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Research Article
Performance Analysis of Grid Integrated Hydro and
Solar Based Hybrid Systems
Copyright 2013 Sweeka Meshram et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
The renewable energy systems (RESs) are an attractive option to electrify the community as they are environment friendly, free of
cost, and all-pervading. The efficiency of these energy systems is very low and can be improved by integrating them in parallel. In
this paper, hydro (7.5 kW) and solar systems (10 kW) are taken as RESs and connected with the utility grid. Due to the intermittent
nature of both the hydro and photovoltaic energy sources, utility grid is connected to the system for ensuring the continuous power
flow. The hydro power generation system uses the self excited induction generator (SEIG) and converters. The AC/DC/AC converter
is used as interface to connect the hydro turbine to the utility grid to adjust the generated voltage to the utility grid voltage. The
solar generation system is the combination of PV array, boost converter, and solar inverter. The control of both the hydro and solar
power plants is provided through the constant current controller. The analysis has been done to verify the existence of the proposed
system. Results demonstrate that the proposed system is able to be put into service and can feed the community.
Solar inverter
LB DB
+ S1 S3 S5
5 km 11 kV/132 kV
RF LF feeder 47 MVA Grid
Vpv
PV CB
array SW1 S4
S6 S2 14 km
10 kVA
260 V/11 kV feeder 132 kV
CF 2500 MVA
S1 S3 S5
2-MW 30-MW
Va RF L F load 20 Mvar
Ica load
Prime Vb
mover
S6 S2 10 kVA
CF 415 V/11 kV
Vc Icb
Induction Icc Diode Hydro inverter
generator rectifier
Excitation
capacitor
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of grid integrated hydro and solar based hybrid energy system.
generate the power simultaneously in summer/rainy days as the hydro system into the utility grid. The hydro power
one of them will not be able to generate power. To satisfy generation system contributes 7.5 kW power.
the power requirement, integration of the power grid or
diesel generator is required. For supplying electric power in 2. System Description
rural areas using this hybrid system, the power grid may
be integrated, and for supplying remote/isolated areas diesel Figure 1 shows the circuit diagram of the grid connected solar
generator may be incorporated as a backup. and hydro based hybrid energy systems. A 10 kW PV array
In this paper, a system is proposed in which hydro and and a 7.5 kW self-excited induction generator are connected
solar based hybrid power generation system is connected to the 132 kV, 2500 MVA utility grid. The detailed description
with the utility grid. In the peak summer, solar energy is given as follows.
is abundantly available, but in rainy days it is difficult to
generate the electrical power using the solar energy. Similarly 2.1. Solar System. The solar system consists of PV array,
the power generation using the hydro energy gives better boost converter, solar inverter with a harmonic reduction LC
efficiency in rainy seasons. Hence, the parallel combination filter. The PV array is delivering 10 kW at 1000 W/m2 solar
of these two energy systems has been adopted, and for the irradiation. The DC power generated by the PV array charges
continuous power flow grid is also connected. In the summer, the DC link capacitor. The PV array can be mathematically
the grid connected solar system supplies the power to the modeled as
load, and hydro system will be disconnected. In rainy days pv
pv = pv pv = ph [( ) 1] , (1)
the grid connected hydro system supplies the power to the
load, and solar system will be disconnected. In other seasons,
grid connected the solar and hydro systems are able to deliver where pv is generated DC power of the PV array (kW), pv
the power to the consumer. Hence, it is good option to adopt and pv are generated DC Voltage (in V) and current (in A) of
the proposed system for supplying continuous power to the the PV array, respectively. ph is photocurrent of the PV cell
consumer. The solar power generation system contributes (5.96 A), is charge of an electron, that is, 1.602 1019 C,
power of about 10 kW. It consists of PV array, DC-DC boost is ideality factor, that is, 2.46, is cell temperature (K),
converter, and solar inverter controlled by constant current is number of series connected PV modules. is number of
controller. The hydro system have the self-excited induction parallel connected PV modules.
