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1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF EVAPORATIVE COOLING
The evaporative cooler was the subject of numerous U.S. patents in the twentieth
century; many of these, starting in 1906, suggested or assumed the use of excelsior (wood
wool) pads as the elements to bring a large volume of water in contact with moving air to
allow evaporation to occur. A typical design, as shown in a 1945 patent, includes a water
reservoir (usually with level controlled by a oat valve), a pump to circulate water over
the excelsior pads and a squirrel-cage fan to draw air through the pads and into the house.
This design and this material remain dominant in evaporative coolers in the American
Southwest, where they are also used to increase humidity.[1] Energy consumption all
over the world is increasing rapidly and there is a pressing need to develop ways to
conserve energy for future generations. Researchers are forced to look for renewable
sources of energy and ways to use available sources of energy in a more ecient way.
Conventional refrigeration based vapour compression air conditioning systems consume a
large portion of electrical energy produced mostly by fossil fuel. Indias energy demands
are expected to be more than double by 2030, and there is a pressing need to develop
ways to conserve energy for future generations. This implies that we have to look for
renewable sources of energy and use available sources of energy in a more ecient way.
Thus energy consumption can be reduced drastically by using energy ecient appliances.
In India, the Union ministry of powers research pointed out that about 20-25% of the
total electricity utilized in government buildings in India is wasted due to unproductive
design, resulting in an annual energy related nancial loss of about Rs 1.5 billion.
Conventional heating ventilation and air conditioning systems consume approximately
50% of the building energy. Conventional refrigeration based vapour compression air
conditioning systems consume a large portion of electrical energy produced mostly by
fossil fuel. This type of air conditioning is therefore neither eco- friendly nor sustainable.
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dry-bulb temperature, is a measure of the potential for evaporative cooling. The greater
the dierence between the two temperatures, the greater the evaporative cooling eect.
When the temperatures are the same, no net evaporation of water in air occurs, thus there
is no cooling eect.[4][5][6] A simple example of natural evaporative cooling is
perspiration, or sweat, which the body secretes in order to cool itself. The amount of heat
transfer depends on the evaporation rate, however for each kilogram of water vaporized
2257 kJ of energy are transferred. The evaporation rate in turn depends on the humidity of
the air and its temperature, which is why ones sweat accumulates more on hot, humid
days: the perspiration cannot evaporate.
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Where,
= Eectiveness (%)
tdb = Outdoor dry bulb temperature
twb = Outdoor wet bulb temperature
ts = Supply dry bulb temperature In contrast to vapour compression air
conditioners, which generally dehumidify indoor air, evaporative coolers add moisture to
the supply air stream.
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Several manufacturers oer portable or spot coolers that are designed to deliver cool
air directly on the work area. These do not connect to an outside air supply and therefore
are not appropriate for general building cooling since they would eventually add moisture
until indoor air reaches saturation. The proposed standard would not apply to these
products.
Evaporative Media:
Type Media
Synthetic Expanded paper, and woven plastic.
Prior to the advent of rigid cellulose media, aspen pads were the standard for
production coolers. This material is made from aspen wood excelsior from young trees
grown at altitudes above about 10,000 feet to avoid a fungus commonly found at lower
altitudes. Aspen pads generally cool supply air to lower temperatures than competing
materials, but have a short service life due to sagging, clogging and decay. A woven,
expanded paper product has gained popularity as a replacement for aspen wood pads in
many markets. This media has a longer useful life than aspen wood, but does not cool air
as eectively. Developed in the 1960s, rigid media proved to be a landmark breakthrough
due to its high performance and comparative durability. This cellulose or berglass
content material is bonded in a cross-uted design that induces turbulent mixing of air
and water for improved heat and moisture transfer and self-cleaning. First introduced in
large commercial and industrial applications, in recent years the material has been
adopted by leading cooler manufacturers for use in premium quality products.
