Solutions to Dynamics

Level 1
1.

From the FBD of 0.200 kg, T1 = T2 + 0.500 g After string is cut, there will be
T2 = 0.200 g T1 = 0.700 g acceleration.
T1 0.500 g = 0.500 a
a = (0.700 g 0.500 g)/0.500 = 0.400 g

Answer: [B]

2. p = pf pi = pf + (-pi)
By sine rule,

Answer: [A]

3. Along direction of the incline,

100 m

On horizontal track, 1.0 m

Answer: [B]

4. Along the same slope, the acceleration will be the same at (g sin ) regardless of mass.
Answer: [B]

5.

Answer: [D]

6.
Answer: [D]

7.
Answer: [A]

8.
 [
Answer: [A]

9.

Answer: [B]

10. The forces are equal and opposite in direction regardless of whether the two bodies are in
equilibrium or not. Answer: [D]

11. For a smooth wall, there is no frictional force at the contact point between the ladder and wall, ie
the force is normal to the wall. Hence the normal contact force exerted by wall on ladder and the
force ladder exerted on wall are an action-reaction pair. Answer: [A]

12. Centripetal force is resultant force that results in circular motion, it is not a real force. The reaction
to Earths pull on satellite (weight) will be the satellites pull on Earth.
Answer: [C]

13. Acceleration is upwards net force is upwards tension > mg

Answer: [C]

14. A: True
B: False. Contact force and weight are 1. Different types of forces 2. Act on same body. So they
cannot be an action-reaction pair.
C: False. As acceleration is upwards, force exerted by lift on Gabriel has to be greater than
weight to result in an upwards net force.
D: False. Same explanation as (C). Answer: [A]

15. Since the bus is accelerating to the right, and handle is accelerating with the bus, there must be a
resultant force on the handle which is to the right.
Answer: [A]

16. In the vertical direction, T cos = m g ---- (1)

In the horizontal direction, T sin = m a ---- (2)
(2) / (1): a = g tan Answer: [D]

17. Resultant force is not a real physical force, but a concept of the vector sum of all the real physical
forces. Answer: [A]

18. Both objects will fall at same acceleration of g. Neither will tug each other down or up through the
string. There will be no tension in the string. Answer: [A]

19. Forces on 1 g:
0.001 g T = 0.001 a ---(1)
Forces on 100 kg
T = 100 a ---(2)
Solving,
-5 -2
a = 9.81 x 10 m s

Answer: [A]
20. Since the first cart continues moving to the right, then the second cart must also have moved to
-1
the right with a speed larger than 0.66 m s .

As the collision is elastic, speed of approach = speed of separation. Speed of the second cart
-1
must hence be = 1.2 + 0.66 = 1.86 m s .

By PCOLM, 340 (1.2) = 340 (0.66) + m (1.86)

m = 99 g Answer: [B]

21.

Consider the combined mass:
Fnet = m a
-2
a = 60 / (3+2+1) = 10 m s
Now, consider the 3kg and 1kg combined:
Tension, T = m a = (3 + 1) 10 = 40 N
Answer: [C]

22. Total momentum is always conserved. Kinetic energy is not conserved in inelastic collision.
Answer: [C]

23. Let v be the speed of the block and bullet after the collision.
0.020 (230) = (0.500 + 0.020) v
-1
v = 8.85 m s
By conservation of energy,
KE lost by block+bullet = Work done against friction
2
(0.520)(8.85 ) = 30 x (where x is the distance moved by block)
x = 0.68 m (2sf) Answer: [A]

24. 1: True, by conservation of linear momentum.

2: True, of course.
3: Not necessary true, as we do not know the nature of this event.
Answer: [A]

25.

Speed of approach = Speed of separation

u1 + u2 = v1 + v2 Answer: [C]

26. By inspection, you should observe that speed of approach (3+7=10) is equal to speed of
separation (12-2=10) and hence this collision is an elastic one. From here, we can easily choose
the correct answer. Answer: [A]

27.

6
By COLM: 0.113 u = 3.8 x 10 0.113 v
6
v = (3.8 x 10 )/0.113 u ---- (1)
6
vapp = vsep: u 0 = (3.8 x 10 ) + v ---- (2)
7 -1
Solving: u = 1.87 x 10 m s Answer: [B]
28. Since initial momentum before the explosion is zero, the two fragments must then carry equal
momentum in opposite directions pA = pB.
Answer: [C]

29. (b) (i) By conservation of momentum and taking rightward as +ve,

(2)(2) + (1)(-1) = (2+1)(v)
Thus speed of the combined object after collision, v = 1 m/s
(ii) By conservation of momentum, (2)(2) + (1)(-1) = (2)vp + (1)vq
Relative speed of approach = relative speed of separation
uP uQ = vQ vP
2.0 (-1.0) = vQ vP
Solve simultaneously,
vP = 0.0 m/s, vQ = 3.0 m/s.

(c) (i) Magnitude of change in momentum of each sphere = area under F-t graph
= (0.040)(150) = 3.0 Ns
(ii) Note, be careful in the sign notation. Let the initial direction of P be positive. Note
that the sign of the change in momentum for P and Q are different as the force
acting on P and Q are opposite in direction.
For P, change in momentum = (2)(v 2) = - 3
Thus speed after collision, v = 0.5 m/s
For Q, change in momentum = (1)(v (-1)) = 3
Thus speed after collision, v = 2 m/s
2 2
(iii) Total kinetic energy = (2)(0.5) + (1)(2) = 2.3 J

30. (a) (i) Pressure increases with depth. The lower surface of the object experiences
larger pressure than the upper surface. Hence the upward force at the lower
surface is larger than the downward force on the upper surface. The difference in
force is the upthrust.

