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CLASSROOM IN A BOOK
Topic:

Class 8 : Discuss Routing Protocol.

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Routing Protocol OSPF Concept

U Contant U Page No

Routing Protocol OSPF:

OSPF Protocol Concept? 05
Quick View of OSPF?
OSPF Network Structure? 06
OSPF Features?
OSPF Areas? 07
1) Backbone Area:
2) Regular Area: 08
3) Stub Area:
4) Totally Stubby Area:
5) Not-so-Stubby Area (NSSA):
6) Totally NSSA:

OSPF Areas Routers? 09

1) Backbone Routes:
2) Internal Routes:
3) ABR Routers:
4) ASBR Routers:
5) Virtual Links:
6) Detail of Virtual links:

OSPF Routers Roles?

OSFP Matric Cost?
Link State Advertisements (LSA)?
LSA Operation? 10
OSPF Sequence Number?
OSPF LSA Types?
1) Router LSA Type 1:
2) Network LSA Type 2: 11
3) Summary LSA Type 3:
4) Summary LSA Type 4:
5) External LSA Type 5:
6) Not-so-Stubby Area Type 6:

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Routing Protocol OSPF Concept

Contant U Page No

7) External Attributes LSA:

OSPF Operations? 12
OSPF Packets?
Hello Message?
Link State Request?
Database Description?
Link State Acknowledgment?
Detail of Hello Message? 13
Establishment Neighbors & Exchanging Routes?
Down State?
Init State?
Two-way State?
Exstart State? 14
Loading State?
Full State?
Designated Router in OSPF?
Selection of DR & BDR? 15

Basic OSPF Configuration?

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OSPF Protocol Concept:

Now you have to more Consideration because its OSPF.
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) open standard protocol hy
hum essy kessi bhi Router py run kar sakty hy chahye 1 taraf
Juniper ho or 1 taraf CISCO k routers ho OSPF configure ho
jaye ga. OSFP bhi EIGRP ki tarha Classless Routing protocol
hy. EIGRP matric calculation ko use karta hy best path
calculate karny k ley or OSPF links ki cost ko use karta best
path calculate karny k ley.
OSPF link state Routing Protocol hy or ye SPF (Shortest Path First) algorithm ko use karta hy best path
ko calculate karny k ley k pory network my sy best path kon sy hai. Link state routing protocol Router
ki information ko get karty hy us k network structure or topolgy sy.

Quick View:

Open Standard.
Only IP base routing not IPX or Apple TAC like EIGRP.
Classless Routing Protocol. (CIDR Supported)
Support VLSM.
Link state routing protocol. (Only Update send)
1) No Feasible Successor.
2) No unequal load balancing.
3) OSPF Cost based upon bandwidth.

OSPF Routers aappas my Hello Message ko send karty hy apni neighbor relationship ko build karny k
ley. Her 1 router apny neighbor router ko learn karta hy us ki RID sy yani Router ID or us ki Cost sy. Or
wo uski neighbor information ko save rakhta hy apny Adjency Database my.

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IMPORTANT POINT:

Neighbor table ko OSPF my Adjency database khty hy.

OSFP my Topology Table ko LSDB yani Link State Database khty hy qk is my topology
same nahi hoti her area my 1 alag topology hoti hy.
Her Router SPF algorithm ko use karta hy best path ko calculate karny k ley or jab wo best path
search kar lyta hy to wo ussy apny Forwarding database my move kar dyta hy. Routing Table ko
OSPF my Forwarding Database khty hy.

OSPF Network Structure:

OSPF my networks ko break kar dia jata hy area wise or in areas ki starting hoti hy Area 0 sy pher Area
1, Area 2 or ess tarha Areas chalty hy. Jo bhi update hoti hy wo sirf ussi Area my flood hoti hy jaha koi
update ya changing hoti hy bakki area my nahi. OSPF ko 2 hierarchal design my divide kia gaya hy.
1) Area 0 jo k pory network ka backbone hota hy or sari traffic Area 0 sy hi aagye forward hoti hy.
2) Others Area jo k directly connected hoty hy backbone area sy unhy others area khty hy.

OSFP my ap 1 Area k ander 50 sy 100 routers tak connect kar sakty hy ye hamary network design py
depend karta hy.

OSPF Features:
U

1) Link State Protocol.

2) Routing Table is to short qk her area my sirf apny hi routes show hoty hy.
3) Router 1 to just Router 1 information and Router 2 to Router 2 information yaha her router apna
separate routing table banata hy or just ussi ki information rakhta hy sary routers ki nahi.
4) Update Customize yani jis Area my changing hoi hogi updates sirf ussi Area Flood hogi bakki k
Areas my nahi.

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OSPF Areas:
Several Types of Ares in OSPF.