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1.4 APPLICATIONS
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AIR CLEANING:
Evaporative coolers of all types perform some air cleaning. The dust removal
efficiency of evaporative coolers depends largely on size and density of dust. They are
ineffective in removing smoke.
MAKEUP AIR:
In most industrial plants and in all confined spaces, makeup air is required to
replace the large volumes of air that must be exhausted to provide the required conditions
for personal comfort, safety, process operations and to maintain high indoor air quality.
Evaporative cooling is useful for that.
COMMERCIAL COOLING:
In dry climate, evaporative cooling is effective with lower velocities that are
required in humid climates. This makes it suitable for use in applications where low air
velocity is desirable.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS:
a) In a factory having a larger internal heat load, it is difficult to approach outdoor
conditions during the summer without using an extremely large quantity of outside air.
Evaporative cooling can alleviate this heat load problems and contribute to worker
efficiency.
b) Area Cooling: Evaporative cooling of industrial buildings may be accomplished
on an area basis or by spot cooling.
c) Spot Cooling: Spot Cooling yields to more efficient use of equipment when the
personnel are relatively stationery. It is applicable in hot areas where individual cooling is
needed such as chemical plants, pig and ingot casting, die casting shops, glass forming
machines etc.
d) Laundry: One of the most difficult or severest applications of evaporative
cooling is laundries, since heat is also produced by the processing equipment. A properly
designed evaporative cooling system reduced the temperature in a laundry from 30 C to
60 C below
outside temperature.
e) Cooling of large motors: The rating of electrical generators and motors is
generally based on a maximum ambient temperature of 400 C. For a temperature higher
than this, excessive temperature will develop in the electrical windings unless the load is
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reduced. An air supplied to the motor/generator is through evaporative cooler, they are
operated safely without load reduction.
f) Gas turbine operation: gas turbines require a large quantity of clean cool air
(generally 360-40 kg /kW hr).Evaporative cooling is useful in serving this purpose.
g) Process cooling: In the tobacco, textile, spray coating and other Industries
where manufacturing requires accurate humidities, comfort cooling is also obtainable by
evaporative coolers. High relative humidities are required in cigar plants, textile etc. and
evaporative cooling will provide the solution.
h) Mine cooling: in mine evaporative cooling with mechanical refrigeration is
used to produce desirable conditions.
i) Fruit and Vegetables: Evaporative cooling as it is applied to fruits and
vegetables is to provide an effective yet inexpensive means of improving common
storage. Evaporative cooling is used as a supplement to refrigeration in the storage.
Evaporative cooling can be used effectively to store Potatoes, Apples, Oranges, Lemons
etc.
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DISADVANTAGES:-
1) Humidity control is not possible.
2) It cannot be used effectively in regions with high humidity.
3) It may not be suitable for people suffering from Arthritis, Bronchitis, Asthma,
etc.
4) After regular intervals, the cooling pads have to be changed and the tank has to
be cleaned.
5) The parts coming in contact with humid air may corrode. Though the
disadvantages cannot be neglected, but the advantages overcome
these disadvantages and make them so popular now-a-days.
Estimated cost for installation is about half that of central refrigerated air
conditioning.
Ease of Maintenance
The only two mechanical parts in most basic evaporative coolers are the fan motor
and the water pump, both of which can be repaired at low cost and often by a
mechanically inclined homeowner.
Ventilation air
The constant and high volumetric flow rate of air through the building reduces
the age-of-air in the building dramatically.
Evaporative cooling increases humidity, which, in dry climates, may improve the
breathability of the air.
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The pad itself acts as a rather effective air filter when properly maintained; it is
capable of removing a variety of contaminants in air, including urban ozone caused by
pollution, regardless of very dry weather. Refrigeration-based cooling systems lose
this ability whenever there is not enough humidity in the air to keep the evaporator
wet while providing a constant trickle of condensate that washes out dissolved
impurities removed from the air.
