determined by adding water from a burette until the water fills the capillary to
the reference mark. The vertical length of the capillary is about 92 cm long with a reference mark 28 cm
from the bottom

5.2.2 Although the NSWC apparatus is also used for standard 100 C tests, it was developed
for high temperature evaluation of thermally stable explosives.

5.3 Method 3: This method is used for thermally stable materials. The most common test, 260 C
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

for 2 hours, is conducted as follows:

5.3.1 An accurately weighed, dried 0.2 g sample is transferred to the heating chamber of a calibrated
apparatus, which is then placed behind a safety shield and sealed off with a hand-held torch just above
the junction with the capillary. The system is evacuated to a pressure of 0.04 inch (0.1 cm) or less with a
pump attached to the lower cup. Then 4 ml of mercury is added, atmospheric pressure returned, and the
pump is disconnected.

5.3.2 The height of the mercury in the capillary is measured, relative to the reference mark, and the
apparatus set aside as a check for leaks. Room temperature and barometric pressure readings are
taken. The sample chamber is placed in the 260 C heating block, and the mercury height is measured.
This measurement is repeated after 20 minutes and again after an additional 2 hours (140 minutes total).
Although this concludes the usual test, samples are often left in the heating block to monitor further
decomposition.

5.3.3 The first 20 minutes of the test, referred to as the 20-minute surge, is usually excluded from the
VTS result as not indicative of the stability of the test material. Eleven minutes are required for the sample
to reach the test temperature. The system degasses, and occluded or strongly absorbed solvents are
evolved. However, the gas volume of this surge is usually also reported.

5.3.4 The VTS gas evolution volume (corrected to 0 C and 760 mm pressure) is calculated as follows:

where:
V = ml of gas/gram of sample/hour at 260C
Z = volume of hot zone minus volume of sample in ml
P = pressure change (change of mercury height) in mm
W = sample weight in g
t = time in hours

5.4 The VTS test can be run at any temperature appropriate to the explosive application. It can also be
used to determine the compatibility of materials in contact in proposed military applications by comparing
the gas evolved by an appropriate mixture with that evolved by each of the separate components.

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5.5 If excess gassing occurs at 100 C or if 100 C greatly exceeds intended operating requirements, a
lower temperature may be used. Commonly used test conditions for various types of materials are given
in Annex A of reference (f).

5.6 Reference (a) states that compatibility of materials that decompose too rapidly at 100 C may
be tested at 80 C for 240 hours.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

i.which of the three variations given in Method U.S. 202.01.001 was used.
ii.period of time for which the sample is heated.
iii.temperature at which the test is conducted.
iv. the volume of the sample chamber.
v. statement of whether an initial surge volume of gas was excluded from the calculations; if it was,
the time period covering the surge and the surge gas volume must also be reported.
vi. number of replicate samples tested.
vii. results for candidate explosive.
viii. results for reference explosives.

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
6.2 The results shall be reported for each sample tested as the volume at 760 mm of pressure and 0 C
of gas evolved per unit mass of the sample. If more than one sample is tested, the average of the
replicate determinations shall also be reported.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

7.1 The design, construction, and use of a heating block for tests at any temperature between 35
and 400 C is described in references (b) and (c). Significant design features include sample wells in an
aluminum block which maintain both the sample chamber and part of the horizontal capillary at controlled
temperatures. Separate controls and electric heaters are used so that when sublimation of the sample is
a problem, the top and capillary portions of the hot zone can be 5 to 10 C warmer than the rest. The
temperature control is designed to shift from low to high power settings (instead of off and on) to reduce
temperature fluctuations. The high and low power settings are set to come to equilibrium a few degrees
above and below the test temperature, so that during control, the high power is on 50% of the time. The
block is arranged symmetrically to contain several samples, but the top is designed so that the insulation
is removed only over the position where an apparatus is being inserted or removed.

7.2 Before the sample heating chambers containing explosive samples are sealed, they are lowered into
a length of thick-walled steel pipe capped at both ends. The upper cap contains a hole just large enough
to accommodate the glass sample tube. Liquid or tacky solid samples must be placed in the bottom of the
sample tube with none adhering to upper walls. This is accomplished by weighing them into smaller tubes
of known wall volume that are then lowered into the heating container.

7.3 The volume of gas evolved in this test is valid as a measure of the thermal stability of the material
being tested only insofar as the gases evolved are the products of the decomposition of the test material.
Independent determination that this is the case may be obtained by subjected the evolved gases to
analysis by IR spectrometry, GC or GC/MS, or another method that provides information about the
identity of the gases.

7.4 There is evidence that, for some explosives, the VTS result depends on the ratio of the sample weight
and the volume of the heated chamber. In these cases, the VTS value generally (but not always)
decreases as the ratio increases. The effect seems to result from two competing processes: solid state

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when possible, VTS values should be compared with others obtained under similar conditions. Values of
common explosives are given in Table I.

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. NATO STANAG 4147, Chemical Compatibility of Ammunition Components with Explosives and
Propellants (Non-Nuclear Applications).
b. Rosen, A. H. and Simmons, H. T., Improved Apparatus and Technique for the Measurement of
the Vacuum Stability of Explosives at Elevated Temperatures, NAVORD Report 6629, 12 Mar
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1959, Naval Surface Warfare Center, White Oak, Silver Spring, MD 20903-5000.
c. Simmons, H. T., The Vacuum Thermal Stability Test for Explosives, NOLTR 70-142, 28 Oct1970,
Naval Surface Warfare Center, White Oak, Silver Spring, MD 20903-5000.
d. MIL-STD-650, Explosive: Sampling, Inspection and Testing, Method 503.1.1.
e. MIL-STD-286C, Propellants, Solid: Sampling, Examination and Testing, Method 403.1.3.
f. NATO STANAG 4556, Explosives: Vacuum Stability Test.

TABLE I. Common explosive values.

Temperature Test Duration VTS Value


Explosive
(C) (hrs) (ml/g)
COMP B 100 48 0.30
DATB 200 48 0.11
DATB 230 2 0.21
DIPAM 260 2 2.68
HMX 100 48 0.50
HMX 260 2 0.34
PETN 100 48 0.21
RDX 100 48 0.12
TETRYL 100 48 0.24
TNT 100 48 0.10

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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Variable Confinement Cook-Off (VCCT) Test

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity/ Thermal Detonability.

b. Description: This test is used to study the explosiveness of solid explosive materials in
fast and slow cook-off condition. A sample of explosive, confined in an aluminum liner
within a steel tube, is heated by means of electrical windings. The apparatus consists of
an aluminum liner, one from a series of increasing wall thickness steel tubes, heating
bands, thermocouples, steel spacer washers, steel end plates and retaining bolts. The
thickness of the aluminum sleeve is 2.5 mm and the thickness of the steel tube can be
0.375 to 3 mm in 0.375 mm increments. Two thermocouples are fitted, one in each of
two diametrically opposing grooves in the aluminum sleeve. Either two mica-insulated
band heaters or an insulated nichrome wire winding are located on the steel tube, spacer
washers are added to each end and the assembly is located in recesses between steel
witness plates. The retaining bolts are evenly tightened to a torque of 40.7 +/- 4Nm.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The degree of tube fragmentation is used to


determine the reaction category and the objective of the test is to determine the median
tube thickness just resulting in a deflagration reaction rather than burning.

d. Typical Results: Five levels of severity of reaction are observed in this test:

(1) Burning: The steel sleeve is recovered in one piece. The aluminum sleeve is usually
recovered in one or two pieces. Witness plates exhibit no deformation. Retaining
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bolts usually remain intact, although in some cases they may be bowed.
(2) Deflagration: The steel sleeve is recovered in one or two pieces. The aluminum
sleeve usually fragments into large pieces. Witness plates exhibit slight deformation.
Retaining bolts fail in shear.
(3) Explosion: Both steel and aluminum sleeves fragment into several large pieces.
Witness plates exhibit some deformation.
(4) Partial detonation: Steel and aluminum sleeves fragment into both large and small
pieces. Witness plates exhibit severe deformation.
(5) Detonation: Steel and aluminum sleeves fragment into very small pieces. Witness
plates exhibit severe damage.

CH-6 repeatedly cooks-off with a partial detonation (Level 4). Tetryl repeatedly cooks-off
with high order (Level 5).

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: The severity of the reactions is repeatable and


reproducible.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. STANAG 4491 Edition 1, Explosives, Thermal Sensitiveness and Explosiveness Tests.


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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Thermal Detonability (Fast Cook-Off) - NAWC (China Lake) Method

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: The test fixture, a super small-scale cook-off bomb (SSCB), consists of a
steel tube 2.8 cm 0D/2.3 cm ID X 7.6 cm long (~1.1" OD/O.9" ID X 3" long) spot welded
(4 pts) to a witness plate 6 cm diameter x 1 cm thick (3" diameter X 3/8" thick). A similar
top plate is used and bolted to the tube-witness plate for explosive confinement. An
internal aluminum sleeve 2.3 cm OD/2.0 cm ID X 7.6 cm long (~0.9" OD/O.8" ID X 3"
long) is used to spread input heat evenly and temperature measurement is made with a
thermocouple. The explosive material is cast, pressed, or cured in steel tubes 2 cm
OD/1.5 cm ID X 3.2 cm long (0.8" OD/O.6" ID X 1.25" long). Each tube contains about
10 grams of explosive and two steel tubes are used per test. This allows a 1.3 cm
(0.5-inch) void area for thermal expansion. The outer steel tube is heated with two, 125-
o o
watt band heaters. With 220 VAC applied, the heating rate is ~1 C/sec and is ~0.2 C/sec
with 110 VAC. The higher heating rate is similar to a heavy steel wall 1.3 cm (~0.5 inch)
munition in a fuel fire, the lower heating rate is similar to an area that is not in a direct
heat path from the fuel fire, i.e., fuze cup, thermally protected case, etc.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test is used to determine the cook-off
temperature and reaction of a confined explosive. The time-temperature plot is used to
determine the cook-off temperature at a given heating rate. The body fragments and
witness plate are used to assess the severity of the reaction.

d. Typical Results: The severity of the cook-off reaction is assessed in the following
manner and is listed below:

Outer Tube Witness Plate Cook-Off Reaction


Intact/Split Dent < 1.3 cm (0.05") Burning
1-4 Pieces Dent < 1.3 cm (0.05") Deflagration
Many Pieces Dent < 1.3 cm (0.05") Explosion
Many Pieces Nearly Punched Partial Detonation
Small Pieces Punched Hole Detonation

The severity of the cook-off reaction is dependent on the heating rate. CH-6 booster
explosive yields a detonation. PBXC-123 will yield a burning reaction, which is similar to
the cook-off reaction of this explosive in a warhead.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: The tests have been repeatable in regard to thermal
response and reaction.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Pakulak, J. and Cragin, S., National Weapons Center TP-6414, July 1983.
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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Explosion Temperature.

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: Heat causes the decomposition of an explosive at a rate that varies with
temperature. Almost all explosives are characterized by a critical temperature, below
which the rate of decomposition is so small that it is negligible. If a small mass of an
explosive is suddenly subjected to a high ambient temperature, an induction or
incubation period ensues during which the explosive absorbs heat. If the ambient
temperature is sufficiently high, decomposition of part of the explosive liberates heat and
causes acceleration of the increase in temperature of the remaining explosive. When the
temperature reaches a certain value characteristic of the explosive, the rate-of-
decomposition value becomes so great that explosion of the remaining material takes
place. The temperature of the products of explosion is much greater than that developed
during the period prior to slow decomposition. If the explosion is brought about at the
end of a column of explosive, self-propagating detonation of the column can ensue.

In this test, a blasting cap containing the explosive is immersed to a fixed depth in a bath
of molten Woods' metal. The time of immersion required to cause flashing or explosion
is noted. The temperature of the bath is varied and a number of tests are made in order
to produce smoke, fume, flashes or explosions over a range of approximately two to ten
seconds. Visible signs of evolution of smoke, fumes, etc., are recorded. A pressure-time
curve is constructed in order to finalize the temperature required to cause flashing or
explosions in five seconds.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: To determine the relative sensitivity of


booster and main charge explosives to heat.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Clear, A. J., "Standard Laboratory Procedures for Determining Sensitivity, Brisance and
Stability of Explosives", PA Technical Report 3278, Rev. 1, April 1970.

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U.S. 202.01.005

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary High Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Cook-Off Temperature Determination Test.

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: A 5 mg specimen of the candidate explosive is placed on a hot plate, with


an imbedded temperature sensor well, having a proportional heating control of + 2.5 oC
or better. The measurements start at 50 oC and the temperature is raised in 10 oC
increments until ignition is observed. The test is repeated until 5 ignitions occur out of 5
trials.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines the thermal sensitivity of
primary explosives.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Good

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. NAVORD OD 44811 of 1 January 1972. pages. 1-20

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U.S. 202.01.006
TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Ignition sensitivity - Hot-wire Ignition Test

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2. PURPOSE: This test determines the ignition sensitivity of an explosive material in contact with an
electrically energized (hot) wire.

3. BACKGROUND: None

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT: The explosive material particle size for this test must be small compared to
the diameter of the ignition wire. Therefore, only explosive passing through a 325-mesh sieve shall be
used. (There is an exception for extrudable non-curing explosives which shall be extruded directly into the
charge holder and onto the bridge wire.) If a minimum of 90% of the explosive as submitted does not
pass through a 325-mesh sieve, a representative sample shall be taken and milled. Milling should be
conducted under a non-combustible wetting agent that will neither appreciably dissolve nor react with the
explosive. The milling shall be accomplished using stainless steel balls or flint pebbles. Milling shall be
continued until at least 98% of the sample passes through the 325-mesh sieve. Only that portion passing
through the 325-mesh sieve shall be used for this test. The explosive shall be dried to a constant weight
at 55 C before being loaded in accordance with 5.1 below.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 Loading procedure. Bridge 40 plug subassemblies, drawing 457454 (reference (a)), with a 2-mil
diameter tungsten wire flush with the plug surface (see Figure 1). Firmly attach the spacer, drawing
652246 (reference (b)), to the bridged plug subassembly. Twenty bridged plug subassemblies each shall
be loaded with the dry explosive prepared in accordance with section 4 above by pressing the explosive
flush to within 0.010 inch of the spacer at pressures of 4,000 and 20,000 psi, respectively.

5.2 Firing procedure. Each loaded unit shall be tested with an ohmmeter prior to firing to determine that
the tungsten bridge wire is intact. The test unit shall then be placed explosive-side down on an aluminum
witness plate, 1.5 x 1.5 x 0.5-inch, and fired in a safety chamber. Firing voltage shall be supplied by a fully
charged 12-volt lead-acid automotive storage battery of at least 45 ampere-hours capacity. The battery
shall be connected to the test unit by a plunger-type mercury relay (Macke electrical devices or
equivalent) through appropriate wiring and safety interlocks. The total circuit resistance, including the
relay, wiring, and interlocks, but not the battery or test unit, shall not exceed 0.4 ohm. Testing shall
continue until all 40 samples (only 20 samples are necessary for extrudable non-curing explosives) are
tested, unless an individual test sample does not meet the requirements of section 6 below.