Backbone Area:

Area 0 hamara Backbone Area hota hai jo k sary Areas sy Direct connected hota hy.

Regular Area:

Wo Routers jo backbone area my nahi hoty wo regular area my hoty hy like Area 1 or Area 2 or in
k database my Internal Routes bhi hoty hy or External Routes bhi.

Stub Area:

Stub Area k database my sirf default routes hoty hy or internal routes ki information hoti hy.

Totally Stubby Area:

Ye CISCO properity hy jis my routers k database my un k apny Areas my jo Routers hy unki

information hoti hy or Default Routes hoty hy.

Not-so-Stubby Area: (NSSA)

Is k database my Internal Routes hoty hy, Redistributed Routes hoty hy jo is k routes sy connected
hoty hy. Or optionally hy k hum is my default route bhi agar rakhna chahye tu rakh sakty hai.

Totally NSSA:

Ye CISCO ka Propriety Area hy. Is k Database my is k Area k Routes ki information hoti hy or

Redistributed Routes ki bhi information hoti hy jo is k Routes k sath Connected hu or Defualt Route
ki bhi information hoti hy.

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OSPF Areas Routers:

Backbone Routes: Wo Routers jo Backbone Area k Ander ho unhy Backbone Routers kehty hy.

Internal Routes: Jo routers 1 hi Area k ander ho unhy Internal Routers khty hy.

ABR Routers : Jo Router 1 Area sy nikal kar kessi dosry Area sy Connect hu unhyArea Border
Routers khty hy

ASBR Routers : jo Routers apny Area k sath connect hu or kessi or Domain k sath bhi connected ho ya
kessi protocol k sath like EIGRP to wo routers ASBR (Autonomous System Border
Router) router khlaty hy.

Virtual Links : Essy Router jo k direct connect nahi ho sakty Backbone Area sy to essy my hum ABR
router per Virtual Links create karty hy or then pher unhy Backbone Area sy connect karty
hy. But that is a temporary solution.

Detail of Virtual links:

OSPF my requirement tu ye hoti hy k sary Area directly connected hu Area 0 sy. Per jab essa Possible
nahi hota kuch Scenarios my to waha hum Virtual links ko create karty hy jo as a bridge work karta hy.
Area 0 or Regular Area k darmiyaan but this is a temporary solution Figure 3-3 Show OSPF Virtual
links.

Configuration of Virtual Links:

On Router 1
R1(config)# router ospf 1
R1(config-router)# area 1 virtual-link 10.20.20.20

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On Router 3
R3(config-router)# router ospf 1
R3(config-router)# area 1 virtual-link 10.10.10.10

Verify Virtual-links
R3# show ip ospf virtual-links
U

OSPF Routers Roles:

OSPF ny Routers ko kuch rules assign kiye hy or 1 router per multiple Rules bhi ho sakty hy the Rules
says.
Internal Routers apny sary Interfaces ko 1 hi Area my rakhty hai or Link state database
maintain karty hai sirf apny Area ka.
Backbone Routers at least apna koi 1 interface kesi dosray routers jo k backbone Area
my na hu un k sath jo Area 0 hy us k sath koi interface zaroor rakhy.
Area Border Roter (ABR) Routers apna 1 interface Backbone Area my rakhy or 1
Interface us Area my rakhy jis Area ko Backbone Area sy connect kia gaya ga
Autonomous System Border Router (ASBR) Router k interface inside or outside donu
ki taraf hona lazzmi hy qk us ka 1 interface kessi or domain k sath bhi connect hota hy.

OSFP Matric Cost:

By default Cisco ny sary interfaces ki cost 100 Mbps hi rakhi hy. Or agar hammy khud sy Cost ko
calculate karna hu to uska formula hy (Link Cost = 100 Mbps divide by Bandwidth Value). Is cost ko
hum auto bhi adjust kar sakty hy links k hisab sy router k global mode py command chalye gi auto-
cost or is ki cost manually bhi set kar sakty hy ip ospf cost 27 is command sy.

OSPF Link State Advertisements (LSA):

OSPF ka her router apny links k state ko dosry routers k sath advertise karty hy jessy hum LSA yani
(Link State Advertise) khty hy. Her router apny ander 1 Database ko contain karta hy jessy hum LSDB
(Link-State Data Base) khty hy. OSPF my her router 1 spreate LSDB ko khud my maintain karta hy or
dosray routers ko latest LSA send karta hy or apny link k state ko advertised karta hy network mai.