DISADVANTAGES:-
Performance
Comfort
The air supplied by the evaporative cooler is typically 8090% relative humidity; very
humid air reduces the evaporation rate of moisture from the skin, nose, lungs, and
eyes.
High humidity in air accelerates corrosion, particularly in the presence of dust. This
can considerably shorten the life of electronic and other equipment.
High humidity in air may cause condensation. This can be a problem for some
situations (e.g., electrical equipment, computers, paper/books, old wood).
Water
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Miscellaneous
Odours and other outdoor contaminants may be blown into the building unless
sufficient filtering is in place.
Asthma patients may need to avoid poorly maintained evaporatively cooled
environments.
A sacrificial anode may be required to prevent excessive evaporative cooler corrosion.
Wood wool of dry cooler pads can catch fire even by small sparks.
The evaporative cooler cools air by evaporative action, but the main drawback of
evaporative cooler is that it increases the humidity of incoming air. Humidity of air is
net content of water in dry air. This humidity causes stickiness on the body of
individual which makes him uncomfortable when anyone sits in the environment for
long time; this is the main problem of evaporative cooler. To overcome the problem
people move to an air conditioner, but the AC is very expensive and it consumes large
amount of power (about 1.5 KW). Thus it is not affordable to the common man.
The goal of this project is to reduce to amount of humidity in the outlet air of
evaporative cooler so that the air will be comfortable to individuals who are in the
vicinity of the air. Also to supply the air in less cost so that common man can also
afford the cooler. This goal can be achieved by constructing a duct in which three heat
exchangers will be placed and water from evaporative cooler will be supplied to them
and the air will be supplied through this duct to room. Thus the target of reducing
humidity of air will be achieved. This unit requires two fans, three pumps; with total
consumption of 130W thus the unit is affordable to common man.
To achieve less power consumption of cooler we have done survey of less power
fans in various dealers of Jalgaon city and we have selected 18W fans. Then while
selection of heat exchangers we have selected 2 pass copper tube pipe heat exchangers
with dimension 12*10 inch.
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
After exploring all the possibilities in the areas in which the temperature level is
as high as that cannot be tolerated for survival of beings and Jalgaon coming under
the highest temperature zone in Maharashtra, we had come to the conclusion that our
findings in making evaporative cooler in split unit would certainly be helpful to the
inhabitants of the area not only for controlling the humidity level in the areas bound
for accommodation but also for the industries where this coolers can be utilized for
the commercial purposes.
I hereby give the contextual references of the former scientist in the field who
have completed their research and find it a convenient reference which is attached
herewith for your kind perusal.
1) T. Ravi Kiran et.Al in his Study they has focused on energy requirements of the world
and further added that Energy consumption all over the world is increasing rapidly and
there is a pressing need to develop ways to conserve energy for future generations.
Researchers are forced to look for renewable sources of energy and ways to use available
sources of energy in a more efficient way. Conventional refrigeration based vapour
compression air conditioning systems consume a large portion of electrical energy
produced mostly by fossil fuel. A novel dew point evaporative cooler (DPEC) can
sensibly cool the incoming air close to its dew point temperature. In this paper feasibility
of DPEC system is investigated for various Indian cities for office buildings during day
time. Firstly the weather data of different cities of India is used to find the suitability of
dew point technology for Indian buildings by estimating the cooling capacity of the
cooling system for each city. Secondly energy saving potential of the dew point cooling
system w. r. t. to the conventional compression based air conditioning system for different
cities of India is estimated.
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2) J.K.Jain et.Al The evaporative cooler uses one of the oldest principles of air
conditioning known to Man, cooling of air by the evaporation of water. It is the most
common form of house hold cooling found in arid areas. The popularity of evaporative
cooling in such areas is due to its relatively low initial cost and operational cost compared
to refrigerated cooling. Conventional direct evaporative coolers consist of a water
reservoir, a pump that draws water from the reservoir and discharges it through spray
nozzles directly into the air stream or through the cooling pads. Now a days most of the
buildings and offices use conventional air conditioning systems which are based on
vapour compression refrigeration system. These systems consume substantial power and
they may be harmful to environment also. In developing country like India, majority of
population depend on low cost cooling devices such as direct evaporative cooler.