6. RESULTS AND DATA: The candidate explosive shall be reported to have passed the hot-wire ignition
test if none of the 40 samples show any evidence of reaction in the form of visible, audible, or measurable
external change to the test explosive, the test unit, or the witness plate. However, the tungsten wire shall
have been burned out as determined by an ohmmeter test.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Naval Sea Systems Command (CAGE Code 10001) drawing 457454 Plug Subassembly.
b. Naval Sea Systems Command (CAGE Code 10001) drawing 652246 Spacer.

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FIGURE 1. Hot-wire ignition arrangement.

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(Edition 2)
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U.S. 202.01.007
TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Thermal stability (variable temperature) - Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)

2. PURPOSE: The test is used to evaluate the behavior of energetic materials when subjected to a
temperature rise. Characteristics displayed on thermograms can be used to monitor samples in
comparison to controls and to examine if changes have occurred in a sample that may affect stability.
Results provide onset temperature and peak maxima of any endothermic or exothermic events.

3. BACKGROUND: DTA records the difference in temperature between a substance and a thermally inert
reference material when both are subjected to the same thermal conditions. Sample and reference
holders are each fitted with their own temperature sensing device, usually thermocouples connected in
opposition. Sample and reference holders are fitted in a heat sink, i.e., a metal block, which is surrounded
by a heat source that can be programmed to raise the temperature of both the sample and reference
material at a predetermined rate.

3.1 Principle of operation: If, upon heating, there are no transitions or reactions occurring within the test
sample, the difference in temperature between the sample and reference (T) is effectively zero.
Temperature differences between the sample and reference are brought about by either endothermic or
exothermic transitions or reactions within the sample pan. During "endothermic transitions," the sample
undergoes "isothermal arrests" whereby its temperature remains relatively constant during the transition
although there is an input of heat into the sample during this transition. The reference temperature
continues to rise at the predetermined rate over this period. Hence a differential temperature exists
between sample and reference with the sample lagging the reference.

3.2 Conversely, during exothermic reactions, the heat evolved from the sample gives rise to a
temperature difference between the sample and reference where the T signal has the opposite polarity.
These changes lead to a departure from the T = 0 baseline during transitions resulting in a peak in the
output signal. When the transition is over, the sample "catches up" with the reference and the signal
returns to the steady state as was observed before the transition. A gradual return to the baseline is
observed due to the relatively low thermal conductivity of the sample crucible material. When the
technique is used in conjunction with a photo detector system, the ignition temperature may also be
recorded.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 Apparatus:

4.1.1 Some Differential Thermal Analyzers are capable of heating rates up to 50 C/min, although a
typical heating rate for this experiment is 10 C/min. The analyzer used in this method should
automatically record the differential temperature between the sample and reference materials. It should
have an upper temperature capability of at least 500 C.

4.1.2 Sample crucibles are required which should be manufactured from materials that are inert
to the material under test. They should be large enough to be able to accommodate up to 30 mg of
sample and be robust enough to withstand the mechanical forces and high temperatures encountered
during ignition reactions. Materials such as alumina and platinum are generally suitable. Alumina is the
preferred material since the crucibles are readily cleaned by boiling in concentrated acids.

4.1.3 Purge gas supply and an associated flow controller.

4.1.4 Inert reference material which is not thermally active over the temperature range to be used.

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For most applications, alumina has been found to be suitable.
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4.1.5 Balance capable of measuring to an accuracy of 0.01 mg.

4.1.6 Additional apparatus required for temperature of ignition studies

a. Dead weight press (1 kg) with a ram diameter slightly smaller than the internal diameter of the
sample crucible
b. Photodetector and associated signal amplification circuitry

4.2 Calibration: Since a DTA instrument is used only semi-quantatively for measurement of
endothermic and exothermic transitions, accurate calibration of the heat of transition reaction is not
generally necessary. However, if heat of transition/reaction is to be measured, calibration can be
achieved through the measurement of the heat of fusion of standard reference materials.

4.2.1 Because of the robustness of construction and the relatively low thermal conductivity of the
sample crucible materials, temperature calibration to within 2% is considered acceptable. Generally,
calibration shall be performed at two points using standard reference materials with melting point onsets
close to the limits of the temperature range of interest. Calibration should be carried out using the same
type of crucible, heating rate, purge gas, and purge gas flow rates that will be used for test
measurements.

4.2.2 Typical standard reference materials used for temperature and enthalpy calibration are
shown in the table below:

Material Melting Point (C) Heat of Fusion (J/g)

Indium 156.6 28.42

Zinc 419.5 108.0

Aluminum 660.2 397.0

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 Sample preparation: Samples should be representative of the material in the final form anticipated for
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service use. Cast cure materials shall be fully cured. Powders may be consolidated to a density similar to
that proposed for a final configuration if deemed necessary to achieve good contact between the sample
and the crucible.

5.2 The energetic material being evaluated should be weighed accurately and placed in one sample
crucible while the reference material should be placed in another. These should then be loaded into the
instrument. Reference (a) provides recommended sample sizes for different types of explosive materials.
There should be intimate contact between the sample or reference material and the sensors.

5.3 The sample chamber should be purged with an appropriate gas and the flow rate recorded. If,
however, temperature of ignition studies are being performed, the experiment is generally conducted in a
static air environment
.
5.4 The sample is then heated at the chosen heating rate over the temperature range of interest.
Reference (a) provides recommended heating rates for different types of explosive materials. A
thermogram is produced showing heat flow versus temperature. The evaluation of the curve associated
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U.S. 202.01.007 (Cont.)

with the exothermic event may require a different approach if the curve has multiple peaks or peaks with
complex structure. The temperature associated with all peaks should be reported.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

a. instrument
b. heating
c. purge gas and flow rate
d. sample
e. method of loading into sample
f. type of sample pan used (material of construction; open or closed; crimped or uncrimped;lid
bulged up or down; etc)
g. atmosphere in which pan was prepared and sealed
h. thermogram
i. onset temperatures, peak temperatures, and temperature at which the trace returns to the
baseline for all endotherms and exotherms.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

8. REFERENCES:

a. NATO STANAG 4515, Thermal Characterization of Explosives.

b. ASTM E537-98, Standard Test Method for Assessing the Thermal Stability of Chemicals by
Methods of Differential Thermal Analysis, Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and
Materials, 1998.

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
U.S. 202.01.008
TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Thermal Stability - Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)

2. PURPOSE: This test is used primarily to determine the weight loss (or gain) associated with an
energetic material when it is subjected to isothermal conditions or increasing temperature in a flowing
inert or oxidizing atmosphere. Kinetics parameters can be obtained from TGA experiments.

3. BACKGROUND: Thermogravimetric analysis measures the change in weight of a test sample as a


function of temperature and time. The technique can be useful in distinguishing between phase changes
(solid-state, melting) and weight changes resulting from chemical reactions (thermal degradation, metal
oxidation, etc.). Data acquired from this technique can be more useful if used in conjunction with other
techniques, such as DTA, DSC, FTIR, i.e., TGA/DSC on the same sample.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1. Apparatus:

a. Thermogravimetric analyzer capable of heating rates of up to 20 C/minute, with a weighing


accuracy of 0.01 mg and an automatic recording capability for measuring the sample weight
loss/gain as a function of temperature.
b. Sample crucibles manufactured from a material that is chemically inert to the material under test.
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Typical materials of construction are aluminum and platinum.


c. Purge gas supply (usually nitrogen, argon or helium) and an associated flow controller. Argon is
recommended, since nitrogen can react with some metal surfaces.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1. Sample preparation: Samples should be representative of the material in the final form anticipated for
service use. Cast-cured materials shall be fully cured. Powders can be used as such or consolidated to a
density similar to that proposed for a final application.

5.2. Temperature calibration shall be performed by a procedure described by the equipment


manufacturer.

5.3. The sample chamber is purged with an inert gas at all times. The flow rate can be adjusted for
periods when the instrument is not in use.

5.4. The test sample is placed in the sample crucible and the weight recorded.

5.5. The heating rate (dynamic experiment) shall be determined by the objective of the experiment. Some
energetic materials are volatile and will volatilize from the sample pan during this test, sometimes prior to
reaching the melting temperature

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1. The following information shall be reported for this test:


a. instrument used to conduct the test
b. calibration standards used
c. gas used for purging
d. gas flow rate

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e. heating
f. material of construction of crucible
g. weight losses and gains between start and end of reactions, as percentages
h. physical processes associated with weight loss steps, if possible, e.g.,
i. loss of volatile matter
ii. decomposition
i. derivative weight loss trace

6.2. The derivative weight loss trace is a measure of the weight loss as a function of time/temperature
and is characteristic of the material or composition. It generally consists of a series of peaks, each
corresponding to a weight loss or gain step. It can be used as a thermogravimetric fingerprint for
characterization purposes.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

8. REFERENCES:

a. NATO STANAG 4515 Edition 1, Thermal Characterization of Explosives.

b. ASTM E1641-99, Standard Test Method for Decomposition Kinetics by Thermogravimetry,


Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials, 2000.

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Rev. 1
U.S. 202.01.009

TEST INFORMATION SHEET


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1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: 100 oC Heat Test

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: This test is performed to measure the resistance of explosives to


decomposition by heat. The end points used are loss in weight of the sample following
exposure at the specified condition, and noting if ignition or explosion occurs following
exposure in an oven maintained at 100 oC for a period of 100 hours.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This method is used for determining the
stability of high explosives by subjecting them to 100 oC at atmospheric pressure.

d. Typical Results: Not available

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Should be good for test performed under the same
conditions.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. MIL-STD-650, dated 3 August 1962.

b. Clear, A. J., "Standard Laboratory Procedures for Determining Sensitivity, Brisance and
Stability of Explosives", Picatinny Arsenal Technical Report 3278, Rev. 1, April 1970, Dover N.J.

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TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Exudation Characteristics

2. PURPOSE: To measure the exudation of liquid impurities or plasticizers from energetic materials.

3. BACKGROUND: Explosives containing liquids as impurities or plasticizers may develop exudation


problems during storage. For example, warheads containing TNT-based explosives may require pads to
absorb the mono and dinitrotoluenes impurities or the eutectics formed that can exude from the explosive
charge. These exudates can migrate into fuze wells or other areas and cause problems during storage
or use. Munitions loaded with explosives containing liquid plasticizers may also experienced exudation
problems when the plasticizer migrates from the charge.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 The test apparatus consists of an aluminum sleeve (machined from 7075-T6), as shown in Figure 1,
with a 26.4mm (1.04 inch) I.D. and 51.8mm (2.04 inch) O.D. by 127.0mm (5.0 inch) long. The sleeve is
closed off and sealed at each end by Velumoid or equivalent automotive gaskets, 50.8mm (2.0 inch)
diameter by 0.5mm (0.20 inch) thick, and aluminum discs (machined from 7075-T6), 50.8mm (2.0 inch)
diameter by 12.7mm (0.5 inch) thick. The aluminum discs are attached to the sleeve by four -20,
long socket head cap screws equally spaced around a 1.5 diameter bolt circle.

4.2 The test sample is wrapped in a sheet of Watman No. 1 Qualitative or equivalent filter paper, 127.0
mm (5.0 inch) wide by 161.9mm (6.375 inch) long. Four discs, 25.4 mm (1.0 inch) in diameter, are cut
from the filter paper and placed at each end of the test sample after it is wrapped and inserted into the
test fixture.

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4.3 A conditioning chamber which operates at the specified temperature and suitable for energetic
materials is used to conduct this test.

4.4 The test samples are cylinders 25.4 0.0254 mm (1.0 0.001 inch) diameter by 125.73 0.0508
mm (4.950 0.002 inches) long. The test sample may be made up of stacked pellets when pressed
explosives are tested. Three test samples are required.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 Each test sample is weighed to the nearest 0.0001 gram using an analytical balance, and the mass of
each sample is recorded. The filter paper sheets and discs (one sheet and eight discs for each test
sample) are placed in a desiccator at room temperature until constant weight is achieved. The filter paper
sheets and discs are weighed to the nearest 0.0001 gram using an analytical balance and mass
recorded.

5.2 After the weights have been recorded, one sheet of filter paper is removed from the desiccator and
tightly wrapped around test sample. The wrapped test sample is then tightly inserted into the aluminum
sleeve. Four filter paper discs followed by a Velumoid gasket are placed at each open end of the
aluminum sleeve; the aluminum cover discs are then bolted snugly to each end of the sleeve to seal
(Figure 1). This procedure is repeated for each test sample.

5.3 The test fixtures are placed in a conditioning chamber at 60 0.5 C (140 1 F) for a period of 320
hours. A continuous recording is made of the chamber temperature. At the conclusion of 320 hours the
test fixtures are removed from the conditioning chamber, insulated, cooled to room temperature and

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disassembled. As an alternative, the samples may cycled be under 60 psi pressure for 30 cycles between
- 54 and + 60 C (- 65 and +140 F).

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5.4 For each test sample, the filter paper wrap and discs are placed in a desiccator at room temperature
until constant weight is achieved. The filter paper sheets and discs are reweighed to the nearest 0.0001
gram using an analytical balance and mass recorded. The test samples are reweighed to the nearest
0.0001 gram using an analytical balance and mass recorded.

5.5 The loss in weight for each test sample is recorded as the amount of exudate. The percent exudation
is obtained by dividing the amount of exudate by the original sample weight and multiplying by 100. The
gain in weight of the filter paper sheet and discs for each test sample is used to confirm the exudate
value. The advisory passing criterion is that the amount of exudates should be no more than 0.1%.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be recorded from this test

a. Type of conditioning chamber used to conduct the test (programmable, manual


b. Method used to prepare the test samples (pressing, casting
c. Initial mass, length, diameter and percent of theoretical maximum density of each test sample
d. Initial mass of the filter paper sheets and disks
e. Time the samples were conditioned at temperature, including temperature record of conditioning
chamber
f. Final mass of the test samples after 320 hours at temperature
g. Final mass of the filter paper sheets and discs for each test sample
h. Photographs of the test samples, filter paper and discs after disassembly of the test fixtures
i. Description of the appearance of the test samples, filter paper sheets and discs after the
conclusion of the test (discoloration, blotches )
j. Loss in weight for each test sample (amount of exudate)
k. The percent exudation values for each test sample based on weight loss of samples
l. Weight gain in the filter paper sheets and discs for each test sample
m. The percent exudation for each test sample based on weight gain in filter paper sheets and disks
n. Average exudation of the three test samples

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Voigt, H.W., Exudation Test for TNT Explosive Under Confinement: Exudation Control and
Proposed Standards, ARLCD-TR-83004, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, February 1983.

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FIGURE 1. Apparatus for exudation test

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TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Growth Characteristics - Irreversible Growth

2. PURPOSE: This test is designed to measure the irreversible growth of solid energetic materials.

3. BACKGROUND: When explosives contain liquids as impurities or plasticizers they often undergo
irreversible dimensional changes in storage and when subjected to many temperature cycles between -
54 and + 60 C (- 65 and +140 F). In explosives containing TNT, the dinitrotoluenes form a low-melting
liquid eutectic that can cause problems. Mononitrotoluenes added as anti-cracking agents give large
irreversible growth in TNT-based explosives. Another cause for irreversible dimensional change is solid-
state polymorphic transformation, such as occurs in ammonium nitrate.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 A programmable conditioning chamber that operates within the specified temperature range and
suitable for energetic materials is used to conduct this test.
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4.2 Acceptable test samples are cylinders at least 1.27 cm (0.5 inch) diameter by 1.27 cm (0.5 inch) high,
the preferred sample size is 2.54 cm (1.0 inch) diameter by 2.54 cm (1.0 inch) high.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 Three test samples are conditioned to 20 2 C (70 3 F) weighed and measured to the nearest
0.01mm (0.0005 inches) using a micrometer or calipers. The initial mass, length and diameter (measured
at the center) of each pellet are recorded. The pellets are then placed in the conditioning chamber and
temperature cycled between - 54 and + 60 C (- 65 and +140 F) for 30 or more cycles. The test samples
are maintained at each temperature long enough for the entire sample to reach equilibrium with the
conditioning chamber. An additional pellet of the test explosive equipped with a thermocouple at its center
may be used to track the internal temperature of the test samples.

