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Abstract: Nuclear power plant is one of the largest source of producing electricity in India after thermal, hydro-
electric and renewable sources of electricity. As of 2013, India has 21 nuclear reactors in operation in 6 nuclear
power plants, having an installed capacity of 5780 MW and producing a total of 30, 293 GWh of electricity while
six other reactors are under construction and are expected to generate an additional 6,100 MW. After 2011
Fukushima earthquake in Japan, safety of nuclear reactors has become a major concern. For assessing safety it is
utmost important to have information on expected earthquake events. In case of lack of sufficient information,
artificial ground motions may be generated by using geological features and faults information. This study presents
simulation of near field generated ground motions of Rawatbhata nuclear power plant. For this purpose, three faults
nearer to the power plant have been selected to the generate ground motions using semi-empirical approach. It is
observed that as the source (M) of the earthquake increases, the amplitude of the ground motion, duration and
energy content increases. Similarly, the spectral accelerations also increase due to all three active faults.
engineering solutions available to protect against or 220 MWe have also been built, with unit 5 beginning
mitigate potential seismic hazards, the site is deemed commercial operation on 4 February 2010, and unit 6 on
unsuitable. For acceptable sites, evaluation is carried out 31 March 2010 (Nuclear Power Corporation of India
in the second step to define earthquake induced design Limited).
basis ground motion (DBGM) parameters (AERB,
The seismicity of India and location of NPP is shown in
1990b; IAEA, 2002) against which the plant should be
figure 1 and 2. A MATLAB code is written to generate
engineered. The next step involves seismic response
the ground motions near Rawatbhata NPP (Rajaram and
analysis and design of SSC to withstand loading effects
Pradeep, 2014). For this purpose, seismicity around 300
of DBGM. Last step is related to operating phase of the
km as radius from the NPP is considered. Three active
plant and it involves monitoring of occurrence of
faults namely FID-663, FID-275 & FID-852 have been
earthquakes and plant response by suitable seismic
chosen in the radius of 45 km and seismicity is
instrumentation for the purpose of initiation of
considered in the region and the lengths of those faults
appropriate protection/mitigation action during or after a
are 40 km, 36 km and 42 km respectively. It is observed
seismic event. In this study, Rawatbhata nuclear power
that the minimum and maximum magnitude of
plant station has been chosen for generating site specific
earthquakes occurred in the studied region are 4.5
response spectra. The description of the study has been
(1866) and 7.2 (1923) respectively (GSI, 2000). Current
given in the following sections.
study shows the variation of ground motion records with
2. Study Area respect to magnitude of the earthquake ranges 4.5-7.2.
Also response spectra are plotted from the ground
Strong ground motion plays an important role in safe
motion records.
engineering design of big and important structures. If
the site of construction contains no past strong motion
records than it poses a major constraint in arriving at
earthquake-resistant design parameters. Simulated
strong motion records at such sites serve useful purpose
for deciding safe design criteria.
Rawatbhata nuclear power plant has been chosen to
generate site specific response spectra. The NPP located
at 245220N 753650E and is about 65 km from
Kota by way of the Chambal River. The power plant
was constructed in 1963 and operated by Nuclear Power
Corporation of India LTD. The first reactor Douglas
Point in Canada was begun in 1961, its duplicate
station at Rajasthan, was committed in 1963 (Nuclear
Power Corporation of India).
The Rajasthan Atomic Power Plant RAPP included two
220 MWe Canada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) Figure 1 Seismicity of India since 1898
reactors built in the state of Rajasthan and put into
service in 1973 and 1981, respectively. Indian trades
men and professional engineers were trained at Douglas
Point. After the nuclear bomb test explosion in 1973 the
nuclear trade links between Canada and India were
curtailed and the second RAPP reactor was completed
by the Indians with no Canadian assistance (Nuclear
Power Corporation of India Limited).
