Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Abstract: In this paper, we have tried to derive solutions of one of the widely studied and challenging equa-
tions in nonlinear dynamics the Lane-Emden y (x) + x2 y (x) + y n = 0 equation for n =0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5,
by a relatively new exact series method of solution known as the differential transform method (DTM). The
Lane-Emden equation describes a variety of phenomena in theoretical physics and astrophysics.
Keywords: Lane-Emden equation; differential transform method; polytropic index; analytic solution; non-
linear differential equation
1 Introduction
Since the beginning of stellar astrophysics, the investigation of stellar structure has been a central problem. There have
been continuous efforts to deduce the radial profiles of pressure, density and mass of a star, and one of the key results
that came out of these efforts are the Lane-Emden equation. First published by Jonathan Homer Lane in 1870 [1], the
Lane-Emden equation describes the density profile of a gaseous star. Mathematically, the Lane-Emden equation is a
second-order ODE with an arbitrary index, known as the polytropic index, involved in one of its terms. In astrophysics,
the LaneEmden equation is essentially a Poisson equation for the gravitational potential of a self-gravitating, spherically
symmetric polytropic fluid [1][2].
The Lane-Emden equation describes a variety of phenomena in theoretical physics and astrophysics, including as-
pects of stellar structure, the thermal history of a spherical cloud of gas, isothermal gas spheres, and thermionic currents
[3].Since then the equation has been a center of attraction. Various authors have derived the solution to this equation both
numerically and analytically for different values of the polytropic index. For example, Ramos used multistep methods [4]
in obtaining analytical solutions of the Lane-Emden equation, Abbasbandy [5] showed that the results given by the Ho-
motopy Perturbation Method are divergent in the case of strong nonlinearity when large physical parameters are involved
and Liao [6] solved the above system by Homotopy analysis Method (HAM) for the special case of a = 1. Gorder et.al
[7] have also solved the same problem by HAM for the case a > 0.Thus it is evident that the Lane Emden equations have
received attention from both mathematicians and physicists for the past few years.
This paper attempts to present the solutions of the Lane-Emden equation for the following values of polytropic indices,
0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 by the Differential Transform method . This technique doesnt require any discretization, linearization or
small perturbations and therefore it reduces significantly the numerical computation. The concept of differential transform
was first introduced by Zhou [8] in solving linear and nonlinear initial value problems in electrical circuit analysis. The
traditional Taylor series method takes a long time for computation of higher order derivatives. Instead, DTM is an iterative
procedure for obtaining analytic Taylor series solution of differential equations and is much easier. In our previous work
we have seen that the DTM provides the solution of the Duffing-Van der Pol oscillator equation in a rapidly convergent
series [9] and that, it is in good agreement with the solution obtained by Chandrasekar et.al. [10].
Corresponding author. E-mail address: supriya ju@yahoo.com
CopyrightWorld
c Academic Press, World Academic Union
IJNS.2011.12.31/565
S. Mukherjee, B. Roy, P. K. Chaterjee: Solution of Lane-Emden Equation by Differential Transform Method 479
n+1 k d 2 1n d(r)
2
(r (r) n ) = 4G(r), (5)
n r dr dr
n+1
where = n and n is the polytropic index. Introducing dimensionless variables x and y given by
and
1n
Kc n 1
r = ((n + 1) ) 2 x, (7)
4G
where c is the density at the center of the star, the above equation (5) reduces to
1 d 2 dy(x)
{x } + y n (x) = 0. (8)
x2 dx dx
On simplification of equation (8) we obtain the known form of the Lane-Emden nonlinear equation given by
d2 y 2 dy
2
+ + y n = 0. (9)
dx x dx
In this paper we have solved the above equation (9) for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 using DTM with the initial conditions
1 dk f (x)
F (k) = [ ]x=0 . (11)
k! dxk
In (11), f (x) is the original function and F (k) is the transformed function. The Taylor series expansion of the function
f (x) about a point x = 0 is given as,
xk dk f (x)
f (x) = [ ]x=0 . (12)
k! dxk
k=0
k
1 d f (x)
Replacing k! [ dxk ]x=0 by F (k), we have,
f (x) = xk F (k), (13)
k=0
which may be defined as the inverse differential transform. From (11) and (12) it is easy to obtain the following mathe-
matical operations:
(i) If f (x) = g(x) h(x), then F (k) = G(k) H(k).