5.2 At the conclusion of 30 or more cycles the pellets are slowly conditioned to 20 2 C (70 3 F)
weighed and carefully measured to the nearest 0.01mm (0.0005 inches) using a micrometer or calipers.
The final mass, length and diameter (measured at the center) of each pellet are recorded. The advisory
passing criterion is not more than 1% growth.

5.3 The change in volume (in percent of original volume) of each pellet is calculated using the measured
dimensions. Alternatively, the change in volume may be determined by density change.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

a. Method used to prepare the test samples (pressing, casting)


b. Type of conditioning chamber used to conduct the test (programmable, manual)
c. Initial sample mass, length, diameter and percent of theoretical maximum density (TMD) for each
sample
d. Number of temperature cycles
e. Duration of conditioning of the samples at each temperature
f. Temperature profile; i.e. rate at which temperature was changed from maximum to minimum,
dwell time at extreme temperatures, heating or cooling rate to return samples to 20 C

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g. Percent volume change for each sample


h. Average percent volume change
i. Observations of change in appearance, e.g., cracking, discoloration, etc.

7. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION:

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

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TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Thermal Stability - Determination of Critical Temperature and Self-Heating

2. PURPOSE: The analyses described in this Method can be used both to predict and to experimentally
determine the critical temperature and self-heating properties associated with a given energetic material.
In general, the assumed geometry for self-heating should always take into account the worst case
scenario for any given charge size.

3. BACKGROUND: When an energetic material is slowly subjected to an elevated temperature for a


prolonged period of time, the material may undergo the phenomenon of self-heating. In this process,
thermal energy is liberated in the interior of the explosive as a result of slow chemical decomposition. At
some point, a state of equilibrium exists at which the energy released by the thermal decomposition
process is equal to the energy dissipated by the system. If the thermal energy is released at a faster rate
than it is dissipated, the temperature of the explosive will increase until a catastrophic event occurs. This
event, generally referred to as slow cook-off, is associated with the materials critical temperature. The
critical temperature is defined as the lowest constant surface temperature above which a given energetic
material of a specific size and shape will catastrophically self-heat. Critical temperature is a heat balance
between heat generated and heat lost for a given mass and geometry of an explosive or propellant.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 The experimental data obtained from DTA, DSC, or TGA experiments described in U.S 202.01.007,
U.S. 202.01.008 or U.S. 202.01.020 can be used to determine the various kinetics parameters required in
this method, i.e., Arrhenius activation energy and pre-exponential. These parameters may be associated
with a given chemical decomposition reaction or may describe the global process. Numerous methods for
calculating kinetics parameters by using the thermal data acquired from DTA, DSC, or TGA are available
(References a through h). These parameters can then be used to calculate the critical temperature and
self-heating properties associated with a particular explosive of a given size and geometry

4.2 Various tests may be used to measure, experimentally, critical temperature of an explosive of a given
size and geometry and either confined or unconfined. These tests include the isothermal cookoff (ICO),
slow cookoff (SCO), one-liter cookoff (1-LCO) and the isothermal Time-To-Explosion (Henkin TTE). The
ICO and SCO are large-scale and confined, the 1-LCO is large-scale and unconfined and the Henkin
TTE is very small-scale and moderately confined. The design of the first three tests must incorporate the
use of at least one thermocouple placed at the geometrical center of the explosive and one to monitor the
temperature of the heat source.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 The critical temperature, Tc, associated with an explosive can be calculated for a given size
and shape by using equation 1,which is commonly referred to as the Frank-Kamenetskii (F-K)
equation (Reference (e)). Two equivalent forms of this equation, (a) and (b), are given below.

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(a) (b)

(1) Tc = Ea/Rln((a2QZEa)/(cRTc2)) or Tc = Ea/Rln(a2QZEa/Tc2R)

where

Tc = critical temperature (K)


Ea = Arrhenius activation energy (cal mol-1)
Z = pre-exponential (s-1)
A = a dimension (e.g., radius of a sphere or infinite cylinder or half-thickness of an infinite slab)
Q = heat of the self-heating reaction (not detonation or combustion)(cal g-1)
C = specific heat (cal g-1 C-1)
= shape factor (2.0 for infinite cylinders, 3.32 for spheres, 0.88 for infinite slabs and 2.7- 2.8 for
cylinders with length equal to diameter)
= thermal diffusivity (cm2 s-1)
R = gas constant (1.987 cal mol-1 K-1)
= density (g (cm3)-1)
= thermal conductivity (cal cm-1 s-1 C-1)
(c)-1 = -1

5.2 Arrhenius activation energies (Ea) and associated pre-exponentials (Z) for global thermal
decomposition processes may be determined in a time-efficient manner by using variable heating rate
(DSC) methods as described in references (a) and (h). Other methods, as deemed appropriate by the
researcher, may also be used to determine these parameters. While these methods for determining
global parameters generally provide adequate data, the most accurate critical temperature will be
predicted by using kinetics parameters that actually correspond to the component reaction involved.
Some specific examples of data acquisition and use are provided in reference (g).

5.3 Thermal diffusivity () of the explosive to be tested may be determined by the method described in
reference (g) and used in equation 1(a). Thermal conductivity of the explosive can be determined from
the thermal diffusivity measurement, obtained under non-steady state conditions, by the relationship, =
-4 -1 -
c. On the other hand, the thermal conductivity can be estimated to be in the range 2 to 13e cal cm s
1 -1
C and then the critical temperature reported as a range (Reference e). For the most part, the critical
temperature calculated by using global kinetics parameters and the above stated thermal conductivity
range is a conservative value. A conservative value is useful when used in conjunction with safety
characteristics associated with scaling up a melt casting operation.

5.4 An experimental critical temperature for a particular size and geometry can be obtained from
isothermal tests, such as the ICO (see 4.2 above). Test conditions in which the charge surface
temperature, T, exceeds that of the Tc value are described by the relationship:

(2) 1/Tc = 1/T + X/Ea

where the value of X is defined in reference (f).


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Experimental cookoff data are plotted as logarithm of the time-to-explosion, log te, versus the reciprocal of
the temperature of explosion (Te). A straight line is then fitted to the data and a point on the line is located
that corresponds to te = I, the thermal time constant. This constant is defined as:

(3) II = a2/

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The experimental critical temperature, Tc, is then calculated by using equations (2) and (3). Figure 1
provides an example of how Tc is determined.

5.5 Another method for determining an experimental critical temperature is the isothermal Henkin TTE
test as described in reference (k). The critical temperature, Tc, of an experimental explosive is defined as
the lowest temperature at which an explosion can be obtained. This simple test provides both times-to-
explosion, te, and the associated temperature, Te. It has been reported in reference (k) that a safe failure
criterion (no explosion observed) for 40 mg samples in the Henkin TTE configuration, is no explosion in a
minimum of 1000 seconds. The Energetic Materials Branch of the Air Force Research Laboratory uses
four consecutive tests with no explosion in a 2000-second time period. Data acquired from this test can
also be plotted as logarithm of the te versus the reciprocal of Te. This graphical presentation of the data
generally yields a linear section at relatively low Te values (approaching the Tc), then bending sharply
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

upward near the Tc. The plot becomes vertical at the Tc indicating an infinitely long induction period. This
data plot sometimes yields a curve with two linear sections with that section at the higher temperatures
having longer than anticipated times to explosion (lesser slope). This experimental Tc can be compared to
that calculated by using the F-K equation, where a relatively close comparison provides confidence in the
parameters used in the equation.

5.6 Dynamic tests that are equipped with at least one thermocouple located at the geometrical center of
the explosive and one located in the oven, will also provide an experimental Tc for these specific
experimental conditions. Examples of this type of test are the SCO and 1-LCO. The heating rate used in
these tests is 3.3 C/hour and these real-time temperature-time data are acquired by a computerized
system. A description of the SCO units is provided in reference (l). Other data gleaned from these tests
are the initiation temperature (Tsh) associated with the self-heating process and severity of the
catastrophic reaction.

5.7 Kinetics parameters may also be obtained from experimental isothermal cookoff temperature-time
data obtained from the adiabatic rise of the center temperature of the sample leading to cookoff by using
the equation:

(4) cdT/dt =Qk = QZexp(-Ea/RT)

where: dT/dt = slope of the center time-temperature trace at a given temperature, T

When the slopes of the center time-temperature traces, log (dT/dt), versus the reciprocal of the
temperature (1/T) are plotted for a series of isothermal cookoff tests with differing temperatures, a straight
line is obtained. The line will have a slope of -Ea/2.303R and an intercept of log QZ/c. Ea and Z (with
knowledge of Q and c) can be calculated from the equations:

(5) m (slope) = -(Ea/2.303R)

(6) intercept = log QZ/c

Critical temperature can then be calculated by using equation (1).

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The format for reporting calculated and experimental data is at the discretion of the researcher. As a
minimum, the calculated critical temperature should be accompanied by the various parameters used in
the F-K equation.

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6.2 Typical test results for a Navy explosive composition are shown in the table below:

500-day cook off


Critical Temperature
Explosive Diameter, inch Temp. (C) (MK 84
(C)
bomb)
PBXN-9 233 0.5 129
PBXN-9 201 2.0
PBXN-9 179 6.0
PBXN-9 166 12.0

6.3 The calculated and experimental critical temperatures for octol (65/35) in one-liter spherical
Henkin TTE geometries, along with input parameters to the F-K equation are shown in the table
below (USAF):

Parameter Value
Ea (cal mol-1) 502001
Z (s-1) 1.49e191
a (cm) (Henkin TTE/1-LCO) 0.032/6.123
Q (cal g-1) 5002
3.32
R (cal mol-1 K-1) 1.987
(g(cm3)-1) 1.673
(cal cm-1 s-1 C-1) 4c-44
Tc (C) (Henkin TTE/1-LCO) 236/154
Tc (C) (Henkin TTE/1-LCO)5 236/1676
Tsh (C) (1-LCO) 142

1. Determined by using the using the method described in reference (h) and the peak temperatures
associated with the decomposition of the HMX component.
2. Assumed value (Reference (h).
3. Measured value at 82.6 C (Reference (i).
4. Value adjusted to fit Henkin TTE experimentally determined Tc.
5. Experimental data, the catastrophic reaction was a combustion that consumed the sample, the
one-liter flask was deformed, but in one piece.
6. Determined by using the one-liter cookoff test (References (i) and (j). The raw data from
reference (i) have been re-evaluated and the values shown in the above table reflect this
process.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

7.1 Self-heating requirements, as defined in reference (m), provide the acceptance criteria for Navy
explosives. This criterion requires that an explosive should have a calculated critical temperature greater
than 82 C (180 F) for a given geometry and size, and that the time-to-explosion at 82 C exceeds 500
days. Unless other specific requirements are identified, the assumed charge size for self-heating
calculations is that of the MK 84 2,000-pound bomb.

7.2 As described in reference (g), two equations are generally used to calculate the 500-day cook-off
temperature. Equation (7) allows for the calculation of the Arrhenius rate constant and then the 500-day
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isothermal cook-off temperature may be calculated from solving equation (8):


*
(7) Ln(1-F ) = -tk

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Where: F* = fraction or amount of material that reacted during the warm-up period
t = time to cook off, 4.32 x 107 seconds (500 days)
k = Arrhenius rate constant

The fraction of material that reacts during the warm-up time (time required to bring the sample up to the
oven temperature) is calculated by summing the fractions reacted during 10 increments prior to the
center of the sample reaching the oven temperature. This fraction, F*, can be calculated from
experimental isothermal cook-off data and is usually found to be 0.06 0.02.

7.3 The value for k, the Arrhenius rate constant, can then be substituted into equation (8) to determine
the 500-day cook-off temperature.

(8) k = A exp(-Ea/RT)

where: A = frequency factor


T = cook-off temperature

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

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a. Kissinger, H. E., Journal of Research, National Bureau of Standards, Vol. 57 (1956), p.217.
b. Balarin, M. J., Journal of Thermal Analysis, Vol. 12 (1977), p. 169.
c. Petty, M. R. et al., Journal of Thermal Analysis, Vol. 11 (1977)
d. Coats, A. N., and Redfern, J. P., Nature, Vol. 201 (1964), p. 68.
e. Rogers, R. N., Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 11 (1975), p. 131.
f. Zinn, J. and Rogers, R.N., "Thermal Initiation of Explosives," Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol.
66 (1962), p. 2646.
g. Pakulak, J. M., NWC Standard Methods for Determining Thermal Properties of Propellants and
Explosives, NWC TP 6118, March 1980.
h. ANSI/ASTM E698-79, "Standard Test Method for Arrhenius Kinetic Constants for Thermally
Unstable Materials.
i. Sprague, C., Aubert, S. and Reich, R., "Characterization of the Sensitivity Properties of (65/35)
Fine Grain Octol," AFRL-MN-EG-TR-1998-7031, Air Force Research Laboratory, Munitions
Directorate, Eglin AFB, FL 32542-5910, April, 1998.
j. R.L. McKenney, Jr. and T.R. Krawietz, "One-Liter Test: A Mid-Scale Safety Characterization Test
For Melt-Castable Explosives", AFRL-MN-EG-TR-1999-7049, Air Force Research Laboratory,
Munitions Directorate, Eglin AFB, FL, July 1999.
k. Gibbs, T. and Popolato, A. (ed.), "LASL Explosive Property Data," p. 231, University of California
Press, Berkeley, CA,
l. McKenney, R., Summers, P., Schomber, P. and Whitney, S., "Small-Scale Testing of High Bulk
Cubical and Spherical Nitroguanidine for Comparative Evaluation," WL/MN-TR-91-44, Wright
Laboratory, Armament Directorate, Eglin AFB, FL 32542-5910, February 1991.

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FIGURE 1. Critical temperature determination for 5-inch diameter ICO sample.

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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Thermal Stability Test

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity

b. Description: This test must demonstrate that the candidate high explosive is thermally
stable at 75 oC. A sample of up to 50g is placed transferred to a tared beaker, covered
with a watch glass and weighed. The covered beaker is then placed in a constant
temperature explosion-proof oven. The temperature of the oven is raised to 75 oC and
maintained at that temperature for 48 hours unless an ignition or explosion of the sample
occurs. The temperature is recorded continuously. The beaker is then removed and
cooled in a desiccator and weighed. The weight loss as a percent of the sample weight is
calculated.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test is be used to evaluate the thermal
stability of explosive materials.

d. Typical Results: The sample is considered to have failed the test if it explodes, burns, or
decomposes.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Not Applicable

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. TB 700-2, NAVSEAINST 8020.8, T011A-1-47, DLAR 8220.1, of 5 January 1998.