After many incidents and repairs Rajasthan Atomic
Power Station (RAPS) RAPS-1 has now a 100 MW
capacity, RAPS-2 at 200 MW. In the context of the
Indian atomic program, two more PHWR with an output
of 220 MW each were built. RAPS-3 became critical on
24 December 1999, RAPS-4 became critical on
3 November 2000. Commercial operations began on
1 June 2000 for unit 3, and on 23 December 2000 for
unit 4. Two more reactors (RAPS-5 and RAPS-6) with Figure 2 Location of Rawatbhata NPP in India
used by Joshi et al. (2001) for modeling the effect of the In the present work, simple vector notation has been
transmission of energy in the shape of acceleration used to resolve these resultant components into
envelope as: horizontal components. The direction of resultant
component from each sub-fault is defined by a line
(9) joining center of sub-fault to the recording station. This
Where and are modulus of rigidity in the first and direction is different for different sub-faults and for
second layers, respectively, and and are shear obtaining horizontal component along strike and
wave velocities in the first and second layers, perpendicular direction of the modeled rupture plane,
respectively. The transmission coefficient contributes records from each sub-fault need separate treatment.
significantly to shaping the attenuation rate of the peak Figure 3 shows the division of total acceleration record
ground acceleration with respect to the distance from into components along strike and dip directions.
the source. Joshi and Midorikawa (2004) have observed Following formula is used for obtaining horizontal
that for the shallow focus earthquakes, the transmission component of records along the direction of strike and
coefficient is not equal to 1.0; however, for the the direction of dip of the modeled fault, respectively,
intermediate to deep focus earthquake, this coefficient is from resultant component released by sub-
approximately equal to 1.0. This means that we should
fault. and are the acceleration record
take this coefficient into consideration when modeling
an intermediate to deep focus earthquake. along and , respectively, and are defined as
follows:
The parameters required to define the model of the
rupture plane are its length , width , length and (12)
width of the sub-faults , nucleation point, strike (13)
and dip of rupture plane , rupture velocity
and shear wave velocity in the medium. The rectangular
rupture plane of a target earthquake of seismic moment
is divided into sub faults of seismic moment
: Once the rupture plane of target earthquake is
divided into sub-faults, one sub-fault is fixed as
nucleation point from which the rupture initiates. This
point can coincide with the focus of the earthquake. The
rupture starts from the nucleation point and propagates
radially within the rupture plane. The sub-fault releases
energy whenever the rupture front touches its center.
The energy is released in the form of acceleration record
Fig. 3 Illustration of method for simulation of NS and
, which is the product of acceleration record from
EW component of earthquake ground motion from
stochastic technique with envelope function from semi-
sub-fault. Triangle shows the recording station
empirical simulation technique as:
(10)
The acceleration record , released from different
sub-faults reaches the observation point at different
time. The arrival time at the observation point
depends on the time taken by rupture from nucleation
point to sub-fault with rupture velocity and time
taken by energy released from sub-fault to reach
the observation point with velocity of propagation.
The total time taken is given as (Joshi and
Midorikawa 2004):
(11)
Where is the distance from the observation point to
the sub-fault and is the distance travelled by the
rupture from nucleation point to particular sub-fault. Fig. 4 flowchart of generation of synthetic
accelerogram
The flowchart of generation of synthetic accelerogram Where, x (t) is the accelerogram record.
is shown in figure 4. In Eqs. (12) and (13),
represents the angle made by horizontal projection of The duration of strong ground motion can have a strong
influence on earthquake damage. It is related to the time
resultant ground acceleration from sub-fault with required for accumulation of strain energy by rupture
the direction of strike of the modeled fault, and along the fault. There are different procedures for
represents the angle made by resultant ground calculating the duration of ground motion,
acceleration with the vertical. The angles and are
different for different sub-faults and depend on the Brackted Duration: It is the time between the first and
position of sub-fault within the rupture plane. Once the last exceedances of threshold acceleration (usually 0.05
components of acceleration records are obtained along g) (Kramer, 2006)
and for ground acceleration released from Trifunac and Brady Duration: It is the time interval
a particular sub-fault, it is further rotated by angle between the points at which 5% and 95% of the total
using following matrix rotation formula to obtain energy has been recorded (Kramer, 2006).
component along and direction.