(ii) If f (x) = cg(x), then F (k) = cG(k), where c is a constant.
n
(iii) If f (x) = d dxg(x)
n , then F (k) =
(k+n)!
G(k + n).
k
k!
(iv) If f (x) = g(x)h(x), then F (k) = l=0 G(k)H(k l).
(v) If f (x) = xn , then F (k) = (k n), where is the Kronecker delta.
x
(vi) If f (x) = 0 g(t)dt, then F (k) = G(k1)k , where k 1.
(vii) If f (x) = u(x)v(x)w(x)...p(x), then
k kr krs...m
F (k) = r=0 s=0 ... m=0 U (r)V (s)W (m)...P (krs...m), where F (k), G(k), H(k), U (k), V (k), W (k), P (k)
are the differential transform of the functions f (x), g(x), h(x), u(x), v(x), w(x), p(x) respectively.
d2 y 2 dy
+ + 1 = 0. (14)
dx2 x dx
Applying Differential Transform (DT) to equation (14) we have,
d2 y dy
DT [x dx 2 + 2 dx + x = 0], i.e.
k
(l 1)(k + 2 l)T (k + 2 l) + 2(k + 1)T (k + 1) + (k 1) = 0. (15)
l=0
k
(l 1)(k + 2 l)T (k + 2 l) + 2(k + 1)T (k + 1)
l=0
(28)
krs
k kr
+ (r 1)T (s)T (m)T (k r s m) = 0.
r=0 s=0 m=0
Using the initial conditions and equation (12) we get,
3
a5 7
619a9 11
T (2) = a6 , T (4) = 40 , T (6) = 19a
5040 , T (8) = 1088640 , T (10) = 199584000
17117a
,
k
(l 1)(k + 2 l)T (k + 2 l) + 2(k + 1)T (k + 1)
l=0
(32)
krs
k kr krsm
+ (r 1)T (s)T (m)T (p)T (k r s m p) = 0.
r=0 s=0 m=0 p=0
k
(l 1)(k + 2 l)T (k + 2 l) + 2(k + 1)T (k + 1)
l=0
(36)
krs
k kr krsm
krsmp
+ (r 1)T (s)T (m)T (p)T (q)T (k r s m p q) = 0.
r=0 s=0 m=0 p=0 q=0
5 Results
Figure 1(a) gives the plot of the normalized density y(x) against dimensionless radius x , for the following set of values
of polytropic index, n = 0, 1, 5 with initial condition y(0) = a = 1 and dy(0) dx = 0 . It has been shown that for the
polytropic index n = 0, y(x) becomes zero at x 2.4 and for the value n = 1, y(x) cut the x- axis at x 3.1 . But
for the polytropic index n = 5 , we see from the Figure 1, that y(x) never falls below zero. It should be noted that the
first root of the equation y(x) = 0 gives the radius of the polytrope and can be useful in the understanding of the stellar
structure in stellar astrophysics. This implies that the case of n = 5 is unimportant in stellar astrophysics.
Figure 1(b) gives the plot of normalized density y(x) against dimensionless radius x , for the following set of values of
polytropic index, n = 2, 3, 4 with initial condition y(0) = a = 1 and dy(0)dx = 0. It is interesting to note that, in this case
the solution of Lane Emden equation is an infinite series solution, rather than a closed form as obtained when n = 0, 1, 5.
From this figure, it is clear that as polytropic index increases from n = 2 to n = 4 , the radius of the polytrope also
increases. It also shows that for n = 2, 3 and 4 the normalized density y(x) decreases with x till x 5.5 . The radius of
the polytrope in the case n = 2, 3, 4, are 2.7, 2.75, 2.78 respectively.
(a) Plot of the normalized density y(x) against dimensionless radius (b) Plot of the normalized density y(x) against dimensionless radius
for different values of n(0, 1, 5) with initial condition y(0) = 1 and for different values of n(= 2, 3, 4) with initial condition y(0) = 1
dy(0) dy(0)
dx
= 0. and dx = 0.
