Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Jennifer E. Decker
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Introduction
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Brief History of the metre
1872 prototype Kilogramme des Archives and Mtre des Archives (c.1799)
http://www.bipm.org/en/si/base_units/
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Definition Gauge Block Length
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Accuracy (Uncertainty)
Main influences:
air temperature, pressure and
humidity on the wavelength of light
refractive index, n
gauge block temperature deviation
from 20C
optical phase change on reflection
of light from surface
wringing Gauge length
design parameters of the optical Block
instrument (obliquity correction)
Optical Flat
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Refractive Index
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Twyman-Green Interferometer
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Method of Exact Fractions
Wavelength Measured
Example of a 10 mm gauge block: /nm fraction
1st Step: Measure fractions from the 543 0.2
interference patterns 612 0.7
633 0.5
Interference Orders Length
Red Orange Green /mm
31592.5 32676.6 36828.8 9.999 03
31593.5 32677.6 36830.0 9.999 35 2nd Step: Evaluate
31594.5 32678.7 36831.2 9.999 67 gauge length based on
31595.6 32679.7 36832.4 10.000 00 Fractions and known
31596.6 32680.8 36833.6 10.000 31 Nominal length.
31597.6 32681.8 36834.8 10.000 64
31598.6 32682.9 36835.9 10.000 96
n 1x n 1N 1 0.5327 x 0.0004
n 1x p / Pa 1 10 8 0.5953 0.009876 t / C p / Pa
n 1tp
93214.60 1 0.0036610 t/ C
ntpf ntp f / Pa 3.8020 0.0384 / m 1 10
2 10
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Empirical Equations
Decker et al., NRC Document No. 42753 (2000) Edln B., 1966, The Refractive
Index of Air, Metrologia, 2, 72-80.
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Wavelength of light compensation
101500
101400
101300
101200
101100
101000
8:09 9:38 11:08 12:37 14:06 15:36
Time of Day
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Principal Constituent Gases
Molar Concentrations
N2 O2 Ar CO2
0.781 0.209 0.009 0.0004
Other gases such as He, CH4, etc. make up the remaining air
composition.
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Variation in Lab Air Composition
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Correction via Refractometer
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Phase Stepping Interferometry
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Length-Dependent Influences
120
Ciddor Equation
100 Refractometer
80
/nm
60
40
84
20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Nominal Gauge Block Length /mm
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Atmospheric Bath
Bayer-Helms ber den Einfluss von Luftdruck und Gewichtskraft auf Endmasse PTB-Mitt. 2/73 (1973) 97-8
Darnedde Metrologia 29 (1992) 349, Decker Metrologia 40 (2003) 1
Pressure calculator: http://www.dangermouse.net/gurps/science/pressure.html
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GB Length Change Post Travel
Temperature measurements
included as demonstration that
they are not correlated
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Canada-Germany S&T Treaty
Canada-Germany S&T
Cooperation Agreement
signed in 1971
Governed by the German-
Canadian Commission for
Scientific & Technological
Cooperation
Meets annually to
Reviews progress
Ensures coordination and
identifies priorities for cooperative
action
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Some History
http://www.bmbf.de/pubRD/30_jahre_deutsch-kanadische_wtz_1971-2001_en-fr.pdf
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Events
Website: www.de-can-fti.com
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Refractometers
Hou W., Thalmann R., 1994, Accurate measurement of the refractive index of air,
Measurement, 13, pp. 307-314.
Hirukawa H., Ogita E., Measurement of the Absolute Air Refractivity, Proceedings of
the 33rd SICE Annual Conference, International Session, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute
of Technology, 26-28 July 1994, pp. 931-936.
Leibengardt G. I., Naidenov A. S., Fedorin V. L., Shur V. L., 1993, Investigations of a
Two-wave Laser Refractometer, Translated from Izmeritelnaya Tekhnika, 7, pp. 29-
31.
Schellekens P., Wilkening G., Reinboth F., Downs M. J., Birch K. P., Spronck, J.,
1986, Measurements of the Refractive Index of Air Using Interference
Refractometers, Metrologia, 22, pp. 279-287; and Rischel C., Ramanujam P. S.,
1989, Refractive Index of Air - Errata, Metrologia, 26, p. 263.
Hilsenrath J., 1955, US Natl. Bur. Stand. Circ., 564.
Barrell H., Sears J. E., 1939, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, A238, pp. 1-64.
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Related Topics
Other Evaluations :
Birch K. P., Downs M. J., Ferriss, D. H., 1988, Optical path length changes induced
in cell windows and solid etalons by evacuation, J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum., 21, pp.
690-692.
* Birch K. P. Reinboth F., Ward R. E., Wilkening G., 1993, The Effect of Variations in
the Refractive Index of Industrial Air upon the Uncertainty of Precision Length
Measurement, Metrologia, 30, pp. 7-14.
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