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LSA Operation:
Her LSA 1 sequence number k sath hoti hy or 1 time k bad auto send hoti hy or iska default timer 30
minute hota hy. Her router 30 minute k bad LSA ko send or dosray routers sy Receive bhi karty hy. Jab
routers LSA ko receive karty hy to pher wo ussy apny LSDB sy compare karty hy agar wo LSA new
hoti hy to wo ussy apny LSDB yani (Topology Table) mai save/add kar lyty hy or pher SPF algorithm
ko run karty hy. Agar router k pass uski router ID phly sy hi hoti hy to wo pher LSA ka sequence number
apny oldest LSA k sequence number k sath match karty hy or then changing ovewrite karty hy agar wo
new hoti hy to wo porani LSA ko discard kar k new LSA ko update kar lyty hy.

OSPF Sequence Number:

OSPF Sequence number 32 bit ka hota hy. Or us ka first legal Sequence number 0x80000001 hota hy
Sequence number change hoty hy per do sirf hi condition per.
1st condition router k Link ki State my koi changing hoi ho jeassy koi Router new lagaya
gaya hu ya Delete kai gaya hu jab sequence number change hota hy jab network my koi
changing hoi hu.
Ya LSA ki jo age hy wo OUT hogai hu (Matlab jo LSA Update hy wo her 30 minute bad
network my flood ho rahi hu per network koi changes nahi ho rahi wohi LSA bar bar
send ho rahi hu jab sequence number khud hi change hojata hy)
The Command Show ip OSPF database apko LSA k sequence number show kardy
gi.

OSPF LSA Types:

OSPF different type ki LSA ko advertise karty hy different types of Routes k ley jaissy k Internal
Routes, External Routes or ye sary hi routes represent hoty hy un k routing table my or ye un k prefix
sy phchany jaty hy k wo kon c LSA hy.

1) Router LSA Type 1:

Ye LSA sirf 1 hi Area k ander Flood hoti hy ABR router ko Cross nahi karti. Or ye O Prefix sy
Show hoti hy Routing Table my.

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2) Network LSA Type 2:

Network LSA sirf DR router yani Designated Router hi send karty hy or ye hamesha Broadcast karty
hy. Lekin ye LSA bhi 1 hi Area k ander Flood hoti hy ABR Router ko Cross naih karti. Or ye bhi
O Prefix sy Show hoti hy Routing Table my.

3) Summary LSA Type 3:

Ye LSA pory Network my Flood hoti ABR Routers ko bhi Cross kar jati hy or ye LSA ABR Router
generate karty hy or apni Router ID laga k essy agye send karty hy. Or ye O IA Prefix sy Show
hoti hy Routing Table mai.

4) Summary LSA Type 4:

Is LSA sy tamam Area ko ye pata lagta hy k ASBR (Autonomous System Boundary Route) Router
kaha laga hy or us ki Router ID kia hy. QK is Summary LSA my Router ID ASBR ki hoti hy or bakki
routers bhi ASBR ki Router ID laga k hi agye send karty hy. Or ye bhi O IA Prefix sy Show hoti
hy Routing Table mai.

5) External LSA Type 5:

Is LSA my ASBR khud Poray Network my Network ki Update ko Flood karty hy ABR router nahi
karty. Or ye 2 prefix sy show hoti hy routing table my pory network my jab ye LSA pass hoti hy to
is ky Matrix bhi increase hoty hy her router py. To ye LSA show hoti hy O EI sy or O E2.

6) Not-so-Stubby Area Type 6:

Ye LSA Flood hoti hy un Routers py jo kessi or Domain ka part hoty hy ya kessi or protocol ko bhi
run kar rahy hoty hy. Or ye LSA ASBR router hi generate karty hy or ye sirf NSSA my hi Flood hoti
hy.
N1-Metrix Increase as it passed through the network.
O N2- Matrix is not increase (By-default)

7) External Attributes LSA:

Ye LSA OSPF jab use karta hy jab OSPF or BGP k darmiyan Connectivity hu.
(O IA) prefix sy dosray Area k router my show hogi. (O EI) prefix sy External
Routes my show hogi.

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OSPF Operations:
OSPF Different type k Messages ko use karta hy apny Neighbor Relationship ko build karny k ley or
correct routing information ko get karny k ley. Or OSPF packets type or neighbors Relationship kessy
build karta hy ye janna bhut zarori hy which mention below.

OSPF Packets:
OSPF use five types of packets ye apny packet ko UDP ya TCP my Forward nahi karta OSPF ki transport
us k apny OSPF road map sy forward hoti hy or ye IP (protocol number 89) py apny OSPF header laga
k data aagye forward karta hy.

Hello Message:
Build a Neighbor Relationship & send a Keep alive message.

Link State Request:

Update Request jab send hoti hy network my to jab LSR Message Flood hoty hy.

Database Description:
Is Message my database ki pori summary hoti hy. Including Router ID or her LSA ka
sequence number bhi hota hy us k LSDB my.

Link State Update:

Is message my network ki Update information send hoti hy like topology information
router ID or neighbor Router RID or us ki cost. Or 1 LSU apny ander multiple LSAs ko
contain kar sakti hy.