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TEST INFORMATION SHEET


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1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Unconfined Burning

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: This test is used to determine if a small quantity of the test material will
transition from deflagration to detonation when unconfined. A 125-gram sample is placed
in a plastic beaker and placed on a bed of kerosene-soaked sawdust. The sawdust is
ignited with an electric igniter. Three samples are tested.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The data are used to determine whether an
explosive is safe to handle, transport, and store.

d. Typical Results: The material fails the test if an explosion or detonation occurs.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. TB 700-2, NAVSEAINST 8020.8, T011A-1-47, DLAR 8220.1, of 5 January 1998

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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Internal Ignition Test

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: The explosive material is contained in a steel pipe that is capped at both
ends. A black powder igniter is located at the center of the explosive sample and is used
to ignite the explosive. Three tests are performed.

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c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This is a hazard classification test.

d. Typical Results: The test is considered positive if either the pipe or one of the end caps is
fragmented into at least two distinct pieces separated from the pipe.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. TB 700-2, NAVSEAINST 8020.8, T011A-1-47, DLAR 8220.1, of 5 January 1998.

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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: 5-Second Ignition Temperature

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description:

(1) Apparatus - A molten Wood's metal bath and sample tubes (copper or brass) are
used.

(2). Procedure - A 1 gm sample is loaded into a copper or brass tube (usually a No. 6
blasting-cap shell). The tube is immersed the Wood's metal bath heated to a temperature
(T), and the time interval (t) before ignition is recorded. The bath temperature is then
varied and additional samples are tested to obtain five or six points through which a
temperature-time curve can be drawn. The ignition temperature is the one for which
ignition occurs at five seconds.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Hazardous Component Safety Data


Statement (HCSDS) requires this test.

d. Typical Results: Temperatures that are always higher than the ignition temperatures as
determined by differential thermal analysis (DTA) are reported.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Normally reproducible.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. McLain, Joseph H., Pyrotechnics, The Franklin Institute Press, Philadelphia, PA (1980).

--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
b. Henkin, H. and McGill, R., "Rates of Explosive Decomposition of Explosives", Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry, 44, 1391 (June 1952).
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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Taliani Test

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

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b. Description: The Taliani Test determines the stability of an explosive material by
subjecting it to a specified temperature and atmosphere (usually 110 oC and nitrogen)
and monitoring the rise in pressure over the propellant with time. The Taliani test
apparatus consists of the following: heating block, helix (2-mm ID), connecting tube, gas
infusion evacuating system (vacuum pump/gas supply), manometer, and heating tube.
The sample is heated until pressure has risen 150-mm or for 6 hours (whichever occurs
first). The pressure change as a function of time is recorded.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test is used to determine stability.

d. Typical Results: Stable compounds have slopes of less than 1.0-mm Hg/min.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Duplicate determinations should agree within 2.8-mm


in the 0-50-mm range, within 4.9-mm in the 50-100-mm and within 4.6-mm above 100-
mm.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. MIL-STD-286C, "Military Standard: Propellants, Solid, Sampling, Examination and Testing",


Method 406.1.3 Notice 1 of 8 January 1999.

b. MIL-STD-2100, "Military Standard: Propellant, Solid, Characterization of", 30 March 1983.


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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Surveillance of Single and Double Base Propellants

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: A 224 gm (8-oz) glass bottle having a wide-mouth with a velvet ground
mushroom stopper is used for this test. It is placed in a chamber at 65 + 1 oC. Daily
observations are made; samples may be withdrawn for mechanical and/or closed bomb
testing. The number of days required to cause the liberation of visible reddish fumes is
recorded. If mechanical properties and/or closed bomb tests are conducted, the results
are also reported.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test is used to predict the safe storage
life of a propellant.

d. Typical Results: Single-base propellant should last several hundred days before fuming.
Double-base propellant should last at least 100 days before fuming. The test is not
reliable for triple-base propellants.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: This is a qualitative test, but reproducibility is fair.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. MIL-STD-286C, "Military Standard, Propellants, Solid, Sampling, Examination and Testing",


Method 407.1, 8 January 1999.

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U.S. 202.01.019

TEST INFORMATION SHEET


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1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Minimum Ignition Temperature

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: The sample is placed in a metal cup and immersed in a molten Wood's
metal bath. Samples are ignited at various bath temperatures and the time to ignition is
recorded. A graph of results is prepared and the temperature at which a minimum
ignition temperature would be observed at t = infinity, is determined.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Data required for safe drying of composition
life.

d. Typical Results: The minimum ignition temperature is usually the same as that
determined by DTA.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Repeatable to + 1 oC.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Johnson, Duane M., Ignition Theory: Application to the Design of New Ignition Systems,
NWSC/CR/RDTR No. 56, Naval Weapons Support Center, Crane, IN (24 November 1965).

b. McLain, Joseph H., Pyrotechnics, The Franklin Institute Press, Philadelphia, PA (1980).

c. Ellern, Herbert, Military and Civilian Pyrotechnics, Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., New York,
NY (1968).

d. Henkin, H. and McGill, R., "Rates of Explosive Decomposition of Explosives", Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry, p. 44, 1391 (June 1952).

e. STANAG 4491, Explosives, Thermal Sensitiveness and Explosiveness Tests.

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TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Stability (variable temperature) - Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

2. PURPOSE: The test is used to evaluate the behavior of energetic materials when subjected to a
temperature rise. Characteristics displayed on thermograms can be used to monitor samples in
comparison to controls and to examine whether changes that may affect stability have occurred in a
sample. Results provide onset temperature and peak maxima for any endothermic or exothermic event.

3. BACKGROUND: This technique measures the heat flow to or from a sample as it undergoes
transitions in a thermally controlled environment. Two types of instrumentation are generally used for
measuring heat flow - power compensation DSC and heat flux DSC.

3.1 Power compensation DSC consists of individual sample reference holders, identical in size and
material of construction, each fitted with its own heater and platinum resistance thermometer. In normal
operation, the sample pan contains the explosive while the reference pan is either left empty or is filled
with an inert reference material. The system is operated by two electronic control loops. One is for the
average temperature control so that the temperature of sample and reference can be increased at a
predetermined rate. The second loop ensures that if a temperature differential develops between
reference and sample (due to exothermic or endothermic reaction in the sample), the power input is
adjusted to remove this difference. Thus the temperature of sample and reference is kept the same by
the continuous and automatic adjustment of the heater power for either the sample or the reference
element depending on whether the sample undergoes exothermic or endothermic changes. Therefore, a
signal is produced which is directly proportional to the difference between the heat input to the sample
and that to the reference. The area beneath the curve is a direct measure of the heat involved in bringing
about the transition, i.e., heat flow to/from the sample (dH/dt). This is usually measured in milliwatts.
Figure 1 provides a schematic diagram of a power compensation DSC.

3.2 Heat flux DSC instruments operate on the DTA principle (see U.S. 202.01.007) as shown in Figure 2.
Mathematical manipulation of the measured DTA signal is used to obtain values of heat flow to/from the
sample to bring about the transition. The thermal analog of Ohm's law is used:

dH/dt = T/Rth

where:

dH/dt is the heat flow


T is the differential temperature
Rth is the thermal resistance to heat flow between the sample pan and holder
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FIGURE 1. Power compensation DSC schematic diagram.

FIGURE 2. Heat flow DSC schematic diagram.

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3.2.1 The heat flow to/from the sample given by the difference in heat flows to the reference and
sample holders.

dH/dt = dQS/dt - dQR/dt

where:

dQS = heat flow to sample


dQR = heat flow to reference

3.2.2 Applying the "thermal" Ohm's law:

dH/dt = -(TS - TR)/Rth

where: TS and TR are the temperatures of the sample and reference, respectively

The temperature difference given by the output from the two thermocouples connected in opposition is
given by:

T = U/S

where: U is the thermocouple potential (V)


S is the thermocouple sensitivity (V/K)

It follows that:

dH/dt = U/RthS

dH/dt has a - ve value for exothermic reactions and a + ve value for endothermic reactions.

3.2.3 Both Rth and S are functions of temperature and can be combined as the calorimetric
sensitivity. This is determined by calibration using the known heat of fusion of the reference material and
gives a value of the measuring cell sensitivity in V/mW. This term is also referred to as the cell constant.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 Apparatus:

4.1.1 A Differential Scanning Calorimeter is required which is capable of providing heating rates up to 20
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C/minute with the capability to automatically record the differential heat flow between the sample and
reference materials with the required precision and accuracy. It should have an upper temperature
capability of at least 500 C.

4.1.2 Sample crucibles must be manufactured from material that is inert to the material under test and
has high thermal conductivity. Aluminum is the most typically used material.

4.1.3 A purge gas supply with an associated flow controller.

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4.1.4 If a reference material is used, it must be thermally inert over the temperature range to be used. For
many applications, alumina is a suitable inert reference material.

4.1.5 Crucible sealing press for sample preparation.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 Sample preparation: Samples should be representative of the material in the final form anticipated for
service use. Cast cure materials shall be fully cured. Powders should be consolidated to a density similar
to that proposed for a final configuration.

5.2 Calibration should be performed by measurements of the heats of fusion and melting points of
standard reference materials. The instrument should be calibrated using the same type of sample
crucible, heating rate, purge gas, and flow rates as will be used for the test instruments. Typical standard
reference materials are shown in the table below:

Material Melting point (C) Heat

Indium 156.6 28.42


Lead 327.5 23.10
Zinc 419.5 108.0

5.3 Samples should be accurately weighed and placed in the sample and reference material crucibles.
The sample chamber should be purged with the inert gas at the flow rate recommended by the DSC
apparatus manufacturer.

5.4 The sample should be heated at the recommended rate (10 C/minute, maximum) over the
temperature range of interest and a recording of the thermogram should be produced.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

i. Instrument used.
ii. Heating rate.
iii. Purge gas and flow rate.
iv. Sample mass.
v. Type of sample pan used (material of construction; open or closed; crimped or un-crimped;
lid bulged up or down; etc).
vi. Atmosphere in which pan was prepared and sealed.
vii. Thermogram.
viii. Onset temperatures, peak temperatures, and temperature at which the trace returns to the
baseline for all endotherms and exotherms.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: None.

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8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. NATO STANAG 4515, Thermal Characterization of Explosives.

b. ASTM E537-98, "Standard Test Method for Assessing the Thermal Stability of Chemicals by
Methods of Differential Thermal Analysis," Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and
Materials, 1998.

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
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U.S. 202.01.021
TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Thermal Stability (Variable Temperature) One Liter Cook-Off Test

2. PURPOSE: A dual-purpose, safety-oriented test designed to determine the self-heating temperature


associated with melt-castable energetic materials/formulations and the severity of the unconfined,
catastrophic, thermal decomposition reaction. These data are used in conjunction with small-scale safety
data to predict the response of the energetic material/formulation to the thermal insult associated with
scale-up operations.

3. BACKGROUND: All energetic materials decompose exothermically when exposed to elevated


temperature for prolonged times, such as during melt casting operations with large quantities of material.
When the decomposition process produces heat faster than it can be dissipated to the surroundings, the
energetic material will begin to self-heat. This process may lead to a violent or catastrophic event
(explosion). Prior to this test the energy of activation (Ea) and pre-exponential (Z) of the material will have
been determined (e.g., through variable heating DSC) and the critical temperature (Tc) for larger scale
geometry predicted. The accuracy of a Tc prediction for larger geometry, which is made by using the
Frank-Kamenetskii equation along with data generated by small-scale tests, can be determined by
conducting the 1-liter test. The latter test will provide insight into the severity of the thermal decomposition
reaction, as well as the temperature associated with self-heating.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 Sample Holder: The sample holder is a 1-liter, Pyrex, round-bottom flask equipped with a
thermocouple bundle inserted into the center of the sample and extending to the bottom of the flask. The
neck of the flask protrudes through a fitted circular opening in the top of the oven that effectively secures
the flask in place during the test. The oven top is sectioned through the centerline of this opening thereby
allowing removal of the front section of the top so the neck of the flask can be placed in the opening.

4.2 Thermocouple Bundle: The thermocouple bundle can be constructed with as many as six and as few
as two Type k, Inconel encased thermocouples. It is important that one thermocouple touch the bottom of
the flask and that the tip of another is located at the center of the flask. If more than two thermocouples
are used, one should be located at the top of the spherical portion of the flask and the others, if any, at
the mid-point(s) between the bottom/center and/or the top/center. A sixth thermocouple can be located in
the neck of the flask if deemed necessary. The bundle can be held in place by any type of clamping
device placed on top of the oven. The internal oven temperature is controlled and monitored by two
separate thermocouples. All thermocouples are randomly calibrated by using an ice/water bath.

4.3 Disposable Oven: The method used for heating the flask is optional. The method used at
AFRL/MNME utilizes a disposable, plywood (5/8-inch thick) oven equipped with a four-element electric
resistive heater that is driven by an Omega, Model 650, proportional temperature controller. The four
elements are mounted horizontally between the back wall of the oven and a baffle separating them from
the main section containing the sample flask. The height of the baffle is 14 inches thereby allowing a one-
inch wide gap at the bottom and top for air circulation through the main oven chamber. The elements are
placed approximately 8 inches above the floor in a rectangular volume with width, height and depth
dimensions of 16, 16 and 6 inches. The inner blade assembly of a small, disposable, double-bladed fan
circulates air through the main chamber of the oven by pushing the air through the heated elements. The
upper portion of the oven-circulating fan is outside of the oven proper and is designed to cool the fan
motor that is positioned on the top of the oven. It is important that the opening at the top of the one-liter
flask is shielded from the draft caused by this cooling fan. The front door of the oven consists of two
0.375-inch thick glass panes positioned 0.5-inch apart.

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The panes are held in place by grooves cut into the plywood. The glass front allows the reaction flask to
be observed by video camera during the test. The oven is pre-conditioned prior to the test by holding the
internal portion at approximately 110 C for 24 hours. This procedure essentially degasses and slightly
chars the internally exposed wood, thus preventing the inside surface of the internal glass pane from
clouding over early in the test. After heat conditioning, all seams in the oven are sealed with a heat-
resistant, siliconized caulking material.

4.4 Lighting: The inside of the oven is lighted by using an externally placed floodlight

4.5 Data Acquisition: Thermocouple data are collected by using a commercially available program-
capable of measuring voltage that is converted to temperature (C). The data are grabbed at
predetermined time intervals (time interval is at the discretion of the researcher). The recommended grab
time is every 15 seconds. Temperature data should be supported by video data that are acquired for the
length of the test. This combination helps in data interpretation.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 Sample Loading/Preparation: A predetermined amount of sample can either be cast directly into the
one liter flask or can be loaded in chunk or powder form. The thermocouple bundle is then inserted into
the center of the flask, either in the molten or dry sample. A material with a low coefficient of thermal
expansion can be cast directly into the flask, but a sample such as Composition B must be loaded in
chunk form in several operations. As is indicated in Section 5.2 below, the oven temperature is raised
rapidly to a temperature slightly above the melting temperature of the formulation. A pre-cast formulation
with a high coefficient of thermal expansion will expand and crack the flask, hence the need for loading in
chunk or powder form. Also, it is desirable, but not mandatory, that the volume of the liquid or liquid/solid
mixture match the volume of the spherical portion of the one liter flask at the self-heating temperature to
maintain one-dimensionality.

5.2 Sample Conditioning: The sample is heated rapidly (minimum 10 C/min) to a temperature that is 10
to 20 C above its melting point and held for approximately 5 hours. This generally provides sufficient time
for the sample to be in the molten state and the sample and oven temperatures to have equilibrated.

