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5.4. Ferrouids
One limitation to the preparation and use of ferrouid is the tendency of the
initially small nanoparticles to aggregate into larger masses to reduce the
energy associated with the high surface area to volume ratio of the
nanoparticles. The dispersant is made small by milling and other top down
subtractive operations. The particles may be coated with a surfactant to
prevent them from clumping together.
5.6. Nanowires
Nanowires have diameters in the range of 1 to 500 nm. They are solid
materials but have an amorphous structure, a graphite-like structure, or a
herringbone structure. The nanowires are periodic about their axis.
Nanowires are made out of metals or semiconductor materials.
5.9. Nanoceramics
Combustion ame synthesis and the plasma torch approach are used in large
scale in the industry to manufacture nanoceramic powders. An oxidation
atmosphere is used in the combustion ame synthesis method and the inert
atmosphere is used in the plasma torch approach. In either of the processes,
a raw material such as titanium tetrachloride (TiCl 4) is expensive. Titanium
dioxide (TiO 2) is produced as a result of the combustion ame synthesis
method, and titanium carbide (TiC) results as a product of the plasma torch
approach. One of the problems that remain during manufacture of these
products is the agglomeration of the ceramic nanopowders. The reactant
feed materials are injected into a plasma jet in the plasma torch approach.
Sol-gel processes have been developed to produce the oxides directly from
hydrolysis of metal alkoxides. During the rst step, one or more alkoxy
groups are removed and replaced with hydroxyl groups. Then a chain or
network structure is developed when the hydroxyl groups act as attachment
sites for other alkoxide molecules.
The nanocrystalline powders are rst compacted and then they are sintered.
Pressureless sintering involves heating the sample in an ambient
atmosphere. Densication and grain growth processes occur at elevated
temperatures and contribute to the production of crystalline nanoceramic
particles for super plasticity. Both processes are diusion-controlled
phenomena and both occur concurrently.
16
Roy, Komarneni et al. coined the term nanocomposite . They prepared
hybrid ceramic metal nanocomposite materials synthesized by solgel
processes. Their quasi-crystalline materials had phases of 1 to 10 nm regions
with dierent structure. Materials with more than one Gibbsian solid phase
where at least one of the dimensions is in the nanoscale region are called
nanocomposite materials. The state of the material can be amorphous,
crystalline, or semicrystalline. Dierent categories of ceramic
nanocomposites include the following:
Mullite may also form at high temperatures by oxidation of the SiC particles
in the surface layer followed by reaction with alumina. Thermodynamic
studies of the Al 2O 3/SiC nanocomposite system reveal that at temperatures
above 1700C the powders are not stable. Heavy weight losses can be
observed during sintering because of volatilization and decomposition of SiC.
A gaseous mixture of CO, SiO, and Al 2O can form when Al 2O 3 and SiC react
with each other. At temperatures above 1950C a liquid can form from
reaction of SiC with Al 2O 3. The liquid phase consists of aluminum (Al).
Otherwise, a eutectic mixture of Al 2O 3-Al 4C 3 or SiC-Al 4C 3 eutectic forms.
5.12. Summary
SMAs are metal-based alloys. Metals used are copper, iron, and nickel. Solid-
state transformation called martensitic transformation is associated with
SMA. These materials exhibit shape memory eect and exhibit a superplastic
state. Transition from the martensite phase to the austensite phase is
dependent only on temperature and stress, and not on time. Reading glass
frames are made of SMA.
Liquid crystals are ordered at the nanoscale but lack long-range order.
Cholesteric phase liquid crystals contain molecules that are aligned in layers
rotated with respect to each other. As the temperature of a liquid crystal is
increased, all the colors of the rainbow can be observed from red to orange
to yellow to green to blue. Maghemite (-Fe 2O 3) nanoparticles can be used
as a superhigh density magnetic recording substance due to their shape
anisotropy and magnetic characteristics. Maghemite nanoparticles with rod-
shaped morphology with a diameter of 250 nm and an L/D ratio of six are
used in high-density magnetic recording substances. Nanoparticles with less
than 10 nm exhibit super magnetism.
13. Show by using a neat schematic the dierent layers with dimensions that
constitute montmorillonite clay intercalated by polyolens.
16. How is the WAXS spectra used to distinguish between exfoliated and
intercalated nanocomposites?
20. What happens to the barrier properties of exfoliated clay modied PET?
25. What nanocomposites are used in (a) tennis rackets, (b) hockey sticks, (c)
tennis balls, and (d) electrostatic dissipation?
33. Discuss the shape memory eects in materials and the role of
nanostructuring in preparation of SMAs.
35. What are the manufacturing methods for preparation of SMA materials?
36. How are SMA materials used in (a) adhesion of dissimilar metals, (b)
coupling of oil pipelines, (c) vascular stents, (d) dental braces, (e) nitinol
wires, and (f) robotics?
39. What is the role of pyrolysis in the Honda process for preparation of
nanowires?
44. Discuss the stacks of layers in cholesteric liquid crystal and their role in
observation of the colors of a rainbow.
51. What are the three broad classications of the synthesis methods for
nanocrystalline ceramics?
52. Compare the arc vaporization method and combustion ame synthesis
method used for preparation of nanoceramics.
55. What is the role of an electrothermal gun in the exploding wire method of
synthesis of nanoceramics?
56. What are the process improvements eected by the HEW method?
57. What are the three key technical hurdles to applying nanoceramic
materials to commercial forming operations?
58. Discuss the process of precipitation of hydroxide from salt to form
nanoceramic powder used in super plastically formed jumbo jets.
60. Discuss the design of a ceramic thermal barrier coating in terms of its
chemical composition, application, performance enhancement, and
microstructure.
61. How are magnesium oxychloride sorrel cement coatings used in ame
retardant applications?
References
Citation
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Kal Renganathan Sharma: Nanostructuring Operations in Nanoscale Science and
Engineering. Nanotechnology in Materials Science, Chapter (McGraw-Hill
Professional, 2010), AccessEngineering
This product incorporates part of the open source Protg system. Protg is
available at http://protege.stanford.edu//