MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Board of Editors

Lours N. RIDENOUW Editor-in-Chief

G~oR~x B. COLLINS, Deput~ Edztor-in-(;hief

BFHTTONCHANCE, S. A. GO UDSMIT,R. G. HERB, HUBERT J1. JAMES, JULIAN K. KNIPP,

JAMES L. LAWSON, I, EON B. LPJFOIID, CAROL G. llOXTGOMERY, C. A-E\VTON,.kLBERT
JI. STONE, LouIs .4. TURXER, GEORGE 1.;. VALLEY, JR., II ERBERT 11. \\”HEATON
 MICROWAVE
TRANSMISSION CIRCUITS

Edited by

GEORGE L. RAGAN
GENERAL ELECTRIC RESEARCH LABORATORY

OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ,ir Nl) DEVELOPMENT

NATION.LL DEFENSE RESE.4RCH COMMITTEE
MICROWAJ”E TRANSNIISS1OA” CIRCUITS

COPYRIGHT, 1948, BY THE

MCC; RAW-HILL BOOK ~ONPANY, INC.
PRINTED IX THE UNITED STATES OF AM?:lUC.i

All rights resewed. I’his book, or

parts thereoj,may not be Tepi-educed
in ang jorm without permission oj
the publishers.

SCJENCE
Ll!3FmRY

mA’y’’oRK
MICROWA Vll TR.4NS:111SSION CIRCUITS

EDITORIAL STAFF

C. (1.N1ONTCWMERY
GEORGE L. lLAGAN
D. D. MONTGOMERY
MARY IL PALMER

CONTRIBUTING A UTfIORS

l?.EDWARD EHLERS
ROBERT M. FANO
L W. LAWSON
F. L. NIEMANN
GEORGE L. RAGAN
RICHARD M. WALKER
F. T. WORRELL
 Contents

PREFACE .. . . . .. .. . .. . .. ... . .. .. . . .. . .. ix

CHAP. 1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1

CHAP. 2, ELEMENTARY LINE THEORY. .. . . . . .. .. . . 9

CONVENTIONAL TEANSiWSSION-LINE THEOI+Y. . . . 9

21. The Telegraphers’ Equation. 9

2.2. Interpretation of the Solution 11
23. Impedance Relations, Reflection Coefficients, and Standing Waves 13
2.4. Propagation Factor and Characteristic Impedance . 19
2.5. Application to Coaxial Line Characteristics . . 23
26, f?wme Useful Relations in Transmission Lines . . 29

TRANSMISSION LINES AS GUIDES FOE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES. . . . 36

2.7. The Guided-wave Concept . 36

2.8, Transmission Characteristics of a Simple Parallel-plate Waveguide 40
2$1. Rectangular Waveguide, 7’EiO-mode . 46
2.10. Characteristics of some Common Waveguides . 54

TRANSMISSION-LINE CHABTS AND IMPEDANCE-MATCHING. 59

2.11. Reflection-coefficient Chart with Impedance Contours, Smith

Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...60
2.12. Other Types of Transmission-line Charts . . 67
2.13. The Choice of a Transmission-line Chart . . . . 75

IMPEDANCE-MATCHING AND DESIGN PROCEDURE . . . 82

2.14. The Design of Matched Circuit Elements. . . 82

2.15. Impedance-matching Transformers. . . 90
2,16. Other Design Factors . . . . 95
2.17. Series Branches and Choke or Capacity Coupling 100

CHAP. 3. MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES. . . . 115

METALLIC MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 115

3,1, Tubing for Coaxial Lines and Waveguides. . . . . . . . 115

3.2. Dimensional Tolerances. . . . . . 117
 mN7’Eiv’T,s

3.3. Miscellaneous hfetallic Parts . . . . . . . 119

3.4. Construction Techniques . . . . . . .,. . . 121

FINISriES AND ELECTROPLATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

3.5. h’onmctallic Finishes. . . . . . . . . . . 124

3.6. Electroplating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.7. Corrosion Tests and Meas(lrements. . . . . . . . . . . . 130

~lFiLECTRIChfATERIALS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...132

3,8. Uses and General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . 132

3+3. Characteristics of Dielertrir ll,tt(rials . . . . . . . . . 133
3.10, Construction of Dielectric Parts . . . . . . . . 137

PRESSURIZATION PROBLE~S. . . . . . . 139

3,11. Sealing of Transmission Lines and Couplings 140

3.12. Rotary-joint Pressure Seals . 141

CHAP, 4. RIGID TRANSMISSION I,INES . . . . . . 144

COAXIAL LINES, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...144

4.1. Factors Governing Choice of Dim(msions . . . . .. . . . 144

4.2. Couplings for Coaxial I,ines. . . . . . . . . . . 150
4,3. Bead Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 155
4.4. Stub Supports and Angles. . . . . . . . . . 170
4.5. Coaxial Impedance Transformcm. . . . . . . . . . 182
4.6. Coaxial-line Discontinuitim . . . . . . . . . 184