5.3 Frank-Kamenetskii (F-K) Equation: This Frank-Kamenetskii equation (2) is used to predict the self-
heating temperature (estimated temperature leading to the initiation of catastrophic thermal
decomposition) for an energetic material of a specific size and configured in a specific geometry. It is
used to predict the self-heating temperature for the larger kettles used in melt-casting operations. The
various components of the equation, some of which are measured and some estimated, are shown
below. The energy of activation, Ea, and pre-exponential factor, Z, are determined by using ANSI/ASTM
E698-79. By this method they are global values and, as such, probably do not represent the specific
chemical decomposition step responsible for the self-heating event. This will affect the accuracy of the
calculated value, but usually leads to a conservative predicted self-heating temperature. Another
important component of this equation is the thermal conductivity of the sample at or near the self-heating
temperature. While a measured value is preferred, it is generally not available for the desired sample
state and temperature of interest. An estimated thermal conductivity range can be used, usually 2 to 13e-4
cal cm-1 s-1 C-1 or a value can be extracted from the F-K equation by inserting the experimentally found
self heating temperature (for the one-liter geometry) and the other specific experimental conditions. This
extracted value can then be used to predict the self-heating temperature for a specific melt-kettle
geometry and casting condition.

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(1) Tc = E/Rln(A2QZE/Tc2R)

Where

R = gas constant (1.987 cal/mol),


A = radius of sphere, cylinder, or half-thickness of a slab,
Q = heat of decomposition reaction,
Z = pre-exponential factor,
Ea = energy of activation,
= density,
= thermal conductivity,
= shape factor (0.88 for infinite slabs, 2.0 for infinite cylinders, 3.32 for spheres).

5.4 Heating Rate: After the equilibration period, the sample is heated at a rate of 3.3 C/hour until
decomposition occurs or the test is terminated for other reasons, e.g., cracking of the flask due to
expansion of the sample.

5.5 Self-Heating Initiation Temperature: The oven temperature trace during that portion of the experiment
after the equilibration period will be increasing linearly. Ideally, the temperature traces from the
thermocouples in the sample will parallel, and generally, be located below that of the oven. Self-heating
or thermal lag associated with the sample will cause these temperature traces to veer towards or away
from that of the oven, respectively. This change can be magnified by subtracting the temperature
associated with any given thermocouple located within the sample from that of the oven for the dynamic
portion of the test. This technique allows one to easily detect the temperature at which self-heating
initiates. The delta-temperature values generally form a line with an upward slope when plotted against
time until self-heating. At this point the delta-temperature/time plot (referred to as a delta-thermogram) will
bend downward, usually very sharply. The self-heating initiation temperature is the temperature at which
the slope changes from positive to negative. This initial self-heating is not believed to be a catastrophic
event, but a time dependent process producing decomposition products that lead to a catastrophic event.

5.6 Catastrophic Self-Heating: The temperature readings from the thermocouple located at the center of
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the sample will increase sharply once the catastrophic self-heating process begins, but the temperature
associated this process may not easily be determined directly from the temperature/time trace. This
process is no doubt time-dependent and may require isothermal experiments to be adequately described.

5.7 Thermal Decomposition Reaction Severity: The response of the energetic material to this thermal
insult may vary from a simple expulsion of material from the flask, probably with associated burning, to a
more violent process, e.g., explosion or detonation. Sample expulsion may result from simple thermal
expansion to mild to violent bubbling due to gases formed during a relatively slow decomposition process.

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6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

i. Temperature/time data from at least two thermocouples for the sample and one for the oven
ii. Graphical representation of temperature-time data.
iii. Delta-thermogram
iv. Self-heating initiation temperature, determined from the thermocouple in the center of the flask
v. Final event temperature
vi. The qualitative characteristics of the thermal decomposition reaction

6.2 Representative data for several explosives are given below.

Self-Heating Final Event


Severity of
Explosive Temperature Temperature
Final Reaction
(C) (C)
Partial
Composition B 143-144 199-206
Detonation
Octol (65/35) 142 167 Burn
RDX Classes 1/5
Partial
(80/20) 154 208
Detonation
Particulate = 1.2 g/cm3

7. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION:

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. McKenney, R.L., Jr. and Krawietz, T.R., One-Liter Test: A Mid-Scale Safety Characterization Test
for Melt-Castable Explosives, AFRL-MN-EG-TR-1999-7049, Air Force Research Laboratory,
Eglin AFB, FL, July 1999.

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TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Modified Vacuum Thermal Stability (MVTS) (Constant Temperature)

2. PURPOSE: This test provides an indication of the thermal stability of an explosive at an elevated
temperature under initial vacuum.

3. BACKGROUND:

3.1 The standard vacuum thermal stability (VTS) test, developed in the early 1900s, measures the
chemical stability of an explosive at an elevated temperature under an initial vacuum for a specific time
period. Generally, a weighed sample of explosive (5.00 0.05 g) is sealed in an all-glass apparatus
designed to measure gas pressure by the mercury manometric method. The system is evacuated and
that portion containing the sample is heated at 100 C for 48 hours. The pressure generated by the
decomposition gases is measured after the entire system has equilibrated to ambient temperature. The
procedure for this standard VTS test is described in U.S. 202.01.001. Some of the problems associated
with this simple system have been described in reference (a). Specifically, these problems include (1) the
toxic characteristics of mercury and the fragility of the all-glass system, (2) condensation of water due to
the experimental setup, (3) potential inaccuracies associated with corrections and (4) time/labor
requirements associated with the test.

3.2 The Modified Vacuum Thermal Stability (MVTS) Test provides a continuous pressure/time record for
the specific time period of the test. From this the total volume of gas generated at STP can be calculated.
Gas chromatographic analysis of this gas provides the identity of the components and their individual
volumes. This allows one to distinguish between those gases associated with thermal decomposition and
those resulting from the evolution of adsorbed water/solvent.
3
3.3 An advisory criterion of 2 cm of gas (STP) per gram of sample tested applies for this test. Any
explosive that generates more gas than this should be scrutinized carefully before being qualified. Any
explosive that may be subjected to temperatures greater than 100 C during the course of its normal use
must be tested at those temperatures.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT: The energetic material is contained in a glass tube that is inserted in a
calibrated, stainless steel reaction vessel assembly that is connected to a pressure sensor. The entire
system is heated in an oven and the real-time pressure/time data are recorded by a computerized data
acquisition system. Total gas volume is computed, reduced to STP and supported by gas
chromatographic (GC) analysis. Both dynamic and iso-DSC experiments should be carried out on
materials believed to be unstable at the standard test temperature of 100 C. This procedure minimizes
the possibility of a catastrophic event happening in the test apparatus. The apparatus specifications and
operating instructions for this test method are documented in AFRL/MNME Technical Memorandum 98-
60 (reference (b)).

4.1 Modified Vacuum Thermal Stability Apparatus Description

4.1.1 Reaction Vessel Assembly: The reaction vessel assembly is composed of a lower reaction vessel
subassembly and an upper connector subassembly equipped with two sealed valves. One valve is
attached to a pressure sensor and the other to a vacuum pump/helium source. The lower subassembly is
attached to the upper subassembly through an O-ring face sealed fitting. The upper subassembly is also
connected to the helium and vacuum piping systems with the same type fittings. The reaction vessel
volume referred to in a later section is that volume below valves A and B in Figure 1.

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4.1.2 Pressure Sensor/Heater Assembly: The assembly is composed of a sensor with a calibrated
pressure range of 0 to 100 mm of Hg (full scale) and an upper temperature limit of 200 C. Each sensor is
housed in its own oven that is located external to the main oven where the actual samples are heat-
treated. The temperature of each pressure sensor is maintained at the same temperature as that
programmed for the experiment, almost always 100 C. During the setup for each experiment, which
includes at least two evacuation sequences and one helium refill sequence, the oven temperature may
drop to around 50 C and the pressure sensors to 98 C. After this operation, the sensor temperatures
equilibrate to 100 C in about 60 to 70 minutes and the sensor pressure readings to a constant minimum
value at full vacuum in 30 to 40 minutes. The overall pressure change, however, is less than 0.05 mm.

4.1.3 Primary MVTS Oven: The primary oven used to heat soak the MVTS samples is a mechanical
convection oven, such as the Model 625 oven manufactured by Precision Scientific. The upper
temperature limit of the oven is 325 C. All MVTS experiments are carried out at 100 C unless otherwise
specified. The maximum temperature variation over the 48-hour time period of the test is 0.1 C.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 Heating Operation

5.1.1 Pre-test Drying/Conditioning: Relatively non-volatile powdered energetic materials, e.g., RDX, HMX,
NTO, etc., are dried at temperatures between 40 and 60 C for a minimum of two hours under vacuum.
Drying of volatile powders or PBX-type formulations is not mandatory, but may be accomplished in the
same temperature range at atmospheric pressure. Reaction vessels and glass tube inserts are dried prior
to use. Pre-test exposure of the reaction vessel and inserts to the laboratory atmosphere during sample
loading is kept to a minimum.

5.1.2 MVTS Test Procedure: Three samples, either powdered or pieces (PBX formulations), are weighed
into glass sample tubes, placed into stainless steel reaction vessels and connected to the three pressure
transducers and the vacuum system. These are then evacuated to a pressure less than 10 microns and
refilled to atmospheric pressure with helium a minimum of three times. In addition, the power to the oven
is in the off position with the oven door open while the pressure transducer heaters are maintained at 100
C. If samples with volatile components are being tested, the reaction vessels are cooled with an ice and
water bath during this procedure. After the final refill the reaction vessels are re-evacuated to a pressure
of less than 10 microns and closed off from the vacuum pump. Upon completion of the start-up procedure
the oven door is closed and the power returned to the oven (temperature setting is preset). The samples
are heated for a total of 2910 minutes (one-half hour to reach 100 C and 48 hours at temperature).
During this 2910-minute time period pressure and temperature data are recorded every 5 minutes by the
computerized data acquisition system. At the completion of the test the reaction vessels are cooled to < -
15 C by use of a salt/ice bath. This latter procedure ensures that all energetic material is removed from
the dead volume and condensed into the sealed portion of the reaction vessel.

5.2 Gas Analysis

5.2.1 The gaseous content of the reaction vessels is analyzed by gas chromatography, using a standard
gas chromatograph. This test procedure was developed by using a Varian Model 3400 gas
chromatograph equipped with a thermal conductivity detector and a stainless steel column, 9 feet long by
0.125 inch in diameter. The column is packed with Porapak Q (100/120 mesh). Helium is used as the
3
carrier gas (flow rate of 40 cm /min). The total volume of gas generated during the 48-hour heating period
is pushed onto the

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column by using the carrier gas. The column is maintained at -98 C for 8 minutes then heated at 5
C/min to 200 C.

5.2.2 The volumes of gases typically observed during vacuum thermal stability testing were calibrated by
using the external standard method and a 1 cm3 sample loop. Standard calibration gases are: H2 (4.03%),
N2 (4.98%), O2 (5.01 %), CO (4.98%), CH4 (4.03%) and CO2 (4.99%) in helium and N2O (10.00%) and
NO (100.00%). The volume of water generated/desorbed from the energetic sample is calculated by
difference (Volumepressure - Volume of Calibrated GasesGC).

6. VOLUME CALCULATION PROCEDURE: The total gas volume, obtained at 100 C then reduced to
standard conditions, is calculated from the total pressure by using equation (1):

(1) VSTP = (Pf - PI)(273.2)(Vrt - Vs)/(760)(Toven + 273.2)

where:

Pf = final pressure (mm)


PI = initial pressure (mm)
Vrt = reaction tube volume (cm3)
Vs = sample volume (cm3)
Toven = oven temperature (C).

7. DATA COMPARISON USING RDX CLASS 1 AND HMX CLASS 2:

7.1 RDX Class 1. Fifteen samples of RDX Class 1, obtained from Holston Army Ammunition Plant (Lot #
HOL86E515-086), were subjected to MVTS testing. Eight tests were carried out with one-gram samples
and seven with quarter-gram samples. Nine of the samples were vacuum dried 72 hours at 33 C (3
each) and at 40 C (6 each)] and six were used without pretest drying. The results are shown in Table I.
The mean gas volume from the one-gram samples was 0.032 0.003 cm3/g, where the deviation is of the
mean. The mean gas volume from the quarter-gram samples was 0.025 0.003 cm3/g, where the
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deviation is of the mean. The average volume of gas per unit mass of RDX (no class specified) reported
by Holston AAP (reference (d)) is 0.08 cm3/g. Holston AAP uses the standard vacuum thermal stability
test method (mercury manometric). Additional vacuum thermal stability data from four classes (1,3,4 and
5) of RDX are shown in Table III (reference (d)).

7.2 HMX Class 2. Nine samples of HMX Class 2, obtained from Holston Army Ammunition Plant, were
subjected to MVTS testing. Six of the samples were from Lot # HOL86E515-086. All of the samples were
subjected to pre-test drying under vacuum. The test results are shown in Table II The mean gas volume
was 0.044 0.004 cm3/g, where the deviation is of the mean. The average volume of gas per unit mass
of HMX (Class 1) reported by Holston AAP (reference (c)) is 0.06 cm3/g. Holston AAP uses the standard
vacuum thermal stability test method (mercury manometric).

8. REFERENCES:

a. M. Benchabane, The Discontinuous Vacuum Stability Test (DVST), J. Energetic Materials, 11 (2),
89-100, June 1993.
b. McKenney, Robert L., Jr., AFRL/MNME Technical Memorandum 98-60, Modified Vacuum
Thermal Stability Apparatus, 18 December 1998.

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c. Personal communication from Mr. Charles Smith of Holston Defense Corporation, Kingsport TN
dated 11/796.
d. D.T. Knutson and K.E. Newman, Processing and Vulnerability Evaluation of Batch Manufactured
RDX, IHTR 1802, Indian Head Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head, MD, 24
March 1995.

Figure 1. Reaction Vessel Assembly


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Table I. Modified Vacuum Thermal Stability Data for RDX Class 1
(Holston AAP Lot # HOL86E515-086).
Gas1 Gas2 Water3
Sample Volume(GC) Volume(Pressure) Volume
Expt #
Weight (g) (cm3/g) (cm3/g) (cm3/g)
4
656 1.0020 0.026 0.35 0.33
6574 1.0033 0.032 0.40 0.37
6685 1.0005 0.030 0.12 0.09
6695 1.0003 0.023 0.12 0.10
6705 0.9999 0.027 0.13 0.10
6506 1.0024 0.025 0.39 0.37
6536 1.0032 0.044 0.79 0.75
6546 1.0034 0.046 0.88 0.83
Average: 0.032 sm 0.003

6584 0.2510 0.030 0.28 0.25


6655 0.2508 0.017 0.07 0.05
6665 0.2501 0.016 0.07 0.05
6675 0.2502 0 .020 0.07 0.05
6516 0.2410 0.028 0.33 0.30
6526 0.2510 0.025 0.27 0.25
6556 0.2502 0.038 0.63 0.59
Average: 0.025 sm = 0.003
1
. Gases detected and quantified by gas chromatography were N2, O2, CO2 and N2O. O2 is
assumed to have resulted from trapped air that was evolved during the 48-hour test. The gas
volume shown in column three above is not corrected for the assumed presence of air. All H2O is
assumed to have been desorbed from open, microporosity during the test and is also not included
in column three.
2
. This volume (corrected to STP) is computed from the gas pressure measured at 100 C. It
includes all volatiles.
3
. H2O volume is calculated by subtracting the total gas volume in column 3 from that in column 4.
4
. Dried at 33 C.
5
. Dried at 40 C.
6
. Not dried. Table II. Modified Vacuum Thermal Stability Data for HMX.

