1.

Study and Practice on various commands like man, passwd, tty, script, clear, date, cal, cp, mv, ln,
rm, unlink, mkdir, rmdir, du, df, mount, umount, find, umask, ulimit, ps, who, w.

man command:

NAME

man - format and display the on-line manual pages

SYNOPSIS

man [-acdfFhkKtwW] [--path] [-m system] [-p string] [-C config_file] [-M pathlist] [-P pager]
[-B browser] [-H htmlpager] [-S section_list] [section] name ...

DESCRIPTION

man formats and displays the on-line manual pages. If you specify section, man only looks
in that section of the manual. name is normally the name of the manual page, which is
typically the name of a command, function, or file.

passwd command:

NAME

passwd - update users authentication tokens

SYNOPSIS

passwd [-k] [-l] [-u [-f]] [-d] [-n mindays] [-x maxdays] [-w warndays] [-i inactivedays] [-S] [--
stdin] [username]

DESCRIPTION

The passwd utility is used to update users authentication token(s).

tty command:

NAME

tty - print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input

SYNOPSIS

tty [OPTION]...

DESCRIPTION

Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.

script command:

NAME

script - make typescript of terminal session

SYNOPSIS

script [-a] [-c COMMAND] [-f] [-q] [-t] [file]

DESCRIPTION

Script makes a typescript of everything printed on your terminal. It is useful for students who
need a hardcopy record of an interactive session as proof of an assignment, as the typescript file
can be printed out later with lpr.

clear command:

NAME

clear - clear the terminal screen

SYNOPSIS

clear

DESCRIPTION

clear clears your screen if this is possible. It looks in the environment for the terminal type
and then in the terminfo database to figure out how to clear the screen.

clear ignores any command-line parameters that may be present.

date command:

NAME

date - print or set the system date and time

SYNOPSIS

date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]

date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]

DESCRIPTION

Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.

cal command:
NAME

cal - displays a calendar

SYNOPSIS

cal [-smjy13] [[[day] month] year]

DESCRIPTION

Cal displays a simple calendar. If arguments are not specified, the current month is displayed.

cp command:

NAME

cp - copy files and directories

SYNOPSIS

cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST

cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY

cp [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...

DESCRIPTION

Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

mv command:

NAME

mv - move (rename) files

SYNOPSIS

mv [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST

mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY

mv [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...

DESCRIPTION

Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

ln command:
NAME

ln - make links between files

SYNOPSIS

ln [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form)

ln [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form)

ln [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form)

ln [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form)

DESCRIPTION

In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME. In the 2nd form, create
a link to TARGET in the current directory. In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET
in DIRECTORY. Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic. When creating hard
links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative
link is interpreted in relation to its parent directory.

rm command:

NAME

rm - remove files or directories

SYNOPSIS

rm [OPTION]... FILE...

DESCRIPTION

This manual page documents the GNU version of rm. rm removes each specified file. By
default, it does not remove directories.

If the -I or --interactive=once option is given, & there are more than three files or the -r, -R, or -
-recursive are given, then rm prompts the user for whether to proceed with the entire
operation. If the response is not affirmative, the entire command is aborted.

Otherwise, if a file is unwritable, standard input is a terminal, and the -f or --force option
is not given, or the -i or --interactive=always option is given, rm prompts the user for whether to
remove the file. If the response is not affirmative, the file is skipped.

unlink command:

NAME
 unlink - call the unlink function to remove the specified file

SYNOPSIS

unlink FILE

unlink OPTION

DESCRIPTION

Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE.

mkdir command:

NAME

mkdir - make directories

SYNOPSIS

mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...

DESCRIPTION

Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist.

rmdir command:

NAME

rmdir - remove empty directories

SYNOPSIS

rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...

DESCRIPTION

Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty.

du command:

NAME

du - estimate file space usage

SYNOPSIS

du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
 du [OPTION]... --files0-from=F

DESCRIPTION

Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories.

df command:

NAME

df - report file system disk space usage

SYNOPSIS

df [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION

This manual page documents the GNU version of df. df displays the amount of disk space
available on the file system containing each file name argument. If no file name is given, the
space available on all currently mounted file systems is shown. Disk space is shown in 1K blocks
by default, unless the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, in which case 512-byte
blocks are used.

If an argument is the absolute file name of a disk device node containing a mounted file system,
df shows the space available on that file system rather than on the file system containing the
device node (which is always the root file system). This version of df cannot show the space
available on unmounted file systems, because on most kinds of systems doing so requires very
nonportable intimate knowledge of file system structures.

mount command:

NAME

mount - mount a filesystem

SYNOPSIS

mount [-lhV]

mount -a [-fFnrsvw] [-t vfstype] [-O optlist]

mount [-fnrsvw] [-o option[,option]...] device|dir

mount [-fnrsvw] [-t vfstype] [-o options] device dir

DESCRIPTION
 All files accessible in a Unix system are arranged in one big tree, the file hierarchy,
rooted at /. These files can be spread out over several devices. The mount command serves
to attach the filesystem found on some device to the big file tree. Conversely, the
umount(8) command will detach it again.

The standard form of the mount command, is

mount -t type device dir

This tells the kernel to attach the filesystem found on device (which is of type type) at
the directory dir. The previous contents (if any) and owner and mode of dir become invisible,
and as long as this filesystem remains mounted, the pathname dir refers to the root of the
filesystem on device.

umount command:

NAME

umount - unmount file systems

SYNOPSIS

umount [-hV]

umount -a [-dflnrv] [-t vfstype] [-O options]

umount [-dflnrv] {dir|device}...

DESCRIPTION

The umount command detaches the file system(s) mentioned from the file hierarchy. A file
system is specified by giving the directory where it has been mounted. Giving the special
device on which the file system lives may also work, but is obsolete, mainly because it will fail in
case this device was mounted on more than one directory.

Note that a file system cannot be unmounted when it is busy - for example, when there are
open files on it, or when some process has its working directory there, or when a swap file
on it is in use. The offending process could even be umount itself - it opens libc, and libc in its
turn may open for example locale files. A lazy unmount avoids this problem.

find command:

NAME

find - search for files in a directory hierarchy

SYNOPSIS

find [-H] [-L] [-P] [-D debugopts] [-Olevel] [path...] [expression]

DESCRIPTION

This manual page documents the GNU version of find. GNU find searches the directory tree
rooted at each given file name by evaluating the given expression from left to right,
according to the rules of precedence (see section OPERATORS), until the outcome is known
(the left hand side is false for and operations, true for or), at which point find moves on to the
next file name.

If you are using find in an environment where security is important (for example if you are
using it to search directories that are writable by other users), you should read the "Security
Considerations" chapter of the findutils documentation, which is called Finding Files and comes
with findutils. That document also includes a lot more detail and discussion than this manual
page, so you may find it a more useful source of information.

umask command:

ulimit, ps, who, w.