WAVEGUI~ES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 188

4.7. Factors Governing Chrricc of Din)ensinns . . . . . . . 188

Waveguide &uplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193

4.8. Contact Couplings ..., . . . . . . .. 193

4.9. Circular-groove Choke-flange Couplings. 193
410. Other (:hoke Couplings. 200
4.11. Summary of Choke-coupling D(,si~lls. 2(M

Corners, Circular Bends, and Twists. . 203

4.12. Waveguide Corners. 203

4.13. Waveguide Bends and Twists 207

Jmpedance-matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..20!~

4.14. Inductive Matching Diaphragms . 211

415. Capacitive Llatching Diaphragms . 214
4.16. Capacitive Buttons and I)ents. . 215
4.17. Quarter-wavelength Transformer. . . 217

Prmsurizing Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218

 CONTENTS

41X. ‘IYlill Sheets, N-rmrmonant. . . 21$

419. Thin Sh(.ets in licsonant Mount. . 22(J
420. Half-wav~lrngth Dirlwtric Plugs. . . 222
421. ‘Lshaprd Plugs Thrrc-qlmrtcrs Wavelength Long . . . . 223
422. Summary of I’rcsstl rizi]]g-\vi[ldo\v Designs. . . . . . 220

Volt;~gc Br(,akdown at Microwave Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . 227

423. .\pparatus and \lethods . . . . . . . 227

424. I’rrlin)il]ary (’rmsiderations . . . . . 23 I
425. Ilffwt of Thlratioll and Repetition Rate of Puks . . . 235
A.z6. Effect of l’ressurc, (~ap, and JYav(:l(m@h . . . 23i’
427. Sumn\my and Discussion of Rrcakdown Results. . . . . 240

(; IIA1,. 5. lU,KXIBI,E COU1’LING UNITS AND I, INIX$. . . 243

]7,,F, XIBI.I.(’!,., x[.!I, (’AB1.ES . . . . . 243

51. .itt.])uat
ion in IIcxihlc ( ‘ahlcs. 245
5.2. Jackctillg l[:~terisls . ... 247
.$3. Cahlcs for Low.pow(’r I,(wP1s ,.. . 248
54. High-po\vrr (’ahles. .. . . 252
55. Rcsonan(”m in Coaxizl Czblcs . . .. . 253
56. Flex lhility and Dumhility of ~’Oa~i~l ~’~l~l{ts. 254
57. Conncrtors for (<ables for Low Po\vcr. 256
58. I{ X( ’onncctors . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 260
5.!).lIi,gh-po\vcr (’rml,octors to Itigid Lines . . 260
510 Polyglas Co]mectors . ,.. 267
511 ,Summary. . . . . . . ,., 268

}VAVI,;GUIDE b-XIrS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...273

h“mmcsonznt Flexible JVav(,w[id(! . . 274

5.12.lVo~lr]c131etalHos[,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...274
513. R_mmd lIctal HCEW,Ruhhcr-corercd. . . . 277
514. Tit(.flex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27$)
.515. Titcflm, ltuhh(~r-rovt,rr(l . . 281
5.16. S(,:i]i]l(w> ( ‘(jrrl]gat(’(1 lf”:tv(x(li(l(. . . . . 282
517. l’lasf ii, all(l I’l:+st i(,-fill (’(1 l\”;l\(,K(li(l(w . . . . . . 28.5
fi18, If”irr-s(, r(rn 1’l(,x1l>I(, \\”:LI(xIII(lt,~ . . . . . . . 287

I{(sollallt l:l(~illl( ll”:lr(glil(l(’ :111,1(’ouplitw Units. . . . 288

5.1!). l:l(~xil)lrl{tlllll$s. . . . 2W
520. (~p[>n (’hok(’-fiting( ,]ull~:tiom . . . . 291
521. I’crtebrac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 294
5.22. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...303

(:H,4P,6. TR.lh-SITIOX l~N-lTS . 305

Tmw+m(ms mm OSN C’o.ixr+[ T,lY~ JO .\~n’rrmB. 305

6.1. Tapers ill C(mxial I,incs. 305

6.2. Transformer Sections bct\vcwl Coaxial Lines. 311

.
 CY)lVTEIV 7’s

TKA~S1,rIO~S W+OM JOAXIAL LIN~ TO lf”AVE~UWIC. . . . . . . . . . 314

63. The Transition Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

64. J1atching Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . 317
65. Narrowband Matching . . . . 318
66, Broadband Matching with Wavcguidc Irises. . 322
67, Broadband hIatching with Coaxial Stubs . . 332
6.8, Tuning Adjustments . . . . 336
6.9, ExaITIPles of Transition Construction 338
610. Crossed Transitions from Coaxial I.in(. to lYavcguidc. 33{)
611. P robeTransitions . . . . . . 341
612. Crossbar Transitions. 346
613. “Doorknob” Transitions 34!)
614. Il[agnetic and Resonant-slot {’rnlplings 3<54
6.15. .\pplications and Special Transitions 3455

