Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
The inelastic deformation capacity of reinforced concrete members displacement-based design and assessment of existing structures
subjected to cyclic loading is reduced by the early shear failure of by using a wide range of test dataset of columns.
concrete. In this study, an analytical method was developed to As shown in Fig. 1, in the existing models, the shear strength
predict the inelastic deformation capacity of reinforced concrete and deformation capacity of an RC member are determined at
beams subjected to cyclic or monotonic loading. To evaluate the the intersection of the shear capacity curve and the shear demand
relationship between the degraded shear capacity and deformation
capacity of the beams, the effect of flexural deformation on the
curve that represents the shear force required by the flexural
shear capacity of concrete was considered based on the material action of the member. However, the existing shear capacity
failure criteria for concrete. Other failure mechanisms, including curves, which describe the degradation of the shear capacity due
the buckling and fracture of reinforcing bars, were also considered. to inelastic flexural deformation, were empirically developed
The proposed analytical method was verified by comparing its based on existing test results without firm theoretical background.
predictions to the previous test results. The results showed that the Furthermore, recently, the accurate prediction of the deformation
proposed method can theoretically describe the deterioration of the shear capacity of RC members is emerging as a primary concern for
capacity of beams due to inelastic flexural deformation. To apply the ensuring the performance-based design of RC members.10
proposed method practically, a simplified equation for the evaluation of Therefore, a more rigorous prediction model that can accurately
the deformation capacity of beams was developed. evaluate the shear capacity based on the fundamental failure
mechanism of RC members is required.
Keywords: cyclic shear; earthquake design; failure criteria; reinforced Recently, Park et al.11 developed a strain-based shear
concrete; rotation capacity; shear strength. strength model. This model describes the variation in the
shear capacity of RC members with the change in flexural
INTRODUCTION deformation. Originally, this model was developed to predict
In current earthquake design, potential plastic hinge zones are the shear strength of the concrete beams that fail before flexural
designed with special reinforcing bar details for enhanced ductile yielding. Because this model considers the combined shear
behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) members. In particular, for and flexure actions; however, it can be also used to predict
preventing brittle shear failure, the shear strength of RC members the degraded shear capacity of the beams that fail after flexural
is designed to exceed the shear demand developed by their yielding. In this study, based on the concept of the strain-
maximum flexural strength. According to the experimental studies based shear strength model, an analytical method for
performed by Aschheim and Moehle,1 and Wong et al.,2 the predicting the degraded shear capacity and deformation
inelastic deformation capacity of RC members subjected to cyclic capacity of slender or intermediate beams (shear span-to-
loading is less than that expected under monotonic loading, and it depth ratio 2.0) subjected to cyclic loading was developed.
increases when shear reinforcement is employed. Generally, the
low deformation capacity of RC members is attributed to the fact RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
that under cyclic loading, the shear capacity of concrete Unlike existing empirical models, the proposed model
deteriorates as the flexure-shear cracks in the plastic predicted the shear capacity of RC beams degraded by inelastic
hinge zones widen; therefore, the aggregate interlock at flexural deformation based on the material failure criteria for
the crack surfaces weakens. 3,4 concrete. By addressing the degradation of the shear capacity, the
To address the degradation of the shear strength of RC proposed model predicted the inelastic deformation capacity of
members subjected to cyclic loading, ACI 318-055 and the slender or intermediate beams subjected to cyclic or monotonic
New Zealand Concrete Code6 neglect the concrete contribution loading, with reasonable precision. To apply the proposed method
Vc to the shear resistance of the members in the earthquake practically, a simplified equation for predicting the deformation
design of the special moment frame. From a more analytical capacity of RC beams was developed.
perspective, the ATC seismic design guidelines7 proposed a
shear capacity curve that represents the variation in the shear MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS CAPACITY
capacity of RC members with the change in their ductility OF CONCRETE
demand (or deformation demand). Priestley et al.3 developed Generally, the overall shear resistance of slender RC
a shear capacity curve for columns to address the effect of beams Vn is defined as the sum of the contributions of
various design parameters including concrete shear contribution, several shear transfer mechanisms: the shear contribution of
axial loading, and shear reinforcement, which is applicable to
both low and high ductility (Fig. 1). Recently, Sezen and ACI Structural Journal, V. 107, No. 5, September-October 2010.
MS No. S-2007-099.R4 received November 2, 2009, and reviewed under Institute
Moehle8 proposed an improved semi-theoretical shear strength publication policies. Copyright 2010, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved,
including the making of copies unless permission is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
model based on diagonal tension failure mechanism. Elwood Pertinent discussion including authors closure, if any, will be published in the July-
and Moehle9 developed a drift capacity model for the August 2011 ACI Structural Journal if the discussion is received by March 1, 2011.
Fig. 1Existing models for predicting shear capacity degraded by inelastic deformation.
Fig. 4Effective depth and strain distribution of concrete beams subjected to cyclic or monotonic shear.
Fig. 5Force transfer between concrete and compression reinforcing bars due to residual
tensile strain of reinforcing bars.