Therefore it is very much needed to develop improved/more efficient coolers. Several
researchers have made attempt to develop evaporative coolers by way of
adding/modifying designs. [2], they have pointed out that in the regions where wet bulb
temperature is low, two stage evaporative cooling system, which combines indirect and
direct evaporative cooling offers energy and cost saving potential. found that most zones
(particularly northern region) of India where the wet bulb temperature is usually below
25C, indirect system can achieve comfort conditions similar to refrigerated systems
.Also the comfort offered by indirect evaporative system is superior to that achieved by
direct evaporative system. He stated that when evaporative cooling technology is
evaluated as an energy conservation measure rather than the sole source of cooling, the
opportunities for application become unlimited. He found that the coefficient of
performance of the combined evaporative cooling system was at least 20 % greater than
those achieved when employing either the indirect evaporative cooling or direct
evaporative cooling system alone. He analyzed the potential of indirect evaporative
cooling in every climatic condition. a central air-conditioned building through advanced
evaporative cooling systems. He evaluated the performances of cellulosic pads made out
of Kraft and NSSC corrugated papers in three flute sizes, experimentally. he presented
their analysis based on two or three stage evaporative coolers, attempted to study the
regenerative type heat exchanger, which utilizes tank water to further cool the air in
second stage. In the present work a heat exchanger has been added to direct evaporative
cooler. The regenerative evaporative cooler has been fabricated and tested under Indian
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3) Chuck Kutscher The use of conventional evaporative cooling has rapidly declined in
the United States despite the fact that it has high potential for energy savings in dry
climates. Evaporative systems are very competitive in terms of first cost and provide
significant reductions in operating energy use, as well as peak-load reduction benefits.
Significant market barriers, such as the cost of the prototype evaporative cooling systems
and consumer perceptions of evaporative coolers being unable to maintain comfort
conditions, still remain and can be addressed through improved systems integration,
including the following:
Innovative components
Identification of best climates for full cooling season comfort control and potential
limits imposed by a rainy season
This study investigates the first of these approaches, exploring innovative components.
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Building America research teams are
investigating the use of two promising new pieces of residential cooling equipment that
employ evaporative cooling as a part of their system design. The OASys unit shown in
Figure 1, which is a combination of direct and indirect evaporative cooling stages
developed by Davis Energy Group (DEG) and manufactured by Speakman CRS, is used
to ultimately provide outside air to the living space
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indirect evaporative cooler. The sources are outdoor air, the air leaving from the cooling
coil, and the air leaving from the indirect stage (regenerative). The investigation has been
conducted in weather conditions in the city Tehran. The results obtained demonstrate that
the first stage of the system increases the effectiveness of the indirect evaporative cooler.
Also, the regenerative model provides the best comfort conditions. Therefore, this
environmentally friendly and energy-efficient system can be considered as an alternative
to the mechanical vapor compression
systems.
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'systems are worthy of study. The intent of this paper is to recommend what research is
required to
- identify appropriate roles for residential EC systems,
- describe necessary analysis and testing,
- place applications into proper technical and economic perspective, and
- improve components, systems, hybrids, and applications
6) Rin Yun, et.al In His study the seasonal performance of a residential air conditioning
system having either a fin-and-tube condenser or a microchannel condenser is
experimentally investigated. Microchannel heat exchangers offer a higher volumetric heat
exchange capacity and a reduced refrigerant charge amount. However, the operating
characteristics and the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) of the residential air
conditioning system using a microchannel condenser have not been well known. For this
investigation, a commercially available 7 kW capacity residential air conditioning system
having a fin-and-tube condenser served as the base system. After testing the base unit
with the fin-and-tube condenser, the condenser was replaced by a microchannel heat
exchanger with the same face area under identical test conditions.The test results show
that the system with a microchannel heat exchanger has a reduced refrigerant charge
amount of 10%, the coefficient of performance increased by 6% to 10%, and the SEER
increased by 7% as compared with those of the base system. Moreover, the condensing
pressure of the system is decreased by 100 kPa and the pressure drop across the
condenser is decreased by 84%. The microchannel heat exchanger enhances the SEER of
the residential air conditioning system by providing better heat transfers at reduced
pressure drops.