I,o\YEsT MODE IN THE WAVEGUID~ TwmwTIo~s. 361

6.16. The Transition betw(>cn Rectangular J\”aY(wli(lw of 1)iff(,rcrlt

Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...361
(i.17. Transition from Rertanmdar to c’ylindri(’:~1 ~\’~~rv+li(l~. 364
618. (’ircular Polarization of the Y’E,,-nrocle. 36!1
6.19. Circular-Polarization in Square l~avcguidc 378

‘~ItANWITIONSINVOLVESG A CHANGE IN WAV~GUIJJB 310DIC 37!)

6.20. Transitions tw’ he TM~,-mode. 37$)

621. Determining Percentage of ?’E1 l-mod(’ in Cylindrical ~~~1~’wui(l(: 381
622. TE,, -modeFilters . . . . . . 388
6.23. Straight+m Z’.~f,,-mode Transitions . 400
6.24. High-power Capacity. . 403
625, Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

CHAII,7. hfOTIONAL JOINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...406

~lOTIO~AL JOINTS IN COAXIAL LI~~ . 407

7.1. Genera] Dcsigr, (’considerations for Coaxial ltotzry Joints 407

72. Examples of Rotary Joint Construction. 40!)
7.3. Other Coaxial Motional Joints. . . 413

WAVEGUIDE ROTARY JOINTS. . . 416

74. Resonances in Rotary Joints. . 416

7.5. Rotary Joints Using Transitions ~vith the Compound I’E- T.l/-
stub .,......,.. . . . . . . . .420
7.6. Resonances in the High-power Rotary Joint. 422
7.7. Resonances in the TE1 l-mode fOr the Filter-ring Type Of ROtarY
.Joirlt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...423
7.8. Itotary Joint Using 7’E, ,-mode Filt(’r-ring ‘~)’p(> of ‘~r:msitions
~rith l’1.’,,-:~k)s(jrl)(,rs 425
7.9. Rotary Joi,,ts for 1.25-(u1 ~f-a~eh@~ 427
7.10. Anliysis of the I{(so,)a,,r(w in l{otsry Joil,ta ( ‘o,,)pmcd of Trar,si-
tions with Diametric Fins ill the liouud \V:,veguidc 427
 CON TENTS

7.11. Rotary Joint Using Circular polarization 428

7.12. Resonance in a Circular-polarization Rotary Joint . 42!)
7.13. Rotary Joints Using a TE,,-mode polarization Rotator. 430

MISCELLANEOUS WAVE~UUW MOTIONAL JomrrH . . . 433

7.14. Swivel Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

7.15. Hinge Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
7.16. Universal Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...442

MOTIONAL JOINTS COMBINING COAXIAL I,INK AND JYAVF:{~UIOE 446

7.17.General Considerations. . . . 446
7.1 S. Rotary Joints with Cross-transition f mm Coaxial I,ine to }Vav(-
guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...446
7.19. Rotary Joints with Probe Transitions. 447
7.20. Rotary Joints with Combinations of Transitions. 448
7,21. High-power Rotary Joints with Doorknob Transitions 451

CHAP. 8. TUNERS, POWER DIVIDERS, AND SWITCHES. . 45Ii

TUNERS (VARIABLE IMFE~ANCE TRANSFORMERS) . 456

Applications and General Principles . . . . 456

8.1. Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
8,2. General Principles; Use of Impedance Charts 457

C’oazial Lim Tuners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .460

83. Short-circuiting Plungers . 460

8.4. The Sliding Series Stub Tuner. . 464
8.5. Slug Tuners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
8.6. Stub Tuners . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 472
8.7. Phase Shifter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

Waveguide Tuner8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...481

88. Short-circuiting Plungers . . . . . 481

8,9. Waveguide Stub Tuners. . 483
810. Variable-positionj Single-screw Tuner. . 485
8.11. Sirrgle-slug Tuner . . . . . . . . . .
8.12. Waveguide Double-slug Tuners 494
8.13. Fixed-position, Capacitive-screIv Tuners 498
8.14. General-susceptance Screws. 49!)
8.15. A Waveguide Double-screw Tuner. . 507
8,16. Phase Shifters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