Table II. Modified Vacuum Thermal Stability Data for HMX.

Gas1 Gas2 Water3


Sample Volume(GC) Volume(Pressure) Volume
Expt #
Weight (g) (cm3/g) (cm3/g) (cm3/g)
5284 1.0020 0.059 0.45 0.39
5294 1.0033 0.043 0.62 0.58
5304 1.0005 0.052 0.65 0.60
6595,6
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1.0003 0.047 0.72 0.67


6605,6 0.9999 0.054 0.76 0.71
6615,6 1.0024 0.057 0.74 0.68
6716,7 1.0032 0.024 0.19 0.17
6726,7 1.0034 0.032 0.20 0.17
6736,7 1.0010 0.028 0.19 0.16
Average: 0.044 sm 0.004

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1
. Gases detected and quantified by gas chromatography were N2, O2, CO2 and N2O. O2 is assumed to
have resulted from trapped air that was evolved during the 48-hour test. The gas volume shown in
column three above is not corrected for the assumed presence of air. All H2O is assumed to have been
desorbed from open, microporosity during the test and is also not included in column three.
2
. This volume (corrected to STP) is computed from the gas pressure measured at 100 C. It includes
all volatiles.
3
. H2O volume is calculated by subtracting the total gas volume in column 3 from that in column 4.
4
. Dried at 57 C for 96 hours under vacuum.
5
. Dried at 33 C for 72 hours under vacuum.
6
. Class 2 (Holston AAP Lot # HOL77G240-002).
7
. Dried at 40 C for 144 hours under vacuum.

Table III. RDX Vacuum Thermal Stability Test Data (Reference 3)

RDX1 Volume3
2
Class RDX Process/Type (cm3/g)
1 Continuous 0.33
Batch 0.39
3 Continuous 0.32
Batch 0.36
4 Continuous 0.19
Batch 0.27
5 Continuous 0.18
Batch 0.11
3 Arbitrary control sample 0.18
1
. RDX obtained from Holston Army Ammunition Plant.
2
. Refers to continuous and batch processed RDX.
3
. 100 C for 48 hours.

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TEST INFORMTION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellants, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Explosion Temperature Test (U.S. Army ARDEC Method)

a, Type of Test: This thermal test is used to determine the 5-second time-to-explosion.

b. Description: Apparatus used for this test includes: a barricaded press with a die for loading 40
milligrams of explosive sample into a No. 8 blasting cap; a crimper; a furnace with a molten
woods metal bath and shield; associated temperature measurement and controls; a timer.

Place an empty blasting cap into the loading fixture. (die). Weigh out 40 mg of sample and pour
into blasting cap using loading funnel. Insert a copper gas check, open side up, into cap and
manually push the gas check down to bottom of cap using a rod. Put 30 mg talc in cap, insert
second gas check and push down to bottom of cap using a rod. Apply 230 pound loading force
for 10 seconds to consolidate material in cap. Repeat loading of blasting caps to obtain sufficient
number (usually 25) for test.

Push loaded blasting caps into crimper one at a time. Slowly lower handle of crimper until stop is
reached and raise handle. Remove blasting cap from crimper. Heat the woods metal bath to
desired temperature. Rotate sample holder to loading position. Reset timer to zero. Insert

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loaded cap into fixture. Grasp handle and rotate fixture to allow sample to be immersed into bath.
When an explosion occurs, the timer, which is connected to a microphone, is stopped. Record
the time to explosion and corresponding temperature. Repeat this procedure for various
temperatures to obtain times to explosion in a range from about 3 seconds to about 7 seconds.
The maximum temperature for this test is 500 C.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The 5-second time to explosion is determined as


follows. Plot the data on semi-log paper, the logarithm of the time-to-explosion versus the
reciprocal of the temperature in degrees Kelvin. This results in a straight line. A linear least
square curve fit program is used to determine the temperature value, in degrees C, for the 5-
second time-to-explosion.

d. Typical Results:

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility:

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. MIL-STD-650 Method T515.1.

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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Primary Explosives

2. TEST TITLE: Hot Wire InitiabilityTest

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment.

b. Test Description: Sixty P-12 plugs (BuOrd Drawing 1386180) are bridged with a 0.0005
Nichrome wire. A charge holder with a 0.1-inch-diameter charge hole (BuOrd Drawing
1417759) and insulator (BuOrd Drawing 1417758) are attached, and 20 mg of the primary
explosive at is pressed in at 5,000 psi. Thirty plugs are fired in a continuous constant
current Bruceton test (current applied for 10 seconds in arithmetic steps of 10 ma, current
constant to 2%) and thirty in a capacitor discharge Bruceton test using a 0.1 mfd
capacitor and 0.03 log unit voltage steps. The test is repeated using 60 plugs with 0.001
diameter Nichrome wire.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Record the number of detonations for each
test condition and calculate the means and standard deviations.

d. Typical Results: Data are compared to normal lead Styphnate (MIL-L-757) or


Dextrinated Lead Azide Type I (MIL-L-3055), measured contemporaneously with the
candidate explosive.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Good

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

d. NAVORD OD 44811, Method 1.5.7 pg 1-20, 1 January 1972.

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TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Thermal Detonability (Slow Cook-Off) Modified NAWC (China Lake) Method

2. PURPOSE: A safety-oriented test designed provide information related to self-heating and the reaction
violence of a cased munition item subjected to slow heating, such as might occur if the munition was
located near, but not in direct contact with a fire. The time/internal temperature relationship for the entire
test is documented.

3. BACKGROUND: The test provides a means for gauging the response of an ordnance item to slow
cook-off conditions that may be caused by the close proximity of a fire. The test is carried out by using
approximately one pound of energetic material. The heating rate of the test, relative to the sample size,
is such that no significant thermal gradient exists in the sample prior to the onset of self-heating.
However the sample size is large enough for the energetic material near the center of the billet to
undergo a measurable thermal event prior to catastrophic, and often violent, final event. This is
characteristic of the reaction to a slow heating process that may occur in large charges located in artillery
projectiles, warheads, rocket motors, and bombs.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 Sample Holder: The sample holder is a mild steel (SAE 1015 1020) cup 2.75 inches in diameter and
5.00 inches in height. The walls and bottom of the sample cup are 0.125 inch thick. The sample cup is
lined with a suitable liner material, typically asphaltic hot melt (AHM) to a thickness of approximately
0.125-inch. A 1.00-inch thick top cap is threaded (3.125 20) onto the sample cup. The top cap is 4.00-
inches in diameter and threads enter into the cap to a depth of 0.25 inches. A tapped hole (0.250 20) in
center of the top cap allows for insertion of a stainless steel shrouded K-type thermocouple to be inserted
into the middle of the test charge. The sealed sample cup is then inserted between two 5-inch square
0.50-inch thick witness plates. The witness plates are fastened together by use of 4 each 9-inch long
0.500 - 13-threaded rods.

4.2 Sample Heater: While the method used for heating the SCO hardware containing the sample is
optional, this facility utilizes a disposable, plywood (5/8-inch thick) oven. It is equipped with a four-
element electric resistive heater that is driven by an Omega Proportional Temperature Controller, Model
650. The four elements are mounted horizontally between the back wall of the oven and a baffle
separating them from the main section containing the one-liter flask. The height of the baffle is 14 inches
thereby allowing a one-inch wide gap at the bottom and top for air circulation through the main oven
chamber. The elements are placed approximately 8 inches above the floor in a rectangular volume with
width, height and depth dimensions of 16, 16 and 6 inches. The inner blade assembly of a small,
disposable, double-bladed fan circulates air through the main chamber of the oven by pushing the air
through the heated elements. The front door of the oven consists of two 0.375-inch thick glass panes
positioned 0.5-inch apart. The panes are held in place by grooves cut into the plywood. The glass front
allows the reaction flask to be observed by video camera during the test. The top of the oven is
sectioned parallel to the door about mid-way to the rear. The oven is pre-conditioned prior to the test by
holding the internal portion at approximately 110 C for 24 hours. This procedure essentially degasses
and slightly chars the internally exposed wood minimizing the clouding of the inside surface of the glass
during the early part of the test. After heat conditioning, all seams in the oven are sealed with a heat-
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resistant, siliconized caulking material. The inside of the oven is lighted during the test by using an
externally placed floodlight.

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4.3 Data Acquisition: Thermocouple data are collected by using a commercially available program
capable of measuring voltage that is converted to temperature (C). The data are grabbed at
predetermined time intervals (time interval is at the discretion of the researcher). The recommended grab
time is every 15
seconds. Temperature data should be supported by video data that are acquired for the length of the test.
This combination helps in data interpretation and reaction violence.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 Sample Loading/Preparation: A billet of energetic material (2.25-inch diameter, 4.25-inch long and
having a 0.125-inch diameter hole extending 1.125-inches into the billet) is inserted inside the line sample
cup and sealed by tightening of the top cap. The small cook-off bomb is secured between witness plates.
The inside thermocouple is inserted and sealed in place with a swagelok-type fitting.

5.2 Sample Conditioning: It is advantageous to have the system under equilibrium conditions once the
dynamic portion of the test is initiated. This requires that any melt-castable sample be in the molten state
to ensure that the temperature/time slope change associated with the self-heating process is not masked
by the slope change associated with the melting process. With this in mind, the sample is heated at the
maximum rate (approximately 5 C min-1) to a predetermined conditioning temperature that is above the
melting/processing temperature and held until the sample (center thermocouple) and oven temperatures
equilibrate (normally 5 to 7 hours). This conditioning (hold) temperature can be as high as 50 to 60 C
below that of the predicted critical temperature (Tc), but is usually 100 C. By completion of this
isothermal period the continuous phase (binder portion) of the sample should be in the molten state.

5.3 Sample Heating: At the completion of the conditioning period, the sample is heated at a rate of 3.3 C
hour-1 until observable thermal decomposition occurs or the test is terminated for other reasons.

5.4 Thermal Decomposition Reaction Severity: The response of the energetic material to this thermal
insult may vary from a simple expulsion of material from the small cook-off bomb (with expulsion of the
inner thermocouple), likely with associated burning, to a more violent process, e.g., explosion or
detonation. Sample expulsion may result from simple thermal expansion to mild to violent bubbling due to
gases formed during a relatively slow decomposition process.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 Temperature Data Manipulation: Three temperature-time profiles are used during the analysis of the
data. The first is a direct plot of the time versus temperature for the oven and sample thermocouples.
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

The second profile, denoted as the Oven-Sample plot, provides the time versus the difference
between the oven and sample thermocouples and shows the onset of self-heating as a plateau in the
plot, where the sample and oven heating rates are roughly equivalent. In some cases, this plot also
shows a downward break following a significant period of self-heating, indicating a mechanistic change in
the decomposition reaction. In cases where a discontinuity in the Oven-Sample plot is observed, the
onset of self-heating (plateau) is reported as the non-catastrophic self-heating and a downward
discontinuity, if observed, is referred to as catastrophic self-heating. The last profile, denoted as the
plot, provides the time versus the derivative of the oven-sample temperature difference. This plot is
smoothed using a 20-point moving average in order to reduce experimental noise. The temperature and
time associated with the onset of self-heating can then be readily determined as the point when the oven-
sample difference becomes negative. At this point in time the sample is heating faster than the oven (i.e.,
self-heating). This method generally provides detection of self-heating at earlier times and lower
temperatures than visual methods relying upon raw data or oven-sample temperature difference.

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6.2 Thermal Diffusivity Determination: While this test is primarily concerned with determining the onset of
self-heating and the overall violence of reaction under confined conditions, the slow, uniform heating of
the sample also provides for determination of an explosives apparent thermal diffusivity (, cm2 s-1) in the
molten state prior to self-heating. Since the sample dimension is well defined (radius, cm), and if the heat
capacity (Cp, J oC-1 g-1) and density (, g cm-3) of the explosive are known or can accurately be
estimated/measured, the thermal diffusivity, and hence thermal conductivity ( = Cp , where has units
of J cm-1 s-1 C-1) can be determined from the available cook-off data. This is shown for the case of
cylindrical geometry in the following equation:

= r2 H / 4 (Toven Tsample)

where r is the sample radius, H is the heating rate, and Toven and Tsample are the oven and sample
temperatures, respectively. The determined value of thermal diffusivity utilizing this approach is actually
the total of the explosives energy transport due to thermal diffusivity and convective flow provided by
density gradients, hence the usage of the term apparent.
--``,``,,`,,`,,`,,`,`,,,,``,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

6.3 Prediction of Self-Heating Temperature: The Frank-Kamenetskii equation can be used to predict the
self-heating temperature for an energetic material of a specific size and configured in a specific geometry.
See One-Liter Cook-Off test (U.S. 202.01.021) for detailed description.

6.4 The following information shall be reported for this test:

i. Temperature/time data from the two thermocouples (internal and oven thermocouples)
ii. Graphical representation of temperature-time, temperature-time and temperature-time
data.
iii. Temperatures of non-catastrophic and catastrophic self-heating and the final event
iv. Reaction violence (with photographic evidence of case components)

6.5 Representative data for several explosives are given below.

Temperature (C)
Severity of
Non-
Explosive Catastrophic Self- Final
Catastrophic Final Event
Heating Reaction
Self-Heating
R-9 Partial
Composition B 146 168 197
Detonation
R-3
TNT 164 190 219
Deflagration

7. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION:

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Pakulak, J.M., Jr. and Anderson, C.M., NWC Standard Method for Determining Thermal
Properties of Propellants and Explosives, NWC TP 6118, Naval Weapons Center, China Lake,
CA, March 1980.

b. McKenney, R.L., Jr. and Krawietz, T.R., One-Liter Test: A Mid-Scale Safety Characterization
Test for Melt-Castable Explosives, AFRL-MN-EG-TR-1999-7049, Air Force Research
Laboratory, Munitions Directorate, Eglin AFB, FL, July 1999.

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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Liquid Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: U-Tube Adiabatic Compression Sensitivity

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: The U-tube adiabatic compression tester consists of a U-shaped tube


closed at one end and containing a slug of test liquid in the curvature of the tube. The
test is conducted by suddenly pressurizing the open end of the tube, which forces the
liquid slug violently into the closed end. Peak pressures many times greater than the
driving pressure are attained in the closed end of the tube. The rate of pressurization is
fast enough to provide adiabatic compression.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Data required for processing and testing

d. Typical Results: Results are presented in psig or as a pressure ratio (Pi/Pa) where Pi is
the driving pressure and Pa is the local ambient pressure. Ethyl or propyl nitrate are
utilized as calibration standards.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Results are repeatable within 5%.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. AFRPL-TR-66-294.

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TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: High Explosives, Propellant, and Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Compatibility with Materials Test

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Sensitivity.

b. Description: Used for determine the reactivity of explosives in contact with materials
used in production and in munition designs.

(1) High Explosives: Normally, the Vacuum Thermal Stability Test AOP-7 Registry No:
U.S. 202.01.001 is used. Typically, the explosive and the materials are subjected to
100oC for 48 hours. For materials like HNS, the test is performed at higher temperatures.
DSC or DTA may also be used.