2.3 COMMENT :
The humidity in the air of evaporative cooler makes the cooling space
uncomfortable. This humidity makes evaporative cooler useless in humid regions. So to
make the air of evaporative cooler comfortable following two processes must be done on
it
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The Cooler buyer finds it difficult to select the right cooler to suit his requirement
because of his inadequate knowledge about coolers. At present, the market is flooded
with different brands of coolers, each one promising something new with large difference
in prices. This further adds the confusion in the minds of buyer .Therefore the purchase is
lastly made on the outer finish and manufacturers recommendations. Except a few, most
manufacturers Themselves are not aware of the cooler technique and the coolers are
manufactured with thumb-rule occupied with minor changes.
The following points should be kept in mind by the purchaser.
1) He should select the proper size of the cooler depending on the room volume to
be cooled. The thumb rule is that the cooling capacity of the cooler should be equal to the
room volume. If the room size is 3m X 4m X 3m = 36 cubic m., then the fan capacity
should be 36 cubic m. / min. This indicated one air change per minute. There must be
cross ventilation whenever the cooler is fixed. The fixing of the cooler outside the
window is best. One air change per minutes is only with cross-ventilation, otherwise the
cooler kept inside the room will increase the humidity in the room after some time and
will make the room more uncomfortable.
2) The cooler fan and pump should be of correct specifications. Mostly
substandard Fan and pump are used for earning higher profits and even sold at lower
price by the road side manufacturers.
3) Check the internal fitting of cooler fan and pump. The fan blades should be
properly centered in the front panel opening and should be mounted flush with front panel
for effective cooling.
4) Check the water spray system on the pads. The water droplets should fall on the
pads uniformly for proper wetting of pads. The water should not fall towards the inner
surface of the pad-as in this position, it is likely that the cooler fan will suck the water
droplets and will throw them with the air in the room and will spoil the carpet etc. The
motor of the cooler fan and pump may burn due to constant water spray.
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The Split cooling unit consist of three heat exchangers equally spaced in which chilled
water is supplied from the Evaporative cooler by using a high pressure submersible water
pump of 40W. A fan of 18 W is fitted between the first and second heat exchanger, as
shown in figure. One common rail is attached at the inlet of split unit which supplies the
water to all three heat exchanger at equal pressure while another common rail is attached
at the outlet of heat exchanger which collects the water from the heat exchanger and
supplies to the water tank of Evaporative cooler.
Assumption:
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4. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
To study the various parameters of split unit over the wide range of DBT, WBT &
RH for inside and outside conditions.
=100X (Td1-Td2/Td1-Twb)
Where,
Td1 =inlet dry-bulb temperature (C).
Td2 =outlet dry-bulb temperature (C).
Twb=thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature of the inlet air(C);
=evaporative saturation efficiency (%).
The coefficient of performance of split unit and the evaporative cooler is given by
COP= h1-h2/w
Where
h1=heat of air at inlet
h2= heat of air at outlet
w= workdone
It should be noted that the above equations consider the water vapour and not the
water liquid. The solid media can be considered to simulate a heat exchanger.
Consequently the heat or mass transfer coefficient can be calculated with log mean
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Where,
h = heat transfer coefficient (W /m2K)
As= total wetted surface area of rigid media (m2); and
T= the log mean temperature difference for a constant water temperature in the
heat exchanger, which is assumed to equal the wet-bulb temperature.