Link State Acknowledgment:

(LSA ack) ye Message sary Routers send karty hy jab bhi un ko koi OSPF ka packet
milta hy. including Hello Message.

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Detail of Hello Message:

Hello Message my Router ki ID.

Hello or Dead interval (dead interval = time duration when other router response to hello
message by default is 5 sec agar 5 second my rply nahi aya to Relationship Down)
Area ID
Router Priority
DR Router or BDR Router ID authenticate ID.
Packet State

NOTE:
OSPF Traffic Multicast hoti hy 2 addresses py OSPF k jo sary Routers hy wo Packet ko Multicast karty
hy 224.0.0.5 address py or OSPF my jo Designated Router hoty hy wo message ko Multicast karty hy
224.0.0.6 address py.

Establishment Neighbors & Exchanging Routes:

OSPF Link State:

Down State : Jab Link Down hota hy or Hello Message bhi sent nahi howy hoty.

Init State : Jab Routers apny sary interfaces py Hello Messge ko Send kar raha hota hy.

Two-way State: Jab Router Hello Message ko receive karty hy dosray router sy jis my us ki
Router ID bhi hoti hy Or agar sari requirements pori hoti hy routers Neighbors
ban jaty hy.

Exstart State : Jab Router apny Routes ko exchange karta hy to wo ye dekhta hy k kis ny phly
exchanging process start kia hy.

Loading State : Jab Router Unknown State my hota hy.

Full State : Jab router k database my us k neighbor ki sari information hoti hy to wo Full
State my hota hy.

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Basic OSPF Configuration:

OSPF ki Configuration bhi bhut simple hy Router k Global mode py hum OSPF ko configure karty hy
or us k sary interfaces ko define karty hy k ye kon sy Area my run hongy. OSPF ki configuration my
OSPF ki process ID configure karna lazmi hoti hy like EIGRP but EIGRP ki process ID sary network
py same hona lazmi hy but OSPF my change bhi hoti hy like Area wise & OSPF my hum wildcard mask
use karty hy. EIGRP my optionally hy but OSPF my hum wildcard mask hi use karty hy.
Here show the ABR router configuration:
R1(config)# router ospf 8
R1(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R1(config-router)# network 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1

us k bad hum kessi single interface py bhi OSPF ka process run kar sakty hy like.
R1(config)# int s0/0/0
R1(config-router)# ip ospf 8 area 0

And if you want to clear OSPF process the command is.

R1(config)# clear ip ospf process *

Configure Virtual interface ya Loopback Interface command is.

R1(config)# interface loopback 0
R1(config-router)# ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0

If you want to change a Rotuer ID so command is.

R1(config)# router ospf 8
R1(config-router)# router-id 10.0.0.1

Designated Router in OSPF:

Jaha multiple Routers lagye hoty hy waha 1 router ka election hota hy as Designated Router (DR) or 1
ka election hota hy as a Backup Designated Router (BDR) DR or BDR k select hony k bad Network my
sary Router Other Routers khlaty hy.
DR LSA (type 2) ko Network my Flood karta hy or apni Router ID advertise karny k ley. NON DR
means other router DR router sy communicate karty hy 224.0.0.6 Multicast address sy or DR Router
other Routers ko information send karty hy 224.0.0.5 is multicast address sy.

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Select DR & BDR Routers:

Higher Priority = DR Router
2nd Higher Priority = BDR Router

(if priority is same so the 1st higher IP is DR router & 2nd higher IP is BDR Router)
(Agar apni marzi sy DR Router bannana ho tu us router ki priority increase kar dygy jaissy
DR Router bannana hu)
(Router ki priority set karny k bad OSPF process ko clear kary gy taky sary router pher sy
OSPF k process ko run kary or New DR router ko select kary)
(Or agar hum kessi Router ki priority 0 kar dy gy to wo router na to kabhi DR router
bannye ga or na hi BDR Router banny ga wo as a Other Router hi act kary ga)

Changing Priority to make a DR Router:

If you want to set a priority on DR router so command is.

R1(config)# int fa0/1
R1(config-router)# ip ospf priority 2

Verify & Troubleshoot OSPF Process:

Commands Purpose
R1# debug ip ospf adjacencies See the neighbor initialization process.

R1# debug ip ospf packet view all the OSPF packet in Real Time.

R1# show ip ospf neighbors See the neighbor table so command is. (This
command also show the Designated Router &
Backup Designated Router)

R1# show ip route See the OSPF Route Table.

R1# show ip route ospf If you want to filter the Routing Table & show
only that routes who learn OSPF Process.

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YES Finally you Completed your OSPF Protocol

Now your Security Part Start in CCNA you must Pay
Attention on It
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