Klein 1

Klein, Elizabeth

Mr. Jason King

A.P. Seminar

12 January 2017

Annotated Bibliography

Benedict, Jeffrey, and Alan Klein. Arrest and Conviction Rates for Athletes Accused of Sexual

Assault. Issues in Inmate Violence, edited by Raquel Kennedy Bergen, SAGE

Publications Inc., 1998, pp. 169-75.

Jeffrey Benedict is a reputable source of information because he is a best-selling author

known for his writing in the field of sports. Alan Klein is also reputable because he is a

professor with Northeastern University in the Department of Sociology. This article concerns

the decreased likelihood of athletes charged with sexual assault to be convicted. It conducts

research on this, and proves that if a sexual assaulter is an athlete, they are more likely than the

average person to avoid the punishment. The probability of a formal action being taken is

greatly decreased when an athlete is on trial. The statistics in this report will further my claim

that athletes are treated differently than other students because of the amount of money they

bring into schools.

Boeringer, Scot. Associations of Rape-Supportive Attitudes with Fraternal and Athletic

Participation. Violence Against Women, SAGE Publications Inc., 1999, pp. 81-90.
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Scot Boeringer is highly-regarded professor of Sociology with a multitude of

well-respected publications concerning aggression toward females. This report provides insight

into the effects of fraternal and athletic activities on a males acceptance of rape myths. The

author conducted a report on the likelihood of fraternity members or athletes to support ideals of

rape culture. He found that these types of students were more likely to accept these beliefs. I

can use this information to explain the factors involved in athlete sexual assault. The

information in this report will allow me explain the reason why student athletes seem to engage

in more sexually abusive activity than the average student.

Flores, Christopher. When Athletes are Accused. The Chronicle of Higher Education,

EBSCOhost, 19 April 2002, http://tinyurl.com/zexzmgf. Accessed 8 Jan. 2017.

Christopher Flores is a writer for the Chronicle of Higher Education, a well-respected

magazine that covers information about colleges. This article covers a story about Tony Cole, a

basketball star at the University of Georgia who was accused of various sexual crimes. Cole was

suspended for these accusations, but claimed that Georgias basketball coach, Jim Harrick, knew

about the assaults when he recruited him. However, the coach and university stated that if they

had known, they would not have recruited Cole. I can use this article to provide a real-life

example of a college that recruited first and asked questions later.

Gaines, Cork. The 25 Schools that Make the Most Money in College Sports. Business

Insider, 13 Oct. 2016, http://tinyurl.com/zy43vsz. Accessed 8 Jan. 2017.

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Cork Gaines is a popular sports editor and journalist of Business Insider. These positions

make him more reputable than the average source of information. In this article, the author

compiles a list of the 25 universities that generate the highest revenue in collegiate athletics. The

values range from $96.9 million to $192.6 million, with Texas A&M as the highest earning

college. I will use this data to explain why universities work so hard to cover up the crimes of

their athletes.

Jackson, Thomas, and Joanne Davis. Prevention of Sexual and Physical Assault Toward

Women: A Program for Male Athletes. Journal of Community Psychology, vol. 28, no.

6, 2000, pp. 589-605.

Thomas Jackson and Joanne Davis, both esteemed professors of Psychology at the

University of Arkansas and the University of Tulsa, wrote this report. The paper explains the

severity and impact of rape on women, particularly college students. It goes on to explain that

this campus rape is too often perpetrated by male student athletes. The authors then go into

detail about a program they have devised in attempts to prevent future campus rape. The

information presented in this report will provide a solution to the problems I bring up in my

research essay.
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Lavigne, Paula. Outside the Lines: Lawyers, Status, Public Backlash Aid College Athletes

Accused of Crimes. ESPN, 15 June 2015, http://tinyurl.com/zrgypgx. Accessed 6 Jan.

2017.

Paula Lavigne is a revered reporter with nine different awards in the field of journalism.

Her article sheds light on the protection of college athletes from conviction of their crimes. The

author collected data from a number of schools to find that colleges will often do anything in

their power to keep their athletes out of jail and on the field. This information will be essential to

supporting my claim that athletes are given preference because the amount of money they make

for their universities.

Mannetter, Sara. Sexual Aggression on a College Campus: A Survey of Attitudes and

Behaviors. University of Minnesota-Duluth, 1997, http://tinyurl.com/z9ethtj. Accessed

4 Jan. 2017.

Sara Mannetter is a reputable source of information because of her leading position in a

research group, which proves that she is able to effectively find and process the data she includes

in this report. The paper is a collection of statistics about the different ways in which women on

college campuses experience sexual aggression. The author also provides insight into the

reasoning behind actions of both sexual assaulters and victims of sexual abuse. I will use this

report to provide general information and statistics about the prevalence of rape, sexual

aggression, and acceptance of rape myths in todays society.

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Scales, Ann. Student Gladiators and Sexual Assault: A New Analysis of Liability for Injuries

Inflicted by College Athletes. Michigan Journal of Gender and Law, v. 5, no. 2, 2009,

pp. 205-89.

Ann Scales, the author of this report, has a J.D. from Harvard University and is famed for

her interest in womens rights. This report sheds light on the violent tendencies of collegiate

athletics that correlates with the hypermasculinity involved with sports. The author goes on to

cite examples of sexual assaults committed by athletes that resulted in lighter punishment than

what is fair. These examples, along with the other information present in the report, will provide

evidence to my claim that universities unfairly protect their athletes from criminal charges.

Wilson, Deborah, et al. Addressing Sexual Assault and Interpersonal Violence. NCAA, Sept.

2014, http://tinyurl.com/zyacn9u. Addressed 9 Jan. 2017.

Deborah Wilson is the primary author and editor of this report. She is a reputable source

because she has a Phd in Psychology and is a director of athletic psychology at George Mason

University. This publication explains, in full, the role of athletes in maintaining a safe

on-campus environment. It addresses the different ways in which sexual assault can be

combated and what athletes can be taught about doing so. I will use this information to provide

possible solutions to the problem of campus assault, starting with athletes, because they are often

seen as some of the main perpetrators of these crimes.

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Young, Belinda-Rose, et al. Sexual Coercion Practices Among Undergraduate Male

Recreational Athletes, Intercollegiate Athletes, and Non-Athletes. Violence Against

Women, http://tinyurl.com/jdrfs9o. Accessed 19 Dec. 2016.

Belinda-Rose Young, the main author of this report, has four academic awards and

positions in various feminist organizations. This report explains a study conducted to determine

the attitudes toward women between athletes and non-athletes. It demonstrates that athletes are

more likely to engage in sexual coercion than non-athletes. This information will be useful

evidence for my claim that athletes are more likely to engage in immoral behavior and not face

consequences.