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5. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The heat exchangers are supplied with the cooled water from the Evaporative cooler by
using high pressure submersible pump of 40W via flexible pipes. Outlet water from all
heat exchangers is connected to the common rail and it collected in the water tank of
Evaporative cooler. This water cools Evaporativaly in the Evaporative cooler.
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5.1 WORKING
Firstly the cooled water from water tank of Evaporative cooler is supplied to the
heat exchangers via common rail. The temperature of water at inlet is 24oC for all
heat exchangers.
When air comes in contact with the heat exchangers, it losses its heat.
Then cooled air is supplied to the room without increasing its humidity.
The water at the outlet of heat exchangers is collected in the water tank of
Evaporative cooler.
The temperatures of outlet water from the third heat exchanger 25.2oC, 24.7oC
from the second heat exchanger and 24.2oC from first heat exchanger.
This cooler recirculates the air from the room so its cooling effect will go on
increasing and it can maintain room temperature upto 25c. Total power
consumption of the unit is just 130W.
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No 1 2 3 4 5 6
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Heat rejected
Q= h1-h2
=51.5-50
=1.5 kj/kg
Td1=26.1, Td2=25.6
h1=50.2
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h2= 50
heat rejected
Q= 50.2-50
=0.2 Kj/kg
h1=53.5 h2=52
heat rejected
Q= 53.5- 52
Q=1.5 kj/kg
The geometric arrangement of heat exchanger is as shown in fig. typically one fluid
(air) moves over the tubes in cross flow while other fluid(water) at relatively lower
temperature passes through tubes. The rows of tubes are staggered in direction of air
flow. The configuration of tubes is characterized by tube diameter D transverse pitch
PL. The flow condition across tube bank is dominated by boundry layer separation
effect and by wake interaction which influence convection heat transfer.
Fan:
There are two fans used in the modified system. One in split unit and the other in
the evaporative cooler .The function of the Fan in Desert Cooler is to provide air with
sufficiently high velocity to give desired air motion and effect to the human occupants.
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Specification of Fan:
Exhaust Fan:-152.4 mm
1500 rpm, 1 phase, 4 pole
Electric type fan: - 220/240V, 50Hz, AC
Power- 18W
Submersible Pump :
The pump is used to circulate water through the pads of Desert.
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Tank:
Tank is used to hold sufficient quantities of water to enable the pump to Circulate
the desired amount of cooling water. It is large enough to hold a good quantity of water.
The capacity of tank may range from 80 to 120 litres. The water being circulated after
every cycle falls back in to the tank and constant circulation is maintained. As the water
goes on evaporating slowly and slowly the water content in the tank goes on decreasing.
Hence the tank should be refilled with water after a definite quantity of time, which
depends on the no. of hours of cooler use. More is the use, quicker the tank gets empty.
The tank is generally made of galvanized sheet metal but it is not at all compulsory to use
this kind. Even the cement tanks can be used. A drain valve should be necessarily present
in the tank so as to facilitate the cleaning and maintenance operations.
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The above figure 5.3 shows the actual picture of tank used in the cooler. The size
for the same is 68x60x18 cm3 and the capacity is about 80 litres.
Pads:
The function of pads is to assists in the evaporation of water by capillary action
and thus provides the cooling effect. The pads are fixed in the body of Desert Cooler and
exposed to the atmosphere on the outer side, so that the air keeps on flowing through
them. The pads in use today are generally Aspen Wood Pad, which are easily available
with the cooler dealers. Generally three pads are used in the cooler. The pads under the
action of dust and dirt particles lose their efficiency with use; hence they should be
replaced every year. They are not very costly and cost around 50-100 rupees per pad,
depending on the quality.
the
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Outer Body:
The outer body can be made from different materials depending on the cost and
convenience. They can be either made of Wood or can be Fabricated from sheet metal.
Now-a-days the the Plastic body cooler are also widely manufactured by some companies
due to advantages like Low weight, corrosion free and easy maintenance.