3.2. Synthetic Ground Motions
The synthetic ground motions are generated at
(4) Rawatbhata NPP due to three active faults with varying
magnitude of the earthquake. Results of the same are
Where and are the components of
shown in figure 4, 5 and 6. From the results, it is
acceleration record along and direction, observed that the fault FID-275 gives higher values of
respectively, and is the strike of the modeled rupture peak ground accelerations. This fault may produce high
plane measured with respect to the geographic north. amount of accelerations in future too. Also, it is
Summation of all and component of observed that as the magnitude of the earthquake
acceleration record released from different sub-faults increases, the energy content and peak ground
reaching the observation point at different time lag acceleration increases. The effect of the source on the
gives the final and component of acceleration ground motion can be clearly seen from figure 4, 5 and
record as follows: 6. The path and site are constant for this case study. As
the source of the earthquake reaches to 7.0, the
3.1. Characteristics of Ground Motion
variations in amplitude of the ground motion and
For engineering purposes, (1) amplitude (2) frequency duration of the ground motion are increased rapidly.
and (3) duration of the motion are the important The response spectra are generated for the synthetic
characteristics (Steven L Kramer, 1996). Horizontal ground motions.
accelerations have commonly been used to describe the Magnitude: 4.5
Accelaration (cm/s2)
2
components of motion that span a broad range of
frequencies. The frequency content describes how the
0
amplitude of ground motion is distributed among
different frequencies. The frequency content of an
earthquake motion will strongly influence the motion of -2
0 20 40 60 80 100
structure. The broad band width of the Fourier Time (S)
2
which some level of Fourier amplitude is exceeded.
Generally band width is measured at a level of 1/2
times of maximum Fourier amplitude. The Fourier 0
2 (15)
Accelaration (cm/s2)
2 4
2
0
0
-2
-2
0 20 40 60 80 100
-4
Time (S) 0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (S)
Magnitude: 6.5
Accelaration (cm/s2)
2
Magnitude: 6.5
Accelaration (cm/s2)
4
0 2
0
-2
0 20 40 60 80 100 -2
Time (S)
-4
Magnitude: 7.0 0 20 40 60 80 100
Accelaration (cm/s2)
2 Time (S)
Magnitude: 7.0
Accelaration (cm/s2)
0 4
2
-2 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (S) -2
Magnitude: 7.2 -4
Accelaration (cm/s2)
2 0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (S)
0 Magnitude: 7.2
Accelaration (cm/s2)
4
2
-2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (S) 0
-2
Fig 4 Synthetic accelerograms with respect to
magnitude of the earthquake due to fault FID-663 -4
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (S)
Magnitude: 4.5
Accelaration (cm/s2)
4
Fig 5 Synthetic accelerograms with respect to
2 magnitude of the earthquake due to fault FID-275
0 Magnitude: 4.5
Accelaration (cm/s2)
1
-2
-4 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (S)
Magnitude: 5.0 -1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Accelaration (cm/s2)
4 Time (S)
2 Magnitude: 5.0
Accelaration (cm/s2)
1
0
-2 0
-4
0 20 40 60 80 100 -1
Time (S) 0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (S)
Magnitude: 5.5
Accelaration (cm/s2)
4 Magnitude: 5.5
Accelaration (cm/s2)
1
2
0 0
-2
-4 -1
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (S) Time (S)
Magnitude: 6.0
Accelaration (cm/s2)
1
-1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (S)
Magnitude: 6.5
Accelaration (cm/s2)
-1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (S)
Magnitude: 7.0
Accelaration (cm/s2)
-1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (S)
Magnitude: 7.2
Accelaration (cm/s2)
-1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (S)