generator (SEIG) and back to back converter (combination of The boost converter increases voltage level from the PV
Rectifier and inverter) as an interfacing device for integrating natural DC voltage to the desired DC voltage. The output
Advances in Power Electronics 3
Idq
Vabc 3-phase Reference
sin Current current
PLL cos regulator Idq ref generator
IDC dq
Iabc abc Idq Solar
voltage PWM Pulses
dq VDC + IDC d
regulator generator ref PI
controller
VDC VDC
ref meas
+
IDC d PI
controller
Idq ref
IDC q 0 + PI
controller
Iq
Boost converter
Deblock control (MPPT)
converters Discrete,
Vpv Vpv Ts = 1e 006 s. Current controller
120 kV
Ipv Ipv Pulses Powergui Vabc prim 500 MVA
Vabc B1
Enable Iabc prim Iabc B1 ABC
Pulses
mpv Vdc mes Vdc
Group 1 ABC
L1 Diode 1 120 kV/11 kV
Signal 1 47 MVA
C1 + g a b c
gC + A A
A a A
Solar ??? IGBT1 N
irradiance C3 B B B b B
E
[Vdc ] C C C c C 14 km
C2 10 kVA 5 km feeder
PV array 3-level bridge LC filter feeder
260 V/11 kV
7.5 kW, 415 V, 50 Hz
Tm B2 A a
A LC filter 1 B b
A + + g C c
m A A
B B A a A 11 kV/415 V
C C B B B b B 47 MVA A B C 30-MW A B C
C C C c C 2-MW
B5 Rectifier Vsi 10 kVA load 20 Mvar
load
415 V/11 kV
Torque A B C 5 kVAr
-C-
speed capacitor Vabc prim Vabc B1
K1
bank Iabc prim From 4
+ Iabc B1
Pulses
K- Sum Tm From 5
Vdc mes Vdc
K2
From 3
Current controller 1
Figure 4: MATLAB simulink model of the grid integrated hydro and solar based hybrid systems.
array consists of 8 strings of 5 series connected PV modules 5.96 A, and current at the maximum power point is 5.58 A.
connected in parallel. One PV module has 96 PV cells. The The 5 kHz boost converter increases the PV natural DC
PV array is delivering the 10 kW at 1000 W/m2 at maximum voltage (300 V) to the 500 V DC voltage. For smoothing
power. The open circuit voltage (OC ) of the one module is the DC voltage LC filter is used. The value of smoothing
64.2 V, and voltage at the maximum power point (mp ) is inductor and capacitor is chosen as 1 = 200 H and
54.7 V. The short circuit current (SC ) of the one module is 1 = 5000 F. The three-phase voltage source inverter
Advances in Power Electronics 5
Vpv (V)
300 0.5
D
250
200 0.4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time (s) Time (s)
(a) (b)
VBoost (V)
500
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time (s)
(c)
Figure 5: Output voltage, duty ratio of PV array and output voltage of the boost converter.
Vsif (V)
500 400
Vsi (V)
0 0
500 400
1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5
Time (s) Time (s)
(a) (b)
converts 500 V DC voltage to the 415 V AC voltage. The 5. Results and Discussion
switching frequency of the solar inverter is 1080 Hz. The
obtained AC voltage is in stepped waveform. Hence, the 3- 5.1. Results of Solar System. The PV array generates 10 kW at
LC filter is used for converting the stepped waveform into 1000 W/m2 solar radiation. The generated DC voltage is very
the pure sinusoidal waveform. The filtering inductance has low for the application and also varies with the temperature
been chosen as 1 = 200 mH with small series resistance and solar irradiation. Figure 5(a) shows the variation in the
valued as 0.002, and filtering capacitor bank of 5 kVAr is used. generated PV array voltage (pv ) due to variation in the
To avoid resonance problem, the damping resistor is used in temperature and solar irradiation. Figure 5(b) shows the
series with the filtering capacitor bank 1 , which can absorb variation in the duty ratio () of the boost converter to
the switching frequency ripple and is valued as 2 [18, 19]. keep the output voltage constant with the variable input PV
A 10 kVA transformer is used to increase the AC voltage level array voltage. The MPPT is enabled at 0.4 second. Figure 5(c)
from 260 V to the grid voltage level 11 kV. Figure 4 shows the depicts the output voltage (Boost ) of the boost converter.