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5.3 Instrumentation
A thermometer (from the Greek (thermo) meaning "warm" and meter, "to
measure") is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety
of different principles. A thermometer has two important elements: the temperature
sensor (e.g. the bulb on a mercury thermometer) in which some physical change occurs
with temperature, plus some means of converting this physical change into a value (e.g.
the scale on a mercury thermometer). Thermometers increasingly use electronic means to
provide a digital display or input to a computer.
Energy Meter
An electricity meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric
energy consumed by a residence, business, or an electrically powered device. Electricity
meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt
hour [kWh]. Periodic readings of electricity meters establishes billing cycles and energy
used during a cycle.
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The energymeter is used to measure the energy consumed by each device individually for
a specific time
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5.5 EXPERIMENTATION
The below figures 5.8 & 5.9 shows the actual set up of evaporative (Desert) cooler
used for the testing purpose. All the components used in the assembly of cooler are
discussed in the previous point (5.2)
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CALCULATION
=100X (Td1-Td2/Td1-Twb)
Where,
= saturation efficiency()
=100X (42-25/42-17)
=28%
q=hAsT
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Where,
h = heat transfer coefficient (W m-2K-1);
As = total wetted surface area of rigid media (m2); and
T is usually taken to be the log mean temperature difference for a
constant water temperature in the heat exchanger, which is assumed to equal the
wet-bulb temperature.
q = W/As
h= q/As
T
h= 50.56/(0.025908 x (42-25))= 114.795
(W m-2K-1)
1 42 35 105 50
2 25 17 50 50
Where,
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COP = 7
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6.1 RESULTS
We have got the results as follows
The Split unit able to maintain the temperature of upto 25c so it reduces the
temperature of air by 17c.
The COP of the system is 7.
The total power consumption of unit is 130 watt
The does not increase the humidity of air
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REFRENCES
1. T. Ravi Kiran, S.P.S. Rajput Cooling Capacity and Energy Saving Potential
of Dew Point Evaporative Cooling System for Indian Buildings International
Journal Of Renewable Energy Research , Vol.3, No.1, DEC.2012.
2. J.K.Jain , D.A. Hindoliya Development and Testing of Regenerative
Evaporative Cooler International Journal of Engineering Trends and
Technology, Volume3 Issue 6 JUNE 2012
3. Chuck Kutscher and Mark Eastment , Projected Benefits of New Residential
Evaporative Cooling Systems October 2006 NREL/TP-550-3934
www.nrel.gov
4. Moein farmahini farahani, Ghassem Heidarinjad, Shahram Delfani , A Two
Stage System Of Noncutrnal Radiative & Indirect Evaporative Cooling
ENERGY & BUILDINGS VOLUME 42 , JULY 2010.
5. R.H. Turner , Research Requirements In The Evaporative Cooling Field ,
Transactions of the ASME Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 103
(May) 89-91.. 3025
6. Rin yun , Yunho Hwang, Reinhard Radermacher, Comparison of
Performance of a Residential Air Conditioning System Using Microchannel
and Finand-Tube Heat Exchanger International Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning Conference, Paper 752. http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc/752
http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/consumereriaz9145
7. J. Khedari R. Rawangkul, W. Chimchavee, J. Hirunlabh, A. Watanasungsuit,
Feasibility study of using agriculture waste as desiccant for air conditioning
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International Journal Of Applied Engineering research,
Volume 1, No4, 2011 ISSN -0976-4259 .
9. Mahsa Barzegar, Mohammad Layeghi, Ghanbar Ebrahimi, Yahya Hamzeh
and Manouchehr Khorasani , Experimental evaluation of the performances of
cellulosic pads made out of Kraft and NSSC corrugated papers as evaporative
media, Energy Conversion and Management , vol. 54(1), pp 24-29 , 2012.
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10. J.M. Wu, X. Huang, H. Zhang, Theoretical analysis on heat and mass transfer
in a direct evaporative cooler, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 29,
Issues 5-6, April 2009, Pages 980-984.
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