Fig. 6Comparison between predictions obtained by proposed method and test results (cyclic shear).
were not considered. According to the results of the studies extreme compression fiber corresponding to the shear failure
performed by Shakir and Rogowsky31 and Sigrist and of the compression zone (Appendix). For verification, the
Marti,32 even in the vicinity of a plastic hinge, significant simplified method for the evaluation of the rotation capacity
bond stress is still transferable between the concrete and the (Eq. (A5)) was applied to the test specimens listed in
tension reinforcing bars. The results in Fig. 6 and 7 show that Table A1. The predictions obtained from the simplified
such simplifications did not significantly affect the accuracy of equation agree with the test results, as can be seen in Table A1.
the proposed analytical model. The proposed method, however, The average ratio of the test results to the predictions (Rexp./Rpred.)
should not be used for beams having improper reinforcing bar was 1.05 with a standard deviation of 0.173.
details which may cause excessive bond deterioration and
pullout of longitudinal and transverse reinforcing bars. CONCLUSIONS
The applicability of the proposed model should be limited An analytical model was developed to evaluate the
to the range of the design parameters of the test specimens inelastic deformation capacity of slender or intermediate
used for the verification of the proposed model (Table A1): beams subjected to cyclic or monotonic loading. To predict
concrete beams subjected to cyclic or monotonic loading, the deformation capacity of the beams, this study focused on
having the shear span-depth ratio (a/d) ranging between 2.21 the evaluation of the degradation in the shear capacity due to
and 7.48, effective depth d ranging between 180 and 457 mm inelastic flexural deformation. The shear capacity of concrete
(7.1 and 18.0 in.), concrete strength ranging between 21.9 was assumed to be provided by the intact concrete in the
and 74.7 MPa (3.2 and 10.8 ksi), and transverse reinforcing compression zone. Failure mechanisms of flexure, bar
bar ratio ranging between 0 and 1.19%. buckling, and bar fracture were also considered. For verification,
In the Appendix, a simplified equation for the evaluation the proposed method was applied to existing test specimens.
of the rotation capacity of beams subjected to cyclic shear A simplified method for the evaluation of the rotation
was developed. capacity of beams was developed for practical use. The principal
findings of this study are summarized as follows:
1. Based on the material failure criteria of concrete, the
R n = y ( a 3 ) + ( n y )l h (A5)
shear capacity of the concrete in the compression zone can be
defined as a function of the flexural deformation of the beam.
where n[= min(sc, ul, sb, cf /c] is the curvature of the 2. After flexural yielding, as the inelastic flexural deformation
beam at failure, ul (= 0.008 o) is the ultimate compressive reduces the depth of the compression zone and increases the
strain (Appendix), and sc is the compressive strain of the area of the concrete subjected to compressive softening, the
28
1 APPENDIX II-COMPRESSIVE STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP OF CONCRETE
2 The shear capacity and shear demand of a cross section are affected by the compressive
5 Sozen19, Vecchio and Collins33, Collins et al.34, and Lgeron and Paultre35):
2
6 u ( ) = f ' c 2 for o (A1a)
o o
8 where o = compressive strain corresponding to compressive strength [ = ( f 'c / Ec )[n /(n 1)] ,
9 Collins et al.34], n = 0.8 + f ' c / 17 MPa ( 0.8 + f ' c / 2.47 ksi), and E c = Youngs modulus of
10 concrete [= 3320 f ' c + 6900 MPa ( 8714 f ' c + 1000 ksi), Collins et al. 33]. For the slope of
11 the descending branch, E d = 0.5 f ' c ( 50 o ) was used, where 50 (= 0.004, Lgeron and
12 Paultre35) is the compressive strain in the descending branch corresponding to 50% of the
14 As the inelastic flexural deformation of a beam increases, the overall shear capacity of the
15 beam decreases to the shear capacity of the transverse reinforcement (see Fig. 3). Therefore,
16 in beams, which have less transverse reinforcement than columns do, all transverse
17 reinforcements yield due to the shear action at a large inelastic flexural deformation.
18 Therefore, the transverse reinforcement provides minimum lateral confinement for the
19 concrete compression zone, but does not increase the compressive strength of the concrete.
20 For this reason, in the definition of the compressive strength of concrete in Eq. (A1), the
22 For the evaluation of Vc in Eqs. (4) and (5), the average normal stress
[= u ( z )dz / c] in the region of the compression zone that does not experience
c
23
0
24
1 (
compressive softening is calculated as follows: = 2 / 3 f ' c for ) 1 ; and
4 OF ROTATION CAPACITY
5 The analytical method proposed in this study [Eqs. (7) and (8)] requires considerable
6 effort in the calculation of the shear capacity and shear demand. Therefore, for convenience
7 in design practice, a simplified equation for the evaluation of the rotation capacity of beams
8 subjected to cyclic shear was developed. The rotation capacity of a beam is determined by the
9 four failure criteria shown in Fig. 3: shear failure in compression zone, bar buckling, bar
12 the compressive strain of the compression zone. The shear failure of the compression zone
13 occurs when the degraded shear capacity intersects the shear demand. Therefore, the rotation
14 capacity corresponding to the shear failure of the compression zone can be evaluated by
16 Vn (= Vc + V s ) = Vd or (A2a)
19 If Vs > Vd , the shear failure of the compression zone does not occur. In the case of beams
20 whose rotation capacity needs to be estimated, flexural yielding occurs prior to shear failure.
21 Therefore, the shear demand Vd is equivalent to the shear force developed by the flexural
22 yield strength of the beam. In this study, to develop a simplified equation, the moment arm,
23 jd , was simplified as (2d h c / 2) for cyclic loading and (d c / 2) for monotonic loading
25
1 By using Eq. (A2) and the average normal stress in APPENDIX, the compressive
2 strain of the extreme compression fiber corresponding to the shear failure of the compression
6 In Figs. 6 and 7, the proposed analytical model predicted the flexural failure by using the
7 shear demand curve with a descending branch. The results showed that the flexural failure
8 occurred when the compressive strain at the extreme compression fiber, a o , reached an
11 compressive strain of concrete for the flexural failure mode. By using ul , the flexural failure
14 the minimum value of sc [Eq. (A3)], ul , sb [Eq. (9)], and cf [Eq. (10)] (Fig. 3). Using Eq.
15 (11), the rotation capacity of the concrete beam can be calculated as follows:
16 Rn = y (a / 3) + (n y )lh (A5)
19 o = 0.003 .
20
26