MATLAB simulink model for the grid integrated hydro and The 500 V constant DC voltage is converted into 260 V,
solar based hybrid systems. 50 Hz AC voltage using bridge inverter. Figure 6(a) shows the
output voltage (si ) of the inverter before filtering. Passive
The 7.5 kW induction machine is used as self-excited
filter is used to reduce the harmonic content of the inverter
induction generator (SEIG). The initial excitation require-
output voltage. Figure 6(b) shows the output voltage (sif ) of
ment of the SEIG is met by the 5 kVAr capacitor bank. For
the inverter after filtering.
feeding the AC power to the utility grid, the back to back
(AC-DC-AC) converter is used. The AC voltage generated by
the induction generator is converted to the DC voltage using 5.2. Results of Hydro System. The SEIG is generating the 415 V
the uncontrolled rectifier. The output of the rectifier contains AC voltage with the initial excitation being met by capacitor
the ripples. For obtaining the ripple free DC voltage LC filter bank. The SEIG is taking 1.0 sec for generating the AC power.
The uncontrolled rectifier is connected at the SEIG terminals
is used with the value of 2 = 1 mH and 2 = 5 mF. The
to convert the AC voltage into DC voltage. Figure 7(a) shows
grid side converter acts as a PWM inverter, whose control is
the stator voltage ( ) of SEIG. Figure 7(b) shows the output
provided through the CCC. The 3- LC filter is sinusoidal AC DC voltage (hdc ) of the rectifier before filtering. To obtain the
voltage. The numeric value of the inductance 2 = 0.205 H smooth DC voltage the LC filter is used. Figure 7(c) shows the
with the series resistance of 0.001 and the filtering capacitor output DC voltage (hdcf ) of the rectifier after filtering.
bank of 5 kVAr with the series damping resistance 2 = The DC voltage is converted into AC using the PWM
5 has been calculated [18, 19]. For the isolation as well as inverter. Figure 8(a) shows the output AC voltage (h ) of
increasing the voltage level from 415 V to 11 kV AC voltage the hydro inverter before filtering. The LC filter is used for
a 10 kVA three-phase two-winding transformer is used. The making the pure sinusoidal waveform of the hydro inverter.
grid connected hydro and solar systems are able to feed the Figure 8(b) shows the output AC voltage (hf ) of the hydro
static resistive and R-L load. inverter after filtering.
6 Advances in Power Electronics
Vhdc (V)
500 500
Vs (V)
0
500 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time (s) Time (s)
(a) (b)
Vhdcf (V)
500
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time (s)
(c)
500 500
Vhf (V)
Vh (V)
0 0
500 500
0 0.5 1 1.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Time (s) Time (s)
(a) (b)
Figure 8: Output AC voltage of the hydro inverter before and after filtering.
IL RL (A)
IL R (A)
50 1000
0 0
50 1000
1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.2 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.2
Time (s) Time (s)
(a) (b)
The solar and hydro system is integrated into a 132 kV, proposed system reduces the complexity of the electrical
2500 MVA utility. A 47 MVA, 132 kV/11 kV step-down trans- system, having less cost as compared to other RESs and
former is used for bringing the AC voltage level to the level reliable operation. The control of interfacing solar and hydro
of hydro and solar system voltage for connecting in parallel. inverters is provided through the constant current controller.
Resistive load of 2 MW and RL load of 30 MW (0.8 lagging As compared to phase and amplitude control, constant
power factor) are supplied through the proposed model. current controller offers reduced cross-coupling between the
Figures 9(a) and 9(b) show the load current waveforms (IL R real and reactive power control loops, greater immunity to
and IL RL in Amp) for the linear resistive and RL load, phase measurement errors, better transient response, reduced
respectively. current harmonics, and inherent overcurrent protection. The
obtained results show that the proposed system has the
potential to supply the local community.
6. Conclusion
In this paper, analysis of grid interactive solar and hydro sys- References
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feed the AC power to the consumers and in summer grid Energy, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 101106, 2005.
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Advances in Power Electronics 7
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