(2) Propellants: Most frequently the Taliani, Vacuum Stability, or Differential Thermal
Analysis (DTA) is used. Generally the AOP-7 Registry No: U.S. 202.01.001 test is used.

(3) Pyrotechnic Compositions: Compatibility tests are designed around the materials
and potential contaminants. In general, the vacuum thermal stability tests AOP-7
Registry No: U.S. 202.01.001 is used.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Reactivity of explosives with materials that


may be in close proximity.

d. Typical Results: No more than 2.0 ml/gm/48 hours is allowed.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Normally repeatable results are obtained.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. MIL-STD-650, 31 May 1973.


b. NAVORD OD 44811, pp. 1-14, 1 January 1972.

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c. MIL-STD-286C, "Military Standard, Propellant, Solid, Sampling, Examination and Testing", 8
January 1999.
d. MIL-STD-2100 (OS), "Military Standard, Propellant, Solid, Characterization of", 30 March
1979.
e. McLain, Joseph H., Pyrotechnics, The Franklin Institute Press, Philadelphia, PA (1980).
f. Ellern, Herbert, Military and Civilian Pyrotechnics, Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., New York,
NY (1968).

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TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Thermal Stability (Constant Temperature) - Chemical Reactivity Test (CRT)

2. PURPOSE: This test evaluates the stability of an explosive at an elevated temperature under vacuum.
Both the volume of gas evolved and the composition of these gases are determined.

3. BACKGROUND: The Chemical Reactivity Test (CRT) was developed to provide a means for
measuring both the type and volume of gas evolved by a substance or mixture of substances when
subjected to elevated temperatures in a fixed volume under vacuum. As such, it provides significantly
more information than the vacuum thermal stability test procedure as described in U.S. 202.01.001.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT:

4.1 Apparatus:

4.1.1 A Hewlett Packard Model 5890 Series II gas chromatograph with a Model 3396 integrator is used to
analyze the gas sample. A 20k by 1/8l OD Porapak Q 50-80 mesh molecular sieve is used in the
chromatograph. Helium that has been passed through a liquid nitrogen cold trap is used as the carrier
gas.

4.1.2 A tank containing heated silicone brake fluid is used to heat the sample under test. Silicone brake
fluid is used because it has low volatility and is thermally stable. A temperature control unit that heats and
circulates the fluid is attached to the tank. Temperature of the bath is maintained up to 120 C by the
control unit to within 1C of the set point.

4.1.3 Sample holder vessels called loops comprise the following stainless steel components: a sample
holder with a valve, a diffusion plug (used as a weight), a diffusion upper spacer, a crucible, and a lower
spacer. Figure 1 provides a schematic of the CRT sample holder loop assembly.

4.1.4 Vacuum is applied by a vacuum pump system capable of evacuation down to approximately
10 millitorr.

4.2 Materials:

4.2.1 A pressurized gas bottle containing small percentages of N2, NO, N2O and CO2 which are
used as calibration gases.
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4.2.2 A pressurized gas bottle containing ultra pure (99.999%) helium that is used as a carrier gas.

4.2.3 PBX-9404 is used as the standard reference explosive for the system. PBX-9404 contains
95% TATB and 5% Kel-F as the binder.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 Sample preparation:

5.1.1 The CRT is normally run on an explosive composition as a powder unless it is a paste or cast/cure
PBX. Consolidated powders (pressed pellets) are generally not attempted. The sample size for the
material being tested is 0.250 g. For compatibility tests, both ingredients are weighed to 0.250 g and then
blended together. In general, duplicate samples are prepared and run for all materials being tested.

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5.1.2 Samples are placed in the loop assembly and the loop is evacuated with vacuum until all out
gassing stops. If necessary, the sample may be flushed with helium. The sample loop is then backfilled
with one atmosphere of helium.

5.1.3 The sample loop is removed from the vacuum system and placed into the silicon bath holder at 120
C. At the end of the 22-hour heating cycle, the sample loop is removed from the bath and allowed to
come to ambient temperature prior to running the gas analysis.

5.2 Sample gas analysis:

5.2.1 The gas chromatograph is calibrated with a calibration gas containing a small percentage of each of
the gases being analyzed. In addition, PBX-9404 is routinely run as the standard explosive composition.

5.2.2 The sample loop is connected to the chromatograph and after the chromatograph has stabilized,
the sample loop valve is opened and the analysis started. Prior to running a duplicate sample, the air
must also be evacuated in the sample loop holder.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 Criteria and methods for assessing results: A test result is considered positive, i.e., thermally
unstable, if ignition or an explosion occurs. If the CRT gas volumes produced are in excess of 4 cm/g
(approximately 0.8% decomposition), additional tests may be required to determine if the material is
thermally unstable. This includes running the test at 100 C and/or increasing the time to 48 hours. If the
gas volume produced is less than 4 cm/g, the material is considered thermally stable. For reference
purposes, 1 cm of evolved gas/gram of explosive represents about 0.2% decomposition (see ref. (a)).

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6.2 Compatibility:

6.2.1 If the CRT gas volume of the mixture is equal to or less than the sum of the individual components,
there is no evidence of chemical reactivity and the mixture is considered chemically compatible and
unreactive.

6.2.2 If the CRT gas volume of the mixture is significantly greater than the sum of the individual
components, there is evidence of chemical reactivity and the mixture should be considered incompatible.
Generally, total gas volumes of the mixture that are greater than 1.0 cm/g are moderately reactive and
the materials are considered incompatible.

6.3 Typical results: Typical individual gas evolution results for several energetic materials are provided in
Table I. Units are listed in cm/0.25 g @ 120 C for 22 hours.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

8. REFERENCES

a. Prokosch, David W., et al., Chemical Reactivity Test for Thermal Stability, UCRL-JC-117941, July
1994.

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Figure 1. CRT sample holder loop assembly. All loop components are made of stainless steel.

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TABLE I. Typical test results

Explosive Material N2 O2 CO NO CO2 N2O Total


PETN (powder) 0.046 0 0.038 0.080 0.131 0.014 0.309
PETN (pellet) 0.013 0 0.011 0.028 0.069 0.005 0.126
Comp B (powder) 0.011 0 0 0.024 0.039 0.018 0.092
Comp B (pellet) 0.014 0 0 0.021 0.018 0.020 0.073
LX-14 (powder) 0 0 0 0 0.053 0.006 0.059
LX-14 (pellet) 0 0 0 0.004 0.016 0.006 0.026
LX-17 (powder) 0 0 0 0 0.023 0 0.023
LX-17 (pellet) 0 0 0 0 0.042 0 0.042
PBX-9404 powder) 0.020 0 0.039 0.244 0.137 0.023 0.463
PBX-9404 (pellet) 0.056 0 0.049 0.171 0.198 0.039 0.513

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U.S. 204.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Environmental Impact of Firings

a. Type of Test: Hazard Assessment/Toxicity.

b. Description: An environmental impact assessment based on the products in the


expanded after plume zone is prepared. Effects at sea level and intermediate or high
altitudes, if applicable, are considered. Noise and electromagnetic (radar) attenuation
are not factors in this assessment. Primary and secondary smoke and handling toxicity,
if applicable, are considered qualitatively.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines the impact on the
environment of firing the propellant.
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d. Typical Results: Varies. Depend on materials tested.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Varies

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. MIL-STD-2100 (OS), "Military Standard: Propellants, Solid, Characterization of", 30 March


1979.

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U.S. 301.01.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Theoretical Performance Calculations

a. Type of Test: Performance Assessment

b. Description: Computer programs to calculate thermodynamic properties and


performance characteristics are used. Among the programs used are the NWC
Thermochemical Program, PEP code, Blake code, and the NASA-Lewis code. The
parameters computed are flame temperature, chemical compositions enthalpy, entropy,
specific heat ratio and molecular weight in both the combustion chambers and exhaust,
frozen and shifting equilibrium, specific impulse, boost velocities, thrust coefficient,
characteristic velocity, and exhaust gas velocity.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment:

The data are used to characterize the propellant or pyrotechnic system and in the
prediction of the performance.

d. Typical Results: Depend on materials being considered.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: N/A

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Cruise, D. R., "Theoretical Computations of Equilibrium Compositions, Thermodynamics


Properties, and Performance Characteristics of Propellant Systems", NWC TP-6037, Naval
Weapons Center, China Lake, CA, April 1979.

b. MIL-STD-2100 (OS), "Military Standard: Propellant, Solid, Characterization of", 30 March


1979.

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U.S. 302.01.001

TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Performance - Detonation Velocity

2. PURPOSE: To determine the detonation velocity of an explosive and to characterize the explosive for
application, performance, and safety.

3. BACKGROUND: One of the characteristic properties of an explosive composition is its detonation


velocity, i.e., the velocity at which a steady state detonation wave will propagate through the material. The
detonation velocity depends on the material composition of the explosive, the density at which it is tested,
the geometry and dimensions of the test, the presence or absence of confinement, and the nature of any
confinement around the charge. The relationship between detonation velocity and charge diameter for
cylindrical charges is given by equation (1).

(1) D(d) = D( 1 a/d)

Where:
D(d) = Detonation velocity at diameter d
D = D (1-a/d)
d = Charge diameter
D = detonation velocity at infinite diameter
a = Constant

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT: Numerous methods currently exist for the measurement of the detonation
velocity of energetic materials. Rather than provide a description of all tests that are suitable, the
following recommendations are provided which can be applied to any of the methods.

4.1 Cast or pressed samples should be prepared in sufficiently large size to minimize the charge diameter
effect. If a measurement of the critical diameter has been made, this can give direction to the selection of
a suitable charge size. If not, an estimate may be obtained by analogy to known explosives. Detonation
velocities may be measured on bare charges or confined charges, but the conditions should always be
specified.

4.2 Detonation velocities may be measured either by methods that give a continuous record (e.g., streak
camera), or by methods that give measurements at discrete points, as when pin switches are used to
record arrival time of the detonation wave. In the latter case more than two pins should be used to give
multiple intervals over which to determine the velocity.

4.3 The length of the charge (l) should be sufficient to allow a steady state velocity to be achieved in the
charge for a significant fraction of the charge length. In general, a length to diameter ratio of 3/1 is
preferred.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 As noted above, there are many ways to measure detonation velocity, and the specific procedure to
be followed will depend on the test set-up selected.

5.2 Test results should be reported describing average and individual measured velocities, test charge
configuration including dimensions, confinement (if any), %TMD, charge density, and booster design.
Table I provides a summary of the detonation velocity of several commonly used unconfined explosives.
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6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

a. geometry and dimensions of the


b. nature of any confinement (materials of construction and thickness)
c. method of initiation
i. booster explosive
ii. booster geometry and dimensions
iii. weight of
iv. density of
d. method of recording the progress of the detonation (e.g., streak camera, framing camera,
ionization pins)
e. number of charges for which detonation velocity was measured
f. section of the charge over which detonation velocity was measured
g. individual and average velocities, if multiple measurements were made.

6.2 Table I lists detonation velocities reported for several explosive compositions.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Hall, Thomas N. and Holden, James , NSWC MP88-116, Explosion Effects and Properties,
Navy Explosives Handbook, Part III, October 1988.

b. Dobratz, B., Explosives Handbook, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, UCRL-52997,


January 31, 1985.

TABLE I. Detonation velocity test results.

Charge Diameter Density Detonation Velocity


Explosive 3
(cm) (g/cm ) (m/s)
TNT (Cast) 5.08 1.62 6850
TNT (Cast 6.0 1.62 6980
Pentolite (Pressed) 1.71 7750
Pentolite (Cast) 1.64 7530

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U.S. 302.01.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Liquid Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Detonation Velocity - Liquid Explosives

a. Type of Test: Performance Assessment - Mandatory for Liquid explosives

b. Description: The procedure for measuring the detonation velocity of liquids and vapor-air
mixtures is similar to that described for solid high explosives described in AOP-7 Registry
No. U.S. 302.01.001. A detonation tube is used for vapor-air mixtures as described in
U.S. 302.03.001.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Steady state detonation velocity.

d. Typical Results: Depend on materials tested.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Good.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

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U.S 302.01.003

TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Performance assessment - Critical Diameter

2. PURPOSE: This test defines the threshold, dc, for the propagation of steady-state detonation.

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3. BACKGROUND:

3.1 This test measures the failure threshold; therefore, it is far more easily affected by small variations in
the physical properties of the charge. Consequently, charges must be of good quality if reproducible
results are to be obtained. The charge preparation recommendations of this document should be used. In
general, critical diameter should be reported for unconfined explosive charges.

3.2 There are three closely related techniques for measuring the critical diameter. In the first method, a
conical charge is initiated at the large end, and the detonation is followed optically or electronically until it
fails. In the second method, a stepped cylinder is initiated at the large end and the progress is followed
through various sections. In the third method, a series of cylindrical charges of different diameters are
used to map the detonation velocity versus the diameter relationship. By keeping the difference between
the diameters small, the average of the smallest diameter charge that gives a steady-state detonation
and the largest charge that does not, will give a reasonably accurate value of failure diameter. The first
two methods will tend to give estimates of the critical diameter that are smaller than the true critical
diameter.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT: The specific procedure to be used, as described in section 5 below, is at the
discretion of the experimenter. In all cases, the sample should be representative of the anticipated
service use configuration.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 Method 1:

5.1.1 For the conical charge with continuous wire electronic method, an explosive charge is prepared with
embedded continuous resistive wires. A copper wire of essentially zero resistance is placed parallel to a
nichrome wire (No. 40 wire with a resistance of about 2.3 ohms/cm) of known resistance within the cast
explosive. A constant current source of about 200 mA is connected between the copper and the nichrome
wires. The detonation front, which has a low resistance, completes the circuit. A voltmeter (oscilloscope)
reads the potential difference between the copper and the nichrome wires (see figure 1).

5.1.2 From Ohm's Law (R=E/I), the resistance R of the nichrome wire remaining in the circuit can be
obtained. Since the resistance of the nichrome wire per unit length is known, the distance to the
detonation front can be determined. The embedded wires, however, do cause perturbations in the
threshold conditions and are a source of error for this technique. From the resistance versus time record,
the distance versus time data can be calculated. The distance-time data is differentiated to obtain the
detonation velocity. Figure 2 displays the detonation velocity versus the position in the cone for a
particular charge and shows the decrease in the detonation velocity down to the value at the critical
diameter. When the cone angle is known, the value of the critical diameter can be calculated.

5.1.3 To avoid the problems associated with the embedded wires, the detonation may be followed
optically with the smear camera. For a steady detonation, the streak is straight. For a failing detonation,
the streak is curved and may disappear altogether. With this technique it is not necessary to determine
the instantaneous velocity of the detonation from the curved traces. The observation that the trace is
definitely curved in the direction of decreasing velocity is sufficient to show that the test diameter is dc.

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This prevents the requirement of differentiation of experimental data. It is important to have a sufficiently
long charge because as d approaches dc, the shock-induced reaction may run for long distances at
apparently constant velocity before failure can be seen. Reference (a) provides a detailed description of
this test method.