(ii) Weight of cargo = Weight of displaced fluid

= (mass of seawater displaced) x g
= (w x Volume of seawater displaced) g
= wAyg
(iii) New upthrust = Weight of new displaced fluid
= (mass of seawater displaced) x g
= (w x Volume of seawater displaced) g
= w A (z-y) g
(b) (i) The rate of change of momentum of a system is directly proportional to the net
external force acting on it, and the direction of change in momentum is the
direction of the force.
(ii) Note that the tension T in both diagrams have the same magnitude.
Note that for block A, relative length of arrows should be such that the resultant
force should be along the slope. f friction; W weights of A and B as indicated;
N normal contact force

T N
T

WA WB
 (iii) Note that both blocks should have the same acceleration since the cord is taut
and not broken.
For block A, W A sin60 - f T = mA a
For block B, T W B = mB a
-2
Solve simultaneously, a = 5.28 m s

(c) (i) The total momentum of a system is constant provided no net external force acts
on it.
(ii) Taking right as positive,
mAuA = mAvA + mCvC 5.0(10) = 5.0(-1.0) + 10.0vC
vC = +5.5 m/s
(iii) Kinetic energy of system comprising block A and C before collision
2
= (5.0)(10) = 250J
2 2
Kinetic energy of system after collision = (5.0)(-1) + (10)(5.5) = 153.8J
Since there is a loss of kinetic energy after collision, the collision is not elastic.
(iv) The rough surface results in a frictional force acting on the system which
comprises block A and C. This frictional force is an external force to the system
and thus the momentum of the system is not conserved.

31. ai) Newtons second law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is
directly proportional to the net /resultant force acting on it. [1] The change in momentum is
in the same direction as the direction of this net/resultant force.[1]
2 2
bi) vy = uy + 2aysy = 0 + 2(9.81)(7.3)
-1 -1
vy = 11.968 m s ~ 12 m s [1]
-1
vx = 5.0 m s
2 2 -1
vfinal = 11.968 + 5.0 = 13 m s [1]

bii) Assuming both the horizontal and vertical components come to rest at the same time.
Average impact force on sphere:
v ux 05
Horizontally: m x 0.50 10 N
t 0.25
v uy 0 12
Vertically: m y 0.50 24 N [1]
t 0.25
Hence impact force on surface, F :
10 N
F 102 242 26 N [1]
tan 1 10
24
67.4o [1]
o
26 N at 67.4 below horizontal F
24 N

biii) If the small block had landed on a smooth hard surface and bounced, the initial impact force
would be larger since the magnitude of the change in momentum involved upon hitting and
rebouncing is larger than before. [2]
Level 2

1. Consider 10 kg mass:
10 g T = 10 (0.10g)
T=9g
Consider 15 kg mass:
o
T f 15g sin 30 = 15 (0.10g)
f = 9g 7.5g 1.5g
f=0 Answer: [A]

2. Similar to question in Level 1 Question 1. Answer: [B]

3. Figure A: weight of 1.0 kg pulling 1.2 kg mass

Figure B: weight of 0.2 kg pulling 1.2 kg mass
So net force in situation A is five times that in B. Answer: [B]

4.
(a) 1. Weight vector (W) is constant (same length) for both D and G. W vector must act at the
& CG.
2. Normal contact force (R) larger than weight in position D and no contact force in G. R
vector must act at the feet.

Deduction for:
No proper name for the force vectors (or unclear names)
Any force added in wrongly.

(b) (i) An indication of the graph that ta starts from t = 0.80 s till 1.35 s.
ta = 0.55 s

(ii) Taking upward as positive and recognizing that it takes half of ta for the jumper to reach the
top of his jump,
v u at
(0.55)
0 v0 (9.81)
2
v0 2.7 m s -1
(iii) v 2 u 2 2as
0 2.72 2(9.81)h
h 0.37 m
 (c) (ii)
Fnet / N

time / s
0.00 A 0.40 0.80
C

Same shape as Figure 1.2, just offset the x-axis to 0. Must cross x-axis at t = 0.45 s and
around t = 0.75 s.

(Shading and labels A,B,C is for next question)

nd
(iii) By Newtons 2 Law, the rate of change of linear momentum of the jumper is proportional 1
to the net external force acting on him.
Therefore, the area under the force-time graph is equal to the change in momentum
p of the jumper.

Since the initial velocity of the jumper is zero, the initial momentum is zero. Thus the 1
jumper's change in momentum p is equal to the value of the final momentum. The final
velocity v0 can just be calculated as p/m, where m = mass of the jumper = W/g.

Equation:
p = Area B Area A Area C
= mv0 0
v0 = p/m
o
5. (a) (i) F= 2 x 1000 cos 30
3
= 1.7x 10 N (accept 1730 N)
(ii) a = F/m = 1730/10000
-2 -2
= 0.17 ms (accept 0.173 ms )
(b) Due to resistive forces (air and water) against the motion. As it accelerates, the resistive
force increases. Net force decreases hence acceleration decreases.

(c)
6. (a) The principle of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a system is
constant, provided no net external force acts on it.

(b) Units of momentum = units of mass x units of velocity

-1
= kg x ms
-2
= (kg ms ) s
= Ns

(c) (i) Let velocity of man after firing be v. Take right as positive direction.
By conservation of momentum,
total momentum just before firing = total momentum just after firing
0 = momentum of bullets + momentum of man
-2 -2
0= 10 x 1.0 x 10 x 750 [90 (10 x 1.0 x 10 )] v
-1
v = 0.83426 ms
-1
= 0.834 ms (3 s.f.)

(ii) Let average force exerted on man be F

Ft = p
Ft = mass of man (final velocity of man initial velocity of man)
-2
F(3) = [90 (10 x 1.0 x 10 )] (0.83426 0)
F = 25 N