POWEB DIVIDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 516

Caazial Pmer Dividers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516

8.17. Fixed Coaxial Power Dividers. . . . . .516

8.18. Variable Power Divider. . . . 51!)
 CONTENTS

Waveguide Power Dividers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522

8.19. Fixed Power Divider.. . . . ,522

8.20. Variable Power Dividers . 525

SWITCHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 528

8.21. Coaxial-line Switches. 528

8.22. Waveguide Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...533

CHAP. 9. THE THEORY OF MICROWAVE FHi’lWRS 540

9.]. Parameters Specif.ving Two-terminal-pair N(tw,,rks 541

9.2. The Use of hfatrices in Circuit Analysis. 544
9.3. Determination of Input Impedance and Inserti[)]l 1.OSS. 547
9.4. l$-ave hlatrices and Accumulative hfismatches 55]

IMAGE PAFiAMETEES. .,., . . . ...554

95. Image Impedance and Propagation Functions. 554

9+3. Behavior of Image Parameters of lleactive Networks. 557

NOKMA1JZATION OF FILTER DESIGNS 560

9.7. Impedance Normalization. . . 561

9.8, Pass-band Normalization 562

REACTXVE NETWORKS wrTH SPECXFtED IMAGE PARAMETERS 566

99. Designs Based on Lattice Structures 566

9.10. Constant-k Filters.. . . . .56!)
911.rn-derivedF inters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...572
912. Limitations on the Use of Image Parameters. 576

REACTIVE NETWORKS WITH SIWXFIEII Irwm’rror4 Imss. 580

9.13. Physical Realizability of Insertiou-loss Fllnrtions. 580

9.14. Determination of Input Impedance from a I?rescrihrd Insertion
Imps, .,.......,.. . . . . . . . . . ...583
9.15. Specification of a Network with a Prescribed Inplit Tmpedanre. 581i
9.16. Summar.v of the Method of Designiug Iteactivv Nvttvorks with
Specified Insertion Loss. 589

SELECTION OF POWER-LOSS RATIOS. 589

Selection of Polynomials
!l,17. P(o’) and Q’(o) 589
9,18. Tchebvsheff Pass-band Behavior . . 59~
!),19, Tchebysheff Behavior in the Attenuation Band . . . . . 593

PHYSICAL REALIZATION OF SPECIFIED REACTWE hTwrwoRKs. . . 597

9.20. Properties of I,adder Networks. 597

921, Determination of I,adder Elements, 598
 C’O.VTEIVT,9

EFFECT OF InCidental DISSIPATION ON FILTER CHARACTERISTICS . . 601

922. ADalywisof Uniformly Dissipative Networks. . . . . . . 601

9.23. Effect of Dissipation on Pass-band Characteristics . . . . . 603
924. Effertof Dissipationon Rejection-band Characteristics. 604
925. Correction for LTniform Dissipation. 607

EFFECT OF MISMATCHED TERMINATIONS ON FILTER CHARArTERtSTICS. 609

9.26, Superposition of Mismatches 609

().27. Accumulative Effect of hfismatches . 611

CHAP. 10. THE DE;SIGN OF MICROWAVE FILTERS 613

FH;r~RS EMIWOYING TRANSMISSION LINFX . . 614

10,1. The Frequency Behavior of I,ines . 614

10.2. Practical Limitations on the use of Lines 623
10.3. Filters Employing Lines as Two-terminal Elements. 625
10.4. Filters Employing Lines as Four-terminal Elements 634
10,5. Waveguide Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...643

FILTERS EMPLOYING DIRECT-COUPLED CAVITY RESONATES. 645

10.6. Cavity Resonators as Circuit Elements. 646

10.7. Design of Cavity Resonators . . 653
.0.8, Theory of Direct-coupled Cavities 661
fO.9. Filters Employing Direct-coupled Cavities 666
10.10. Cavities Excited in More Than One Mode . 673

FILTERS EMPLOYING QUARTER-WAVELENGTH COUPLINGS. . 677

10.11. Theory of Quarter-wavelength Coupling 677

10.12. Filters Employing &/4-coupled Cavities 683
10.13. Filters Employing Quarter-wavelength-coupled Resonant Irises 688
1014, Refined Theory of Quarter-wavelength Coupling. 690
1015. Quarter-wavelength-coupled Filters with Tchebysheff Character-
istics ...,,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...696

MI,SCELJ,AN~OUSFILTERS . , . 706

10.16 .l,atticc hTetworks . . . . . . . . . ...706

]017. klodeFiltm-s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..707
1018. AhsorptionF inters . . . . .707
10.l\]. hlultiplexers, .,.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 708

AW~MBLY AND TEST PROCEDURES 709

1020. BroadbandF inters . . . . . . .,.............709

10.21. Narrow-band Filters . . . . . . 71O
10.22, Quarter-wavelength-coupled Filters . 714

IN DEN...,......,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..717