5.2 Method 2:

5.2.1 The most direct method of determining dc is to fire a series of different diameter charges and obtain
the smear camera record of each. For castable materials that can easily be prepared as conical charges,
the record of the reaction initiated at the cone base will show failure at some diameter of the cone. This
measured dc is always too small because in a base initiated conical charge the detonation is
overboostered as it progresses to the smaller diameters. The use of a stepped cylinder, instead of a
cone, avoids this problem but introduces others. The length of each step or diameter must be about 4d or
greater to allow the overboostering to fade out and a sufficient length of steady state propagation to
measure detonation velocity (D). The camera cannot view an extremely long charge and still give a
record that can yield an accurate value of D. Hence, the stepped cylinder, like the cone, is best suited for
obtaining a preliminary and approximate value of dc. Both of these methods should be followed by more
precise measurements on cylindrical charges.

5.3 Method 3:

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5.3.1 For measurements on cast cylindrical charges, the charges should be prepared from one uniform
batch of explosives. If the charges are prepared from a melt cast explosive, conditions must be carefully
controlled to ensure that all charges have the same physical properties. If the charges are pressed,
isostatic pressing is recommended in preference to ram pressing. However, this method requires
machining the pressings to make cylinders of the required dimensions.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test

a. geometry and dimensions of the charge


b. nature of any confinement
c. method of initiation
i. booster explosive
ii. booster geometry and dimensions
iii. weight of booster
iv. density of
d. method of recording the progress of the detonation (e.g., streak camera, framing camera,
ionization pins).
e. criterion for determining that the detonation has failed.
f. critical diameter of the candidate

6.2 Table I lists critical diameters reported in references (b) and (c) for several explosives.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

7.1 The range in dc over all explosives is very large. Common pressed explosives have a dc of about 1 cm
or less whereas void less composite propellants may exhibit a dc of several meters. Very sensitive and
energetic explosives usually have very small critical diameters. It is very difficult to make cylinders of

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sufficiently small diameter for measurement purposes. These small cylinders may also be difficult to
initiate properly. For these materials, the use of U.S. 302.01.004 is recommended. Another technique for
sensitive explosives is the measurement of the so-called initial height of a wedge of explosives and to
relate the critical height to critical diameter. Use of this procedure is discussed in U.S. 201.04.006.

7.2 From the discussions of this test and the references cited herein, it is clear that there is no
well defined test for critical diameter that is applicable to all explosives at all diameters. Therefore, the
evaluator of a material may investigate and use other techniques to characterize and define the critical
diameter. If other methods are used, a description of that technique should also be provided with the test
results.

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. Jaffe, I. and Price, D., Progress Report on Adaptation of Continuous Wire Method for Measuring
Transient Phenomena, NOLTR 63-163 (Sep 1963), U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak,
Silver Spring, MD (now Dahlgren Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center, White Oak
Detachment).
b. Hall, Thomas N. and Holden, James, NSWC MP88-116, Explosion Effects and Properties, Navy
Explosives Handbook, Part III, October 1988.
c. Dobratz, B., LLNL Explosives Handbook, Properties of Chemical Explosives and Explosive
Simulants, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, UCRL-52997, January 1985.

#Top

TABLE I. Critical diameters for various unconfined charges.

Material Density (g/cm3) dc (mm)


50/50 Pentolite (cast) 1.70 6.7
Comp B (A) (cast) 1.71 4.3
Comp B-3 (cast) 1.73 6.2
75/25 Cyclotol (cast) 1.75 6.0 to 8.0
DATB (pressed) 1.72 5.3
PBX-9404 (pressed) 1.82 1.2
Comp A-3 (pressed) 1.63 <2.2
TNT (pressed) 1.63 2.6
PBXN-9 (pressed) 1.73 <2.8
PBXN-7 (pressed) 1.70 <6.4
PBXN-301 (extruded) 1.53 0.36
PBXN-110 (cast) 1.67 6.1

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FIGURE 1. Oscilloscope reads the potential difference between the copper and nichrome wires.

FIGURE 2. Detonation velocity vs. position in the cone.

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Critical diameter is between the diameters of sections 3 and 4.

FIGURE 3. Change in detonation velocity with decreasing diameter.

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U.S. 302.01.004

TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Performance Assessment - Very Small Critical Diameter

2. PURPOSE: This test defines the threshold, df, for the propagation of a steady-state detonation. This
procedure is applicable to injection loaded explosives that have a critical diameter in the order of 0.010
inch (0.025 cm) or less.

3. BACKGROUND: This test is a failure threshold; therefore, it is more easily influenced by small
variations in the physical properties of the charge than is the value of the detonation velocity at larger
diameters. Consequently, charges must be of good quality if reproducible results are to be obtained. The
test was specifically developed for performing quality assurance studies on the explosive.

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT: The failure thickness is determined by firing three samples in the test
arrangement as depicted in figures 1 and 2.

5. PROCEDURE:

5.1 Prior to loading, the base and cover plates should be cleaned to remove any contaminants. The
groove of the test item is filled with explosive so that there are no gaps, voids, or inclusions in the loaded
channels and that the entire length of the groove is filled with the test material flush to the top. If the
explosive composition is a curable explosive, the uncured explosive is loaded into the test hardware and
fully cured prior to testing.

5.2 Mount the cover plate on the test sample using an appropriate adhesive. Care shall be taken to
ensure that the flat face of the cover plate is in full contact with the surface of the base plate and the test
explosive

5.3 Install the mild detonating fuse (MDF) and shock absorbing tubing in the cover plate to ensure that
the end of the MDF is in contact with the test explosive.

5.4 After firing the test item, the distance from the reference end of the aluminum cover plate to the end of
the detonation imprint (D in figure 2) shall be determined to 0.001 inch.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The following information shall be reported for this test:

a. dimensions of the test unit (A, B, and C in Figure 2) to within 0.001 inch
b. materials of construction of the test fixture
c. failure thickness for candidate explosive
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6.2 The failure thickness is calculated as follows:

Failure Thickness (df), inch = C/D x (D B)

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. MIL-E-82740, dated 15 Oct 1986, Explosive, Plastic-Bonded, Injection Moldable (PBXN-301),


para. 4.5.6, Failure Thickness.

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Rev. 1
U.S. 302.01.004 (Cont.)

NOTE: All dimensions are in inches.

FIGURE 1. Test hardware base plate.

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FIGURE 2. Failure thickness, df, test assembly.

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
U.S. 302.02.001

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Strand Burning Rate (Linear Burning Rate)

a. Type of Test: Performance Assessment.

b. Description: Strands 15-20 cm long and 0.3-1 cm in diameter are coated with an inhibitor
compound to assure vertical burning. Each strand is placed in a jig equipped with fuse
wires. Strands are conditioned at -54 oC (65 oF), 25 oC (77 oF), and 74 oC (165 oF) before
testing. Test pressures are 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 psi. A Crawford type
stainless steel Strand Burning Rate Bomb with a volume of about one liter is used. It
must have an 0-ring closure and a working pressure of at least 5000 psi. Each unit is
hydrostatically tested for 30 minutes at 10,000 psi, is equipped with electrical wiring
contacts for ignition and timing, and has an opening for pressurizing and exhausting
gases. Temperature conditioning chambers with ranges from -65 oC (-85 oF) to +99 oC
(210 oF), controllable to 0.5 oC ( 1 oF) must be available.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Data used to calculate motor performance


and for quality assurance.

d. Typical Results: Depend on materials tested.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Good repeatability and reproducibility over the most of
its range. The test is difficult to use when the burning rate exceeds 7.5 cm (3") per
second.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. MIL-STD-286B, Method 803.1.1 of 28 August 1991.

b. MIL-STD-2100 (OS), "Military Standard: Propellant, Solid, Characterization of", 30 March


1979.

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
U.S. 302.02.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Closed Bomb Burning Rate


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a. Type of Test: Performance Assessment.

b. Description: The closed bomb is a constant- volume, high pressure combustion chamber
used to determine the linear regression rate of burning propellant. The bomb volume is
usually 100-300 cm. The propellant is loaded in the bomb. The igniter is placed in a
small bag with the propellant. An electric match is used to initiate combustion. A
piezoelectric pressure transducer measures the pressure rise.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: This test determines the quickness and force
of a propellant.

d. Typical Results: Depend on materials tested.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Good

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. MIL-STD-286B, "Military Standard: Propellant, Solid, Sampling, Examination and Testing",


Method 801.1 of 28 August 1991.

b. Round Robin Results of the Closed Bomb and Strand Burner, CPIA Publication 361, July,
1982.

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
U.S. 302.02.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Burning Characteristics (Configurational)

a. Type of Test: Performance Assessment.

a. Description: The test apparatus, procedure, results and criteria all vary according to the
end-item requirements of the pyrotechnic system. Specific criteria are established in
terms of end-item performance requirements. These criteria are normally examined in
prototype hardware similar to that envisioned in the final design. To this degree, some
performance characteristics are examined and pyrotechnic compositions are either
modified, accepted, or rejected.

b. Information Requirements for Assessment: Information required to establish final design


and specifications.

d. Typical Results: Typical results could be reported in burning times, burning rates,
electromagnetic radiation intensity versus burning time, spectral outputs, visual color,
obscuration or screening times, or other results that would be specifically related to the
pyrotechnic end-item's characteristics required.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Normally repeatable.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. McLain, Joseph H., Pyrotechnics, The Franklin Institute Press, Philadelphia, PA (1980).

b. Ellern, Herbert, Military and Civilian Pyrotechnics, Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., New York,
NY(1968).

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
U.S. 302.02.004
TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Burning Characteristics (Loose)

a. Type of Test: Performance & Hazard Assessment.

b. Description: The loose composition is ignited in containers, mixing trays, etc., as it is


handled in the manufacturing process. Results are observed.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Data is required for


handling/processing/storing of the composition.

d. Typical Results: Depending on the composition, it may (1) deflagrate, (2) burn as
virtually a solid state reaction leaving a solid residue, (3) ignite and eject out of a
container as a flaming mass or (4) flame in place.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Normally repeatable if ignited the same way each
time.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. McLain, Joseph H., Pyrotechnics, The Franklin Institute Press, Philadelphia, PA (1980).

b. Ellern, Herbert, Military and Civilian Pyrotechnics, Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., New York,
NY (1968).

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
U.S. 302.03.001

TEST DESCRIPTION

1. TYPE OF TEST: Performance/Sensitivity - Detonability of Fuel-Air Explosives

2. PURPOSE: To determine the detonability of a fuel-air explosive (FAE) mixture as a function of fuel-air
concentration and size of the initiating explosive charge.

3. BACKGROUND:

4. TEST ARRANGEMENT: A detonation tube is used to determine the detonability of FAE fuels on a
small scale. The minimum dimensions of the tube are 60 cm diameter by 180 cm long. A longer tube is
desirable, especially for solid fuels. The tube is open on both ends and has the following attachments:
hoops at each end for sealing the tube with plastic film, a detonator holder at one end for initiating the
fuel-air mixture, pressure transducers and/or velocity gauges along the side of the tube for detecting the
passage of the detonation wave, and a fuel dispersal system. For liquid fuels, the fuel dispersal system
typically consists of a spray manifold along the top of the tube for spraying the fuel under nitrogen or air
pressure. For solid fuels, a manifold along the bottom of the tube is used. Jets of air from the manifold are
used to entrain the powdered fuel. In use, the fuel is introduced into the tube. After a short wait to allow
time for mixing, the detonating charge is initiated. The signals from the pressure transducers and/or the
velocity gauges are used to determine if a stable detonation wave was established in the fuel-air mixture.
A typical tube designed for liquid fuels is shown in Figure 1.

5. PROCEDURE: The same general procedure is used for both liquid and solid fuels although the fuel
dispersal systems are different. The operator should:

a. Conduct initial tests at a stoichiometry of 1;


b. Use the largest initiator charge that is compatible with the test apparatus; and
c. Use three replications.

6. RESULTS AND DATA:

6.1 The data recorded for each test is generally as follows: fuel type; fuel quantity; concentration; spray or
mix time; ambient temperature, pressure, and humidity; temperature drop caused by evaporation of fuel
(optional); type and size of initiator; data records showing closure time for detonation velocity gauges;
and data records of the pressure transducer outputs. The data records are assessed to determine the
detonation velocity and detonation pressure.

6.2 If a detonation is not obtained, the fuel is not considered a practical fuel for FAE applications.

6.3 If a detonation is obtained, the testing is continued with decreased initiator size and/or of
stoichiometric concentrations until the detonability limits are established as a function of both fuel-air ratio
and initiator energy. A typical detonation limit curve that can be developed from this data is shown in
figure 2.

7. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

8. NATIONAL REFERENCES:
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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
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(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
U.S. 302.03.001 (Cont.)

FIGURE 1. Type detonation tube for liquid fuels.

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
U.S. 302.03.001 (Cont.)

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FIGURE 2. Typical detonation limit curve.

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AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
U.S. 302.03.002

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Propellants

2. TEST TITLE: Subscale Motor Test

a. Type of Test: Performance Assessment.

b. Description: Subscale motors are fitted with nozzles sized to operate at designated
average pressures (usually 1000, 2000, and 4000 psi), conditioned at the temperatures
of either -54 oC, 25 oC, and +74 oC (-65 oF, 77 oF, and 165 oF, respectively), or -40 oC, 25
o
C, and 60 oC (-40 oF, 77 oF, and 140 oF, respectively). They are examined
radiographically for cracks, voids, etc., and only those without defects are statically fired.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: These tests are used to obtain more precise
values for the burning rate of the propellant than can be obtained from slab motor or
strand burning tests, and for the determination of the dependence of the burning rate on
temperature.

d. Typical Results: Depend on material tested.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Good.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. MIL-STD-2100 (OS), "Military Standard: Propellant, Solid, Characterization of", 30 March


1979.

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
U.S. 302.03.003

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Hot/Cold Ignition/Burning Tests

a. Type of Test: Performance Assessment.

b. Description: The design configuration is used. The pyrotechnic units are brought to the

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desired temperatures. The ignition and burning characteristics are noted.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: The unit functions safely and within the
performance specifications for the design.

d. Typical Results: Under colder conditions pyrotechnics generally are more difficult to
ignite and typically burn slower. Under hotter conditions pyrotechnics will generally ignite
more readily and burn faster. In some extremes cases, there are ignition failures under
cold conditions and deflagrations under hot conditions.

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Normally reproducible and repeatable.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. McLain, Joseph H., Pyrotechnics, The Franklin Institute Press, Philadelphia, PA (1980).

b. Ellern, Herbert, Military and Civilian Pyrotechnics, Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., New York,
NY (1968).

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)
Rev. 1
U.S. 302.03.004

TEST INFORMATION SHEET

1. TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE: Pyrotechnics

2. TEST TITLE: Moisture Content of Composition vs. Performance

a. Type of Test: Performance Assessment.

b. Description: The moisture content of the composition will be determined using analytical
techniques accurate for the chemicals involved. The effect of the moisture on the
performance characteristics of the composition in the test vehicle will be determined.
The allowable range of moisture content can then be extrapolated from the maximum
and/or minimum permissible for end-item performance requirements.

c. Information Requirements for Assessment: Information is required to determine


allowable levels of moisture in pyrotechnic compositions.

d. Typical Results: Reported as "percent water".

e. Repeatability and Reproducibility: Normally repeatable.

3. NATIONAL REFERENCES:

a. McLain, Joseph H., Pyrotechnics, Franklin Institute Press, Philadelphia, PA (1980).

b. Ellern, Herbert, Military and Civilian Pyrotechnics, Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., New York,
NY (1968).

#Top

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NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED
AOP-7
(Edition 2)

10.7.13 QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES OF BELGIUM

To be provided
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