Figure 1:
6 Conclusion
In this paper our primary aim was to investigate the Lane Emden equations and we have successfully arrived at the
solutions of the same by the Differential Transform Method which is a very fast convergent, precise and time saving
method. The Lane Emden equations are solved for all the values of the polytropic index from 0 to 5. The solution of the
problem for the case n = 0, 1, 5 comes out in a closed form, whereas for the case of n = 2, 3, 4 the solution is obtained
as an infinite series. The graphical representation of these results gives us the radius of the polytrope for different values
of the polytropic index which may be useful in the study of the behavior of stellar structures in astrophysics.
It is also significant that the DTM works successfully and accurately in deriving the solutions of the Lane Emden equations.
Thus DTM is an important tool in handling highly nonlinear differential equations with a minimum size of computations
and a wide interval of convergence. This emphasizes the fact that this method is applicable to many other systems of
nonlinear equations and it is reliable and promising when compared with existing methods.
References
[1] J. H. Lane. Am. J. Sci. Arts., 50(1870):57.
[2] E. Momoniat, C. Harley. New Astron, 11(2006):520.
[3] S. Chandrasekhar. Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure.Dover New York. 1967.
[4] J.I. Ramos. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 38 (2008):400.
[5] S.Abbasbandy.Physics Letters A, 360 (2006): 109.
[6] S.J.Liao. Appl. Math. Comput., 142 (2003): 1.
[7] R. A. V. Gorder, K. Vajravelu. Physics Letters A, 372(2008):6060-6065.
[8] J. K. Zhou. Differential Transformation and its Application in Electrical Circuits.Huazhong University Press, Wuhan,
China, (1986).
[9] S. Mukherjee, B. Roy, S. Dutta.Physica Scripta, 83(2010): 015006.
[10] V. K. Chandrasekar, M. Senthilvelan, M. Lakshmanan. New aspects of integrability of force-free Duffing-Van der
Pol oscillator and related nonlinear system.Journal of Physics A., 37(16)(2004): 4527.
[11] D. A. Ostile, B. W. Carroll. An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics.Addison-Wesley Publishing,(1996):335-340.
[12] Fatma Ayaz. Solutions of the system of differential equations by differential transform method.Appl. Math. Comput.,
147 (2004):547-567.
[13] Fatma Ayaz. Application of differential transform method to differential-algebraic equations.Appl. Math. Comput.,
152 (2004):649-657.
[14] Arikoglu, I. Ozkol. Solution of boundary value problems for integro-differential equations by using differ ential
transform method.Appl. Math. Comput., 168 (2005): 1145-1158.
[15] N. Bildik, A. Konuralp, F. Bek, S. Kucukarslan. Solution of different type of the partial differential equationby
differential transform method and Adomians decomposition method.Appl. Math. Comput., 127(2006): 551-567.
[16] A.Arikoglu, I.Ozkol. Solution of difference equations by using differential transform method. Appl. Math. Comput.,
173(2006): 126-136.
[17] A.Arikoglu, I.Ozkol. Solution of differential-difference equations by using differential transform method. Appl.
Math. Comput.,181(1)(2006): 153-162.
[18] C.M. Bender, K.A. Milton, S.S. Pinsky and Jr-L.M. Simmons. A new perturbative approach to nonlinear problems.J.
Math. Phys., 30(7)(1989) :1447-1455.
[19] N.T. Shawagfeh. Nonperturbative approximate solution for Lane-Emden equation.J. Math. Phys., 349(1993): 4364-
4369.
[20] V.B. Mandelzweig, F. Tabakin. Quasilinearization approach to nonlinear problems in physics with application to
nonlinear ODEs.Comput. phys. commun.,141(2)(2001):268-281.
[21] K. Parand, M. Razzaghi. Rational Legendre approximation for solving some physical problems on semi-infinite
intervals.Phys. Scr. 69(2004): 353-357.
[22] K. Parand, M. Razzaghi. Rational Chebyshev tau method for solving higher-order ordinary differential equations.Int.
J. Comput. Math., 81(1)(2004):73-80.
[23] K. Parand, M. Razzaghi. Rational Chebyshev tau method for solving Volterras population model.Appl. Math. Com-
put., 149(3)(2004): 893-900.
[24] S.A. Yousefi. Lqegendre wavelets method for solving differential equations of Lane-Emden type.Appl Math. Com-
put., 181(2)(2006): 1417-1422.
[25] M. Dehghan, F. Shakeri. Approximate solution of a differential equation arising in astrophysics using the variational
iteration method.New Astronomy., 13(1)(2008): 53-59.