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Constitutive Modeling

Total Stress Analysis vs. Effective Stress

Analysis
Difference on how to approximate liquid face
of soil
Effective Stress Analysis is more precise
VELACS project

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Total Stress Analysis

Modulus Reduction Curves
Ramberg Osgood

Effective Stress
Elastic (linear/ non-linear/ visco-elastic)
Perfectly plastic
Mohr Coulomb (Elastic/ Perfectly plastic)
Cam Clay
Multi Yield Surface Models
Bounding Surface Plasticity

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Elasto-Plasticity: Useful Readings

Computational Inelasticity, Simo and Hughes

Computational Geomechanics notes, Boris

Jeremic

Perfectly Plastic Models

No deformation Before Yielding
Successfully utilized for Static Foundation
problems
Obviously not good for Wave propagation
analyses

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Elasto Plasticity
Elastic-Friction Model

Deformation

Yield Surface
=(-p)
Yield funtion:
f=||-<0
dp=sign()
p Loading/ Unloading
Consistency
Upon loading, df=0

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Hardening
Kinematic Hardening Isotropic Hardening

y yn
2y 2yn

Yield Surfaces, 2D

Mohr Coulomb

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Yield Surfaces

Mohr Coulomb
q,
s
Yield Surface

Dilation Surface

p, v

Associative vs non-associative plastic flow rule

Mohr Coulomb
Statically great for a variety of problems
Foundations
Slope Stability
Gravity Walls

Dynamically not good: excessive strains after

yielding

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Yield Surfaces
3D Principal Space

Matsuoka Nakai Yield Surface

Loading-Unloading
Stress paths moving away from the yield
surface are in general defined as loading

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Neutral Loading
Rotation of principal stresses

Problems with Traditional Plasticity

Neutral loading paths are not always observed
in nature

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Problems with Traditional Plasticity

Elastic Region Very small

Drained Triaxial Test (Nevada Sand Dr=63.9%)

Problems with Traditional Plasticity

Unloading introduced plasticity

Undrained Triaxial Test (Nevada Sand Dr=63.9%)

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Ingredients of Constitutive Soil

Models for Cyclic Behavior of Sands
Monotonic Response
Large Deformations post-seismic event
Excess pore pressure accumulation (shear
induced contraction and dilation)
Phase Transformation

Ingredients of Constitutive Soil

Models for Cyclic Behavior of Sands
Dependence of Peak and Phase Tranformation
stress-ratios on the state parameter (void ratio
& stress)
Dependence of Plastic Modulus and the
Dilatancy on the inherent anisotropy
Dependence of Plastic Modulus and the
Dilatancy on the evolving anisotropy

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Bounding Surface Plasticity

Originally formulated from Dafalias, 1987

Dafalias Manzari, 2004

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Dafalias Manzari

Bounding Surface Plasticity

Success
Excellent Simplicity
Same parameters for various stress levels and
voids ratio
Critical State Soil mechanics concepts
implemented

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Dafalias Manzari - Simulations

Dr: 50% Dr: 50%

Dr: 50%
50 50
50
40 40
40
30 30
30
20 20
20
10 10
10

(kPa)
(kPa)
(kPa)

0 00
-10 0 20 40 60 80 100 -0.04
-0.04 -0.02
-0.02 -10 00
-10 0.02
0.02 0.04
0.04
-20 -20
-20
-30 -30
-30
-40 -40
-40
-50 -50
-50
v (kPa)

Undrained Simple Shear Test (Toyoura Sand)

Dafalias Manzari - Simulations

0.25
Dr=50%
0.2

0.15
/v0

0.1 =1%
=2.5%

0.05

0
1 10 100
N

Undrained Simple Shear Test (Toyoura Sand)

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Dafalias Manzari
Pitfalls
The model does not predict cycle to cycle
evolving damage (changes in the stress strain
properties are mainly attributed to the
increase of excess pore pressure)
Critical State is unique

Multi-Yield-Surface
Yield Surface

Yang et al

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Multi-Yield-Surface
Yield Surface

Yang et al

Model Hardening

Yang et al

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Multi-Yield-Surface:
Success

Undrained Simple Shear Test (Medium-Loose Nevada Sand)

Yang et al

Multi-Yield-Surface:
Success
Relatively Simple
Can model Excess Pore Pressure Accumulation
Can model accumulative Damage Effects
Can model stress level dependence

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Multi-Yield-Surface: Pitfalls
Properties have to be calculated at every void
ratio
Phase transformation angle is a property for a
specific voids ratio (we know that it depends
on stress level)

History
Perfect Plasticity
Hypoplasticity
Statistical Mechanics,
Von Mises (1913)
Thermodynamics
Micromechanics
Mohr Coulomb (1776)

Cam Clay

Multi Yield Surface Bounding Surface

MIT-E1 Plasticity(MYSP), Prevost Plasticity (BSP), Dafalias

MIT-E3 MYSP, Elgamal BSP, Manzari Dafalias

MIT-S1 BSP, Papadimitriou et al

MYSP, Yang
BSP, Dafalias Manzari

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Future
A lot of improvements on the current models.
Shear banding, localization. Monte Carlo
simulations.
Multi-axial Conditions

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